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The Three Levellers.
On an external wall of St John the Baptist Church in Burford, Oxfordshire, England is a plaque dedicated to the memory of the three Levellers who were executed on 17th May 1649 on the orders of Oliver Cromwell.
The three Levellers were the leaders of 300 men who were also Levellers as they were members of the movement known as Levellers who were those who sought justice and equality, and mostly emanated from the “lower orders”, the poor.
What they stood for would eventually become known as the socialist movement even though at that time it was way ahead of its time.
Oliver Cromwell had built what was known as the New Model Army and those who joined forces with Cromwell did so in the belief that eventually it would lead to among other things religious tolerance and the abolition of taxes to fund churches.
By 1649 the soldiers began to realise that their leaders had betrayed their beliefs and original intention and this created internal tensions that lead to a mutinies during which time ‘leaders’ were either shot or imprisoned.
In total 340 mutineers were captured and imprisoned at the Burford Church by Cromwell and of these three Levellers were shot on Cromwell’s orders.
Private John Church, Corporal Perkins, and Cornet James Thompson were all unduly executed on 17 May 1649 with the result that the Levellers had lost their power base within the New Model Army.
Each year since 1975, Levellers' Day has been held in the Oxfordshire town of Burford to commemorate the three Levellers executed there.
St John the Baptist Church.
Burford, Oxfordshire.
England.
I just had to get this little ruin in the shot, I think I'll come back and make more of it another time.
As I walked off from here I noticed the hot shoe level had dropped off my camera, but only after I'd walked about half a mile. Luckily my prints were easy to retrace in the snow so I walked until I could see the fluorescent green against the white, and yes, this is where I found it!
This plaque, on the wall of Burford parish church in Oxfordshire, commemorates three Levellers who were executed in the churchyard in 1649.
The Levellers were a group of radical thinkers in England during the Civil War. They proclaimed that men were born equal and that government could be founded only on consent; they also stood for religious toleration.
In 1649, a group of soldiers, angered by arrears in pay, mutinied and marched to join other Levellers. Government troops captured them near Burford and more than 300 ‘rebels’ were locked in the church. The three ringleaders – Cornet James Thompson, Corporal Perkins and Private John Church – were taken from the church and executed on the orders of Oliver Cromwell.
Not only does this plaque commemorate the three men, but Levellers Day is also held in Burford every year to mark the event.
Leveller compound applies so water drains away from the building.
Garden Village, Burnaby, British Columbia
Polish war graves at St Ethelbert, East Wretham, Norfolk. East Anglia, where you are never more than a few miles from the site of a Second World War airfield, is particularly rich in airmen's graves, including a sizeable minority of Americans, Poles and those from commonwealth countries.
"The System", wrote the plain-speaking American author, George V Higgins, "is just a story we tell to the people that aren't running it, and they're supposed to just mind their business and believe it". It may sometimes be expedient to tell them what flatters them. I become increasingly sceptical of our myth of the Allied part in the War. The myth of Winston Churchill, in particular, was long ago tarnished in my eyes. What a ghastly, ghastly tragedy it was.
I had acquired an Agfa Isolette. Nice, for a simple medium format camera, but I never got much use out of it. Seduced from 35mm, I rapidly moved on to medium format cameras of better quality.
German war graves in a churchyard in Suffolk; unfortunately I've forgotten which. All died on the same day, perhaps the crew of a downed bomber. Inside the church a German visitor had left an appreciative note in the Visitors' Book.
This was taken in May with my Zorki 4. I'd been given a couple of out-of-date 35mm Ilford XP2 films ...how out of date I didn't know because the boxes were gone and the information isn't shown on the cassettes. XP2 must be developed in C41 colour chemicals, so the film was commercially processed. Pretty grotty results for the most part.
I just had to get this little ruin in the shot, I think I'll come back and make more of it another time.
As I walked off from here I noticed the hot shoe level had dropped off my camera, but only after I'd walked about half a mile. Luckily my prints were easy to retrace in the snow so I walked until I could see the fluorescent green against the white, and yes, this is where I found it!
The Levellers at The Aquarium, Lowestoft, UK, 11th March 2016. ©John Newstead. This is a five-shot panorama, hand held
On 17 May 1649, three soldiers were executed on Oliver Cromwell’s orders in a Burford churchyard in Oxfordshire. They belonged to a movement popularly known as the Levellers, with beliefs in civil rights and religious tolerance.
Since 1975, on the Saturday closest to May 17th, people have gathered at the church where the three levellers were executed. They then marched through Burford to the recreation ground, listened to music and remembered the Levellers and the importance of holding on to ideals of justice and democracy.
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levellers and levellersday.wordpress.com.
Here after the march to the recreation ground, a debate took place with Melissa Benn, Kevin Courtney and Danny Dorling, and was chaired by Paul Mackney. The theme was Education - the key to Democracy.
Melissa Benn, the daughter of the late Tony Benn, is a writer, journalist and campaigner, and is pictured here with chair Paul Mackney.
Levellers’ Day, a commemoration, has been held at Burford churchyard since 1975.
There, on May 17th, 1649, Cornet Thompson, Corporal Perkins and Private Church were executed on the orders of Oliver Cromwell. A memorial plaque on the church wall recalls their sacrifice.
The Levellers had called for an extension of suffrage to include almost all the adult male population, electoral reform, biennial elections, religious freedom, and an end to imprisonment for debt. They were committed broadly to the abolition of corruption within the parliamentary and judicial process, toleration of religious differences, the translation of law into the common tongue and, arguably, something that could be considered democracy in its modern form - arguably the first time contemporary democratic ideas had been formally framed and adopted by a political movement.
Tony Benn had attended regularly, and last year so did Tony’s daughter, Melissa Benn.
Here the Revd Professor Mark Chapman addresses the initial gathering at Burford Church.
St. John the Baptist
Burford, Oxfordshire
On the banks of the Windrush, the church dates from 1175, with additions funded by local wool merchants over the next 300 years. The tower was built in 1495. In 1649, the church became a temporary prison for 340 rebel Cromwell soldiers, known as the Levellers, three of whom were executed in the churchyard.
It is claimed that Death is the great leveller because Death makes everyone equal, because it does not spare anyone, not even the wealthy, famous, or talented. A visit to a cemetery such as Glasnevin shows that this is not really true. It is true that no one can avoid death but some people certainly can show off their wealth even after their death. They or their family can announce to the world just how wonderful they were when they ware alive but those with less money may end up sharing an unmarked plot with a number of strangers.
Since 1832 the bodies of the rich were interred in fancy private tombs while those of the poor went into unmarked common ground. It really surprised me to discover that up to 75% of those buried in the cemetery are in unmarked shared graves. Special areas were also created for victims of the many epidemics or outbreaks (of smallpox (1871-2), cholera (1865-66) or typhoid (1846-49)) that occasionally killed off large numbers of Dubliners in short periods of time. The last such outbreak, the Influenza Epidemic of 1918, saw 240 funerals at Glasnevin Cemetery over an eight-day period. The norm would have been twelve or thirteen.
Since the first burial a register has been maintained. The register includes the full name and address of the deceased, cause, date and location of death. The exact location of the grave is also included in the register but that does not mean that there will be anything to see. During a previous visit I came across an American family who on finding the grave on their great grand father were very upset by the fact that there was nothing to identify the grave or to indicate who was buried there. They got really annoyed with the official when he explained that it was a pauper’s grave and even more upset when they learned what that meant. The official eventually said to them I was not even born when your grandparents were buried so please don’t get annoyed with me.
Glasnevin Trust, which runs Glasnevin Cemetery, has operated a ‘pay later scheme’ for families who couldn’t afford graves at the time of burial. This would happen regularly, but in most cases people never repaid the money and the grave would be considered to be a pauper’s grave meaning that the grave was occupied but still owned by the trust. Today, these graves are known as “gone over graves” and are available for sale. Before any ‘gone over grave’ is sold, it is Glasnevin Trust’s policy to ensure that potential buyers are made fully aware of the grave’s history and the remains of the original occupants are not disturbed.
It is claimed that Death is the great leveller because Death makes everyone equal, because it does not spare anyone, not even the wealthy, famous, or talented. A visit to a cemetery such as Glasnevin shows that this is not really true. It is true that no one can avoid death but some people certainly can show off their wealth even after their death. They or their family can announce to the world just how wonderful they were when they ware alive but those with less money may end up sharing an unmarked plot with a number of strangers.
Since 1832 the bodies of the rich were interred in fancy private tombs while those of the poor went into unmarked common ground. It really surprised me to discover that up to 75% of those buried in the cemetery are in unmarked shared graves. Special areas were also created for victims of the many epidemics or outbreaks (of smallpox (1871-2), cholera (1865-66) or typhoid (1846-49)) that occasionally killed off large numbers of Dubliners in short periods of time. The last such outbreak, the Influenza Epidemic of 1918, saw 240 funerals at Glasnevin Cemetery over an eight-day period. The norm would have been twelve or thirteen.
Since the first burial a register has been maintained. The register includes the full name and address of the deceased, cause, date and location of death. The exact location of the grave is also included in the register but that does not mean that there will be anything to see. During a previous visit I came across an American family who on finding the grave on their great grand father were very upset by the fact that there was nothing to identify the grave or to indicate who was buried there. They got really annoyed with the official when he explained that it was a pauper’s grave and even more upset when they learned what that meant. The official eventually said to them I was not even born when your grandparents were buried so please don’t get annoyed with me.
Glasnevin Trust, which runs Glasnevin Cemetery, has operated a ‘pay later scheme’ for families who couldn’t afford graves at the time of burial. This would happen regularly, but in most cases people never repaid the money and the grave would be considered to be a pauper’s grave meaning that the grave was occupied but still owned by the trust. Today, these graves are known as “gone over graves” and are available for sale. Before any ‘gone over grave’ is sold, it is Glasnevin Trust’s policy to ensure that potential buyers are made fully aware of the grave’s history and the remains of the original occupants are not disturbed.
It is claimed that Death is the great leveller because Death makes everyone equal, because it does not spare anyone, not even the wealthy, famous, or talented. A visit to a cemetery such as Glasnevin shows that this is not really true. It is true that no one can avoid death but some people certainly can show off their wealth even after their death. They or their family can announce to the world just how wonderful they were when they ware alive but those with less money may end up sharing an unmarked plot with a number of strangers.
Since 1832 the bodies of the rich were interred in fancy private tombs while those of the poor went into unmarked common ground. It really surprised me to discover that up to 75% of those buried in the cemetery are in unmarked shared graves. Special areas were also created for victims of the many epidemics or outbreaks (of smallpox (1871-2), cholera (1865-66) or typhoid (1846-49)) that occasionally killed off large numbers of Dubliners in short periods of time. The last such outbreak, the Influenza Epidemic of 1918, saw 240 funerals at Glasnevin Cemetery over an eight-day period. The norm would have been twelve or thirteen.
Since the first burial a register has been maintained. The register includes the full name and address of the deceased, cause, date and location of death. The exact location of the grave is also included in the register but that does not mean that there will be anything to see. During a previous visit I came across an American family who on finding the grave on their great grand father were very upset by the fact that there was nothing to identify the grave or to indicate who was buried there. They got really annoyed with the official when he explained that it was a pauper’s grave and even more upset when they learned what that meant. The official eventually said to them I was not even born when your grandparents were buried so please don’t get annoyed with me.
Glasnevin Trust, which runs Glasnevin Cemetery, has operated a ‘pay later scheme’ for families who couldn’t afford graves at the time of burial. This would happen regularly, but in most cases people never repaid the money and the grave would be considered to be a pauper’s grave meaning that the grave was occupied but still owned by the trust. Today, these graves are known as “gone over graves” and are available for sale. Before any ‘gone over grave’ is sold, it is Glasnevin Trust’s policy to ensure that potential buyers are made fully aware of the grave’s history and the remains of the original occupants are not disturbed.
It is claimed that Death is the great leveller because Death makes everyone equal, because it does not spare anyone, not even the wealthy, famous, or talented. A visit to a cemetery such as Glasnevin shows that this is not really true. It is true that no one can avoid death but some people certainly can show off their wealth even after their death. They or their family can announce to the world just how wonderful they were when they ware alive but those with less money may end up sharing an unmarked plot with a number of strangers.
Since 1832 the bodies of the rich were interred in fancy private tombs while those of the poor went into unmarked common ground. It really surprised me to discover that up to 75% of those buried in the cemetery are in unmarked shared graves. Special areas were also created for victims of the many epidemics or outbreaks (of smallpox (1871-2), cholera (1865-66) or typhoid (1846-49)) that occasionally killed off large numbers of Dubliners in short periods of time. The last such outbreak, the Influenza Epidemic of 1918, saw 240 funerals at Glasnevin Cemetery over an eight-day period. The norm would have been twelve or thirteen.
Since the first burial a register has been maintained. The register includes the full name and address of the deceased, cause, date and location of death. The exact location of the grave is also included in the register but that does not mean that there will be anything to see. During a previous visit I came across an American family who on finding the grave on their great grand father were very upset by the fact that there was nothing to identify the grave or to indicate who was buried there. They got really annoyed with the official when he explained that it was a pauper’s grave and even more upset when they learned what that meant. The official eventually said to them I was not even born when your grandparents were buried so please don’t get annoyed with me.
Glasnevin Trust, which runs Glasnevin Cemetery, has operated a ‘pay later scheme’ for families who couldn’t afford graves at the time of burial. This would happen regularly, but in most cases people never repaid the money and the grave would be considered to be a pauper’s grave meaning that the grave was occupied but still owned by the trust. Today, these graves are known as “gone over graves” and are available for sale. Before any ‘gone over grave’ is sold, it is Glasnevin Trust’s policy to ensure that potential buyers are made fully aware of the grave’s history and the remains of the original occupants are not disturbed.
It is claimed that Death is the great leveller because Death makes everyone equal, because it does not spare anyone, not even the wealthy, famous, or talented. A visit to a cemetery such as Glasnevin shows that this is not really true. It is true that no one can avoid death but some people certainly can show off their wealth even after their death. They or their family can announce to the world just how wonderful they were when they ware alive but those with less money may end up sharing an unmarked plot with a number of strangers.
Since 1832 the bodies of the rich were interred in fancy private tombs while those of the poor went into unmarked common ground. It really surprised me to discover that up to 75% of those buried in the cemetery are in unmarked shared graves. Special areas were also created for victims of the many epidemics or outbreaks (of smallpox (1871-2), cholera (1865-66) or typhoid (1846-49)) that occasionally killed off large numbers of Dubliners in short periods of time. The last such outbreak, the Influenza Epidemic of 1918, saw 240 funerals at Glasnevin Cemetery over an eight-day period. The norm would have been twelve or thirteen.
Since the first burial a register has been maintained. The register includes the full name and address of the deceased, cause, date and location of death. The exact location of the grave is also included in the register but that does not mean that there will be anything to see. During a previous visit I came across an American family who on finding the grave on their great grand father were very upset by the fact that there was nothing to identify the grave or to indicate who was buried there. They got really annoyed with the official when he explained that it was a pauper’s grave and even more upset when they learned what that meant. The official eventually said to them I was not even born when your grandparents were buried so please don’t get annoyed with me.
Glasnevin Trust, which runs Glasnevin Cemetery, has operated a ‘pay later scheme’ for families who couldn’t afford graves at the time of burial. This would happen regularly, but in most cases people never repaid the money and the grave would be considered to be a pauper’s grave meaning that the grave was occupied but still owned by the trust. Today, these graves are known as “gone over graves” and are available for sale. Before any ‘gone over grave’ is sold, it is Glasnevin Trust’s policy to ensure that potential buyers are made fully aware of the grave’s history and the remains of the original occupants are not disturbed.
It is claimed that Death is the great leveller because Death makes everyone equal, because it does not spare anyone, not even the wealthy, famous, or talented. A visit to a cemetery such as Glasnevin shows that this is not really true. It is true that no one can avoid death but some people certainly can show off their wealth even after their death. They or their family can announce to the world just how wonderful they were when they ware alive but those with less money may end up sharing an unmarked plot with a number of strangers.
Since 1832 the bodies of the rich were interred in fancy private tombs while those of the poor went into unmarked common ground. It really surprised me to discover that up to 75% of those buried in the cemetery are in unmarked shared graves. Special areas were also created for victims of the many epidemics or outbreaks (of smallpox (1871-2), cholera (1865-66) or typhoid (1846-49)) that occasionally killed off large numbers of Dubliners in short periods of time. The last such outbreak, the Influenza Epidemic of 1918, saw 240 funerals at Glasnevin Cemetery over an eight-day period. The norm would have been twelve or thirteen.
Since the first burial a register has been maintained. The register includes the full name and address of the deceased, cause, date and location of death. The exact location of the grave is also included in the register but that does not mean that there will be anything to see. During a previous visit I came across an American family who on finding the grave on their great grand father were very upset by the fact that there was nothing to identify the grave or to indicate who was buried there. They got really annoyed with the official when he explained that it was a pauper’s grave and even more upset when they learned what that meant. The official eventually said to them I was not even born when your grandparents were buried so please don’t get annoyed with me.
Glasnevin Trust, which runs Glasnevin Cemetery, has operated a ‘pay later scheme’ for families who couldn’t afford graves at the time of burial. This would happen regularly, but in most cases people never repaid the money and the grave would be considered to be a pauper’s grave meaning that the grave was occupied but still owned by the trust. Today, these graves are known as “gone over graves” and are available for sale. Before any ‘gone over grave’ is sold, it is Glasnevin Trust’s policy to ensure that potential buyers are made fully aware of the grave’s history and the remains of the original occupants are not disturbed.
It is claimed that Death is the great leveller because Death makes everyone equal, because it does not spare anyone, not even the wealthy, famous, or talented. A visit to a cemetery such as Glasnevin shows that this is not really true. It is true that no one can avoid death but some people certainly can show off their wealth even after their death. They or their family can announce to the world just how wonderful they were when they ware alive but those with less money may end up sharing an unmarked plot with a number of strangers.
Since 1832 the bodies of the rich were interred in fancy private tombs while those of the poor went into unmarked common ground. It really surprised me to discover that up to 75% of those buried in the cemetery are in unmarked shared graves. Special areas were also created for victims of the many epidemics or outbreaks (of smallpox (1871-2), cholera (1865-66) or typhoid (1846-49)) that occasionally killed off large numbers of Dubliners in short periods of time. The last such outbreak, the Influenza Epidemic of 1918, saw 240 funerals at Glasnevin Cemetery over an eight-day period. The norm would have been twelve or thirteen.
Since the first burial a register has been maintained. The register includes the full name and address of the deceased, cause, date and location of death. The exact location of the grave is also included in the register but that does not mean that there will be anything to see. During a previous visit I came across an American family who on finding the grave on their great grand father were very upset by the fact that there was nothing to identify the grave or to indicate who was buried there. They got really annoyed with the official when he explained that it was a pauper’s grave and even more upset when they learned what that meant. The official eventually said to them I was not even born when your grandparents were buried so please don’t get annoyed with me.
Glasnevin Trust, which runs Glasnevin Cemetery, has operated a ‘pay later scheme’ for families who couldn’t afford graves at the time of burial. This would happen regularly, but in most cases people never repaid the money and the grave would be considered to be a pauper’s grave meaning that the grave was occupied but still owned by the trust. Today, these graves are known as “gone over graves” and are available for sale. Before any ‘gone over grave’ is sold, it is Glasnevin Trust’s policy to ensure that potential buyers are made fully aware of the grave’s history and the remains of the original occupants are not disturbed.
It is claimed that Death is the great leveller because Death makes everyone equal, because it does not spare anyone, not even the wealthy, famous, or talented. A visit to a cemetery such as Glasnevin shows that this is not really true. It is true that no one can avoid death but some people certainly can show off their wealth even after their death. They or their family can announce to the world just how wonderful they were when they ware alive but those with less money may end up sharing an unmarked plot with a number of strangers.
Since 1832 the bodies of the rich were interred in fancy private tombs while those of the poor went into unmarked common ground. It really surprised me to discover that up to 75% of those buried in the cemetery are in unmarked shared graves. Special areas were also created for victims of the many epidemics or outbreaks (of smallpox (1871-2), cholera (1865-66) or typhoid (1846-49)) that occasionally killed off large numbers of Dubliners in short periods of time. The last such outbreak, the Influenza Epidemic of 1918, saw 240 funerals at Glasnevin Cemetery over an eight-day period. The norm would have been twelve or thirteen.
Since the first burial a register has been maintained. The register includes the full name and address of the deceased, cause, date and location of death. The exact location of the grave is also included in the register but that does not mean that there will be anything to see. During a previous visit I came across an American family who on finding the grave on their great grand father were very upset by the fact that there was nothing to identify the grave or to indicate who was buried there. They got really annoyed with the official when he explained that it was a pauper’s grave and even more upset when they learned what that meant. The official eventually said to them I was not even born when your grandparents were buried so please don’t get annoyed with me.
Glasnevin Trust, which runs Glasnevin Cemetery, has operated a ‘pay later scheme’ for families who couldn’t afford graves at the time of burial. This would happen regularly, but in most cases people never repaid the money and the grave would be considered to be a pauper’s grave meaning that the grave was occupied but still owned by the trust. Today, these graves are known as “gone over graves” and are available for sale. Before any ‘gone over grave’ is sold, it is Glasnevin Trust’s policy to ensure that potential buyers are made fully aware of the grave’s history and the remains of the original occupants are not disturbed.