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“Lead goes with you on every journey. It helps link together the peoples of the earth.’
“Trains, trolleys, and trucks would halt if suddenly deprived of the lead they contain. Steamships would drift perilously on unknown seas. Aeroplanes and dirigibles would not rise.
“The coal for your furnace, the food for your table, the clothing for your body, are brought to your door with the assistance of lead. The products and treasures of distant countries are more easily transported because of lead.
“Storage batteries are made of mostly lead. . . The bulb in the locomotive headlight and the electric light bulbs are made of fine lead glass. Another use of lead is as red-lead paint that protects iron and steel equipment against rust. White lead, on the other hand, is the most valued paint for wood and other non-metallic surfaces. Paint is the best known of all the many uses of lead and its products . . . the best paints have the greatest amount of white-lead . . . such a mixture sticks to the surface and adds indefinitely to the life of a building. National Lead Company makes white-lead and sells it, mixed with pure linseed oil, under the name and trademark of ‘Dutch Boy White-Lead.’ [Excerpts from the ad copy]
The 1923 advertisement highlights lead's extensive use in transportation, batteries, glass, and paints. Since then, many of these uses have been significantly reduced or regulated due to the recognition of lead's toxicity:
1. Paint: Lead-based paints have been banned in many countries, including the U.S., where the ban came into effect in 1978. Lead paint is now replaced with safer alternatives, though older buildings may still contain it.
2. Gasoline: Leaded gasoline, once a major source of environmental lead, has been phased out globally, with the last country ending its use in 2021.
3. Batteries: Lead-acid batteries remain a significant use of lead today, accounting for about 86% of global lead consumption as of 2022. However, recycling efforts have improved, with a large percentage of lead in batteries being recovered and reused.
4. Glass and Other Uses: Leaded glass and other applications have seen reduced usage, with safer materials often replacing lead.
While lead's presence in the environment has decreased, legacy contamination from past uses still poses challenges. Efforts to remediate lead in soil, water, and older infrastructure continue to be critical for public health.
[Source: Bing Copilot]
Although this anonymously published postcard was posted to Paris from Notting Hill in October 1913, the photograph dates from several years earlier. The view shows Fleet Street looking east towards St. Paul's Cathedral and Ludgate Circus and the photographer has caught the first electric powered bus to successfully work the streets of London. The London Electrobus Co Ltd was formed in April 1906 and provided bus services employing buses powered by lead acid batteries until 1910. This particular bus is on a route from Liverpool Street to Victoria and all for a 2d fare, the fares were so low that other bus companies reduced their fares to compete in 1908. Also in July 1908 an Electrobus was involved in a fatal accident in Whitehall when a Foreign Office civil servant deep in thought and not actually hearing the bus stepped in front of it near the United Services Club. The Electrobus also experimented with enclosed upper decks, the first buses to have enclosed upper decks. There was no objection from the Metropolitan Police because of the exceptionally low centre of gravity. Their objection to enclosed upper decks had always been and continued to be until the early 1920s that the bus could easily topple over because of high centres of gravity and instead of spilling their top deck passengers into the roadway, they would incur serious injuries against the enclosed roof. The Company encountered financial difficulties in 1910 and sold most of the fleet to Brighton and Hove District Council who operated them until 1917.
Lead acid batteries for the telephone exchange were stored here, with the tiled floor providing protection against leaks.
Paddock was built at the start of the 2nd World War below the Post Office Research Station in Dollis Hill. The purpose of the two level citadel was to act as a standby to the Cabinet War Rooms in Whitehall. The bunker became operational in 1940 with the War Cabinet meeting there on 3rd October.
Churchill did not like the new bunker and by the autumn of 1943 the standby cabinet war rooms were relocated to the North Rotunda in Marsham Street, close to Whitehall; Paddock was abandoned the following year.
During the cold war, Paddock was suggested as a replacement for the North London Group War Room at Partingdale Lane, Mill Hill but this was rejected by the GLC. It was also, along with Station Z at Harrow, suggested as the Main Control Centre for the whole of London with the 4 (later 5) Group Controls reporting to it. The idea of 1 central control was never adopted and the upper floor at Paddock was relegated to a Post Office social club.
Following closure of Post Office Research Station, in the mid 1990's the site was sold to a property developer who converted the Research Station into luxury flats with a new housing estate on the rest of the site. The single storey surface building above Paddock was demolished but the citadel, which has local authority listing was untouched and two access points were retained one an unobtrusive steel door in a wall between two houses and the other a brick blockhouse beside the road which also houses a small electricity sub station. The site has now been handed over to a housing association.
[Subterranea Britannica www.subbrit.org.uk]
Lead acid batteries for the telephone exchange were stored here, with the tiled floor providing protection against leaks.
Paddock was built at the start of the 2nd World War below the Post Office Research Station in Dollis Hill. The purpose of the two level citadel was to act as a standby to the Cabinet War Rooms in Whitehall. The bunker became operational in 1940 with the War Cabinet meeting there on 3rd October.
Churchill did not like the new bunker and by the autumn of 1943 the standby cabinet war rooms were relocated to the North Rotunda in Marsham Street, close to Whitehall; Paddock was abandoned the following year.
During the cold war, Paddock was suggested as a replacement for the North London Group War Room at Partingdale Lane, Mill Hill but this was rejected by the GLC. It was also, along with Station Z at Harrow, suggested as the Main Control Centre for the whole of London with the 4 (later 5) Group Controls reporting to it. The idea of 1 central control was never adopted and the upper floor at Paddock was relegated to a Post Office social club.
Following closure of Post Office Research Station, in the mid 1990's the site was sold to a property developer who converted the Research Station into luxury flats with a new housing estate on the rest of the site. The single storey surface building above Paddock was demolished but the citadel, which has local authority listing was untouched and two access points were retained one an unobtrusive steel door in a wall between two houses and the other a brick blockhouse beside the road which also houses a small electricity sub station. The site has now been handed over to a housing association.
[Subterranea Britannica www.subbrit.org.uk]
Positive and negative plates of lead acid batteries. Each plate consists of a rectangular lead grid alloyed with antimony or calcium to improve the mechanical characteristics. The holes of the grid are filled with a mixture of red lead and 33% dilute sulfuric acid. The paste is pressed into the holes in the plates which are slightly tapered on both sides to assist in retention of the paste. This porous paste allows the acid to react with the lead inside the plate, increasing the surface area many fold.
EGL AGM deep cycle batteries have thicker-than-usual erosion-proof lead-calcium-tin-aluminum alloy plates that are seperated by non-woven glass-fiber fabric known as Absorptive Glass Mat (AGM). Diluted acid is absorbed in the AGM encased in tough non-leaking ABS casing. Show here is a 65AH12V.
2 volt Accumulator. These are lead-sulphuric acid cells in glass containers. This made them both heavy and dangerous. Exide CZG5. Cap 50Ah at 20hr rate. Charges at 4Amp.
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