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Italien / Belluno - Cadini di Misurina
Hike around the Cadini group
Wanderung um die Cadini Gruppe
Rifugio Fonda-Savio
Fonda-Savio-Hütte
Cadini di Misurina (Ciadìs de Meśorìna in Ladin) is a group of mountains in the eastern Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Italy. These mountains rise to the west of Auronzo di Cadore, north-east of Cortina d'Ampezzo and south of Dobbiaco, in a position overlooking Lake Misurina. They are part of the Dolomites subsection of Sesto, of Braies, and of Ampezzo, and belong to the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore. The highest peak is the Cima Cadin of San Lucano (2.839 m a.s.l.).
The term Cadini derives from the Cadorino dialect ''ciadìn'' which translates into valleys, and refers to the labyrinthian structure of the massif.
Description
The mountain range is crossed by the Alta Via n. 4 path and from the equipped Alberto Bonacossa path, which starts from the southern shore of the lake and reaches the Tre Cime di Lavaredo. The particular geomorphology that distinguishes and so deeply characterizes the Cadini di Misurina, however, allows to cross the group by various lines so that, going up and down from their forks, it becomes possible to enjoy the dolomitic paradise that surrounds them. The equipped path Giovanni Durissini allows for example to complete the complete tour of the branch of San Lucano. It is a ring route, starting at the Fonda-Savio refuge (2,367 m), which runs in sequence the Torre fork (2,400 m), the Sabbee fork (2,440 m), the Cadin Deserto fork (2,400 m), the Cristina fork, the de la Neve fork (2,471 m) and lastly the Nevaio fork (2,620 m), with a total height difference of about 1,000 m. The first climb dates back to 31 August 1896 by Giovanni Siorpaes, Pietro Siorpaes, Ilona Eötvös, Rolanda Eötvös, Johann Innerkofler, and Loránd Eötvös.
Accommodation facilities include refuge Fonda-Savio (2367 m), refuge Col da Varda (2115 m), and refuge Città di Carpi (2110 m).
Main summits
Cima Cadin di San Lucano, 2839 m
Cima Eötvös, 2825 m
Cima Cadin Nord Est, 2788 m
Cima Cadin della Neve, 2757 m
Cima Cadin Nord Ovest, 2726 m
Campanile Dülfer, 2706 m
Cima Cadin di Misurina, 2674 m
Torre del Diavolo, 2598 m
Torre Siorpaes, 2553 m
Torre Wundt, 2517 m
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco, 2404 m
Torre Leo, 2550 m
Punta Cadin de le Pere, 2550 m
Main passes
Forcella del Nevaio, 2620 m
Forcella Verzi, 2550 m
Forcella de la Neve, 2471 m
Forcella Sabbiosa, 2440 m
Forcella di Misurina, 2400 m
Forcella Cadin Deserto, 2400 m
Forcella della Torre, 2400 m
Forcella del Diavolo, 2380 m
Forcella Maraia, 2100 m
(Wikipedia)
Die Cadini di Misurina bilden als Untergruppe den südlichen Abschluss der Sextener Dolomiten und befinden sich in der Provinz Belluno in Italien. Die aufgrund zahlreicher spektakulärer Felsgipfel und Zinnen sehr eindrucksvolle Gebirgslandschaft wird im Westen vom Misurinasee, im Norden von den Drei Zinnen und im Süden und Osten vom Val d’Ansiei begrenzt und gilt als ein Paradies für Kletterer. Der höchste Berg ist die Cima Cadin di San Lucano (2839 m). Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cadini-Gruppe mit allen Untergruppen seit dem 26. Juni 2009 zum UNESCO Welterbe Dolomiten.
Auf die Cima Cadin Nord Est (2796 m) führt ein sehr ausgesetzter Klettersteig, die Via Ferrata Merlone. Der Bonacossaweg (Sentiero Bonacossa) durchquert, teils ausgesetzt und versichert, unter Ausnützung von Felsbändern und alten Pfaden aus dem Gebirgskrieg, über mehrere Scharten die gesamte Berggruppe. Als lohnende Tour gilt auch die hochalpine Umrundung der zentralen Cadini-Gruppe (Giro di Cadini) auf dem Sentiero Durissini. Im Winter gilt dieser Weg als sehr anspruchsvolle Skitour.
Vom Misurinasee führt ein Sessellift zum Rifugio Col de Varda.
Weitere markante Gipfel
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco (2404 m)
Cima Eötvös (2837 m), benannt nach Roland von Eötvös
Berghütten in der Cadini-Gruppe
Fonda-Savio-Hütte (2359 m, CAI)
Rifugio Città di Carpi (2110 m, CAI)
Rifugio Col de Varda (2106 m, privat)
(Wikipedia)
Die Fonda-Savio-Hütte (italienisch: Rifugio Fonda-Savio) ist eine Schutzhütte des Club Alpino Italiano in der Cadini-Gruppe der Sextner Dolomiten.
Die Hütte ist per Tagesausflug gut erreichbar, dient als Stützpunkt für zahlreiche Klettertouren und kann als Etappenziel bei Wanderungen durch die Sextener Dolomiten genutzt werden.
Benannt ist die Hütte nach den drei im Zweiten Weltkrieg gefallenen Brüdern Piero, Paolo und Sergio Fonda-Savio. Die drei Brüder waren die Kinder des Partisanenkämpfers Antonio Fonda-Savio und seiner Frau Letizia Svevo, der Tochter von Italo Svevo.
Zustieg und Übergänge
Vom Wanderparkplatz oberhalb von Misurina auf Wanderweg Nr. 115 (ca. 500 Höhenmeter, 1 2⁄3 Stunden)
Von der Auronzohütte (2320 m s.l.m.) über den Bonacossaweg (2 Stunden)
Zum Rifugio Città di Carpi (2110 m s.l.m.) über den Durissini-Weg (3 Stunden)
Touren
Via Ferrata Merlone auf die nordöstliche Cadinspitze (4 Stunden)
Torre Wundt (2100 m s.l.m.), klassische Kletterei unweit der Hütte Schwierigkeit IV
Giro dei Cadini (Forcella Nevaio – Forcella Verzi – Forcella Maria – Forcella Cadin Deserto – Forcella Sabbiosa – Forcella della Torre Grande) (= Sentiero Durissini): sehr lohnende, anstrengende Höhenroute, 4–5 Stunden.
(Wikipedia)
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Daily Photo - A Lonely Prayer at the Crypt
The entire labyrinthian network of crypts in Beunos Aires was lonely and eerie. For a few moments, I thought I saw a ghostly nun floating between the marble and granite tombs. And then I came around a corner, and saw her deep in prayer. I hung back a little before snapping a quick photo.
From the blog at www.stuckincustoms.com
Italy / Belluno - Tre Cime di Lavaredo and Cadini di Misurina
Italien / Belluno - Drei Zinnen
seen from Rifugio Vandelli
gesehen vom Rifugio Vandelli
The Tre Cime di Lavaredo (pronounced [ˌtre tˈtʃiːme di lavaˈreːdo]; Italian for '"Three Peaks of Lavaredo"'), also called the Drei Zinnen (pronounced [ˌdʁaɪ ˈtsɪnən]); German for '"Three Merlons"'), are three distinctive battlement-like peaks, in the Sexten Dolomites of northeastern Italy. They are probably one of the best-known mountain groups in the Alps. The three peaks, from east to west, are:
Cima Piccola / Kleine Zinne ("little peak")
Cima Grande / Große Zinne ("big peak")
Cima Ovest / Westliche Zinne ("western peak").
Tre Cime as seen from the foot of Torre di Toblin mountain
The peaks are composed of well-layered dolomites of the Dolomia Principale (Hauptdolomit) formation, Carnian to Rhaetian in age, as are many other groups in the Dolomites (e.g., the Tofane, the Pelmo or the Cinque Torri).
Until 1919 the peaks formed part of the border between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Now they lie on the border between the Italian provinces of South Tyrol and Belluno and still are a part of the linguistic boundary between German-speaking and Italian-speaking majorities. The Cima Grande has an elevation of 2,999 metres (9,839 ft). It stands between the Cima Piccola, at 2,857 metres (9,373 ft), and the Cima Ovest, at 2,973 metres (9,754 ft).
Location and surroundings
The Three Peaks rise on the southern edge of the extensive pinnacle plateau with the Langen Alm (La Grava Longa), an alpine plateau at around 2200 m to 2400 m, which here forms the end of the Rienz Valley (Valle della Rienza). There are three small mountain lakes, the Zinnenseen. This area north of the mountains to the peaks to the municipality of part Toblach in South Tyrol and the Natural Park Three Peaks (up to 2010 Sesto Dolomites Nature Park), the since 2009 is part of the UNESCO World Heritage.
The ridge of the battlements, which runs in a west-east direction, forms the border with the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore in the province of Belluno, which also represents the German-Italian language border. To the northeast, this ridge continues to the 2454 m high Paternsattel (Forcella Lavaredo), where it turns north to the mountains Passportenkopf (Croda di Passaporto, 2719 m) and Paternkofel (Monte Paterno, 2744 m). In the west it sits across the Forcella Col di Mezzo (2315 m) transition to the Zinnenkuppe (Col di Mezzo, 2254 m) and on to the 2252 m high Katzenleiterkopf (Croda d'Arghena).
To the southwest of the Drei Zinnen, the Forcella Col di Mezzo is followed by the Plano di Longeres plateau above the Valle di Rinbianco, a side valley of the Rienz Valley. Immediately south of the western pinnacle, the Forcella di Longeres saddle (2235 m) separates the Plano di Longeres from the Vallone di Lavaredo, a side valley of the Piave valley. To the south lies the Cadini group.
Cortina d'Ampezzo, 17 kilometers southwest, is the largest city in the area. Other larger towns are Toblach 13 kilometers northwest and Innichen 12 kilometers north.
Cabins and access
The most easily accessible support point around Drei Zinnen is Rifugio Auronzo (Auronzo hut, 2320 m). The cottage, which belongs to the Club Alpino Italiano (CAI), is located immediately south of the massif above Forcella di Longeres, and has good road connections to the tourist resort of Misurina (toll road). The cabin can be reached on foot from Lavaredodalen in the southeast.
About one kilometer east of Rifugio Auronzo and from there via a wide hiking trail lies the privately run Rifugio di Lavaredo (2325 m) at the southeast foot of the Kleine Zinne.
Northwest of the peaks is the summer-open, privately run farmhouse Lange Alm (also Lange Alpe) at 2296 m. One hiking trail goes from the Auronzo hut over the Forcella Col di Mezzo, another from the north comes from the Rienztal.
CAI's Dreizinnenhütte (Rifugio Locatelli, 2438 m) is located approximately one kilometer northeast of Drei Zinnen. The cabin, which is well known for its view of the north wall, can be reached from Auronzohytta via Paternsattel on a wide hiking trail. Other access options are from Sexten through Fischleinboden from the east, and also from Sexten from the north through the Innerfeldtal and through the Rienztal from Höhlenstein (Landro) in the Höhlensteintal (Valle di Landro). From the southeast, the cabin can be reached from Lange Alm.
Climate, flora and fauna
The Sexten Dolomites are surrounded by other mountain ranges on all sides, and this sheltered location in the interior of the Alps provides relatively favorable climatic conditions considering the altitude. Nevertheless, when cold fronts pass the area, rapid weather changes with fog, wind and heavy rainfall can occur, even as snow, even in high summer. In shady gorges and under north walls, the snow can lie until late summer, sometimes all year round, even though there are no glaciers here.
The alpine vegetation zone around Drei Zinnen is dominated by the raibl layer's alpine mats. The plateau around Lange Alm is one of the few areas with grazing land in the nature park. Alpines are strikingly flowery; examples of plants that thrive here are beard bell, edelweiss and Gentiana clusii. The alpine marmot is a numerous mammal; there are also hares and chamois. On the other hand, there are no ibex in the Sexten Dolomites. Of birds there are Rock ptarmigan, ravens and golden eagles, and also hubriscan often be found hunting at this altitude. Vipers, especially the black variety, can be found at the unusual (for reptiles) altitude of 2600 m.
The vegetation on the vast clocks and on the southern flanks of the peaks is characterized by plants that are able to adapt to the constant movements of the stone clock. Examples of these are alpine cod mouth (Linaria alpina), French edible acid (Rumex scutatus), Thlaspi cepaeifolium, Potentilla nitida and alpine poppy (Papaver alpinum). In crevices are trickled Saxifraga squarrosa, cruciferous Kernera saxatilis, carnation Minuartia sedoides and the rare Paederota bonarota. In the steep, shady north walls there is hardly anyvascular plants; the most conspicuous vegetation is next to moss and low large carpets with blue-green bacteria, which appear especially on moist rock walls in the form of characteristic «ink lines». A mammal that moves all the way into the cliff areas is the snow field mouse (Chionomys nivalis). Insects (Tichodroma muraria) and alpine quays (Pyrrhocorax graculus) hunt insects here.
First ascents
The first ascent of the Cima Grande (Große Zinne) was on August 21, 1869, by Paul Grohmann with guides Franz Innerkofler and Peter Salcher. The Cima Ovest (Westliche Zinne) was first climbed exactly ten years later, on August 21, 1879, by Michel Innerkofler with G. Ploner, a tourist. The Cima Piccola (Kleine Zinne) was first climbed on July 25, 1881, by Michel and Hans Innerkofler. The routes of these three first ascents are still the normal ascent routes; the Cima Piccola's route is the most difficult of the three. A climbing route, the Dibona Kante, on the Cima Grande is named after Angelo Dibona.
Emilio Comici was the first to climb the north face of the Cima Grande in 1933 in a party of three, after an ascent time of 3 days and 2 nights. This partly overhanging northern face is considered by climbers to be one of the great north faces of the Alps.
Tourism
Tre Cime Natural Park is named after the famous peaks. The visitor centre provides information concerning the trails, natural and man-made landscapes of the Sexten Dolomites and it is located at the former Grand Hotel in Dobbiaco.
Numerous well-marked routes lead from the surrounding communities to and around the peaks. The most common route is from Paternkofel/Monte Paterno to the alpine hut Auronzo at 2,333 m (7,654 ft), over Paternsattel (Patern Pass) to the Locatelli alpine hut (Dreizinnenhütte) at 2,405 m (7,890 ft), and then to the peaks. There are a number of other routes as well.
Nearby communities include Auronzo di Cadore (in the province of Belluno, region of Veneto), Toblach/Dobbiaco, Sexten/Sesto, and the Puster Valley (in the province of Bolzano, region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol).
The area has also staged many finishes in Giro d'Italia.
History
Since the front line between Italy and Austria-Hungary during World War I ran through the Tre Cime peaks, there are a number of fortifications, trenches, tunnels, iron ladders, and commemorative plaques in the area. There was intense fighting throughout the so-called "White War" between 1915 and 1917.
Film and television appearances
Tre Cime has been used as a filming location for:
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
Solo: A Star Wars Story
(Wikipedia)
Cadini di Misurina (Ciadìs de Meśorìna in Ladin) is a group of mountains in the eastern Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Italy. These mountains rise to the west of Auronzo di Cadore, north-east of Cortina d'Ampezzo and south of Dobbiaco, in a position overlooking Lake Misurina. They are part of the Dolomites subsection of Sesto, of Braies, and of Ampezzo, and belong to the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore. The highest peak is the Cima Cadin of San Lucano (2.839 m a.s.l.).
The term Cadini derives from the Cadorino dialect ''ciadìn'' which translates into valleys, and refers to the labyrinthian structure of the massif.
Description
The mountain range is crossed by the Alta Via n. 4 path and from the equipped Alberto Bonacossa path, which starts from the southern shore of the lake and reaches the Tre Cime di Lavaredo. The particular geomorphology that distinguishes and so deeply characterizes the Cadini di Misurina, however, allows to cross the group by various lines so that, going up and down from their forks, it becomes possible to enjoy the dolomitic paradise that surrounds them. The equipped path Giovanni Durissini allows for example to complete the complete tour of the branch of San Lucano. It is a ring route, starting at the Fonda-Savio refuge (2,367 m), which runs in sequence the Torre fork (2,400 m), the Sabbee fork (2,440 m), the Cadin Deserto fork (2,400 m), the Cristina fork, the de la Neve fork (2,471 m) and lastly the Nevaio fork (2,620 m), with a total height difference of about 1,000 m. The first climb dates back to 31 August 1896 by Giovanni Siorpaes, Pietro Siorpaes, Ilona Eötvös, Rolanda Eötvös, Johann Innerkofler, and Loránd Eötvös.
Accommodation facilities include refuge Fonda-Savio (2367 m), refuge Col da Varda (2115 m), and refuge Città di Carpi (2110 m).
Main summits
Cima Cadin di San Lucano, 2839 m
Cima Eötvös, 2825 m
Cima Cadin Nord Est, 2788 m
Cima Cadin della Neve, 2757 m
Cima Cadin Nord Ovest, 2726 m
Campanile Dülfer, 2706 m
Cima Cadin di Misurina, 2674 m
Torre del Diavolo, 2598 m
Torre Siorpaes, 2553 m
Torre Wundt, 2517 m
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco, 2404 m
Torre Leo, 2550 m
Punta Cadin de le Pere, 2550 m
Main passes
Forcella del Nevaio, 2620 m
Forcella Verzi, 2550 m
Forcella de la Neve, 2471 m
Forcella Sabbiosa, 2440 m
Forcella di Misurina, 2400 m
Forcella Cadin Deserto, 2400 m
Forcella della Torre, 2400 m
Forcella del Diavolo, 2380 m
Forcella Maraia, 2100 m
(Wikipedia)
Die Drei Zinnen (italienisch Tre Cime di Lavaredo) sind ein markanter Gebirgsstock in den Sextner Dolomiten an der Grenze zwischen den italienischen Provinzen Belluno im Süden und Südtirol im Norden.
Die höchste Erhebung der Gruppe ist die 2999 m s.l.m. hohe Große Zinne (ital. Cima Grande). Sie steht zwischen den beiden anderen Gipfeln, der Westlichen Zinne (Cima Ovest, 2973 m) und der Kleinen Zinne (Cima Piccola, 2857 m). Neben diesen markanten Felstürmen zählen noch mehrere weitere Gipfelpunkte zum Massiv, darunter die Punta di Frida (2792 m) und der Preußturm, auch Kleinste Zinne (Torre Preuß, Cima Piccolissima, 2700 m).
Seit der Erstbesteigung der Großen Zinne im Jahr 1869 zählen die Drei Zinnen bei Kletterern zu den begehrtesten Gipfelzielen der Alpen. Sie sind durch zahlreiche Kletterrouten verschiedener Schwierigkeitsgrade erschlossen und wurden so zu einem Zentrum des alpinen Kletterns, von welchem viele wichtige Entwicklungen in der Geschichte dieses Sports ihren Ausgang nahmen. Darüber hinaus sind sie aufgrund ihrer leichten Erreichbarkeit eine Attraktion für den Massentourismus. Insbesondere die Ansicht der steilen Nordwände gehört zu den bekanntesten Landschaftsbildern der Alpen und gilt als Wahrzeichen der Dolomiten. Während des Gebirgskriegs im Ersten Weltkrieg waren die Drei Zinnen und ihre Umgebungsgebiete als Teil der Front zwischen dem Königreich Italien und Österreich-Ungarn heftig umkämpft.
Lage und Umgebung
Die Drei Zinnen erheben sich am Südrand des weitläufigen Zinnenplateaus mit der Langen Alm (La Grava Longa), einer alpinen Hochfläche auf ungefähr 2200 m bis 2400 m, die hier den Abschluss des Rienztals (Valle della Rienza) bildet. Dort liegen drei kleine Gebirgsseen, die Zinnenseen. Dieses Areal nördlich der Berge bis zu deren Gipfeln gehört zum Gemeindegebiet von Toblach in Südtirol und zum Naturpark Drei Zinnen (bis 2010 Naturpark Sextner Dolomiten), der seit 2009 Teil des UNESCO-Weltnaturerbes ist.
Der in West-Ost-Richtung verlaufende Kamm der Zinnen bildet die Grenze zur Gemeinde Auronzo di Cadore in der Provinz Belluno, die zugleich die deutsch-italienische Sprachgrenze darstellt. Nach Nordosten führt dieser Kamm weiter zum 2454 m hohen Paternsattel (Forcella Lavaredo), wo er nach Norden zu den Bergen Passportenkopf (Croda di Passaporto, 2719 m) und Paternkofel (Monte Paterno, 2744 m) abbiegt. Im Westen setzt er sich über den Übergang Forcella Col di Mezzo (2315 m) zur Zinnenkuppe (Col di Mezzo) (2254 m) und weiter zum 2252 m hohen Katzenleiterkopf (Croda d’Arghena) fort.
Südwestlich der Drei Zinnen schließt sich an die Forcella Col di Mezzo das Plateau Plano di Longeres oberhalb des Valle di Rinbianco, eines Seitentals des Rienztals, an. Unmittelbar südlich der Westlichen Zinne trennt der Sattel Forcella di Longeres (2235 m) den Plano di Longeres vom Vallone di Lavaredo, einem Seitental des Piavetals. Südlich liegt die Cadini-Gruppe.
Über den 2454 m hohen Paternsattel als tiefsten Punkt lässt sich der Zwölferkofel als nächster Gipfel erreichen, der höher als die Große Zinne ist. Damit beträgt die Schartenhöhe der Großen Zinne 545 m, die Dominanz beträgt 4,25 km.
Cortina d’Ampezzo, 17 Kilometer südwestlich gelegen, ist die größte Stadt in der Umgebung. Weitere größere Ortschaften sind Auronzo di Cadore 12 Kilometer südöstlich, Toblach 13 Kilometer nordwestlich und Innichen 12 Kilometer nördlich.
Orte, Stützpunkte und Wege
Der am leichtesten erreichbare Stützpunkt in der Umgebung der Drei Zinnen ist die Auronzohütte (Rifugio Auronzo, 2320 m). Diese Schutzhütte des Club Alpino Italiano (CAI) liegt unmittelbar südlich des Massivs oberhalb des Forcella di Longeres und ist vom südwestlich liegenden, zu Auronzo gehörenden Hotelort Misurina aus durch eine asphaltierte Mautstraße erschlossen. Von Südosten her kann die Hütte vom Lavaredotal über einen Wanderweg erreicht werden.
Etwa einen Kilometer östlich der Auronzohütte und von dort über einen breiten Fahrweg erreichbar liegt am Südostfuß der Kleinen Zinne die privat bewirtschaftete Schutzhütte Rifugio di Lavaredo (2325 m).
Nordwestlich der Zinnen liegt die im Sommer bewirtschaftete Almhütte Lange Alm (auch Lange Alpe, 2296 m). Ein Wanderweg führt von der Auronzohütte über die Forcella Col di Mezzo dorthin, ein weiterer von Norden aus dem Rienztal.
Die im Besitz des CAI befindliche, 2438 m hoch gelegene Dreizinnenhütte nordöstlich der Drei Zinnen ist mit etwa einem Kilometer etwas weiter von dem Massiv entfernt. Sie ist besonders für den Ausblick auf die Nordwände bekannt und kann über einen breiten Wanderweg von der Auronzohütte aus über den Paternsattel erreicht werden. Weitere Zustiegsmöglichkeiten gibt es von Sexten durch den Fischleinboden von Osten, von Innichen aus durch das Innerfeldtal von Norden und durch das Rienztal von Höhlenstein (Landro) im Höhlensteintal (Valle di Landro). Von Südosten ist die Hütte von der Langen Alm her erreichbar.
Die Drei Zinnen
Große Zinne
Die Große Zinne (Cima Grande), die mittlere der Drei Zinnen, ist mit 2999 m der höchste Gipfel der Gruppe. Sie fällt durch ihre 500 Meter hohe, senkrechte bis überhängende Nordwand auf, die manchmal zu den Großen Nordwänden der Alpen gezählt wird, obwohl sie im Gegensatz zu den anderen dieser Wände keine Eispassagen aufweist. Die Südseite ist weit weniger steil und von zahlreichen Bändern und Schuttterrassen durchzogen. Durch diese Südwand führt auch der Normalweg, mit einer Schwierigkeit von III (UIAA) die leichteste Route, die auch als Abstieg vom Gipfel genutzt wird. Weitere bekannte Kletterrouten sind die Nordostkante (Dibonakante, IV+), Dabistebaff (V) an der Nordostwand und Dülfer (V+) an der Westwand. Die Routen durch die Nordwand sind wesentlich schwieriger, hier sind vor allem die Direttissima (auch Hasse/Brandler, VIII+, VI A2), Sachsenweg (auch Superdirettissima, V A2), Via Camillotto Pellesier (X, V+ A2), Comici (VII, V+ A0), ISO 2000 (VIII+), Claudio-Barbier-Gedächtnisweg (IX-A0), Alpenrose (IX-) und Phantom der Zinne (IX+) zu nennen.
Im Osten liegen hinter der alpinistisch unbedeutenden Pyramide (ca. 2630 m) die Zinnenscharte und die Kleine Zinne. Im Westen bildet die Große Zinnenscharte die Abgrenzung zur Westlichen Zinne.
Die Erstbesteigung der Großen Zinne erfolgte am 21. August 1869 von Süden.
Der Schweizer Dani Arnold erklomm die Große Zinne 2019 über die klassische Nordwandroute (Comici-Dimai-Route) in nur 46 Minuten und 30 Sekunden.
Westliche Zinne
Die 2973 m hohe Westliche Zinne (Cima Ovest), früher auch Vordere oder Landroer Zinne genannt, ähnelt in ihrer Form der Großen Zinne. Ihre Nordwand weist allerdings noch wesentlich stärker überhängende Passagen auf, die bis zu einer horizontalen Distanz von 40 Metern über den Wandfuß herausragen, so dass die Nordwand der Westlichen Zinne auch als „Größtes Dach der Alpen“ bezeichnet wird. Wegen ihres stufenförmigen Aufbaus wird sie auch häufig als „umgekehrte Riesentreppe“ beschrieben und gilt als eine der markantesten Felsformationen der Alpen.
Der Berg wird west- und südseitig von einem massiven Vorbau umgeben, der mit dem Torre Lavaredo 2536 m, dem Zinnenkopf (Sasso di Landro, 2736 m), Croda di Mezzo (2733 m), Croda del Rifugio, auch Hüttenkofel (ca.2730 m), Il Mulo (ca.2800 m), Croda degli Alpini (2865 m), Croda Longéres und Torre Comici (2780 m) mehrere weitere Gipfelpunkte aufweist. Dieser Vorbau ist von der Westlichen Zinne durch die Westliche Zinnenscharte getrennt, in seinem Westen liegt die Forcella Col di Mezzo. Im Osten ist der Westlichen Zinne zur Großen Zinnenscharte hin der Torre di Forcella della Grande vorgelagert.
Der Normalweg zur Westlichen Zinne führt von der Westlichen Zinnenscharte südwestseitig im Schwierigkeitsgrad II zum Gipfel, er ist heute hauptsächlich als Abstiegsroute von Bedeutung. Wichtige Routen sind der Dülferkamin (IV) in der Südwand, Innerkofler (IV) in der Ostwand, Langl/Löschner (IV) in der Nordostwand, die Demuthkante (Nordostkante, VII, V+ A0), Dülfer (IV+) in der Westwand und die Scoiattolikante (VIII, V+ A2). Durch die Nordwand führen die Schweizer Führe (VIII+, 6 A3), Cassin/Ratti (VIII, VI-A1), Baur-Dach (VI+ A3), Alpenliebe (IX), Jean-Couzy-Gedächtnisführe (auch Franzosenführe, X, 5+ A3), Bellavista (XI-, IX A3), PanAroma (XI-, IX A3) und Pressknödl (7c).
Die Erstbegehung der Westlichen Zinne erfolgte am 21. August 1879 von Süden.
Kleine Zinne, Punta di Frida und Preußturm
Das Massiv der Kleinen Zinne (Cima Piccola, 2857 m) ist im Vergleich zu Großer und Westlicher Zinne wesentlich stärker gegliedert und weist mit der Punta di Frida (2792 m) und dem Preußturm (2700 m) weitere bedeutende Gipfelpunkte auf. Weiterhin zu erwähnen sind die Anticima, ein südlicher Vorgipfel der Kleinen Zinne und die Allerkleinste Zinne (Torre Minor, oft auch nur als „Vorbau“ bezeichnet), ein kleiner Felsturm vor dem Preußturm.
Die Kleine Zinne, die sich durch die schlanke Form ihres Gipfelaufbaus von den anderen Zinnen unterscheidet, gilt mit einem Normalweg im Schwierigkeitsgrad IV (über die Südwestwand) als der am schwierigsten zu erreichende Zinnengipfel. Weitere wichtige Anstiege sind die Gelbe Kante (Spigolo Giallo, VI, V+ A0) an der Südkante, Innerkofler (IV+) und Fehrmannkamin (V+) an der Nordwand, Langl/Horn (V) an der Ostwand und Orgler (VI-), Egger/Sauscheck (VI+, V+ A0), Ötzi trifft Yeti (VIII+) und Gelbe Mauer (auch Perlen vor die Säue, IX-) an der Südwand.
Auf die Punta di Frida führt der Normalweg (III) von Westen sowie mehrere weitere Routen wie Dülfer (IV+) in der Nordwand oder Zelger (IV) in der Südostwand.
Der Preußturm (Torre Preuß), ursprünglich als Kleinste Zinne (Cima Piccolissima) oder Punta d’Emma bekannt, wurde 1928 nach seinem Erstbesteiger Paul Preuß benannt. Während dieser Name in Italien schnell beliebt war, wurde er im deutschsprachigen Raum wegen Preuß' jüdischer Herkunft bald verschwiegen und ausschließlich die (von Preuß selbst geprägte) Bezeichnung „Kleinste Zinne“ gebraucht. Seit den 1960er Jahren findet zunehmend wieder der Name „Preußturm“ Verwendung. Der wichtigste Anstieg ist der nordostseitig gelegene Preußriss (V), weiterhin sind die durch die Südostwand führenden Routen Cassin (VII-, VI A0) und Via Nobile (IX+) zu erwähnen.
Die Erstbesteigung der Kleinen Zinne erfolgte am 25. Juli 1881 von Südwesten.
Geologie
Die Drei Zinnen bestehen aus Hauptdolomit, der in der Trias vor etwa 200 bis 220 Millionen Jahren durch Sedimentation in Flachwasserbereichen des Urmeeres Tethys entstand. Als Fossilien sind daher hauptsächlich marine Lebewesen wie Megalodonten und Gastropoden zu finden. Bedingt durch Gezeiten und andere Schwankungen des Meeresspiegels, die zu abwechselnden Perioden der Überflutung und des Trockenfallens weiter Landstriche führten, und gleichzeitiges stetiges Absinken des Untergrundes kam es zu einer Ablagerung des Gesteins in Form von übereinanderliegenden Schichten. Der Fels der Drei Zinnen weist daher eine deutliche und gleichmäßige Bankung auf, wobei zwischen den einzelnen Dolomitschichten dünne Lagen von Ton zu finden sind.
Im Zusammenspiel mit dieser horizontalen Bankung führten vertikale Klüfte zu Brüchen in rechtwinkligen Formen, die sich deutlich an den häufig würfelförmigen Felsbrocken der ausgedehnten Schutthalden am Fuß der steilen Wände zeigen. Wesentlicher Mechanismus der Erosion ist die Frostsprengung, die neben ständigem Steinschlag häufig auch größere Felsstürze zur Folge hat. So kam es etwa im Jahr 1948 zu einem großen Felssturz aus der Südwand der Großen Zinne, im Juli 1981 stürzte eine Felsbrücke zwischen Allerkleinster Zinne und Preußturm, die bis dahin häufig von Kletterern begangen worden war, in sich zusammen.
Gefördert wird das Wegbrechen großer Felsteile durch die Instabilität des Untergrunds. Das weitläufige Zinnenplateau, das die Basis der Gruppe bildet, ruht auf einem Sockel aus Schlerndolomit. Dieser wird von Moränen aus der Würmeiszeit, vor allem aber von relativ leicht verwitterbaren Gesteinen der Raibler Schichten überlagert. Die Erosion dieser Schichten entzieht den auf ihnen liegenden Felstürmen allmählich die Basis und führt zum Wegbrechen exponierter Felspartien. Diese bis heute anhaltenden Prozesse führten zur Entwicklung der steilen Formen der Zinnen und insbesondere der stark überhängenden Felsdächer der Nordwände.
Massentourismus und Vermarktung
Im Bewusstsein der ansässigen Bevölkerung scheinen die Drei Zinnen bis ins 19. Jahrhundert kaum eine besondere Rolle gespielt zu haben. So ist etwa im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen markanten Felsformationen in der Umgebung keine Sage über die Zinnen bekannt. In Reiseberichten aus dem frühen 19. Jahrhundert sind nur grobe Beschreibungen aus großer Entfernung zu finden. Ab der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde das Hochpustertal zu einem Ziel für Sommerfrischler. Reiseberichte, die die internationale Bekanntheit der Drei Zinnen wesentlich steigerten, waren The Dolomite Mountains von Josiah Gilbert und George Cheetham Churchill 1864 und Untrodden peaks and unfrequented valleys. A midsummer ramble in the Dolomites von Amelia Edwards im Jahre 1873. Darüber hinaus waren die zu dieser Zeit in Mode gekommenen Ansichtskarten Grundlage für die bald steigende Popularität der Drei Zinnen auch außerhalb von Alpinistenkreisen. In Höhlenstein, dem einzigen Talort mit Blick auf die Zinnennordwände, entstand eine Kolonie von Luxushotels.
Der Erste Weltkrieg brachte zwar den Tourismus zum Erliegen, die Bilder von den Kämpfen am Zinnenplateau steigerten jedoch den Bekanntheitsgrad der Berge. In der Kriegspropaganda dienten die Zinnen auf beiden Seiten als Sinnbilder für das Gebirge schlechthin. Sie wurden dabei als Grenzmarkierung und Festung inszeniert. Bekannt wurde etwa ein Bild von der Bergung der Leiche des 1915 am Paternkofel gefallenen Sepp Innerkofler im Jahr 1918. Die Darstellung des Leichenzugs vor dem Hintergrund der Zinnen diente zur Verklärung Innerkoflers als Märtyrer und verfestigte den Mythos der Berge. Während der folgenden Zeit des Faschismus stilisierten südtirolpatriotische Bewegungen die Drei Zinnen zu einer Ikone Gesamttirols, wobei das Bild der Berge mit religiöser und politischer Symbolik aufgeladen wurde. So symbolisierten die Drei Zinnen auf Postkarten und Plakaten die ehemalige Gesamttiroler Grenze, indem sie etwa bei der Darstellung kämpfender Tiroler als Hintergrund dienten. Besonderen Anteil an der Popularisierung der Ansicht der Drei Zinnen hatte die Landschaftsfotografie, die zu dieser Zeit in Südtirol eine Blüte erlebte. Die vordergründig ideologiefreien Gebirgsaufnahmen transportierten in verdeckter Form politische Botschaften, die den Repressionen des faschistischen Staates kaum zugänglich war.
Bereits aus dem Jahr 1900 sind erste Verwendungen der Drei Zinnen in der Werbung bekannt, bis heute wird ihr Name häufig als Werbeträger genutzt. Insbesondere Gastronomiebetriebe der näheren Umgebung verwenden die Drei Zinnen gern als Namensbestandteil: so wird Toblach als „Gemeinde der Drei Zinnen beworben“. Seit 1998 wird ein knapp 20 Kilometer langer Berglauf von Sexten zur Dreizinnenhütte ausgetragen, der als „Drei-Zinnen-Lauf“ bezeichnet wird. In der Tourismuswerbung Südtirols stellen die Drei Zinnen ein häufig verwendetes Sujet dar. Der NS-Schriftsteller Karl Springenschmid nannte die Gipfelgruppe „Gottes eigenwilligste Schöpfung der Alpen“. Die italienische Post gibt seit 24. Juli 2008 eine Briefmarke mit einer Zeichnung der Berge im Rahmen der Serie Tourismus heraus. Stilisierte Darstellungen der Zinnen sind in den Logos mehrerer Unternehmen zu finden. Ihre Form wurde auch von einer Fruchteissorte namens Dolomiti nachempfunden, die in den 1980er Jahren populär war.
Der Wandertourismus erlebte zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts einen ersten Höhepunkt. Im Jahr 1908 besuchten bereits mehr als 2000 Menschen die 1881 erbaute Dreizinnenhütte. In der Zwischenkriegszeit nahm der Tourismus weiter zu. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden viele alte Kriegswege, darunter auch die Auronzostraße, für touristische Zwecke ausgebaut, was einen neuerlichen Anstieg der Besucherzahlen zur Folge hatte. Eine Verlängerung der Autostraße bis zur Dreizinnenhütte wurde bereits des Öfteren in Erwägung gezogen, bislang aber verhindert.
Die Umrundung der Drei Zinnen gilt als eine der beliebtesten Wanderstrecken der Dolomiten, da das Gebiet durch die mautpflichtige Straße zur Auronzohütte leicht erreichbar ist. Der Weg von der Auronzohütte zum Paternsattel und zur Dreizinnenhütte ist darüber hinaus sehr breit ausgebaut und weist nur geringe Steigungen auf. Er ist daher auch für ungeübte Wanderer leicht begehbar, sodass es an manchen Tagen durch den hohen Andrang zu regelrechten Staus kommt. Die Dreizinnenhütte bietet 140 Übernachtungsplätze an, mit den zahlreichen Tagesgästen hat sie bis zu 2000 Besucher täglich zu verzeichnen.
(Wikipedia)
Die Cadini di Misurina bilden als Untergruppe den südlichen Abschluss der Sextener Dolomiten und befinden sich in der Provinz Belluno in Italien. Die aufgrund zahlreicher spektakulärer Felsgipfel und Zinnen sehr eindrucksvolle Gebirgslandschaft wird im Westen vom Misurinasee, im Norden von den Drei Zinnen und im Süden und Osten vom Val d’Ansiei begrenzt und gilt als ein Paradies für Kletterer. Der höchste Berg ist die Cima Cadin di San Lucano (2839 m). Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cadini-Gruppe mit allen Untergruppen seit dem 26. Juni 2009 zum UNESCO Welterbe Dolomiten.
Auf die Cima Cadin Nord Est (2796 m) führt ein sehr ausgesetzter Klettersteig, die Via Ferrata Merlone. Der Bonacossaweg (Sentiero Bonacossa) durchquert, teils ausgesetzt und versichert, unter Ausnützung von Felsbändern und alten Pfaden aus dem Gebirgskrieg, über mehrere Scharten die gesamte Berggruppe. Als lohnende Tour gilt auch die hochalpine Umrundung der zentralen Cadini-Gruppe (Giro di Cadini) auf dem Sentiero Durissini. Im Winter gilt dieser Weg als sehr anspruchsvolle Skitour.
Vom Misurinasee führt ein Sessellift zum Rifugio Col de Varda.
Weitere markante Gipfel
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco (2404 m)
Cima Eötvös (2837 m), benannt nach Roland von Eötvös
Berghütten in der Cadini-Gruppe
Fonda-Savio-Hütte (2359 m, CAI)
Rifugio Città di Carpi (2110 m, CAI)
Rifugio Col de Varda (2106 m, privat)
(Wikipedia)
Italien / Belluno - Cadini di Misurina
Hike around the Cadini group
Wanderung um die Cadini Gruppe
Cadini di Misurina (Ciadìs de Meśorìna in Ladin) is a group of mountains in the eastern Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Italy. These mountains rise to the west of Auronzo di Cadore, north-east of Cortina d'Ampezzo and south of Dobbiaco, in a position overlooking Lake Misurina. They are part of the Dolomites subsection of Sesto, of Braies, and of Ampezzo, and belong to the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore. The highest peak is the Cima Cadin of San Lucano (2.839 m a.s.l.).
The term Cadini derives from the Cadorino dialect ''ciadìn'' which translates into valleys, and refers to the labyrinthian structure of the massif.
Description
The mountain range is crossed by the Alta Via n. 4 path and from the equipped Alberto Bonacossa path, which starts from the southern shore of the lake and reaches the Tre Cime di Lavaredo. The particular geomorphology that distinguishes and so deeply characterizes the Cadini di Misurina, however, allows to cross the group by various lines so that, going up and down from their forks, it becomes possible to enjoy the dolomitic paradise that surrounds them. The equipped path Giovanni Durissini allows for example to complete the complete tour of the branch of San Lucano. It is a ring route, starting at the Fonda-Savio refuge (2,367 m), which runs in sequence the Torre fork (2,400 m), the Sabbee fork (2,440 m), the Cadin Deserto fork (2,400 m), the Cristina fork, the de la Neve fork (2,471 m) and lastly the Nevaio fork (2,620 m), with a total height difference of about 1,000 m. The first climb dates back to 31 August 1896 by Giovanni Siorpaes, Pietro Siorpaes, Ilona Eötvös, Rolanda Eötvös, Johann Innerkofler, and Loránd Eötvös.
Accommodation facilities include refuge Fonda-Savio (2367 m), refuge Col da Varda (2115 m), and refuge Città di Carpi (2110 m).
Main summits
Cima Cadin di San Lucano, 2839 m
Cima Eötvös, 2825 m
Cima Cadin Nord Est, 2788 m
Cima Cadin della Neve, 2757 m
Cima Cadin Nord Ovest, 2726 m
Campanile Dülfer, 2706 m
Cima Cadin di Misurina, 2674 m
Torre del Diavolo, 2598 m
Torre Siorpaes, 2553 m
Torre Wundt, 2517 m
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco, 2404 m
Torre Leo, 2550 m
Punta Cadin de le Pere, 2550 m
Main passes
Forcella del Nevaio, 2620 m
Forcella Verzi, 2550 m
Forcella de la Neve, 2471 m
Forcella Sabbiosa, 2440 m
Forcella di Misurina, 2400 m
Forcella Cadin Deserto, 2400 m
Forcella della Torre, 2400 m
Forcella del Diavolo, 2380 m
Forcella Maraia, 2100 m
(Wikipedia)
Die Cadini di Misurina bilden als Untergruppe den südlichen Abschluss der Sextener Dolomiten und befinden sich in der Provinz Belluno in Italien. Die aufgrund zahlreicher spektakulärer Felsgipfel und Zinnen sehr eindrucksvolle Gebirgslandschaft wird im Westen vom Misurinasee, im Norden von den Drei Zinnen und im Süden und Osten vom Val d’Ansiei begrenzt und gilt als ein Paradies für Kletterer. Der höchste Berg ist die Cima Cadin di San Lucano (2839 m). Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cadini-Gruppe mit allen Untergruppen seit dem 26. Juni 2009 zum UNESCO Welterbe Dolomiten.
Auf die Cima Cadin Nord Est (2796 m) führt ein sehr ausgesetzter Klettersteig, die Via Ferrata Merlone. Der Bonacossaweg (Sentiero Bonacossa) durchquert, teils ausgesetzt und versichert, unter Ausnützung von Felsbändern und alten Pfaden aus dem Gebirgskrieg, über mehrere Scharten die gesamte Berggruppe. Als lohnende Tour gilt auch die hochalpine Umrundung der zentralen Cadini-Gruppe (Giro di Cadini) auf dem Sentiero Durissini. Im Winter gilt dieser Weg als sehr anspruchsvolle Skitour.
Vom Misurinasee führt ein Sessellift zum Rifugio Col de Varda.
Weitere markante Gipfel
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco (2404 m)
Cima Eötvös (2837 m), benannt nach Roland von Eötvös
Berghütten in der Cadini-Gruppe
Fonda-Savio-Hütte (2359 m, CAI)
Rifugio Città di Carpi (2110 m, CAI)
Rifugio Col de Varda (2106 m, privat)
(Wikipedia)
Italy / Belluno - Tre Cime di Lavaredo and Cadini di Misurina
Italien / Belluno - Drei Zinnen
seen on the way from the Lago di Sorapiss to the Forcella Malquoira
gesehen auf dem Weg vom Lago di Sorapis zur Forcella Malquoira
The Tre Cime di Lavaredo (pronounced [ˌtre tˈtʃiːme di lavaˈreːdo]; Italian for '"Three Peaks of Lavaredo"'), also called the Drei Zinnen (pronounced [ˌdʁaɪ ˈtsɪnən]); German for '"Three Merlons"'), are three distinctive battlement-like peaks, in the Sexten Dolomites of northeastern Italy. They are probably one of the best-known mountain groups in the Alps. The three peaks, from east to west, are:
Cima Piccola / Kleine Zinne ("little peak")
Cima Grande / Große Zinne ("big peak")
Cima Ovest / Westliche Zinne ("western peak").
Tre Cime as seen from the foot of Torre di Toblin mountain
The peaks are composed of well-layered dolomites of the Dolomia Principale (Hauptdolomit) formation, Carnian to Rhaetian in age, as are many other groups in the Dolomites (e.g., the Tofane, the Pelmo or the Cinque Torri).
Until 1919 the peaks formed part of the border between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Now they lie on the border between the Italian provinces of South Tyrol and Belluno and still are a part of the linguistic boundary between German-speaking and Italian-speaking majorities. The Cima Grande has an elevation of 2,999 metres (9,839 ft). It stands between the Cima Piccola, at 2,857 metres (9,373 ft), and the Cima Ovest, at 2,973 metres (9,754 ft).
Location and surroundings
The Three Peaks rise on the southern edge of the extensive pinnacle plateau with the Langen Alm (La Grava Longa), an alpine plateau at around 2200 m to 2400 m, which here forms the end of the Rienz Valley (Valle della Rienza). There are three small mountain lakes, the Zinnenseen. This area north of the mountains to the peaks to the municipality of part Toblach in South Tyrol and the Natural Park Three Peaks (up to 2010 Sesto Dolomites Nature Park), the since 2009 is part of the UNESCO World Heritage.
The ridge of the battlements, which runs in a west-east direction, forms the border with the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore in the province of Belluno, which also represents the German-Italian language border. To the northeast, this ridge continues to the 2454 m high Paternsattel (Forcella Lavaredo), where it turns north to the mountains Passportenkopf (Croda di Passaporto, 2719 m) and Paternkofel (Monte Paterno, 2744 m). In the west it sits across the Forcella Col di Mezzo (2315 m) transition to the Zinnenkuppe (Col di Mezzo, 2254 m) and on to the 2252 m high Katzenleiterkopf (Croda d'Arghena).
To the southwest of the Drei Zinnen, the Forcella Col di Mezzo is followed by the Plano di Longeres plateau above the Valle di Rinbianco, a side valley of the Rienz Valley. Immediately south of the western pinnacle, the Forcella di Longeres saddle (2235 m) separates the Plano di Longeres from the Vallone di Lavaredo, a side valley of the Piave valley. To the south lies the Cadini group.
Cortina d'Ampezzo, 17 kilometers southwest, is the largest city in the area. Other larger towns are Toblach 13 kilometers northwest and Innichen 12 kilometers north.
Cabins and access
The most easily accessible support point around Drei Zinnen is Rifugio Auronzo (Auronzo hut, 2320 m). The cottage, which belongs to the Club Alpino Italiano (CAI), is located immediately south of the massif above Forcella di Longeres, and has good road connections to the tourist resort of Misurina (toll road). The cabin can be reached on foot from Lavaredodalen in the southeast.
About one kilometer east of Rifugio Auronzo and from there via a wide hiking trail lies the privately run Rifugio di Lavaredo (2325 m) at the southeast foot of the Kleine Zinne.
Northwest of the peaks is the summer-open, privately run farmhouse Lange Alm (also Lange Alpe) at 2296 m. One hiking trail goes from the Auronzo hut over the Forcella Col di Mezzo, another from the north comes from the Rienztal.
CAI's Dreizinnenhütte (Rifugio Locatelli, 2438 m) is located approximately one kilometer northeast of Drei Zinnen. The cabin, which is well known for its view of the north wall, can be reached from Auronzohytta via Paternsattel on a wide hiking trail. Other access options are from Sexten through Fischleinboden from the east, and also from Sexten from the north through the Innerfeldtal and through the Rienztal from Höhlenstein (Landro) in the Höhlensteintal (Valle di Landro). From the southeast, the cabin can be reached from Lange Alm.
Climate, flora and fauna
The Sexten Dolomites are surrounded by other mountain ranges on all sides, and this sheltered location in the interior of the Alps provides relatively favorable climatic conditions considering the altitude. Nevertheless, when cold fronts pass the area, rapid weather changes with fog, wind and heavy rainfall can occur, even as snow, even in high summer. In shady gorges and under north walls, the snow can lie until late summer, sometimes all year round, even though there are no glaciers here.
The alpine vegetation zone around Drei Zinnen is dominated by the raibl layer's alpine mats. The plateau around Lange Alm is one of the few areas with grazing land in the nature park. Alpines are strikingly flowery; examples of plants that thrive here are beard bell, edelweiss and Gentiana clusii. The alpine marmot is a numerous mammal; there are also hares and chamois. On the other hand, there are no ibex in the Sexten Dolomites. Of birds there are Rock ptarmigan, ravens and golden eagles, and also hubriscan often be found hunting at this altitude. Vipers, especially the black variety, can be found at the unusual (for reptiles) altitude of 2600 m.
The vegetation on the vast clocks and on the southern flanks of the peaks is characterized by plants that are able to adapt to the constant movements of the stone clock. Examples of these are alpine cod mouth (Linaria alpina), French edible acid (Rumex scutatus), Thlaspi cepaeifolium, Potentilla nitida and alpine poppy (Papaver alpinum). In crevices are trickled Saxifraga squarrosa, cruciferous Kernera saxatilis, carnation Minuartia sedoides and the rare Paederota bonarota. In the steep, shady north walls there is hardly anyvascular plants; the most conspicuous vegetation is next to moss and low large carpets with blue-green bacteria, which appear especially on moist rock walls in the form of characteristic «ink lines». A mammal that moves all the way into the cliff areas is the snow field mouse (Chionomys nivalis). Insects (Tichodroma muraria) and alpine quays (Pyrrhocorax graculus) hunt insects here.
First ascents
The first ascent of the Cima Grande (Große Zinne) was on August 21, 1869, by Paul Grohmann with guides Franz Innerkofler and Peter Salcher. The Cima Ovest (Westliche Zinne) was first climbed exactly ten years later, on August 21, 1879, by Michel Innerkofler with G. Ploner, a tourist. The Cima Piccola (Kleine Zinne) was first climbed on July 25, 1881, by Michel and Hans Innerkofler. The routes of these three first ascents are still the normal ascent routes; the Cima Piccola's route is the most difficult of the three. A climbing route, the Dibona Kante, on the Cima Grande is named after Angelo Dibona.
Emilio Comici was the first to climb the north face of the Cima Grande in 1933 in a party of three, after an ascent time of 3 days and 2 nights. This partly overhanging northern face is considered by climbers to be one of the great north faces of the Alps.
Tourism
Tre Cime Natural Park is named after the famous peaks. The visitor centre provides information concerning the trails, natural and man-made landscapes of the Sexten Dolomites and it is located at the former Grand Hotel in Dobbiaco.
Numerous well-marked routes lead from the surrounding communities to and around the peaks. The most common route is from Paternkofel/Monte Paterno to the alpine hut Auronzo at 2,333 m (7,654 ft), over Paternsattel (Patern Pass) to the Locatelli alpine hut (Dreizinnenhütte) at 2,405 m (7,890 ft), and then to the peaks. There are a number of other routes as well.
Nearby communities include Auronzo di Cadore (in the province of Belluno, region of Veneto), Toblach/Dobbiaco, Sexten/Sesto, and the Puster Valley (in the province of Bolzano, region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol).
The area has also staged many finishes in Giro d'Italia.
History
Since the front line between Italy and Austria-Hungary during World War I ran through the Tre Cime peaks, there are a number of fortifications, trenches, tunnels, iron ladders, and commemorative plaques in the area. There was intense fighting throughout the so-called "White War" between 1915 and 1917.
Film and television appearances
Tre Cime has been used as a filming location for:
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
Solo: A Star Wars Story
(Wikipedia)
Cadini di Misurina (Ciadìs de Meśorìna in Ladin) is a group of mountains in the eastern Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Italy. These mountains rise to the west of Auronzo di Cadore, north-east of Cortina d'Ampezzo and south of Dobbiaco, in a position overlooking Lake Misurina. They are part of the Dolomites subsection of Sesto, of Braies, and of Ampezzo, and belong to the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore. The highest peak is the Cima Cadin of San Lucano (2.839 m a.s.l.).
The term Cadini derives from the Cadorino dialect ''ciadìn'' which translates into valleys, and refers to the labyrinthian structure of the massif.
Description
The mountain range is crossed by the Alta Via n. 4 path and from the equipped Alberto Bonacossa path, which starts from the southern shore of the lake and reaches the Tre Cime di Lavaredo. The particular geomorphology that distinguishes and so deeply characterizes the Cadini di Misurina, however, allows to cross the group by various lines so that, going up and down from their forks, it becomes possible to enjoy the dolomitic paradise that surrounds them. The equipped path Giovanni Durissini allows for example to complete the complete tour of the branch of San Lucano. It is a ring route, starting at the Fonda-Savio refuge (2,367 m), which runs in sequence the Torre fork (2,400 m), the Sabbee fork (2,440 m), the Cadin Deserto fork (2,400 m), the Cristina fork, the de la Neve fork (2,471 m) and lastly the Nevaio fork (2,620 m), with a total height difference of about 1,000 m. The first climb dates back to 31 August 1896 by Giovanni Siorpaes, Pietro Siorpaes, Ilona Eötvös, Rolanda Eötvös, Johann Innerkofler, and Loránd Eötvös.
Accommodation facilities include refuge Fonda-Savio (2367 m), refuge Col da Varda (2115 m), and refuge Città di Carpi (2110 m).
Main summits
Cima Cadin di San Lucano, 2839 m
Cima Eötvös, 2825 m
Cima Cadin Nord Est, 2788 m
Cima Cadin della Neve, 2757 m
Cima Cadin Nord Ovest, 2726 m
Campanile Dülfer, 2706 m
Cima Cadin di Misurina, 2674 m
Torre del Diavolo, 2598 m
Torre Siorpaes, 2553 m
Torre Wundt, 2517 m
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco, 2404 m
Torre Leo, 2550 m
Punta Cadin de le Pere, 2550 m
Main passes
Forcella del Nevaio, 2620 m
Forcella Verzi, 2550 m
Forcella de la Neve, 2471 m
Forcella Sabbiosa, 2440 m
Forcella di Misurina, 2400 m
Forcella Cadin Deserto, 2400 m
Forcella della Torre, 2400 m
Forcella del Diavolo, 2380 m
Forcella Maraia, 2100 m
(Wikipedia)
Die Drei Zinnen (italienisch Tre Cime di Lavaredo) sind ein markanter Gebirgsstock in den Sextner Dolomiten an der Grenze zwischen den italienischen Provinzen Belluno im Süden und Südtirol im Norden.
Die höchste Erhebung der Gruppe ist die 2999 m s.l.m. hohe Große Zinne (ital. Cima Grande). Sie steht zwischen den beiden anderen Gipfeln, der Westlichen Zinne (Cima Ovest, 2973 m) und der Kleinen Zinne (Cima Piccola, 2857 m). Neben diesen markanten Felstürmen zählen noch mehrere weitere Gipfelpunkte zum Massiv, darunter die Punta di Frida (2792 m) und der Preußturm, auch Kleinste Zinne (Torre Preuß, Cima Piccolissima, 2700 m).
Seit der Erstbesteigung der Großen Zinne im Jahr 1869 zählen die Drei Zinnen bei Kletterern zu den begehrtesten Gipfelzielen der Alpen. Sie sind durch zahlreiche Kletterrouten verschiedener Schwierigkeitsgrade erschlossen und wurden so zu einem Zentrum des alpinen Kletterns, von welchem viele wichtige Entwicklungen in der Geschichte dieses Sports ihren Ausgang nahmen. Darüber hinaus sind sie aufgrund ihrer leichten Erreichbarkeit eine Attraktion für den Massentourismus. Insbesondere die Ansicht der steilen Nordwände gehört zu den bekanntesten Landschaftsbildern der Alpen und gilt als Wahrzeichen der Dolomiten. Während des Gebirgskriegs im Ersten Weltkrieg waren die Drei Zinnen und ihre Umgebungsgebiete als Teil der Front zwischen dem Königreich Italien und Österreich-Ungarn heftig umkämpft.
Lage und Umgebung
Die Drei Zinnen erheben sich am Südrand des weitläufigen Zinnenplateaus mit der Langen Alm (La Grava Longa), einer alpinen Hochfläche auf ungefähr 2200 m bis 2400 m, die hier den Abschluss des Rienztals (Valle della Rienza) bildet. Dort liegen drei kleine Gebirgsseen, die Zinnenseen. Dieses Areal nördlich der Berge bis zu deren Gipfeln gehört zum Gemeindegebiet von Toblach in Südtirol und zum Naturpark Drei Zinnen (bis 2010 Naturpark Sextner Dolomiten), der seit 2009 Teil des UNESCO-Weltnaturerbes ist.
Der in West-Ost-Richtung verlaufende Kamm der Zinnen bildet die Grenze zur Gemeinde Auronzo di Cadore in der Provinz Belluno, die zugleich die deutsch-italienische Sprachgrenze darstellt. Nach Nordosten führt dieser Kamm weiter zum 2454 m hohen Paternsattel (Forcella Lavaredo), wo er nach Norden zu den Bergen Passportenkopf (Croda di Passaporto, 2719 m) und Paternkofel (Monte Paterno, 2744 m) abbiegt. Im Westen setzt er sich über den Übergang Forcella Col di Mezzo (2315 m) zur Zinnenkuppe (Col di Mezzo) (2254 m) und weiter zum 2252 m hohen Katzenleiterkopf (Croda d’Arghena) fort.
Südwestlich der Drei Zinnen schließt sich an die Forcella Col di Mezzo das Plateau Plano di Longeres oberhalb des Valle di Rinbianco, eines Seitentals des Rienztals, an. Unmittelbar südlich der Westlichen Zinne trennt der Sattel Forcella di Longeres (2235 m) den Plano di Longeres vom Vallone di Lavaredo, einem Seitental des Piavetals. Südlich liegt die Cadini-Gruppe.
Über den 2454 m hohen Paternsattel als tiefsten Punkt lässt sich der Zwölferkofel als nächster Gipfel erreichen, der höher als die Große Zinne ist. Damit beträgt die Schartenhöhe der Großen Zinne 545 m, die Dominanz beträgt 4,25 km.
Cortina d’Ampezzo, 17 Kilometer südwestlich gelegen, ist die größte Stadt in der Umgebung. Weitere größere Ortschaften sind Auronzo di Cadore 12 Kilometer südöstlich, Toblach 13 Kilometer nordwestlich und Innichen 12 Kilometer nördlich.
Orte, Stützpunkte und Wege
Der am leichtesten erreichbare Stützpunkt in der Umgebung der Drei Zinnen ist die Auronzohütte (Rifugio Auronzo, 2320 m). Diese Schutzhütte des Club Alpino Italiano (CAI) liegt unmittelbar südlich des Massivs oberhalb des Forcella di Longeres und ist vom südwestlich liegenden, zu Auronzo gehörenden Hotelort Misurina aus durch eine asphaltierte Mautstraße erschlossen. Von Südosten her kann die Hütte vom Lavaredotal über einen Wanderweg erreicht werden.
Etwa einen Kilometer östlich der Auronzohütte und von dort über einen breiten Fahrweg erreichbar liegt am Südostfuß der Kleinen Zinne die privat bewirtschaftete Schutzhütte Rifugio di Lavaredo (2325 m).
Nordwestlich der Zinnen liegt die im Sommer bewirtschaftete Almhütte Lange Alm (auch Lange Alpe, 2296 m). Ein Wanderweg führt von der Auronzohütte über die Forcella Col di Mezzo dorthin, ein weiterer von Norden aus dem Rienztal.
Die im Besitz des CAI befindliche, 2438 m hoch gelegene Dreizinnenhütte nordöstlich der Drei Zinnen ist mit etwa einem Kilometer etwas weiter von dem Massiv entfernt. Sie ist besonders für den Ausblick auf die Nordwände bekannt und kann über einen breiten Wanderweg von der Auronzohütte aus über den Paternsattel erreicht werden. Weitere Zustiegsmöglichkeiten gibt es von Sexten durch den Fischleinboden von Osten, von Innichen aus durch das Innerfeldtal von Norden und durch das Rienztal von Höhlenstein (Landro) im Höhlensteintal (Valle di Landro). Von Südosten ist die Hütte von der Langen Alm her erreichbar.
Die Drei Zinnen
Große Zinne
Die Große Zinne (Cima Grande), die mittlere der Drei Zinnen, ist mit 2999 m der höchste Gipfel der Gruppe. Sie fällt durch ihre 500 Meter hohe, senkrechte bis überhängende Nordwand auf, die manchmal zu den Großen Nordwänden der Alpen gezählt wird, obwohl sie im Gegensatz zu den anderen dieser Wände keine Eispassagen aufweist. Die Südseite ist weit weniger steil und von zahlreichen Bändern und Schuttterrassen durchzogen. Durch diese Südwand führt auch der Normalweg, mit einer Schwierigkeit von III (UIAA) die leichteste Route, die auch als Abstieg vom Gipfel genutzt wird. Weitere bekannte Kletterrouten sind die Nordostkante (Dibonakante, IV+), Dabistebaff (V) an der Nordostwand und Dülfer (V+) an der Westwand. Die Routen durch die Nordwand sind wesentlich schwieriger, hier sind vor allem die Direttissima (auch Hasse/Brandler, VIII+, VI A2), Sachsenweg (auch Superdirettissima, V A2), Via Camillotto Pellesier (X, V+ A2), Comici (VII, V+ A0), ISO 2000 (VIII+), Claudio-Barbier-Gedächtnisweg (IX-A0), Alpenrose (IX-) und Phantom der Zinne (IX+) zu nennen.
Im Osten liegen hinter der alpinistisch unbedeutenden Pyramide (ca. 2630 m) die Zinnenscharte und die Kleine Zinne. Im Westen bildet die Große Zinnenscharte die Abgrenzung zur Westlichen Zinne.
Die Erstbesteigung der Großen Zinne erfolgte am 21. August 1869 von Süden.
Der Schweizer Dani Arnold erklomm die Große Zinne 2019 über die klassische Nordwandroute (Comici-Dimai-Route) in nur 46 Minuten und 30 Sekunden.
Westliche Zinne
Die 2973 m hohe Westliche Zinne (Cima Ovest), früher auch Vordere oder Landroer Zinne genannt, ähnelt in ihrer Form der Großen Zinne. Ihre Nordwand weist allerdings noch wesentlich stärker überhängende Passagen auf, die bis zu einer horizontalen Distanz von 40 Metern über den Wandfuß herausragen, so dass die Nordwand der Westlichen Zinne auch als „Größtes Dach der Alpen“ bezeichnet wird. Wegen ihres stufenförmigen Aufbaus wird sie auch häufig als „umgekehrte Riesentreppe“ beschrieben und gilt als eine der markantesten Felsformationen der Alpen.
Der Berg wird west- und südseitig von einem massiven Vorbau umgeben, der mit dem Torre Lavaredo 2536 m, dem Zinnenkopf (Sasso di Landro, 2736 m), Croda di Mezzo (2733 m), Croda del Rifugio, auch Hüttenkofel (ca.2730 m), Il Mulo (ca.2800 m), Croda degli Alpini (2865 m), Croda Longéres und Torre Comici (2780 m) mehrere weitere Gipfelpunkte aufweist. Dieser Vorbau ist von der Westlichen Zinne durch die Westliche Zinnenscharte getrennt, in seinem Westen liegt die Forcella Col di Mezzo. Im Osten ist der Westlichen Zinne zur Großen Zinnenscharte hin der Torre di Forcella della Grande vorgelagert.
Der Normalweg zur Westlichen Zinne führt von der Westlichen Zinnenscharte südwestseitig im Schwierigkeitsgrad II zum Gipfel, er ist heute hauptsächlich als Abstiegsroute von Bedeutung. Wichtige Routen sind der Dülferkamin (IV) in der Südwand, Innerkofler (IV) in der Ostwand, Langl/Löschner (IV) in der Nordostwand, die Demuthkante (Nordostkante, VII, V+ A0), Dülfer (IV+) in der Westwand und die Scoiattolikante (VIII, V+ A2). Durch die Nordwand führen die Schweizer Führe (VIII+, 6 A3), Cassin/Ratti (VIII, VI-A1), Baur-Dach (VI+ A3), Alpenliebe (IX), Jean-Couzy-Gedächtnisführe (auch Franzosenführe, X, 5+ A3), Bellavista (XI-, IX A3), PanAroma (XI-, IX A3) und Pressknödl (7c).
Die Erstbegehung der Westlichen Zinne erfolgte am 21. August 1879 von Süden.
Kleine Zinne, Punta di Frida und Preußturm
Das Massiv der Kleinen Zinne (Cima Piccola, 2857 m) ist im Vergleich zu Großer und Westlicher Zinne wesentlich stärker gegliedert und weist mit der Punta di Frida (2792 m) und dem Preußturm (2700 m) weitere bedeutende Gipfelpunkte auf. Weiterhin zu erwähnen sind die Anticima, ein südlicher Vorgipfel der Kleinen Zinne und die Allerkleinste Zinne (Torre Minor, oft auch nur als „Vorbau“ bezeichnet), ein kleiner Felsturm vor dem Preußturm.
Die Kleine Zinne, die sich durch die schlanke Form ihres Gipfelaufbaus von den anderen Zinnen unterscheidet, gilt mit einem Normalweg im Schwierigkeitsgrad IV (über die Südwestwand) als der am schwierigsten zu erreichende Zinnengipfel. Weitere wichtige Anstiege sind die Gelbe Kante (Spigolo Giallo, VI, V+ A0) an der Südkante, Innerkofler (IV+) und Fehrmannkamin (V+) an der Nordwand, Langl/Horn (V) an der Ostwand und Orgler (VI-), Egger/Sauscheck (VI+, V+ A0), Ötzi trifft Yeti (VIII+) und Gelbe Mauer (auch Perlen vor die Säue, IX-) an der Südwand.
Auf die Punta di Frida führt der Normalweg (III) von Westen sowie mehrere weitere Routen wie Dülfer (IV+) in der Nordwand oder Zelger (IV) in der Südostwand.
Der Preußturm (Torre Preuß), ursprünglich als Kleinste Zinne (Cima Piccolissima) oder Punta d’Emma bekannt, wurde 1928 nach seinem Erstbesteiger Paul Preuß benannt. Während dieser Name in Italien schnell beliebt war, wurde er im deutschsprachigen Raum wegen Preuß' jüdischer Herkunft bald verschwiegen und ausschließlich die (von Preuß selbst geprägte) Bezeichnung „Kleinste Zinne“ gebraucht. Seit den 1960er Jahren findet zunehmend wieder der Name „Preußturm“ Verwendung. Der wichtigste Anstieg ist der nordostseitig gelegene Preußriss (V), weiterhin sind die durch die Südostwand führenden Routen Cassin (VII-, VI A0) und Via Nobile (IX+) zu erwähnen.
Die Erstbesteigung der Kleinen Zinne erfolgte am 25. Juli 1881 von Südwesten.
Geologie
Die Drei Zinnen bestehen aus Hauptdolomit, der in der Trias vor etwa 200 bis 220 Millionen Jahren durch Sedimentation in Flachwasserbereichen des Urmeeres Tethys entstand. Als Fossilien sind daher hauptsächlich marine Lebewesen wie Megalodonten und Gastropoden zu finden. Bedingt durch Gezeiten und andere Schwankungen des Meeresspiegels, die zu abwechselnden Perioden der Überflutung und des Trockenfallens weiter Landstriche führten, und gleichzeitiges stetiges Absinken des Untergrundes kam es zu einer Ablagerung des Gesteins in Form von übereinanderliegenden Schichten. Der Fels der Drei Zinnen weist daher eine deutliche und gleichmäßige Bankung auf, wobei zwischen den einzelnen Dolomitschichten dünne Lagen von Ton zu finden sind.
Im Zusammenspiel mit dieser horizontalen Bankung führten vertikale Klüfte zu Brüchen in rechtwinkligen Formen, die sich deutlich an den häufig würfelförmigen Felsbrocken der ausgedehnten Schutthalden am Fuß der steilen Wände zeigen. Wesentlicher Mechanismus der Erosion ist die Frostsprengung, die neben ständigem Steinschlag häufig auch größere Felsstürze zur Folge hat. So kam es etwa im Jahr 1948 zu einem großen Felssturz aus der Südwand der Großen Zinne, im Juli 1981 stürzte eine Felsbrücke zwischen Allerkleinster Zinne und Preußturm, die bis dahin häufig von Kletterern begangen worden war, in sich zusammen.
Gefördert wird das Wegbrechen großer Felsteile durch die Instabilität des Untergrunds. Das weitläufige Zinnenplateau, das die Basis der Gruppe bildet, ruht auf einem Sockel aus Schlerndolomit. Dieser wird von Moränen aus der Würmeiszeit, vor allem aber von relativ leicht verwitterbaren Gesteinen der Raibler Schichten überlagert. Die Erosion dieser Schichten entzieht den auf ihnen liegenden Felstürmen allmählich die Basis und führt zum Wegbrechen exponierter Felspartien. Diese bis heute anhaltenden Prozesse führten zur Entwicklung der steilen Formen der Zinnen und insbesondere der stark überhängenden Felsdächer der Nordwände.
Massentourismus und Vermarktung
Im Bewusstsein der ansässigen Bevölkerung scheinen die Drei Zinnen bis ins 19. Jahrhundert kaum eine besondere Rolle gespielt zu haben. So ist etwa im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen markanten Felsformationen in der Umgebung keine Sage über die Zinnen bekannt. In Reiseberichten aus dem frühen 19. Jahrhundert sind nur grobe Beschreibungen aus großer Entfernung zu finden. Ab der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde das Hochpustertal zu einem Ziel für Sommerfrischler. Reiseberichte, die die internationale Bekanntheit der Drei Zinnen wesentlich steigerten, waren The Dolomite Mountains von Josiah Gilbert und George Cheetham Churchill 1864 und Untrodden peaks and unfrequented valleys. A midsummer ramble in the Dolomites von Amelia Edwards im Jahre 1873. Darüber hinaus waren die zu dieser Zeit in Mode gekommenen Ansichtskarten Grundlage für die bald steigende Popularität der Drei Zinnen auch außerhalb von Alpinistenkreisen. In Höhlenstein, dem einzigen Talort mit Blick auf die Zinnennordwände, entstand eine Kolonie von Luxushotels.
Der Erste Weltkrieg brachte zwar den Tourismus zum Erliegen, die Bilder von den Kämpfen am Zinnenplateau steigerten jedoch den Bekanntheitsgrad der Berge. In der Kriegspropaganda dienten die Zinnen auf beiden Seiten als Sinnbilder für das Gebirge schlechthin. Sie wurden dabei als Grenzmarkierung und Festung inszeniert. Bekannt wurde etwa ein Bild von der Bergung der Leiche des 1915 am Paternkofel gefallenen Sepp Innerkofler im Jahr 1918. Die Darstellung des Leichenzugs vor dem Hintergrund der Zinnen diente zur Verklärung Innerkoflers als Märtyrer und verfestigte den Mythos der Berge. Während der folgenden Zeit des Faschismus stilisierten südtirolpatriotische Bewegungen die Drei Zinnen zu einer Ikone Gesamttirols, wobei das Bild der Berge mit religiöser und politischer Symbolik aufgeladen wurde. So symbolisierten die Drei Zinnen auf Postkarten und Plakaten die ehemalige Gesamttiroler Grenze, indem sie etwa bei der Darstellung kämpfender Tiroler als Hintergrund dienten. Besonderen Anteil an der Popularisierung der Ansicht der Drei Zinnen hatte die Landschaftsfotografie, die zu dieser Zeit in Südtirol eine Blüte erlebte. Die vordergründig ideologiefreien Gebirgsaufnahmen transportierten in verdeckter Form politische Botschaften, die den Repressionen des faschistischen Staates kaum zugänglich war.
Bereits aus dem Jahr 1900 sind erste Verwendungen der Drei Zinnen in der Werbung bekannt, bis heute wird ihr Name häufig als Werbeträger genutzt. Insbesondere Gastronomiebetriebe der näheren Umgebung verwenden die Drei Zinnen gern als Namensbestandteil: so wird Toblach als „Gemeinde der Drei Zinnen beworben“. Seit 1998 wird ein knapp 20 Kilometer langer Berglauf von Sexten zur Dreizinnenhütte ausgetragen, der als „Drei-Zinnen-Lauf“ bezeichnet wird. In der Tourismuswerbung Südtirols stellen die Drei Zinnen ein häufig verwendetes Sujet dar. Der NS-Schriftsteller Karl Springenschmid nannte die Gipfelgruppe „Gottes eigenwilligste Schöpfung der Alpen“. Die italienische Post gibt seit 24. Juli 2008 eine Briefmarke mit einer Zeichnung der Berge im Rahmen der Serie Tourismus heraus. Stilisierte Darstellungen der Zinnen sind in den Logos mehrerer Unternehmen zu finden. Ihre Form wurde auch von einer Fruchteissorte namens Dolomiti nachempfunden, die in den 1980er Jahren populär war.
Der Wandertourismus erlebte zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts einen ersten Höhepunkt. Im Jahr 1908 besuchten bereits mehr als 2000 Menschen die 1881 erbaute Dreizinnenhütte. In der Zwischenkriegszeit nahm der Tourismus weiter zu. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden viele alte Kriegswege, darunter auch die Auronzostraße, für touristische Zwecke ausgebaut, was einen neuerlichen Anstieg der Besucherzahlen zur Folge hatte. Eine Verlängerung der Autostraße bis zur Dreizinnenhütte wurde bereits des Öfteren in Erwägung gezogen, bislang aber verhindert.
Die Umrundung der Drei Zinnen gilt als eine der beliebtesten Wanderstrecken der Dolomiten, da das Gebiet durch die mautpflichtige Straße zur Auronzohütte leicht erreichbar ist. Der Weg von der Auronzohütte zum Paternsattel und zur Dreizinnenhütte ist darüber hinaus sehr breit ausgebaut und weist nur geringe Steigungen auf. Er ist daher auch für ungeübte Wanderer leicht begehbar, sodass es an manchen Tagen durch den hohen Andrang zu regelrechten Staus kommt. Die Dreizinnenhütte bietet 140 Übernachtungsplätze an, mit den zahlreichen Tagesgästen hat sie bis zu 2000 Besucher täglich zu verzeichnen.
(Wikipedia)
Die Cadini di Misurina bilden als Untergruppe den südlichen Abschluss der Sextener Dolomiten und befinden sich in der Provinz Belluno in Italien. Die aufgrund zahlreicher spektakulärer Felsgipfel und Zinnen sehr eindrucksvolle Gebirgslandschaft wird im Westen vom Misurinasee, im Norden von den Drei Zinnen und im Süden und Osten vom Val d’Ansiei begrenzt und gilt als ein Paradies für Kletterer. Der höchste Berg ist die Cima Cadin di San Lucano (2839 m). Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cadini-Gruppe mit allen Untergruppen seit dem 26. Juni 2009 zum UNESCO Welterbe Dolomiten.
Auf die Cima Cadin Nord Est (2796 m) führt ein sehr ausgesetzter Klettersteig, die Via Ferrata Merlone. Der Bonacossaweg (Sentiero Bonacossa) durchquert, teils ausgesetzt und versichert, unter Ausnützung von Felsbändern und alten Pfaden aus dem Gebirgskrieg, über mehrere Scharten die gesamte Berggruppe. Als lohnende Tour gilt auch die hochalpine Umrundung der zentralen Cadini-Gruppe (Giro di Cadini) auf dem Sentiero Durissini. Im Winter gilt dieser Weg als sehr anspruchsvolle Skitour.
Vom Misurinasee führt ein Sessellift zum Rifugio Col de Varda.
Weitere markante Gipfel
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco (2404 m)
Cima Eötvös (2837 m), benannt nach Roland von Eötvös
Berghütten in der Cadini-Gruppe
Fonda-Savio-Hütte (2359 m, CAI)
Rifugio Città di Carpi (2110 m, CAI)
Rifugio Col de Varda (2106 m, privat)
(Wikipedia)
Have a seat and wait for planet and satellite to reach perfect alignment. Be unbelievably happy for warm woodland and due praise be to craftily woven fibres. Set up either tripod, or find accommodating surface that will not jiggle, (around too much), during photographic exposure.
Take a minimum of 30 seconds of recovery time during aforementioned photographic exposure. Use high f-number for small aperture to generate light star and in this instance at least one labyrinthian pattern in light created through optical brilliance, sometimes unflatteringly referred to as flare and not that often noted for forming a Labyrinthian pattern, I mean an amazing Labyrinthian pattern, just once more a Labyrinthian pattern.
© PHH Sykes 2021
phhsykes@gmail.com
Italien / Belluno - Cadini di Misurina
Hike around the Cadini group
Wanderung um die Cadini Gruppe
Cadini di Misurina (Ciadìs de Meśorìna in Ladin) is a group of mountains in the eastern Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Italy. These mountains rise to the west of Auronzo di Cadore, north-east of Cortina d'Ampezzo and south of Dobbiaco, in a position overlooking Lake Misurina. They are part of the Dolomites subsection of Sesto, of Braies, and of Ampezzo, and belong to the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore. The highest peak is the Cima Cadin of San Lucano (2.839 m a.s.l.).
The term Cadini derives from the Cadorino dialect ''ciadìn'' which translates into valleys, and refers to the labyrinthian structure of the massif.
Description
The mountain range is crossed by the Alta Via n. 4 path and from the equipped Alberto Bonacossa path, which starts from the southern shore of the lake and reaches the Tre Cime di Lavaredo. The particular geomorphology that distinguishes and so deeply characterizes the Cadini di Misurina, however, allows to cross the group by various lines so that, going up and down from their forks, it becomes possible to enjoy the dolomitic paradise that surrounds them. The equipped path Giovanni Durissini allows for example to complete the complete tour of the branch of San Lucano. It is a ring route, starting at the Fonda-Savio refuge (2,367 m), which runs in sequence the Torre fork (2,400 m), the Sabbee fork (2,440 m), the Cadin Deserto fork (2,400 m), the Cristina fork, the de la Neve fork (2,471 m) and lastly the Nevaio fork (2,620 m), with a total height difference of about 1,000 m. The first climb dates back to 31 August 1896 by Giovanni Siorpaes, Pietro Siorpaes, Ilona Eötvös, Rolanda Eötvös, Johann Innerkofler, and Loránd Eötvös.
Accommodation facilities include refuge Fonda-Savio (2367 m), refuge Col da Varda (2115 m), and refuge Città di Carpi (2110 m).
Main summits
Cima Cadin di San Lucano, 2839 m
Cima Eötvös, 2825 m
Cima Cadin Nord Est, 2788 m
Cima Cadin della Neve, 2757 m
Cima Cadin Nord Ovest, 2726 m
Campanile Dülfer, 2706 m
Cima Cadin di Misurina, 2674 m
Torre del Diavolo, 2598 m
Torre Siorpaes, 2553 m
Torre Wundt, 2517 m
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco, 2404 m
Torre Leo, 2550 m
Punta Cadin de le Pere, 2550 m
Main passes
Forcella del Nevaio, 2620 m
Forcella Verzi, 2550 m
Forcella de la Neve, 2471 m
Forcella Sabbiosa, 2440 m
Forcella di Misurina, 2400 m
Forcella Cadin Deserto, 2400 m
Forcella della Torre, 2400 m
Forcella del Diavolo, 2380 m
Forcella Maraia, 2100 m
(Wikipedia)
Die Cadini di Misurina bilden als Untergruppe den südlichen Abschluss der Sextener Dolomiten und befinden sich in der Provinz Belluno in Italien. Die aufgrund zahlreicher spektakulärer Felsgipfel und Zinnen sehr eindrucksvolle Gebirgslandschaft wird im Westen vom Misurinasee, im Norden von den Drei Zinnen und im Süden und Osten vom Val d’Ansiei begrenzt und gilt als ein Paradies für Kletterer. Der höchste Berg ist die Cima Cadin di San Lucano (2839 m). Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cadini-Gruppe mit allen Untergruppen seit dem 26. Juni 2009 zum UNESCO Welterbe Dolomiten.
Auf die Cima Cadin Nord Est (2796 m) führt ein sehr ausgesetzter Klettersteig, die Via Ferrata Merlone. Der Bonacossaweg (Sentiero Bonacossa) durchquert, teils ausgesetzt und versichert, unter Ausnützung von Felsbändern und alten Pfaden aus dem Gebirgskrieg, über mehrere Scharten die gesamte Berggruppe. Als lohnende Tour gilt auch die hochalpine Umrundung der zentralen Cadini-Gruppe (Giro di Cadini) auf dem Sentiero Durissini. Im Winter gilt dieser Weg als sehr anspruchsvolle Skitour.
Vom Misurinasee führt ein Sessellift zum Rifugio Col de Varda.
Weitere markante Gipfel
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco (2404 m)
Cima Eötvös (2837 m), benannt nach Roland von Eötvös
Berghütten in der Cadini-Gruppe
Fonda-Savio-Hütte (2359 m, CAI)
Rifugio Città di Carpi (2110 m, CAI)
Rifugio Col de Varda (2106 m, privat)
(Wikipedia)
This was a magical moment; we had just come out of the dark and labyrinthian interior of the building, only to turn around and be presented with this fabulous cloud structure which had not been there when we went in. Sometimes, it all just works.
This image was made seventeen years ago; there were some other photographers nearby (see photo two shots to the left), but they were acting strangely. After every shot they looked at the backs of their cameras, changed something or other, and then made another shot. Confident behind my old Hasselblad, I was pretty sure they didn't know what they were doing.
Pueblo Bonito (Spanish for beautiful town) is the largest and best-known great house in Chaco Culture National Historical Park, northern New Mexico. It was built by the Ancestral Puebloans who occupied the structure between AD 828 and 1126.
According to the National Park Service, "Pueblo Bonito is the most thoroughly investigated and celebrated cultural site in Chaco Canyon. Planned and constructed in stages between AD 850 to AD 1150 by ancestral Puebloan peoples, this was the center of the Chacoan world." Anthropologist Brian Fagan has said that "Pueblo Bonito is an archeological icon, as famous as England's Stonehenge, Mexico's Teotihuacan, or Peru's Machu Picchu."
In January 1941, a section of the canyon wall known as Threatening Rock, or tse biyaa anii'ahi (leaning rock gap) in Navajo, collapsed as a result of a rock fall, destroying some of the structure's rear wall and a number of rooms. The builders of Pueblo Bonito appear to have been well aware of this threat, but chose to build beneath the fractured stone anyway. The wall stood 97 feet (30 m) high and weighed approximately 30,000 tons; the Puebloans compensated by building structural reinforcements for the slab.
Wikipedia
Italien / Belluno - Cadini di Misurina
Hike around the Cadini group
Wanderung um die Cadini Gruppe
Cadini di Misurina (Ciadìs de Meśorìna in Ladin) is a group of mountains in the eastern Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Italy. These mountains rise to the west of Auronzo di Cadore, north-east of Cortina d'Ampezzo and south of Dobbiaco, in a position overlooking Lake Misurina. They are part of the Dolomites subsection of Sesto, of Braies, and of Ampezzo, and belong to the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore. The highest peak is the Cima Cadin of San Lucano (2.839 m a.s.l.).
The term Cadini derives from the Cadorino dialect ''ciadìn'' which translates into valleys, and refers to the labyrinthian structure of the massif.
Description
The mountain range is crossed by the Alta Via n. 4 path and from the equipped Alberto Bonacossa path, which starts from the southern shore of the lake and reaches the Tre Cime di Lavaredo. The particular geomorphology that distinguishes and so deeply characterizes the Cadini di Misurina, however, allows to cross the group by various lines so that, going up and down from their forks, it becomes possible to enjoy the dolomitic paradise that surrounds them. The equipped path Giovanni Durissini allows for example to complete the complete tour of the branch of San Lucano. It is a ring route, starting at the Fonda-Savio refuge (2,367 m), which runs in sequence the Torre fork (2,400 m), the Sabbee fork (2,440 m), the Cadin Deserto fork (2,400 m), the Cristina fork, the de la Neve fork (2,471 m) and lastly the Nevaio fork (2,620 m), with a total height difference of about 1,000 m. The first climb dates back to 31 August 1896 by Giovanni Siorpaes, Pietro Siorpaes, Ilona Eötvös, Rolanda Eötvös, Johann Innerkofler, and Loránd Eötvös.
Accommodation facilities include refuge Fonda-Savio (2367 m), refuge Col da Varda (2115 m), and refuge Città di Carpi (2110 m).
Main summits
Cima Cadin di San Lucano, 2839 m
Cima Eötvös, 2825 m
Cima Cadin Nord Est, 2788 m
Cima Cadin della Neve, 2757 m
Cima Cadin Nord Ovest, 2726 m
Campanile Dülfer, 2706 m
Cima Cadin di Misurina, 2674 m
Torre del Diavolo, 2598 m
Torre Siorpaes, 2553 m
Torre Wundt, 2517 m
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco, 2404 m
Torre Leo, 2550 m
Punta Cadin de le Pere, 2550 m
Main passes
Forcella del Nevaio, 2620 m
Forcella Verzi, 2550 m
Forcella de la Neve, 2471 m
Forcella Sabbiosa, 2440 m
Forcella di Misurina, 2400 m
Forcella Cadin Deserto, 2400 m
Forcella della Torre, 2400 m
Forcella del Diavolo, 2380 m
Forcella Maraia, 2100 m
(Wikipedia)
Die Cadini di Misurina bilden als Untergruppe den südlichen Abschluss der Sextener Dolomiten und befinden sich in der Provinz Belluno in Italien. Die aufgrund zahlreicher spektakulärer Felsgipfel und Zinnen sehr eindrucksvolle Gebirgslandschaft wird im Westen vom Misurinasee, im Norden von den Drei Zinnen und im Süden und Osten vom Val d’Ansiei begrenzt und gilt als ein Paradies für Kletterer. Der höchste Berg ist die Cima Cadin di San Lucano (2839 m). Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cadini-Gruppe mit allen Untergruppen seit dem 26. Juni 2009 zum UNESCO Welterbe Dolomiten.
Auf die Cima Cadin Nord Est (2796 m) führt ein sehr ausgesetzter Klettersteig, die Via Ferrata Merlone. Der Bonacossaweg (Sentiero Bonacossa) durchquert, teils ausgesetzt und versichert, unter Ausnützung von Felsbändern und alten Pfaden aus dem Gebirgskrieg, über mehrere Scharten die gesamte Berggruppe. Als lohnende Tour gilt auch die hochalpine Umrundung der zentralen Cadini-Gruppe (Giro di Cadini) auf dem Sentiero Durissini. Im Winter gilt dieser Weg als sehr anspruchsvolle Skitour.
Vom Misurinasee führt ein Sessellift zum Rifugio Col de Varda.
Weitere markante Gipfel
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco (2404 m)
Cima Eötvös (2837 m), benannt nach Roland von Eötvös
Berghütten in der Cadini-Gruppe
Fonda-Savio-Hütte (2359 m, CAI)
Rifugio Città di Carpi (2110 m, CAI)
Rifugio Col de Varda (2106 m, privat)
(Wikipedia)
Italien / Belluno - Cadini di Misurina
Hike around the Cadini group
Wanderung um die Cadini Gruppe
Cadini di Misurina (Ciadìs de Meśorìna in Ladin) is a group of mountains in the eastern Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Italy. These mountains rise to the west of Auronzo di Cadore, north-east of Cortina d'Ampezzo and south of Dobbiaco, in a position overlooking Lake Misurina. They are part of the Dolomites subsection of Sesto, of Braies, and of Ampezzo, and belong to the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore. The highest peak is the Cima Cadin of San Lucano (2.839 m a.s.l.).
The term Cadini derives from the Cadorino dialect ''ciadìn'' which translates into valleys, and refers to the labyrinthian structure of the massif.
Description
The mountain range is crossed by the Alta Via n. 4 path and from the equipped Alberto Bonacossa path, which starts from the southern shore of the lake and reaches the Tre Cime di Lavaredo. The particular geomorphology that distinguishes and so deeply characterizes the Cadini di Misurina, however, allows to cross the group by various lines so that, going up and down from their forks, it becomes possible to enjoy the dolomitic paradise that surrounds them. The equipped path Giovanni Durissini allows for example to complete the complete tour of the branch of San Lucano. It is a ring route, starting at the Fonda-Savio refuge (2,367 m), which runs in sequence the Torre fork (2,400 m), the Sabbee fork (2,440 m), the Cadin Deserto fork (2,400 m), the Cristina fork, the de la Neve fork (2,471 m) and lastly the Nevaio fork (2,620 m), with a total height difference of about 1,000 m. The first climb dates back to 31 August 1896 by Giovanni Siorpaes, Pietro Siorpaes, Ilona Eötvös, Rolanda Eötvös, Johann Innerkofler, and Loránd Eötvös.
Accommodation facilities include refuge Fonda-Savio (2367 m), refuge Col da Varda (2115 m), and refuge Città di Carpi (2110 m).
Main summits
Cima Cadin di San Lucano, 2839 m
Cima Eötvös, 2825 m
Cima Cadin Nord Est, 2788 m
Cima Cadin della Neve, 2757 m
Cima Cadin Nord Ovest, 2726 m
Campanile Dülfer, 2706 m
Cima Cadin di Misurina, 2674 m
Torre del Diavolo, 2598 m
Torre Siorpaes, 2553 m
Torre Wundt, 2517 m
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco, 2404 m
Torre Leo, 2550 m
Punta Cadin de le Pere, 2550 m
Main passes
Forcella del Nevaio, 2620 m
Forcella Verzi, 2550 m
Forcella de la Neve, 2471 m
Forcella Sabbiosa, 2440 m
Forcella di Misurina, 2400 m
Forcella Cadin Deserto, 2400 m
Forcella della Torre, 2400 m
Forcella del Diavolo, 2380 m
Forcella Maraia, 2100 m
(Wikipedia)
Die Cadini di Misurina bilden als Untergruppe den südlichen Abschluss der Sextener Dolomiten und befinden sich in der Provinz Belluno in Italien. Die aufgrund zahlreicher spektakulärer Felsgipfel und Zinnen sehr eindrucksvolle Gebirgslandschaft wird im Westen vom Misurinasee, im Norden von den Drei Zinnen und im Süden und Osten vom Val d’Ansiei begrenzt und gilt als ein Paradies für Kletterer. Der höchste Berg ist die Cima Cadin di San Lucano (2839 m). Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cadini-Gruppe mit allen Untergruppen seit dem 26. Juni 2009 zum UNESCO Welterbe Dolomiten.
Auf die Cima Cadin Nord Est (2796 m) führt ein sehr ausgesetzter Klettersteig, die Via Ferrata Merlone. Der Bonacossaweg (Sentiero Bonacossa) durchquert, teils ausgesetzt und versichert, unter Ausnützung von Felsbändern und alten Pfaden aus dem Gebirgskrieg, über mehrere Scharten die gesamte Berggruppe. Als lohnende Tour gilt auch die hochalpine Umrundung der zentralen Cadini-Gruppe (Giro di Cadini) auf dem Sentiero Durissini. Im Winter gilt dieser Weg als sehr anspruchsvolle Skitour.
Vom Misurinasee führt ein Sessellift zum Rifugio Col de Varda.
Weitere markante Gipfel
Cima Cadin di Rimbianco (2404 m)
Cima Eötvös (2837 m), benannt nach Roland von Eötvös
Berghütten in der Cadini-Gruppe
Fonda-Savio-Hütte (2359 m, CAI)
Rifugio Città di Carpi (2110 m, CAI)
Rifugio Col de Varda (2106 m, privat)
(Wikipedia)
More generally, labyrinth might be applied to any extremely complicated maze-like structure. Herodotus, in Book II of his Histories, describes as a "labyrinth" a building complex in Egypt, "near the place called the City of Crocodiles," that he considered to surpass the pyramids:
It has twelve covered courts — six in a row facing north, six south — the gates of the one range exactly fronting the gates of the other. Inside, the building is of two storeys and contains three thousand rooms, of which half are underground, and the other half directly above them. I was taken through the rooms in the upper storey, so what I shall say of them is from my own observation, but the underground ones I can speak of only from report, because the Egyptians in charge refused to let me see them, as they contain the tombs of the kings who built the labyrinth, and also the tombs of the sacred crocodiles. The upper rooms, on the contrary, I did actually see, and it is hard to believe that they are the work of men; the baffling and intricate passages from room to room and from court to court were an endless wonder to me, as we passed from a courtyard into rooms, from rooms into galleries, from galleries into more rooms and thence into yet more courtyards. The roof of every chamber, courtyard, and gallery is, like the walls, of stone. The walls are covered with carved figures, and each court is exquisitely built of white marble and surrounded by a colonnade.
During the 19th century, the remains of this structure were discovered by Flinders Petrie at the foot of the pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara in the Faiyum Oasis. The Classical accounts of various authors (Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny the Elder, among others) are not entirely consistent, perhaps due to degradation of the structure during Classical times. In origin, the structure was likely a collection of funerary temples such as are commonly found near Egyptian pyramids.
In 1898, the Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities described the structure as "the largest of all the temples of Egypt, the so-called Labyrinth, of which, however, only the foundation stones have been preserved."
Herodotus' description of the Egyptian Labyrinth inspired some central scenes in Bolesław Prus' 1895 historical novel, Pharaoh.
Although early Cretan coins occasionally exhibit branching (multicursal) patterns, the single-path (unicursal) seven-course "Classical" design without branching or dead ends became associated with the Labyrinth on coins as early as 430 BC, and similar non-branching patterns became widely used as visual representations of the Labyrinth – even though both logic and literary descriptions make it clear that the Minotaur was trapped in a complex branching maze. Even as the designs became more elaborate, visual depictions of the mythological Labyrinth from Roman times until the Renaissance are almost invariably unicursal. Branching mazes were reintroduced only when garden mazes became popular during the Renaissance.
In English, the term labyrinth is generally synonymous with maze. As a result of the long history of unicursal representation of the mythological Labyrinth, however, many contemporary scholars and enthusiasts observe a distinction between the two. In this specialized usage maze refers to a complex branching multicursal puzzle with choices of path and direction, while a unicursal labyrinth has only a single path to the center. A labyrinth in this sense has an unambiguous route to the center and back and presents no navigational challenge.Labyrinth is a word of pre-Greek, Minoan origin, which the Greeks associated with the palace of Knossos in Crete. It is also widely associated with the Lydian word labrys ("double-edged axe"), and since the double axe motif appears in the ruins at Knossos, it has been suggested that the original labyrinth was the royal Minoan palace in Crete. This designation may not have been limited to Knossos, because the same symbols were discovered in other palaces in Crete.The first ever organized group to officially call themselves Gnostics had lived on the island of Crete Cretan_Labyrinthand many other lands around the world for thousands of years. They were said to have come to Crete from Egypt with their Phoenician Prince Cadmus. According to Herodotus and Strabo, these people were originally known as the Phoenicians who accompanied Cadmus out of Phoenicia.The meaning of Cadmus is “he who came from the East.” These ancient Gnostics were known by several names over this long-span of time; such as the Curetes, Telchines, Ophites, Hivites, the Priests of Pan, and the Sons of Mizraim (Hebrew), meaning “Sons of Egypt.” In the bible they are called the Nephilim, the Sons of God, Sons of Abraham, and Sons of Noah who are the original Phoenician Hebrews and Israelites that created the esoteric gnostic literature masterpieces known as the Old and New Testament Bibles.Their symbols are the serpent, the bull, the ram and horns (hippocampus or ammon’s horn). They were the followers of the”The Sacred Serpent,” “The Sacred Bull,” “The Sun in Taurus,” “The Soul of Osiris,” and “The Retiring of the Bull.” These gnostics were also the original builders of the city of the Ram that we know of as Rome (Rama), by its founder Romulus (Ram-ulus). An interesting note is that this is the year 2015, the year of the Ram. It makes sense that the Romans (Ram-ans) originally came from Egypt and then Crete because of their reverence for the obelisk of Ramses II, and Caesar’s needle.It was on Crete where the Gnostic Sons of Egypt had built the ancient city of Gnosis that today is called Knossos (/ˈnɒsəs/; also spelled Knossus, Cnossus, Greek Κνωσός, pronounced [knoˈsos] ). The word Knossos is derived from the etymology of the word Gnosis. A word that simply means “know, knowledge, knowledgeable, knowingly, etc.,” and are derived from the Old Latin words, ‘Gnosoo,’ where we get the modern Latin word ‘novi’ which is a noun that means “actual knowledge which is the result of past learning,” and ‘noscos’ which is the present use of the verb ‘novi,’ and it denotes “to learn.”In the city of Gnosis they had built the world’s most famous Gnostic Labyrinth of Initiation ever known.reverence for the obelisk of Ramses II, and Caesar’s needle.
Labrys was a cult-word that was probably introduced from Anatolia, where such symbols have been found in Çatal Höyük from the Neolithic age. In Labraunda of Caria the double-axe accompanies the storm-god Zeus Labraundos (Ζεὺς Λαβρανδεύς). It also accompanies the Hurrian god of sky and storm Teshub (his Hittite and Luwian name was Tarhun).
Labrys, however, comes from Lydian, not Minoan, and the association of labyrinth with labrys remains speculative.[15] The Linear B (Mycenaean) inscription on tablet ΚΝ Gg 702 is interpreted as da-pu2-ri-to-jo, po-ti-ni-ja (labyrinthoio potnia, "Mistress of the labyrinth). The word daburinthos (labyrinthos) may show the same equivocation between initial d- and l- as is found in the variation of the early Hittite royal name Tabarna / Labarna (where written t- may represent phonetic d-). The original Minoan word, which is attested in Linear A tablets, appears to refer to labyrinthine underground grottoes, such as seen at Gortyn.[18] Pliny the Elder's four examples of labyrinths are all complex underground structures, and this appears to have been the standard Classical understanding of the word.
By the 4th century BC, the Greeks also associated the Labyrinth with the familiar "Greek key" patterns of endlessly running meanders.[20] Coins from Knossos were struck with the labyrinth symbol in the 5th through 3rd centuries BC. The predominant labyrinth form during this period is the simple seven-circuit style known as the classical labyrinth, and over time the term labyrinth came to be applied to any unicursal maze, which were typically rendered as circular or rectangular patterns.Silver coin from Knossos representing the Labyrinth, 400 BC. In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth (Greek: Λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate, confusing structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur, the monster eventually killed by the hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cunningly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.
It was on Crete where the Gnostic Sons of Egypt had built the ancient city of Gnosis that today is called Knossos (/ˈnɒsəs/; also spelled Knossus, Cnossus, Greek Κνωσός, pronounced [knoˈsos] ). The word Knossos is derived from the etymology of the word Gnosis. A word that simply means “know, knowledge, knowledgeable, knowingly, etc.,” and are derived from the Old Latin words, ‘Gnosoo,’ where we get the modern Latin word ‘novi’ which is a noun that means “actual knowledge which is the result of past learning,” and ‘noscos’ which is the present use of the verb ‘novi,’ and it denotes “to learn.”
In the city of Gnosis they had built the world’s most famous Gnostic Labyrinth of Initiation ever known.
It was here in the city of Knossos where Sir Arthur Evans had discovered evidence of Europe’s oldest merchant people whom he called the ‘Minoans.’ A name that means the “Children of Jupiter”, with their King Minos (Jupiter). It is in this City of Gnosis that Evans had discovered the famous, and mysterious structure called “the labyrinth.”
The great inventor Daedalus was said to have designed the labyrinth, and the gnostic kings of CreteLabyrinth kept the great half man and half bull Minotaur in it. Here is Sir Arthur Evans explanation of the story of the labyrinth; “and the fondness of the Cretans for bull fights as the foundation of the legend of the Minotaur, while the tribute of the Athenians indicates the widespread power of the Cretan kings which extended over the whole Egean region. This dominance rested wholly on sea-power and was so great that the palace at Knossos was without walls and fortifications. The strong defence of the island state was evidently its fleet, and practically the whole intercourse of these Mediterranean lands was carried on by the Cretan ships.”When the Bronze Age site at Knossos was excavated by explorer Arthur Evans, the complexity of the architecture prompted him to suggest that the palace had been the Labyrinth of Daedalus. Evans found various bull motifs, including an image of a man leaping over the horns of a bull, as well as depictions of a labrys carved into the walls. On the strength of a passage in the Iliad,[21] it has been suggested that the palace was the site of a dancing-ground made for Ariadne by the craftsman Daedalus, where young men and women, of the age of those sent to Crete as prey for the Minotaur, would dance together. By extension, in popular legend the palace is associated with the myth of the Minotaur.
In the 2000s, archaeologists explored other potential sites of the labyrinth. Oxford University geographer Nicholas Howarth believes that 'Evans's hypothesis that the palace of Knossos is also the Labyrinth must be treated sceptically.' Howarth and his team conducted a search of an underground complex known as the Skotino cave but concluded that it was formed naturally. Another contender is a series of underground tunnels at Gortyn, accessed by a narrow crack but expanding into interlinking caverns. Unlike the Skotino cave, these caverns have smooth walls and columns, and appear to have been at least partially man-made. This site corresponds to an unusual labyrinth symbol on a 16th-century map of Crete contained in a book of maps in the library of Christ Church, Oxford. A map of the caves themselves was produced by the French in 1821. The site was also used by German soldiers to store ammunition during the Second World War. Howarth's investigation was shown on a documentary[ produced for the National Geographic Channel.
The etymology of the word labyrinth (labyrinthine or labyrinthian) is made of the three words, lab, ryne and thian. The meaning of lab is a building, part of a building, or other place equipped to conduct scientific experiments, tests, investigations, or to manufacture. This gave rise to the current definition of laboratory, and labor. The meaning of the word ryn or ryne is a course, race, a course of years, watercourse (blood course) and life. The meaning of the word thine or thian is heaven.
One of the rituals was known as the “Mistress of the Labyrinth” which was said to be the Phoenician and Greek view a gnostic prison of the soul is which the initiate has to battle the dreaded Minotaur in order to find their ways out of the massive maze. Very few people were known to have escaped from the Labyrinth to find true gnosis. The one who killed the Minotaur was the founder-king of Athens, Theseus. His name means The Zeus or The Jupiter.
The labyrinth rituals were symbolic to the illusions of the lower world through which wanders the soul of man in its search for truth. The Minotaur symbolizes man who is part animal and part divine as he moves down his path of gnosis as he is entangled in the maze of worldly ignorance that seeks to destroy his soul. The labyrinth is the building or temple of our bodies and heads in which we make sense of spiritual motion of the soul in our blood. It is the gnostic path of manmade mazes to our pasts that we search the many false courses to that one path of truth inside each one of us known as heaven.
moe-sword. The city where this plan would help take form, would be on the island of Crete which happens to be named after the Greek word Kriti (Kri-ti), which means ‘creation.’The meaning of the English word Cre’ate, is “to form out of nothing, to creo, creatum – cause to exist.” Hence, FIAT LUX. An island named after creation that also happens to be the home of one of the original “Ancient City of Gnosis and that today is called, Knossos.”
This great Cretan Gnostic labyrinth built by the Sons of Mizraim who were also known as the Nephilim would become the blueprints for our modern world that we see today. The ancient secret gnostic rites and initiations to gnosis would then become the base teachings of world-wid Alchemy, religious orders such as the Rosicrucians, Illuminati and many other secret orders.
Carving showing the warrior Abhimanyu entering the chakravyuha – Hoysaleswara temple, Halebidu, India
A design essentially identical to the 7-course "classical" pattern appeared in Native American culture, the Tohono O'odham people labyrinth which features I'itoi, the "Man in the Maze." The Tonoho O'odham pattern has two distinct differences from the classical: it is radial in design, and the entrance is at the top, where traditional labyrinths have the entrance at the bottom (see below). The earliest appearances cannot be dated securely; the oldest is commonly dated to the 17th century.The Chakravyūha or Padmavyūha is a multi-tiered defensive formation that looks like a blooming lotus (पद्म padma) or disc (चक्र chakra) when viewed from above.[1] The warriors at each interleaving position would be in an increasingly tough position to fight. The formation was used in the battle of Kurukshetra by Dronacharya, who became commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army after the fall of Bhishma Pitamaha.
The various vyūhas (military formations) were studied by the Kauravas and Pandavas alike. Most of them can be beaten using a counter-measure targeted specifically against that formation. It is important to observe that in the form of battle described in the Mahabharata, it was important to place powerful fighters in positions where they could inflict maximum damage to the opposing force, or defend their own side. As per this military strategy, a specific stationary object or a moving object or person could be captured, surrounded and fully secured during battle.
The formation begins with two soldiers on both sides, with other soldiers following them at a distance of three hands, drawing up seven circles and culminating in the end which is the place where the captured person or object is to be kept. In order to form the Chakravyuha, the commander has to identify soldiers who will form this formation. The number of soldiers to be deployed and the size of the Chakravyuha is calculated as per the resistance estimated. Once drawn, the foremost soldiers come on either side of the opponent to be captured, engage briefly and then advance. Their place is taken up by the next soldiers on either side, who again engage the opponent briefly and then advance. In this fashion, a number of soldiers pass the enemy and proceed in a circular pattern. By the time the rear of the formation arrives, the oblivious enemy is surrounded on all sides by seven tiers of soldiers. The last soldiers of the formation give the signal of completing the Chakravyuha. On the signal, every soldier who so far has been facing outwards turns inwards to face the opponent. It is only then that the captured enemy realizes his captivity. The army maintains the circular formation and can lead away the captive as well.
A prehistoric petroglyph on a riverbank in Goa shows the same pattern and has been dated to circa 2500 BC.[33] Other examples have been found among cave art in northern India and on a dolmen shrine in the Nilgiri Mountains, but are difficult to date accurately. Early labyrinths in India typically follow the Classical pattern or a local variant of it; some have been described as plans of forts or cities.
Labyrinths appear in Indian manuscripts and Tantric texts from the 17th century onward. They are often called "Chakravyuha" in reference to an impregnable battle formation described in the ancient Mahabharata epic. Lanka, the capital city of mythic Rāvana, is described as a labyrinth in the 1910 translation of Al-Beruni's India (c. 1030 AD) p. 306 (with a diagram on the following page).
By the White Sea, notably on the Solovetsky Islands, there have been preserved more than 30 stone labyrinths. The most remarkable monument is the Stone labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky Island - a group of 13–14 stone labyrinths on 0.4 km2 area of one small island. These labyrinths are thought to be 2,000–3,000 years old.
Today the magical labyrinth would represent this whole world as we know it. I don’t know about you but I have almost found my way out of the maze by fighting my own Minotaur beast of a self to reach a place of heaven called gnosis. Hopefully, the kings in charge of the labyrinth haven’t deemed us all unworthy, and marked for death by closing the exit.The labyrinth can be a powerful tool for inner enhancement and development. It is designed specifically for this purpose. When walking the labyrinth, we find our perspective constantly changing. Our vision and physical bodies are never facing the same direction for long. This is a technique to coax our inner knowing out from within.
Further, the spiraling inward motion is a physical replication of our spiritual tendency to seek within the highest truths in order to find eternal freedom. When we are moving outward from the source, it is an action that we have made the divine connection and now we are expressing our completeness outwardly – essentially sharing our highest good with all around us.Secondary security in case of prison break. They wanted to make it hard to wake up their worst enemies. The system lords did not trust each other, so the Labyrinth was created to prevent any system lord from gaining access their worst enemies. Hades was entrusted to watch over it and knew that if he decided to take advantage of it, all System Lords would come down on him. Unfortunately that’s exactly what happened.Persephone was Hades’ Queen. She ruled over his kingdom while he was away, but was unable to hold on to it. As it collapsed, she hid in the prison ship to escape Hades’ enemies. She used the prison ship as her Palace towards the end because it was so easy to hide in. She brought along her lover, Daedalus, a young Go’auld subservient to Persephone with his own plans.The ship travels on what seems to be a series of random jumps from world to world. Daedalus set the ship to do this to escape Persephone’s enemies. But over time, it has been damaged by attacks from random raiders, other system lords that might have stumbled on it. So now the pattern Daedalus has set up is random and stuck. It must be repaired and the ship stabilized.The ship makes regular stops to pick up “prisoners” – the teleport run – and pick up supplies – teleport water and food stuffs from preprogrammed worlds Daedalus found rich of those resources.The Clans sent their worst political enemies, the strongest opponents to uninifcation, and their war criminals to the Labyrinth ship. They have also sent their harshest criminals and insane. All the clans believed that the sentence was worse then death and had no idea the truth behind the Temple of Persephone. There is a sampling of all the clans on the ship, surviving on the hydroponics bays they were able to acquire throughout the ship.
It is important to note that walking the labyrinth (mentally or physically) is not intended to be overly challenging. There are no dead-ends with the labyrinth, only meandering waves of smooth lines designed to gently nudge us back to our destination.
This is where labyrinths are often confused with mazes. Big difference. Mazes are designed to challenge intellect and strategic skills. Whereas the labyrinth is an exercise in soul development.
Beth: you saved my life back there.. why?
Flak: I'm an Aussu. it's my duty to protect people of these lands. where'd you learn that?
Beth: my mom taught me
Serana: hey! I taught you swordplay, and I am not your mother
Mora: she means that gliding she did across the ice. I didn't have any knowledge of it until now
Zoe: yes, what do you call that sword style?
Beth: just a little bit of ice skating and ballerina dancing..
Serana: huh. you must teach it to me some day
Little moments.
I was out of town for a week, exploring the south rim of the Grand Canyon and having a lovely time taking in the sites and the snow and trying to make a few photographs. Before I put together some thoughts I have from seeing and photographing that spectacle, I thought I would share with you a few images I've collected from here and there but haven't shoe-horned into previous posts. This blog is dedicated to the ways that photography and memory interact, and many times memory is about little moments of beauty of clarity disconnected with the wholeness of the experience. Think about your last great vacation - when you were really relaxed or saw something truly breathtaking. Do you remember the trip there in its entirety? Do you remember what you ate before or after? Or do you remember only the peace and silence of a summer moon reflected in the still waters of Lake Manzanita? Do you remember trivialities or the spectacular? I think there is a continuum between those who only remember the good and those who dwell on the bad, but I like to think that photographers fall into the former more often than not. Perhaps another way of saying this is that photography is a way to reconnect with the best of times and photography emerges as a hobby for those hoping to crystallize really special moments into visual momentos. Stories, sounds, smells or photographs can all elicit memories that are otherwise inaccessible to our conscious thoughts. We all do heroic amounts of memory sorting, collating and storage - what we struggle with is memory recall. One memory may be vivid and, when pulled to the conscious, drag with it thoughts and remembrances related and less striking which together tell a larger story. What about the memories that we can't immediately recall, but still possess? This is the great fun of photography - you can, with the right shutter-click, tap vast storerooms of memory and information that might otherwise be impossible to navigate.
I have an extremely selective memory. This isn't to say that my memory is poor or that I am myopic, but that, when on leisure time, I like to live for the little moments and to use a camera to distill from those moments a few choice photographs. Sometimes these photographs fit into an idealogical bin that encapsulates larger whole of why little moments are peak moments or what elements within those photographs make said work. Sometimes they don't. This is a post with some of the images that didn't fit into this or that bin.
I had intended on just putting together a few of these images as a grab-bag of a post, but what I noticed about these images was surprising. First, I realized that these images pulled out more recollections surrounding the events surrounding their creation than did the images which received the majority of my attention. Upon considering them more carefully, I found that the photos that do fit into the larger whole of any given idea are composed, executed, and processed in a completely different way and, therefore, constitute an idealogical topic of their own. The little, beautiful images that make up these vignettes are spur-of-the-moment, reactionary photographs whereas the others are universally more carefully composed and executed. That I interpret the results this way could be an effect of memory itself, i.e. I remember details about the compositions or thrust behind complicated, electrifying images more so than I do behind more simple images. Or I read into the more complicated images ideas that emerge upon the careful inspection and consideration processing requires. In sum, however, I don't think this is the case. First, as I already mentioned, these smaller images I grabbed on the fly are much more emotive and evocative than those I work hard to make electrifying and broad. I think the larger-than-life landscape images, the carefully processed HDR images are the result of pre visualizing photographs and fitting the world into that preconceived chassis. By contrast, the reactionary images are well, reactionary. Often I find that they are the result of some natural scene imposing upon me its first impression. I have an image of Manzanita Lake and Lassen Peak and last light and the moon all carefully put together, but that photograph is the result of an external event, my reaction and then a pause, a consideration and concerted effort to match an idea to the scene. Briefly, that image is the result of my deciding to hike around the lake for sunset and set up in a previously scouted location for a particular event.
The un-photographed.
Contrast the first photograph above with the one below. The image below was made first, without a tripod, without thinking. I saw the moon and Lassen Peak reflected in the lake and photographed what I saw. Here is where things get difficult for me - the image on top is a "better" photograph. Show the two to 100 people, ask them which they prefer and the first will win out handily. Yet, the first photograph is more "dishonest" than the one directly below. No, I didn't photoshop in the moon or alter the colors or use any filters or do anything other than capture and process the image as a faithful "HDR" reproduction of what I saw. The light was that red, the peak that beautiful, the lake that reflective and the moon was right where you see it. Purists and their preconceptions aside, the image on the top of this post is, in the aesthetic sense, as honest as you can get: it recapitulates primary visual experience as well as a photograph can. I say it is dishonest because it doesn't evoke in me the lap of the water on the grassy banks or the cool of the night air settling in. It doesn't evoke all of these things because it gives the impression to the viewer of having the total Lassen experience. Comprising the entire scene, this photograph doesn't force your imagination to work and chew on the un-photographed. Most importantly, this photograph gives you the impression that you've seen the whole thing and that you know what it is like to see Lassen and sunset over Manzanita Lake. The second photograph challenges your vision to interpret perspective and contains cues which lead you to abstract "mountain," "water," and "moon," but little else. Nothing in that photograph leads you to presuppose anything about the lay of the land or the experience of this vista. In a way, this is closer to reality than a straight landscape photograph documenting the place. Manzanita Lake is malleable. So is Lassen, so is the light by which we see it. It's the truth because it doesn't pretend tell you the truth explicitly.
There are other vignettes from Lassen National Park here on this post - images which tell small stories about tiny corners of the park that don't receive the kind of concentrated photographic attention as the peak itself. There was the fisherman who was so quiet that I worried a single shutter click would be enough to ruin his peace and chase away his quarry, the lichen and mosses climbing skyward on the husk of a ponderosa, its corpse standing sentinel along the trail, a goose alighting on a weather-stripped, dead-fall pine at twilight to form the perfect silhouette and a snapshot of an entire mountain of wildflowers amongst which we wound as we walked in waning daylight. Even in writing about these images, I am forced to draw up memories of footfalls and trail blazes otherwise lost in the labyrinthian storehouse of memory. These simple photographs are like knots tied around my finger, pull one end and draw forth from murky depths wondrous things we travel far and wide to experience and forget all too soon when back in the hum and the drum. Whenever I doubt the value of my leisure photography, I am left with these incredibly simple photographs that together are more meaningful to me than all the gift-shop landscapes and post-card-worthy professional images the world has to throw at me.
Mazzepolis - Series by Karl Rudhyn (2024)
Mazzepolis - Labyrinthian Worlds - A New Creative Series created by Karl Rudhyn of intricate surrealistic cities and landscapes shaped by intriguing structures, landforms and characters.
The labyrinths of the human soul in a historical and social surrealistic architectural vision.
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Mazzepolis - Mundos Labirínticos - Uma nova série criativa criada por Karl Rudhyn de intrincadas cidades e paisagens surrealistas moldadas por estruturas, formas de relevo e personagens intrigantes.
Os labirintos da alma humana numa visão arquitetónica histórica e social surrealista.
Trago Mills, Merthyr Tydfil.
Although this wasn't my favourite of the sequence of shots I took of this vehicle, it was the best to demonstrate how my local retail institution that is Trago Mills has entered South Wales!
Trago, renowned for their spired, large and complex labyrinthian stores in Devon and Cornwall have opened a new store in Merthyr after years of planning and building.
Naturally, when I was in the area I had to visit and was shocked not only by its sheer size, but also how easy it was to navigate once inside: not something us with experience of Trago stores are used to!
Anyway, seen here is one of the local Stagecoach South Wales services recently diverted to serve the store, but for some reason not yet serving the bus stop much closer to the main entrance.
In the background you can see the store sprawled out and the much more picturesque Beacons rising up behind.
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"#SCARY" #FACES? #ISLAND? #DREAMS? #PEACE? #TIME? #IM #EXPERIENCESTHATS #BRUNOS #SHAPE? #SCAFFOLDING? #PURPOSE? #CANT #REVEAL? #YOURSELF? #DEVELOP? #TAKE? #EXPLORATIONS? #ALLIGATORCATFISH #EMERGE? #WORLDS #ALLIANCE? #ENVIRONMENT? #SELFUNDERSTANDING #ITS #CHINACATSUNFLOWERIKNOWYOURIDER #WWWRHYTHMSECTIONTNCOM #MTN #RECORDS #RHYTHMSECTIONGATLINBURGCOM #FLICKRCOMPHOTOSMUSIC1978 #MISTAKE #SELFDISCOVERY #TRAUMA #TRANSFORMATION #PEOPLE #WISDOM #TOGETHER #WORLD #GROWTH #THREATS #RESOURCES #SECURITY #WELLBEING #EXPLORATION #INHABITANTS #FACTIONS #LIFE #POTENTIAL #PSYCHE #NEXT #1 #TOOL #2 #DISCOVERY #3 #PURPOSE #4 #GOOD #UTILIZED #DREAMSCAPE #COSMOS #NARRATIVES #FLUID #JOURNEY #3RECORDS #TENNESSEE #HARDTOFIND #EUROPE #AUDIOPHILEQUALITY #RERELEASES #ROCKBOTTOM #PRICES #BOWIETHE #BOWIE #STICKERSTOREWWWFLICKRCOMPHOTOSMUSIC1978 #RHYTHMSECTIONTNCOM #REDBUBBLECOMPEOPLERHYTHMSECTIONTNSHOP #CITYOFLIGHT33 #GATLINBURGRECORDSTOWWWRHYTHMSECTIONGATLINBURGCOMOCHET #SMOKYMTNSRECORDS #HEARTRECORDS #PRAYERSFORRAINGREENHGOLDEN ++++ +++++#GATLINBURG #PRAYERSFORRAIN+ #SHOP #REQUESTS! #STICKERS! #RECORDS! #SOUNDTRACKS #ALBUMS! #CDS! #MOUNTAINS! #NEWVINYLRECORDS! #PEACEEARTH ++++#DAZEDANDCONFUSED ++++#RECORDSGOLDEN ++++++ #GOLD+ ++++++#NEWVINYLRECORDS! #3@THERHYTHMSECTION78DREAMREALMEXPLORATION+ #STONETEMPLEPILOTS+++++ #STATION #TREASURETROVE #DESTINATIONWWWREDBUBBLECOMPEOPLESTARLIGHTMOONSHOPBUTTERFLY #CARTOONISH #W #TROVE #LIFESAVINGPRINCE #PEACE3EARTH #INCLUDING #LIFESTATION #ARE #BUTTERFLY #LIBRARY! #ENGLAND! #2XL! #GODS! #POSTERS! #INSTAGRAM! #STORE! #ELYSIUM! #SHOPPING! #WIND! #WORLD! #MUCHMORE! #PINS! #EMBRACED! #DAYS! #MANYMORE! #PATCHES! #EMBRACED!PEACE #SEASON! #YOU! #MIDNIGHTSLODGECOSMICREFRACTIONSMAIDENFUTURISTICENAMELTHERHYTHMSECTION78THERHYTHMSECTION78KEYACDCNIRVANATSHIRT611UNICORNHEALINGISAMIRACLESECURITYBILLIERAINBOWCASTLETHERHYTHMSECTION78THERHYTHMSECTION78THERHYTHMSECTION78@THERHYTHMSECTION78!@THERHYTHMSECTION78!@THERHYTHMSECTION78!@THERHYTHMSECTION78!VALLEYSTICKERS@THERHYTHMSECTION78!MUSICLOVERS #EUROPE! #PRICES!! #NOSTALGIALODGECOSMICREFRACTIONSMAIDENFUTURISTICENAMELTHERHYTHMSECTION78THERHYTHMSECTION78KEYACDCNILODGECOSMICREFRACTIONSMAIDENFUTURISTICENAMELTHERHYTHMSECTION78THERHYTHMSECTION78KEYACDCNIRVANATSHIRT611UNICORNHEALINGISAMIRACLESECURITYBILLIERAINBOWCASTLETHERHYTHMSECTION78THERHYTHMSECTION78THERHYTHMSECTION78@THERHYTHMSECTION78!@THERHYTHMSECTION78!@THERHYTHMSECTION78!@THERHYTHMSECTION78!VALLEYSTICKERS@THERHYTHMSECTION78! #ABSOLUTELY! #EMERGED #CORE #COLLABORATION #INTERPRETATIONS #EMPOWERMENT #BALANCE #PROTECTION #POTENTIAL #SYMBOLISM! #YES! #NARRATIVE #WORLD #RESOLUTION #TRANSFORMATION #MONSTERS #ISLAND #EXPLORING #EXPERIENCES!THATS #DREAMSCAPE! #INTRODUCES #EVOLUTION #RESOURCES #REFLECTION #TAKES! #NEXT! #CONTINUE #STARSHIP #REALM #HARMONY #DREAMS! #RAINBOW #CITADEL #VISIONSTICKERSTOREWWWFLICKRCOMPHOTOSMUSIC1978 #REDBUBBLECOMPEOPLERHYTHMSECTIONTNSHOP #PRAYERSFORRAINGREENHIMAGINATIONLIBRARY ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ #SHOP+ #TREASURES+ #ALLALONGTHEWATCHTOWER+ #HENDRIX+ #PINS+ #FORTRESS+ #BOWIE+ #MTNS+ #HEAVENANDHELL+ #BEETLEJUICE+ #PARK+ #BANDS+ #ORDERS+ #AVAILABILITY+ #BUTTONS+ #MORE+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ #DAFTPUNK+ #CREATION+ #MEMORY+ #HEALING+ #POSTERS+ #AVALON+ #ROXYMUSIC+ #GATLINBURG+ #GREATSMOKYMOUNTAINS+ #BRIDGE+ #TOWER+ #PEACE+ #IMAGINATION+ #VALLEY+ #TREEOFLIFE+ #SMOKYMOUNTAINS+ #MUSIC+ #TSHIRTS+ #TYLERCHILDERSINN+ #STICKERS+ #PALACE+ #MAGIC+ #LOVE+ #DIAMOND+ #REQUESTS+ #METAL+ #WATERFALL+ #TALKTALK+ #CDS+ #BARBIE+ #RECORDS+ #MUSHROOM+ #BRIANENO+ #OLYMPUS+ #REFUGE+ #ETC #MAILORDERS+ #TENNESSEE+ #ENO+ #SUN+ #BUSH+ #MOUNTAINS+ #RESTORATION+ #PATCHES+ #SHIRTS+ #DUNE+ #NIRVANA+ #COSMOS+ #DYLAN+ #RAINBOW+ #TAROT+ #EMBRACED!GOINGTOCALIFORNIA #RAINBOWTREE #RAINBOWHARDSUN #ARRIVALS! #HEARTRECORDS #GOINGTOCALIFORNIA #OZZY+MEDICINEHEALING +++++++++ #3+ #OZZY+GOODTIMES ++++++++++++++ +#SHIRTS #OZZY+ +++++++++++++ +++#3+++++RECORDS #L #GATLINBURG+++++ #35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ #WWWRHYTHMSECTIONGATLINBURGCOMTREE #GATLINBURGSTONETEMPLEPILOTS+++++ #WWWFLICKRCOMPHOTOSMUSIC1978 #WWWREDBUBBLECOMPEOPLERHYTHMSECTIONTNSHOP #LRECORDSTORES #MTNS+ #POSTERS+RAINBOW #SPARK! #PRAYERSFORRAIN+GOINGTOCALIFORNIA #PRAYERSFORRAINPURP #PRAYERSFORRAINPURPTENNESSEE #PRAYERSFORRAIN+GOLDEN #OCEANIA #PRAYERSFORRAIN+GOINGTOCALIFORNIAOCEANIA #PRAYERSFORRAIN+GOINGTOCALIFORNIALUCK #CREATIONLIBRARY #LUCK #PRAYERSFORRAIN+GOINGTOCALIFORNIARAINBOW #PRAYERSFORRAINGREEN #GRE ♈♉♊♋♌♍♎♏♐♑♒⛎ #WHENTHESHIPCOMESIN🔵💙🙏🌻🌼❄️💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜RAINBOW ❄️ 💚💙 💚💙💜#INBETWEEN🔵💙🙏🌻🌼❄️💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜 ⛎ 🙏🌻 🐉 🐦 ❤️♈♉♊♋♌♍♎♏♐♑♒⛎⛎⛎♒♑♐♏♎♍♌♋♊♉♈❤️💛💚💙💜💜💙💚💛❤️🐲🐉💙💜💚💙💜💙💚💚💙💜💜💙💚💚💙💜💙💜💚💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜 🍀🐉💙⭐🌈💜💚🙏🌻🌼️💮✨🌠🐉🐲🐢🌻🌼🌷🍄❤️💛💚💙💜💜💙💚💛❤️♈♉♊♋♌♍♎♏♐♑♒⛎⛎⛎♒♑♐♏♎♍♌♋♊♉♈❤️💛💚💙💜💜💙💚💛❤️🐲🐉💙💜💚💙💜💙💚💚💙💜💜💙💚💚💙💜💙💜💚💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜 💚💙💜💚💙💜 💚 💙 💙💚💛❤️🐲🐉💙💜💚💙💜💙💚💚💙💜💜💙💚💚💙💜💙💜💚💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜 🍀🐉💙⭐🌈💜💚🙏🌻🌼️💮✨🌠🐉🐲🐢🌻🌼🌷🍄❤️💛💚💙💜💜💙💚💛❤️💛💚💙💜💜💙💚💛❤️🐲🐉💙💜💚💙💜💙💚💚💙💜💜💙💚💚💙💜💙💜💚💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜 💙❤️💛💚💙💜💜💙💚💛❤️🐲🐉💙💜💚💙💜 ♈♉♊♋♌♍♎♏♐♑♒⛎⛎🙏❤️💛💚💙💜♈♉♊♋♌♍♎♏♐♑♒⛎⛎❤️💚💙💜♈♉♊♋♌♍♎♏♐♑♒⛎⛎💙✨⭐💚💟💛🐈🐢🐉🐦🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟💚💙💜♈♉♊♋♌♍♎♏♐♑♒⛎⛎♥🌻🐦😻🌝🌜🔵🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜️💮🍀🌈🌠✨⭐💙⭐✨💚💟💜️💮🍀 ☔ 💚💟 💜💚💙💜 🌷🍄❤️💛💚💙💜💜💙💚💛❤️❤️💛💚💙💜💜💙💚💛❤️🐲🐉💙💜💚💙💜💙💚💚💙💜💜💙💚💚💙💜💙💜💚💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜💚💙💜 ♈ ♉ ♊ ♋ ♌🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚💜💚
Chiss Captain: I'll make you pay for murdering all of my men
Beth: a lot of them were women!
Pish'Flak'Aussu: he's using their bodies to prevent you from moving around so freely, move!
Somewhere within the recesses of the opaque and labyrinthian confines of the marketing minds over at Raising Cane's Chicken Finger the idea was hatched to have a free lemonade day. This day fell on Saint Patrick's Day (the real one, not the Saturday when it is convenient to get drunk, wear a patterned table cloth as a kilt and try to knock other people unconscious with fists full of plastic beads) and so thus the lemonade, which is very tasty by the way and purports to actually use gasp... real lemons, was dutifully dyed green. Otherwise, the lemonade stand-aethetic was more-or-less adhered too—there were cheerful yellow balloons, a crudely painted sign advertising the "stand" created as to appear as though an entrepreneurial 5th grader had scrawled it and everyone seemed pretty happy. Cane's was also raising money for some school, for which they should be duly applauded. Free lemonade, education, chicken fingers, this is the stuff that Thursdays are made of.
This all sounds a bit snarky, I know. But, in truth I like their playfully disheveled approach to advertising. One minute it is a sunglasses wearing golden retriever proclaiming "One Love," which I know is supposed to be about their singular devotion to chicken fingers but can't help remindng me of some mid-1980's Stevie Wonder B-side. The next minute there is a billboard with an octogenarian swearing her love for chicken fingers and, by extension, demonstrating an admirably cavalier approach to her cholesterol level. And then there was the green lemonade with yellow balloons that has something to do with a throng of African-American children soliciting money for school books.
I admire my fellow Episcopal High School graduate, Todd Graves, for his success with Cane's. They really do make excellent chicken fingers. But, I also admire the whimsical, if sometimes confusing, approach to marketing they take. It has an almost, "Confuse them with Kindness" feel to it and in this age of rigidly controlled corporate image-making I appreciate a little whimsy with my fried food.
On a side note, Quinn is fascinated with balloons. This is probably not exceptional when it comes to two year olds but I know so few of them that her love of balloons really charms me. She has become much more verbal over the time that Anna and I have dated. As anyone who has experienced the wonder of watching a child develop, this is a fascinating, beautiful and often hilarious process. I'll spare you some of her more off-color malaprops, but when she sites a balloon, she identifies it gleefully as something that sounds like a mixture of "Walloons" and "aluminum." A Walloon is another name for the French speaking people of Belgium. So, every time Quinn points skyward at a passing balloon and yells "Walloominum" I imagine shinny Belgians, chatting away in French, floating by on the breeze.
This now somewhat lengthly blog post may provide more insight into the inner working of my mind than I might like, skipping as it does from oddly-honored holidays to crispy chicken bits and then to airborne peoples of the Low Countries. But, there is no point hiding it. I can't seem to find the post now, but I once wrote a piece about Haruki Murakami's wonderful short-story, The Fall Of The Roman Empire, The 1881 Indian Uprising, Hitler's Invasion Of Poland, And The Realm Of Raging Winds. The story, not the un-locatable blog post, is about memory and the way our minds flit across details to form a coherent picture of the past based on seemingly disconnected bits of information. It is contained in the also excellent collection The Elephant Vanishes. If you have nothing else to do with your Sunday, and you are not tired of reading after having waded through all this nonsense, then I suggest picking it up. I can't image anything that would suit the day better.
My apologies to my photo-blogging pal Chloe, who has an irrational fear of balloons.
Check out more at my blog, Lemons and Beans, for lots of photos, recipes, travel writing and other ramblings. I appreciate any feedback but, please do not post graphic awards or invitations in your comments.
The canopy of the concrete jungle is so high and dense that sunlight often does not filter to the ground. The strange creatures of this labyrinthian environment scurry about in a world of semi-darkness.
This photo was taken by a Minolta Autocord LMX Chiyoko TLR medium format camera with a Seikosha-MX Rokkor 75mm f/3.2 & 3.5 lens and Hoya HMC 49mm Y[K2] filter + 30mm bayonet adapter using Ilford Delta 100 Pro film, the negative scanned by an Epson Perfection V600 and digitally rendered with Photoshop.
(Later at Labyrinthian )
Beth: why are we stopping?
Zoe: I smell an ambush. Imperials and Traitors
Beth: that sounds like a good skill to have. what does it smell like?
Zoe: you know those weaklings that report tiny things to superior officers?
Beth: I had coworkers like that in my time. they tattled to managers
Zoe: well, the smell is of fear and shame. also like they peed themselves a little
Beth: that's exactly what the tattle-tales smelled like!
Check out a new post on thegoldensieve.com
The mission and a word about post content.
I have long had my eye on the weathered facade of Mission San Carlos Borroméo del río Carmelo, popularly known as the Carmel Mission. I have family that lives nearby and have heard about it's historical and aesthetic value in the past. I had a few days in Monterey for work recently and sneaked away to get a few images, stopping for nearly an hour at the mission. In the past, I've posted a single image per day. For a while this was fun, but then I found out that an image per day had a number of unintended consequences. Whenever I was taking photographs, knowing that I was going to post a one per day, I began to think about how many times I needed to come up with something worthy of the blog. Sometimes this meant posting a series of photographs that were very similar or separating photographs that belonged together. Though grabbing 365 interesting images per year isn't very difficult - this accounting exercise is extremely stifling to one's creativity - yet it is impossible to understand how limiting it is until you free yourself from this constraint. Some of my readers undoubtedly shoot for a blog or project that requires one image per day. I wonder, do you ever head out with your camera and in the midst of naturally reacting to what you see - say to yourself, "I need a few more," even when you've grabbed your best images? Do you photograph things you don't value or love, just to get images? Maybe I'm alone here, but I doubt it. Today's post features many images, as will most future posts, so I hope you enjoy (and can wait out posts that are spaced more liberally)!
Ancient history by our standards.
The Mission proper, that is a Christian congregation run by its founder, Father Junípero Serra was first established in Monterey in 1770. Serra, with permission of the Viceroy of New Spain, Carlos Francisco de Croix, marqués de Croix, then moved the Mission to what is now the city of Carmel-by-the-Sea in 1771 because of a power struggle with the military enclave. Depending on the source (either the official Mission website or the various historical brevia available online) this struggle is framed either as a desire to control the direction of New Spanish colonialism or as a battle over the mistreatment of the natives by the governor and his soldiers. The mission Serra founded in Monterey eventually became the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo, a.k.a. the Royal Presidio Chapel and still stands as a National Historical Landmark in Monterey. The edifice you see in the photographs below was built by later mission leaders in what is now Carmel-by-the-Sea, the neophytes being served from a smaller, make-shift structure during the first decades of its existence. Typically, I take one or two record shots of information that is available at the site while photographing so that I can retain the information on dates and places that I sometimes have trouble remembering properly. This time I found precious little information in the Basilica and instead had to find as much out online as I could. Interestingly, there is no readily available information online about the interesting statues, curios and relics that are located throughout this beautifully restored mission. Much of what I learned after the fact was about the history of what some call the most beautifully preserved of the California mission chain.
Here is a link to the Wikipedia article on the mission, which contains some information about Father Junípero Serra and his efforts related to this mission, but is woefully short on a number of accounts. I am not a religious person by any stretch of imagination. In fact, I find myself securely camped in the opposite extreme, but this is not the place or the time for a discussion about God or faith, etc. Instead, I am interested in the mission as it relates to human history and the early history of California. Furthermore, I have an interest in how we connect to the narrative thread of historical places like the mission and how I can use my camera to capture moments of beauty within these places.
The story of the Camel Mission is but one fascinating chapter in the story of the Spanish colonization of Mexico and the Americas. At the time, these missions and the nearby Presidios (military outposts) represented the first formal European establishments focused on colonizing the west coast. The Viceroys sent explorers, soldiers and members of the Franciscan Order to bring "civilization" (and it's attendant religious trappings) to the native Americans. Within this post I will refrain from considering what benefits, if any, were brought to the native peoples by the introduction of the mission chain into Alta California. New Spain was an empire whose lifespan is still longer than the American timeline, with aristocratic titles originating in the 16th century. The trail of European devastation through native populations begins at about the same time and includes names of these original dignitaries - Cortés and Pizarro. Although Christians may feel differently, it isn't clear to me that Serra and the mission movement brought anything to the Indians besides an acceleration of destructive European influence. Yet, some readers will note that waves of devastation had damaged native populations throughout the Americas both before and after the arrival of Europeans, and that by all accounts the Father Serra was a truly dedicated missionary and cared deeply about fulfilling his oaths and tending his flock. The magnitude of devastation both natural, domestically made and of European origin are topics I do not pretend to fully comprehend. How the mission system fits into the tragic backdrop of these events is something I think is best left to the historians. Serra, true to his word, worked until death building the mission and died with nothing more than a cot, his habit and a few other daily trappings - having worked continually to do what he thought was best for the native members of his congregation. There was, and still is, a chain of 21 missions extending from San Diego to Sonoma, north of San Francisco, and the Mission San Carlos Borroméo del río Carmelo is widely accepted as one of the most faithfully restored/preserved.
A large step backward in time.
I love visiting places like the mission because they represent such a strong counterpoint to much of the tourist-trap culture in which an out-of-towner like myself might normally find himself. There is a reason you'll never see a photograph of Disneyworld on this blog. Some places, though commercially successful and valuable for one reason (or person) or another, for me possess no aesthetic or cultural value and will simply not see the business end of my camera. I think all people make this mental calculation when photographing and each person's calculation will be different from his peers. Here at the mission, outside of the labyrinthian giftshop, I find myself standing in a square flanked by a museum and the stately, aging facade of the capilla of the Mission San Carlos Borroméo del río Carmelo. The rose window, Moorish bell-tower dome and roughly hewn door are your first clues that stepping inside is stepping back over 200 years in time.
The chapel is no stranger to a camera, but whenever I am in a place like this I am very careful not to disturb the atmosphere of the place or my fellow visitors. I extend my tripod legs outside the building and, if I am taking bracketed images for HDR, wait between taking images so that I don't create a continual noise of my shutter clacking open and closed.
Just inside the wooden doors the soft white light of Monterey marine-layer-noon drops to zero and the chapel is lit by a single hanging lamp, votive candles and a few recessed windows. A large stoup of holy water is held within an ancient iron basin atop a carved wooden pedestal placed upon an ornate and plush rug. A long center aisle extends beyond the stoup, through the pews to the apse.
The walls are adorned with various oil paintings of religious and historical personages and events. Just past the first set of pews is the entrance to the burial chapel to the left and an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus to the right. The air is cool and calm and I was nearly alone here in the nave.
The burial chapel has no external light and is instead lit by a single set of votives and the hanging lamp. I could not find any information on the figure of Our Lady of Bethlehem within glass frame above the altar, but did discover that the previous Pope, John Paul II had visited the mission in September of 1987 and designated it a Minor Basilica. As I took these images, I waited for many other visitors to percolate through the burial chamber. Many of these folks would stop and take a photograph of the plaque you see on the floor commemorating the papal visit. I found this to be a particularly interesting vignette of the sieving capacity of memory. Within the hallowed grounds of this mission there are layers of memory and narrative history to which we connect in different ways. Perhaps more than any other pope I can name, the previous Catholic leader was truly an example of a fascinating individual who used his political influence for good, yet I do not connect to his story as strongly as I do to the historical thread of the California missions. Then again, I'm not a Catholic.
Through the central aisle, up to the altar and then to the left is a claustrophobic and darkened alcove with a small altar and votive. I found this corner of the mission the most interesting to photograph. Here the room is lit by a small gas lamp and a round votive stand, the light flickering and revealing the carefully painted walls and ceilings. The air is richly perfumed by the hanging thurible above the votives. A mirror and door provide all the frames a photographer could possibly need and I played a bit with my position relative to the door to frame both the door to the sacristy and the relic containing the fragments of the Fray Serra's original coffin. Here we go beyond the literal narratives within the mission and invent our own stories. A penitent or devout missionary shuffles through these halls, observing his duties and escaping the damp cold of a coastal winter. A modern pilgrim stops to say a prayer and light a votive, sharing the same footsteps as his invisible predecessor. Recreating the mood and memory of places like this little alcove by an act as simple as taking a photograph is my favorite pastime.
The beautified Serra is interred just before the altar along with several other figures who feature prominently within the history of the Carmel Mission.
Batman: Damned (2018-) # 1
DC BLACK LABEL, the highly anticipated new imprint from DC Comics, starts here!
The Joker is dead.
There is no doubt about that. But whether Batman finally snapped his scrawny neck or some other sinister force in Gotham City did the deed is still a mystery.Problem is, Batman can’t remember…and the more he digs into this labyrinthian case, the more his mind starts to doubt everything he’s uncovering.
So who better to set him straight than…John Constantine? Problem with that is as much as John loves a good mystery, he loves messing with people’s heads even more. So with John’s “help,” the pair will delve into the sordid underbelly of Gotham as they race toward the mind-blowing truth of who murdered The Joker.
BATMAN: DAMNED is a bimonthly super-natural horror story told by two of comics’ greatest modern creators—a visceral thrill-ride that proudly puts the “black” in BLACK LABEL.
WWE: NXT Takeover: Into the Fire # 1
The third week of this epic event sees The Empress of Tomorrow, Asuka, beginning her rise to the NXT Women’s Championship, and Full Sail becoming Glorious thanks to Bobby Roode...
Venom: First Host (2018) # 4 (of 5)
Eddie Brock and the Venom symbiote have been SEPARATED, but Brock isn't giving up without a fight! With a pair of unlikely allies, Brock takes the fight to his symbiote's home turf…outer space!
Immortal Hulk (2018-) # 6
Bruce Banner is alive — and everyone knows it. Now he’s hunted by the government, Alpha Flight, the mysterious Shadow Base...and the Avengers. And someone’s going to find him first. But Bruce has bigger problems. Something terrible has infected him. Something with unspeakable plans for humanity. And the only one who knows about it...is the IMMORTAL HULK.
Hack/Slash: Resurrection # 11
Girls just want to have functional interpersonal relationships. But girls like Cassie might have to settle for vampire slaying. One last team-up with Vampirella in this thrilling conclusion to Return to Haverhill!
Return Of Wolverine (2018-) # 1 (of 5)
HE'S BACK, BUB.
Venom (2018-) # 6
After a brief connection to the GOD-HOST, EDDIE and the VENOM symbiote have emerged with brand new powers! A good thing too, as they’ll need every upgrade they can get as they head down a collision course with the primordial symbiote GRENDEL!
Edge of Spider-Geddon (2018) # 3 (of 4)
Peter Parker was bitten by a radioactive spider, and it causes his Uncle Ben no end of troubles. Until, that is, Ben gets shot in a mugging and Peter’s blood donation turns Ben into a Spider-Hero, too! There’s a new dynamic duo in town, and the story doesn’t go where you think it will!
Hit-Girl # 8
"In the violent climax of Hit-Girl’s Canadian adventure, Mindy’s been arrested and packed off to Kashechewan. Can she bust out and finish what she started with Baker, killing his drug trade to New York? This axe-fighting, wood-chipping Canadian finale features corrupt Mounties and pretty-boy politicians.
a companion to the yellow weave. the idea was to have the red weave with small distances betwenn the sections of square twists and the yellow weave with bigger distances. I think the bigger distances make the overall structure clearer whereas tis looks more labyrinthian.
foldded from a pacon paper square.