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kullu valley, india. more pics of the same session here: kuus-aa.blogspot.com/2018/11/chitchoka-pt2.html
ShriKhand Mahadev is situated at 5250 Mtrs of height in Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh, India. This place is known for Lord Shiva in Hindu Religion. Ideal time to visit this place is June-July. During this period thousands of pilgrims do the mighty journey of this holy place.
One can find food, sleeping bags and enough water on this 80 KMs trek, just be prepared for the any time rain & snow fall.
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Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries *
Brief Description
Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, home to more than 30% of the world's pandas which are classed as highly endangered, covers 924,500 ha with seven nature reserves and nine scenic parks in the Qionglai and Jiajin Mountains. The sanctuaries constitute the largest remaining contiguous habitat of the giant panda, a relict from the paleo-tropic forests of the Tertiary Era. It is also the species' most important site for captive breeding. The sanctuaries are home to other globally endangered animals such as the red panda, the snow leopard and clouded leopard. They are among the botanically richest sites of any region in the world outside the tropical rainforests, with between 5,000 and 6,000 species of flora in over 1,000 genera.
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Country China
TypeNatural
Criteriax
Reference1213
Region **Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription2006 (30th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries (simplified Chinese: 四川大熊猫栖息地; traditional Chinese: 四川大熊貓棲息地; pinyin: Sìchuān Dàxióngmāo Qīxīdì) located in southwest Sichuan province of China, is the home to more than 30% of the world's highly endangered Giant Pandas and is among the most important sites for the captive breeding of these pandas. It covers 9245 km² with seven nature reserves and nine scenic parks in the Qionglai and Jiajin Mountains. Along with the Giant Panda, the sanctuary is a refuge to other endangered species such as the red panda, the snow leopard, and the clouded leopard. Outside of the tropical rainforests, it is among the botanically richest sites of the world, and is home to between 5,000 and 6,000 species of flora. It has been noted that the region is similar to the paleo-tropic forests of the Tertiary Era.
Mount Emei
"Omei Shan" redirects here. For the bird, see Grey-faced Liocichla.
"峨眉山" redirects here. For the county-level city, see Emeishan City.
Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CountryPeople's Republic of China
TypeCultural and Natural (Mixed)
Criteriaiv, vi, x
Reference779
Region **Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription1996 (20th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
Mount Emei
Emei Shan
Mount Emei
Emeishan City, Sichuan
Elevation3,099 m (10,167 ft)
Location
Coordinates29°31′11″N 103°19′57″ECoordinates: 29°31′11″N 103°19′57″E
Part of the series on
Chinese martial arts
List of Chinese martial arts
Terms
Kung fu (功夫)
Wushu (武術)
Qigong (氣功)
Historical places
Shaolin Monastery (少林寺)
Wudang Mountains (武當山)
Mount Hua (華山)
Mount Emei (峨嵋山)
Kunlun Mountains (崑崙山)
Historical people
Yim Wing-chun (嚴詠春)
Hung Hei-gun (洪熙官)
Fong Sai-yuk (方世玉)
Dong Haichuan (董海川)
Yang Lu-ch'an (楊露禪)
Wu Quanyou (吳全佑)
Ten Tigers of Canton (廣東十虎)
Chen Fake (陳發科)
Chan Heung (陳享)
Wong Fei-hung (黃飛鴻)
Sun Lu-t'ang (孫祿堂)
Huo Yuanjia (霍元甲)
Yip Man (葉問)
Wang Zi-Ping (王子平)
Famous modern actors
Bruce Lee (李小龍)
Jackie Chan (成龍)
Sammo Hung (洪金寶)
Yuen Biao (元彪)
Jet Li (李連杰)
Donnie Yen (甄子丹)
Legendary figures
Bodhidharma (菩提達摩)
Zhang Sanfeng (張三丰)
Eight immortals (八仙)
Five Elders (五祖)
Related
Hong Kong action cinema
Wushu (sport)
Wuxia (武俠)
This box: view talk edit
Mount Emei (Chinese: 峨嵋山; pinyin: Éméi Shān; Wade–Giles: O2-mei2 Shan1, pronounced [ɤ̌měɪ̯ ʂán]) is a mountain in Sichuan province, China. Mount Emei is often written as 峨眉山 and occasionally 峩嵋山 or 峩眉山 but all three are translated as Mount Emei or Mount Emeishan: the word 峨 can mean "high" or "lofty", but the mountain's name is merely a toponym that carries no additional meaning.
Orographically, Mt. Emei sits at the western rim of the Sichuan Basin. The mountains west of it are known as Daxiangling.[1] A large surrounding area of countryside is geologically known as the Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, a large igneous province generated by the Emeishan Traps volcanic eruptions during the Permian Period. At 3,099 metres (10,167 ft), Mt. Emei is the highest of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China.[2]
Administratively, Mt. Emei (Emeishan) is located near the county-level city of the same name (Emeishan City), which is part of the prefecture-level city of Leshan.
Mt. Emei was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.[3]
Leshan Giant Buddha
Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CountryPeople's Republic of China
TypeMixed
Criteriaiv, vi, x
Reference779
Region **Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription1996 (20th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
The Leshan Giant Buddha (simplified Chinese: 乐山大佛; traditional Chinese: 樂山大佛; pinyin: Lèshān Dàfó) was built during the Tang Dynasty (618–907AD). It is carved out of a cliff face that lies at the confluence of the Minjiang, Dadu and Qingyi rivers in the southern part of Sichuan province in China, near the city of Leshan. The stone sculpture faces Mount Emei, with the rivers flowing below his feet. It is the largest carved stone Buddha in the world[1] and it is by far the tallest pre-modern statue in the world.
The Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996. It was not damaged by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.[2]
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I travelled to most exotic places on this earth in last 9 years since 2003. I was exploring India from east to west and north to south till mid 2007. Then i started my World tour to 6 continents in May 2007 & entering 2012, my World tour is still on & i am exploring more and more exotic places around all major countries. I believe "World is just amazing" and every place & face has a unique story to tell. I connect to my subjects as to my soul.
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My latest 15 explored destinations in my 6th year of World tour so far to 70+Countries & 300+Destinations across 6 Continents and 9 th year of Travel Photography & Videography of Places People Culture Landscapes.Recently explored these exotic places in CHINA Mout.Emai-Leshan-Chengdu-Chongquing , JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World, SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks, AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week. BELGIUM Brussels, DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers , CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal, ATLANTIC-GREENLAND-LABRADOR PENINSULA-Lebrador Sea, SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park with others INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness INDIA Jog Falls Ooty Goa Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls Kerala UK-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow & others ITALY-Rome-Vatican City and Other UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome. Soon my first book on 111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MUST SEE WHEN U ALIVE will be out with "111 WOW" i Phone application by the end of this year. Updating my official website sundeepkullu.com
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The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries consist of seven nature reserves and nine scenic parks.
Seven Nature Reserves
Wolong Nature Reserve (Chinese: 卧龙自然保护区)
Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve (Chinese: 蜂桶寨自然保护区)
Mt. Siguniang Nature Reserve (Chinese: 四姑娘山自然保护区)
Laba River Nature Reserve (Chinese: 喇叭河自然保护区)
Heishui River Nature Reserve (Chinese: 黑水河自然保护区)
Jintang-Kongyu Nature Reserve (Chinese: 金汤—孔玉自然保护区)
Caopo Nature Reserve (Chinese: 草坡自然保护区)
Nine Scenic Parks
Mt. Qingcheng-Dujiangyan Scenic Park (Chinese: 青城山—都江堰风景名胜区)
Mt. Tiantai Scenic Park (Chinese: 天台山风景名胜区)
Mt. Siguniang Scenic Park (Chinese: 四姑娘山风景名胜区)
Xiling Snow Mountain Scenic Park (Chinese: 西岭雪山风景名胜区)
Mt. Jiguan-Jiulonggou Scenic Park (Chinese: 鸡冠山—九龙沟风景名胜区)
Mt. Jiajin Scenic Park (Chinese: 夹金山风景名胜区)
Miyaluo Scenic Park (Chinese: 米亚罗风景名胜区)
Mt. Lingzhen-Mt. Daxue Scenic Park (Chinese: 灵鹫山—大雪峰风景名胜区)
Mt. Erlang Scenic Park (Chinese: 二郎山风景名胜区)
As the bodhimaṇḍa of Samantabhadra
Mount Emei is one of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China, and is traditionally regarded as the bodhimaṇḍa, or place of enlightenment, of the bodhisattva Samantabhadra. Samantabhadra is known in Mandarin as Pǔxián Púsà (普賢菩薩).
16th and 17th century sources allude to the practice of martial arts in the monasteries of Mount Emei[4] made the earliest extant reference to the Shaolin Monastery as Chinese boxing's place of origin.[5]
[edit]Buddhist architecture on Emei
This is the location of the first Buddhist temple built in China in the 1st century CE.[3] The site has seventy-six Buddhist monasteries of the Ming and Qing period, most of them located near the mountain top. The monasteries demonstrate a flexible architectural style that adapts to the landscape. Some, such as the halls of Baoguosi, are built on terraces of varying levels, while others, including the structures of Leiyinsi, are on raised stilts. Here the fixed plans of Buddhist monasteries of earlier periods were modified or ignored in order to make full use of the natural scenery. The buildings of Qingyinge are laid out in an irregular plot on the narrow piece of land between the Black Dragon River and the White Dragon River. The site is large and the winding foot path is 50 km, taking several days to walk.[6]
Cable cars ease the ascent to the two temples at Jinding (3,077 m), an hour's hike from the mountain's peak.[2][7]
[edit]Sunrise and clouds sea
Great spectacles of Mount Emei include the sunrise and Clouds Sea seen from the Golden Summit of the mountain.
The sunrise is very varied, but optimally begins with the ground and sky being in the same dark purple, soon showing rosy clouds, followed by a bright purple arc and then a semicircle where the sun is coming up.[8]
The Clouds Sea includes several cloud phenomena, e.g. clouds appearing in the sky above, in addition to the regular clouds beneath.[8]
[edit]Climate
The summit of Mount Emei has an alpine subarctic climate (Köppen Dwc), with long, cold (but not severely so) winters, and short, cool summers. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from −5.7 °C (21.7 °F) in January to 11.6 °C (52.9 °F), and an annual mean of 3.07 °C (37.5 °F). Precipitation is common year-round, but due to the influence of the monsoon, rainfall is especially heavy in summer, and more than 70% of the annual total occurs from June to September.
Head of the statue
Construction was started in 713, led by a Chinese monk named Haitong. He hoped that the Buddha would calm the turbulent waters that plagued the shipping vessels traveling down the river. When funding for the project was threatened, he is said to have gouged out his own eyes to show his piety and sincerity. After his death, however, the construction was stuck due to insufficient funding. About 70 years later, a jiedushi decided to sponsor the project and the construction was completed by Haitong's disciples in 803.
Apparently the massive construction resulted in so much stone being removed from the cliff face and deposited into the river below that the currents were indeed altered by the statue, making the waters safe for passing ships.
[edit]Degradation
The Leshan Buddha has been affected by the pollution emanating from the unbridled development in the region. According to Xinhua news agency, the Leshan Giant Buddha and many Chinese natural and cultural heritage sites in the region have seen degradations from weathering, air pollution, and swarms of tourists. The government has promised to restore the site to its former condition.[3]
[edit]Dimensions
At 71 metres (233 feet) tall, the statue depicts a seated Maitreya Buddha with his hands resting on his knees. His shoulders are 28 metres wide and his smallest toenail is large enough to easily accommodate a seated person. There is a local saying: "The mountain is a Buddha and the Buddha is a mountain". This is partially because the mountain range in which the Leshan Giant Buddha is located is thought to be shaped like a slumbering Buddha when seen from the river, with the Leshan Giant Buddha as its heart.
I woke up after a night long hilly bus ride as the bus reached Kullu. I was told that the road from Kullu to Manali (spiralling across the river Beas) is breathtaking, and it was indeed. Presenting a view of the same, shot from the bus window.
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These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.
Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, [tuʁ ɛfɛl], nickname La dame de fer, the iron lady) is a puddle iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest building in Paris[10] and the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair.
The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building. Upon its completion, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930. However, due to the addition, in 1957, of the antenna atop the Eiffel Tower, is now taller than the Chrysler Building. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France, after the Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift, to the first and second levels. The walk from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by elevator. Both the first and second levels feature restaurants.
The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.
History
Eiffel Tower under construction in July 1888
Eiffel Tower Construction view: girders at the first storey
Panoramic view during ascension of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers, 1898
25 August 1944: American soldiers watch as the Tricolor flies from the Eiffel Tower again.
Franz Reichelt's preparations and fall from the Eiffel Tower.
Lightning strikes the Eiffel Tower on 3 June 1902, at 9:20 pm
Adolf Hitler with the Eiffel Tower in the background
The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance arch for the Exposition Universelle, a World's Fair marking the centennial celebration of the French Revolution. Three hundred workers joined together 18,038 pieces of puddled iron (a very pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million rivets, in a structural design by Maurice Koechlin. Eiffel was assisted in the design by engineers Émile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin and architect Stephen Sauvestre.[11] The risk of accident was great as, unlike modern skyscrapers, the tower is an open frame without any intermediate floors except the two platforms. However, because Eiffel took safety precautions, including the use of movable stagings, guard-rails and screens, only one man died. The tower was inaugurated on 31 March 1889, and opened on 6 May.
The tower was much criticised by the public when it was built, with many calling it an eyesore. Newspapers of the day were filled with angry letters from the arts community of Paris. One is quoted extensively in William Watson's US Government Printing Office publication of 1892 Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture: "And during twenty years we shall see, stretching over the entire city, still thrilling with the genius of so many centuries, we shall see stretching out like a black blot the odious shadow of the odious column built up of riveted iron plates."[12] Signers of this letter included Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, Charles Gounod, Charles Garnier, Jean-Léon Gérôme, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, and Alexandre Dumas.
Novelist Guy de Maupassant—who claimed to hate the tower[13]—supposedly ate lunch in the Tower's restaurant every day. When asked why, he answered that it was the one place in Paris where one could not see the structure. Today, the Tower is widely considered to be a striking piece of structural art.
One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to 7 stories, only a very few of the taller buildings have a clear view of the tower.
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years; it was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be easily demolished) but as the tower proved valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit. The military used it to dispatch Parisian taxis to the front line during the First Battle of the Marne.
Timeline of events
10 September 1889
Thomas Edison visited the tower. He signed the guestbook with the following message—
To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.
1910
Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower, discovering at the top more than was expected, and thereby detecting what are today known as cosmic rays.[14]
4 February 1912
Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping 60 metres from the first deck of Eiffel tower with his home-made parachute.
1914
A radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications during the lead-up to the First Battle of the Marne.
1925
The con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal on two separate, but related occasions.[15]
1930
The tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building was completed in New York City.
1925 to 1934
Illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower's four sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.
1940–1944
[citation needed] Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French so that Adolf Hitler would have to climb the steps to the summit. The parts to repair them were allegedly impossible to obtain because of the war. In 1940 German soldiers had to climb to the top to hoist the swastika, but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. It was said that Hitler conquered France, but did not conquer the Eiffel Tower. A Frenchman scaled the tower during the German occupation to hang the French flag. In August 1944, when the Allies were nearing Paris, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order. Some say Hitler was later persuaded to keep the tower intact so it could later be used for communications. The lifts of the Tower were working normally within hours of the Liberation of Paris.
3 January 1956
A fire damaged the top of the tower.
1957
The present radio antenna was added to the top.
1980s
A restaurant and its supporting iron scaffolding midway up the tower was dismantled; it was purchased and reconstructed on St. Charles Avenue and Joesphine Street in the Garden District of New Orleans, Louisiana, by entrepreneurs John Onorio and Daniel Bonnot, originally as the Tour Eiffel Restaurant, later as the Red Room and now as the Cricket Club (owned by the New Orleans Culinary Institute). The restaurant was re-assembled from 11,000 pieces that crossed the Atlantic in a 40-foot (12 m) cargo container.
31 March 1984
Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza through the arches of the tower.[16]
1987
A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the Paris police upon reaching the ground.[17]
27 October 1991
Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures of bungee jump (not allowed) from the second floor of the Tower. Facing the Champ de Mars, Thierry Devaux was using an electric winch between each figure to go back up. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth bungee jump.[18]
New Year's Eve 1999
The Eiffel Tower played host to Paris' Millennium Celebration. On this occasion, flashing lights and four high-power searchlights were installed on the tower, and fireworks were set off all over it. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. Since then, the light show has become a nightly event. The searchlights on top of the tower make it a beacon in Paris' night sky, and the 20,000 flash bulbs give the tower a sparkly appearance every hour on the hour.[19]
28 November 2002
The tower received its 200,000,000th guest.[20][21]
2004
The Eiffel Tower began hosting an ice skating rink on the first floor each winter.[22]
Engraved names
Main article: The 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower seventy-two names of French scientists, engineers and other notable people. This engraving was painted over at the beginning of the twentieth century but restored in 1986–1987 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.
Design of the tower
Material
The pig iron structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes while the entire structure, including non-metal components, is approximately 10,000 tonnes. As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of the metal structure were melted down it would fill the 125 metre square base to a depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7.1 in) because of thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.
The third floor of the Eiffel Tower, at night, seen from Trocadéro
Wind considerations
At the time the tower was built many people were shocked by its daring shape. Eiffel was criticised for the design and accused of trying to create something artistic, or inartistic according to the viewer, without regard to engineering. Eiffel and his engineers, however, as experienced bridge builders, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand the wind. In an interview reported in the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:
Now to what phenomenon did I give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be [...] will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.[23]
Researchers have found that Eiffel used empirical and graphical methods accounting for the effects of wind rather than a specific mathematical formula. Careful examination of the tower shows a basically exponential shape; actually two different exponentials, the lower section overdesigned to ensure resistance to wind forces. Several mathematical explanations have been proposed over the years for the success of the design; the most recent is described as a nonlinear integral equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.[24][25] As a demonstration of the tower's effectiveness in wind resistance, it sways only 6–7 cm (2–3 in) in the wind.[24][25][26]
Maintenance
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes of paint every seven years to protect it from rust.
Aesthetic considerations
In order to maintain a uniform appearance to an observer on the ground, three separate colours of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest on the bottom and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of the paint is changed; the tower is currently painted a shade of bronze.[27] On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting.
The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grillwork arches, added in Stephen Sauvestre's sketches, which served to reassure visitors that the structure was safe, and to frame views of other nearby architecture.[28][29][30]
Tourism
Popularity
More than 200,000,000 people have visited the tower since its construction in 1889,[31] including 6,719,200 in 2006.[26] The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world.[32]
Passenger Elevators
View of Eiffel Tower from the Montparnasse Tower.
Ground to the second level
The original elevators to the first and second floors were provided by two companies. Both companies had to overcome many technical obstacles as neither company (or indeed any company) had experience with installing elevators climbing to such heights with large loads. The slanting tracks with changing angles further complicated the problems. The East and West elevators were supplied by the French company Roux Combaluzier Lepape, using hydraulically powered chains and rollers. Contemporary engravings of the elevators cars show that the passengers were seated at this time but it is not clear whether this was conceptual. It would be unnecessary to seat passengers for a journey of a couple of minutes. The North and South elevators were provided by the American company Otis using car designs similar to the original installation but using an improved hydraulic and cable scheme. The French elevators had a very poor performance and were replaced with the current installations in 1897 (West Pillar) and 1899 (East Pillar) by Fives-Lille using an improved hydraulic and rope scheme. Both of the original installations operated broadly on the principle of the Fives-Lille lifts.[33][34]
The Fives-Lille elevators from ground level to the first and second levels are operated by cables and pulleys driven by massive water-powered pistons. The hydraulic scheme was somewhat unusual for the time in that it included three large counterweights of 200 tonnes each sitting on top of hydraulic rams which doubled up as accumulators for the water. As the elevators ascend the inclined arc of the pillars, the angle of ascent changes. The two elevator cabs are kept more or less level and indeed are level at the landings. The cab floors do take on a slight angle at times between landings.
The Eiffel Tower illuminated in blue to celebrate the French presidency of the EU (July 2008)
The principle behind the elevators is similar to the operation of a block and tackle but in reverse. Two large hydraulic rams (over 1 metre diameter) with a 16 metre travel are mounted horizontally in the base of the pillar which pushes a carriage (the French word for it translates as chariot and this term will be used henceforth to distinguish it from the elevator carriage) with 16 large triple sheaves mounted on it. There are 14 similar sheaves mounted statically. Six wire ropes are rove back and forth between the sheaves such that each rope passes between the 2 sets of sheaves 7 times. The ropes then leave the final sheaves on the chariot and passes up through a series of guiding sheaves to above the second floor and then via a pair of triple sheaves back down to the lift carriage again passing guiding sheaves.
This arrangement means that the elevator carriage, complete with its cars and passengers, travels 8 times the distance that the rams move the chariot, the 128 metres from the ground to the second floor. The force exerted by the rams also has to be 8 times the total weight of the lift carriage, cars and passengers, plus extra to account for various losses such as friction. The hydraulic fluid was water, normally stored in three accumulators, complete with counterbalance weights. To make the elevator ascend, water was pumped using an electrically driven pump from the accumulators to the two rams. Since the counterbalance weights provided much of the pressure required, the pump only had to provide the extra effort. For the descent, it was only necessary to allow the water to flow back to the accumulators using a control valve. The lifts were operated by an operator perched precariously underneath the lift cars. His position (with a dummy operator) can still be seen on the lifts today.
The Fives-Lille elevators were completely upgraded in 1986 to meet modern safety requirements and to make the elevators easier to operate. A new computer controlled system was installed which completely automated the operation. One of the three counterbalances was taken out of use, and the cars were replaced with a more modern and lighter structure. Most importantly, the main driving force was removed from the original water pump such that the water hydraulic system provided only a counterbalancing function. The main driving force was transferred to a 320 kW electrically driven oil hydraulic pump which drives a pair of hydraulic motors on the chariot itself, thus providing the motive power. The new lift cars complete with their carriage and a full 92 passenger load weigh 22 tonnes.
Due to elasticity in the ropes and the time taken to get the cars level with the landings, each elevator in normal service takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each floor. The average journey time between floors is just 1 minute.
The original Otis elevators in the North and South pillars in their turn proved to be inferior to the new (in 1899) French elevators and were scrapped from the South pillar in 1900 and from the North pillar in 1913 after failed attempts to re-power them with an electric motor. The North and South pillars were to remain without elevators until 1965 when increasing visitor numbers persuaded the operators to install a relatively standard and modern cable hoisted system in the north pillar using a cable-hauled counterbalance weight, but hoisted by a block and tackle system to reduce its travel to one third of the elevator travel. The counterbalance is clearly visible within the structure of the North pillar. This latter elevator was upgraded in 1995 with new cars and computer controls.
The South pillar acquired a completely new fairly standard electrically driven elevator in 1983 to serve the Jules Verne restaurant. This was also supplied by Otis. A further four-ton service elevator was added to the South pillar in 1989 by Otis to relieve the main elevators when moving relatively small loads or even just maintenance personnel.
The East and West hydraulic (water) elevator works are on display and, at least in theory, are open to the public in a small museum located in base of the East and West tower, which is somewhat hidden from public view. Because the massive mechanism requires frequent lubrication and attention, public access is often restricted. However, when open, the wait times are much less than the other, more popular, attractions. The rope mechanism of the North tower is visible to visitors as they exit from the elevator .
Second to the third level
The original spiral stairs to the third floor which were only 80 centimetres wide. Note also the small service elevator in the background.
The original elevators from the second to the third floor were also of a water-powered hydraulic design supplied by Léon Edoux. Instead of using a separate counterbalance, the two elevator cars counterbalanced each other. A pair of 81 metre long hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level reaching nearly half way up to the third level. An elevator car was mounted on top of the rams. Ropes ran from the top of this car up to a sheave on the third level and back down to a second car. The result of this arrangement was that each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change elevators halfway walking between the cars along a narrow gangway with a very impressive and relatively unobstructed downward view. The ten-ton cars held 65 passengers each or up to four tons.
One interesting feature of the original installation was that the hoisting rope ran through guides to retain it on windy days to prevent it flapping and becoming damaged. The guides were mechanically moved out of the way of the ascending car by the movement of the car itself. In spite of some antifreeze being added to the water that operated this system, it nevertheless had to close to the public from November to March each year.
The original Hydraulic pump for the Edoux lifts
The original elevators complete with their hydraulic mechanism were completely scrapped in 1982 after 97 years of service. They were replaced with two pairs of relatively standard rope hoisted cars which were able to operate all the year round. The cars operate in pairs with one providing the counterbalance for the other. Neither car can move unless both sets of doors are closed and both operators have given a start command. The commands from the cars to the hoisting mechanism are by radio obviating the necessity of a control cable. The replacement installation also has the advantage that the ascent can be made without changing cars and has reduced the ascent time from 8 minutes (including change) to 1 minute and 40 seconds. This installation also has guides for the hoisting ropes but they are electrically operated. The guide once it has moved out of the way as the car ascends automatically reverses when the car has passed to prevent the mechanism becoming snagged on the car on the downward journey in the event it has failed to completely clear the car. Unfortunately these elevators do not have the capacity to move as many people as the three public lower elevators and long lines to ascend to the third level are common. Most of the intermediate level structure present on the tower today was installed when the elevators were replaced and allows maintenance workers to take the elevator half way.
The replacement of these elevators allowed the restructuring of the criss-cross beams in upper part of the tower and further allowed the installation of two emergency staircases. These replaced the dangerous winding stairs that were installed when the tower was constructed.
Restaurants
The tower has two restaurants: Le 58 tour Eiffel, on the first floor 311 ft (95 m) above sea level; and the Le Jules Verne, an expensive gastronomical restaurant on the second floor, with a private lift. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. In January 2007, the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse was brought in to run Jules Verne.[35]
Attempted relocation
According to interviews given in the early 1980s, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with French President Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company which operated the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored to its original location.[36]
Reproductions
Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel, Nevada, United States
Main article: List of Eiffel Tower replicas
As one of the most iconic images in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of over 30 duplicates and similar towers around the world.
Communications
Since the beginning of the 20th century, the tower has been used for radio transmission. Until the 1950s, an occasionally modified set of antenna wires ran from the summit to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. They were connected to long-wave transmitters in small bunkers; in 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar and still exists today. On 20 November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory which used an antenna in Arlington, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C.[37] Today, both radio and television stations broadcast their signals from the top of the Eiffel.
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Manali is a hill station nestled in the mountains of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh near the northern end of the Kullu Valley, at an altitude of 2,050 m in the Beas River Valley. It is located in the Kullu district, about 270 km north of the state capital, Shimla. The small town, with a population of 8,096, is the beginning of an ancient trade route to Ladakh and from there over the Karakoram Pass on to Yarkand and Khotan in the Tarim Basin. It is a popular tourist destination and serves as the roadway to other northern hill stations.
GEOGRAPHY
Manali is located at 32.2396 N, 77.1887 E, about 40 km north of Kullu town. The town ranges in elevation from 1,800 m to 2,000 m in the uppermost Old Manali section.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Manali is a small town; as of the 2011 census of India, its population was 8,096. In 2001, Manali had an official population of 6,265. Males constituted 64% of the population and females 36%. Manali had an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy was 80%, and female literacy was 63%. 9% of the population was under six years of age.
CLIMATE
The climate in Manali is predominantly cold during winters, and moderately cool during summers. The temperatures range from 4 °C to 20 °C over the year. The average temperature during summer is between 04 °C and 15 °C, and between −15 °C and 05 °C in the winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 31 mm in November to 217 mm in July. In average, some 45 mm of precipitation is received during winter and spring months, increasing to some 115 mm in summer as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is 1,363 mm. Snowfall often takes place between November end to early February. The weather in Manali is not stable.
HISTORY
Manali is named after the lawgiver Manu. The word Manali is regarded as the changed name of "Manu-Alaya" which literally means "the abode of Manu". Legend has it that sage Manu stepped off his ark in Manali to recreate human life after a great flood had deluged the world. Manali is also often referred to as the "Valley of the Gods". The Old Manali village has an ancient temple dedicated to sage Manu.
The British introduced apple trees and trout. The first apple orchard was set up by the British near Patlikuhl, which were earlier not native to Manali. It is said that when apple trees were first planted, the fruits were so plentiful that often branches, unable to bear the weight, would collapse. To this day, apple - along with plum and pear - remain the best source of income for the majority of inhabitants.
Tourism in Manali received a boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with many hotels and restaurants.
TRANSPORT
AIR
The nearest airport Bhuntar Airport (IATA code KUU) is at Bhuntar town, situated on NH21 about 50 km south of Manali and 10 km south of Kullu town. The airport is also known as Kullu-Manali airport and has more than a kilometre long runway. Air India and some private airlines have regular flights to the airport. Recently Himalayan Bulls in collaboration with Deccan Charters have started flights on Kullu-Chandigarh-Kullu sector thrice a day. Daily flight service (except Tuesday) has been started by 15May 2013 at Bhunter airport by Air India from Delhi to Bhunter and vice versa. Chandigarh Airport is the nearest international airport.
ROAD
Manali can be reached from Delhi by national highway NH 1 up to Ambala and from there NH 22 to Chandigarh and from there by national highway NH21 that passes through Bilaspur, Sundernagar, Mandi and Kullu towns. The road distance from Chandigarh to Manali is 316 km, and the total distance from Delhi to Manali is 566 km. Buses (including Volvo and Mercedes Benz) on this route are available from all major bus terminals.
RAIL
Manali is not easily approachable by rail. The nearest broad gauge railheads are at Chandigarh (275 km), Pathankot (325 km) and Kalka (310 km). The nearest narrow gauge railhead is at Joginder Nagar (135 kilometres).
See Bilaspur-Mandi-Leh Railway for the proposed railway line through this area.
WIKIPEDIA
Women farmers at work in their vegetable plots near Kullu town, Himachal Pradesh, India. Previously the area was a major producer of high-value apples, but rising temperatrures in the last few decades have forced almost all apple producers there to abandon their crop. For these farmers, switching to vegetable production has resulted in a major boost in incomes and livelihoods, illustrating that climate change adaptation can be effective and highly profitable.
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Mount Emei
"Omei Shan" redirects here. For the bird, see Grey-faced Liocichla.
"峨眉山" redirects here. For the county-level city, see Emeishan City.
Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CountryPeople's Republic of China
TypeCultural and Natural (Mixed)
Criteriaiv, vi, x
Reference779
Region **Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription1996 (20th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
Mount Emei
Emei Shan
Mount Emei
Emeishan City, Sichuan
Elevation3,099 m (10,167 ft)
Location
Coordinates29°31′11″N 103°19′57″ECoordinates: 29°31′11″N 103°19′57″E
Part of the series on
Chinese martial arts
List of Chinese martial arts
Terms
Kung fu (功夫)
Wushu (武術)
Qigong (氣功)
Historical places
Shaolin Monastery (少林寺)
Wudang Mountains (武當山)
Mount Hua (華山)
Mount Emei (峨嵋山)
Kunlun Mountains (崑崙山)
Historical people
Yim Wing-chun (嚴詠春)
Hung Hei-gun (洪熙官)
Fong Sai-yuk (方世玉)
Dong Haichuan (董海川)
Yang Lu-ch'an (楊露禪)
Wu Quanyou (吳全佑)
Ten Tigers of Canton (廣東十虎)
Chen Fake (陳發科)
Chan Heung (陳享)
Wong Fei-hung (黃飛鴻)
Sun Lu-t'ang (孫祿堂)
Huo Yuanjia (霍元甲)
Yip Man (葉問)
Wang Zi-Ping (王子平)
Famous modern actors
Bruce Lee (李小龍)
Jackie Chan (成龍)
Sammo Hung (洪金寶)
Yuen Biao (元彪)
Jet Li (李連杰)
Donnie Yen (甄子丹)
Legendary figures
Bodhidharma (菩提達摩)
Zhang Sanfeng (張三丰)
Eight immortals (八仙)
Five Elders (五祖)
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Wushu (sport)
Wuxia (武俠)
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Mount Emei (Chinese: 峨嵋山; pinyin: Éméi Shān; Wade–Giles: O2-mei2 Shan1, pronounced [ɤ̌měɪ̯ ʂán]) is a mountain in Sichuan province, China. Mount Emei is often written as 峨眉山 and occasionally 峩嵋山 or 峩眉山 but all three are translated as Mount Emei or Mount Emeishan: the word 峨 can mean "high" or "lofty", but the mountain's name is merely a toponym that carries no additional meaning.
Orographically, Mt. Emei sits at the western rim of the Sichuan Basin. The mountains west of it are known as Daxiangling.[1] A large surrounding area of countryside is geologically known as the Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, a large igneous province generated by the Emeishan Traps volcanic eruptions during the Permian Period. At 3,099 metres (10,167 ft), Mt. Emei is the highest of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China.[2]
Administratively, Mt. Emei (Emeishan) is located near the county-level city of the same name (Emeishan City), which is part of the prefecture-level city of Leshan.
Mt. Emei was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.[3]
Leshan Giant Buddha
Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CountryPeople's Republic of China
TypeMixed
Criteriaiv, vi, x
Reference779
Region **Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription1996 (20th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
The Leshan Giant Buddha (simplified Chinese: 乐山大佛; traditional Chinese: 樂山大佛; pinyin: Lèshān Dàfó) was built during the Tang Dynasty (618–907AD). It is carved out of a cliff face that lies at the confluence of the Minjiang, Dadu and Qingyi rivers in the southern part of Sichuan province in China, near the city of Leshan. The stone sculpture faces Mount Emei, with the rivers flowing below his feet. It is the largest carved stone Buddha in the world[1] and it is by far the tallest pre-modern statue in the world.
The Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996. It was not damaged by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.[2]
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I travelled to most exotic places on this earth in last 9 years since 2003. I was exploring India from east to west and north to south till mid 2007. Then i started my World tour to 6 continents in May 2007 & entering 2012, my World tour is still on & i am exploring more and more exotic places around all major countries. I believe "World is just amazing" and every place & face has a unique story to tell. I connect to my subjects as to my soul.
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***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
My latest 15 explored destinations in my 6th year of World tour so far to 70+Countries & 300+Destinations across 6 Continents and 9 th year of Travel Photography & Videography of Places People Culture Landscapes.Recently explored these exotic places in CHINA Mout.Emai-Leshan-Chengdu-Chongquing , JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World, SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks, AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week. BELGIUM Brussels, DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers , CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal, ATLANTIC-GREENLAND-LABRADOR PENINSULA-Lebrador Sea, SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park with others INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness INDIA Jog Falls Ooty Goa Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls Kerala UK-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow & others ITALY-Rome-Vatican City and Other UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome. Soon my first book on 111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MUST SEE WHEN U ALIVE will be out with "111 WOW" i Phone application by the end of this year. Updating my official website sundeepkullu.com
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As the bodhimaṇḍa of Samantabhadra
Mount Emei is one of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China, and is traditionally regarded as the bodhimaṇḍa, or place of enlightenment, of the bodhisattva Samantabhadra. Samantabhadra is known in Mandarin as Pǔxián Púsà (普賢菩薩).
16th and 17th century sources allude to the practice of martial arts in the monasteries of Mount Emei[4] made the earliest extant reference to the Shaolin Monastery as Chinese boxing's place of origin.[5]
[edit]Buddhist architecture on Emei
This is the location of the first Buddhist temple built in China in the 1st century CE.[3] The site has seventy-six Buddhist monasteries of the Ming and Qing period, most of them located near the mountain top. The monasteries demonstrate a flexible architectural style that adapts to the landscape. Some, such as the halls of Baoguosi, are built on terraces of varying levels, while others, including the structures of Leiyinsi, are on raised stilts. Here the fixed plans of Buddhist monasteries of earlier periods were modified or ignored in order to make full use of the natural scenery. The buildings of Qingyinge are laid out in an irregular plot on the narrow piece of land between the Black Dragon River and the White Dragon River. The site is large and the winding foot path is 50 km, taking several days to walk.[6]
Cable cars ease the ascent to the two temples at Jinding (3,077 m), an hour's hike from the mountain's peak.[2][7]
[edit]Sunrise and clouds sea
Great spectacles of Mount Emei include the sunrise and Clouds Sea seen from the Golden Summit of the mountain.
The sunrise is very varied, but optimally begins with the ground and sky being in the same dark purple, soon showing rosy clouds, followed by a bright purple arc and then a semicircle where the sun is coming up.[8]
The Clouds Sea includes several cloud phenomena, e.g. clouds appearing in the sky above, in addition to the regular clouds beneath.[8]
[edit]Climate
The summit of Mount Emei has an alpine subarctic climate (Köppen Dwc), with long, cold (but not severely so) winters, and short, cool summers. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from −5.7 °C (21.7 °F) in January to 11.6 °C (52.9 °F), and an annual mean of 3.07 °C (37.5 °F). Precipitation is common year-round, but due to the influence of the monsoon, rainfall is especially heavy in summer, and more than 70% of the annual total occurs from June to September.
Head of the statue
Construction was started in 713, led by a Chinese monk named Haitong. He hoped that the Buddha would calm the turbulent waters that plagued the shipping vessels traveling down the river. When funding for the project was threatened, he is said to have gouged out his own eyes to show his piety and sincerity. After his death, however, the construction was stuck due to insufficient funding. About 70 years later, a jiedushi decided to sponsor the project and the construction was completed by Haitong's disciples in 803.
Apparently the massive construction resulted in so much stone being removed from the cliff face and deposited into the river below that the currents were indeed altered by the statue, making the waters safe for passing ships.
[edit]Degradation
The Leshan Buddha has been affected by the pollution emanating from the unbridled development in the region. According to Xinhua news agency, the Leshan Giant Buddha and many Chinese natural and cultural heritage sites in the region have seen degradations from weathering, air pollution, and swarms of tourists. The government has promised to restore the site to its former condition.[3]
[edit]Dimensions
At 71 metres (233 feet) tall, the statue depicts a seated Maitreya Buddha with his hands resting on his knees. His shoulders are 28 metres wide and his smallest toenail is large enough to easily accommodate a seated person. There is a local saying: "The mountain is a Buddha and the Buddha is a mountain". This is partially because the mountain range in which the Leshan Giant Buddha is located is thought to be shaped like a slumbering Buddha when seen from the river, with the Leshan Giant Buddha as its heart.
In my decade long pursuit of photography,one has faced many precarious,perilous,situations.Heres a situation and a true story that broke my heart and has filled my soul with grief.
As some of my friends know,Iam publishing a coffee table book on kullu valley.And in that context ,one organised a photo shoot with the Royal family of Kullu in the month of Nov,2009.So that a photo of the Blue blood Royals could be incorporated in my book.
Cut to 7th Feb,2010(sunday).There was an early morning breaking news that a descendent of the Royal family of Kullu,departed after a car accident in Noida,Delhi.At a major throughfare in Noida,a truck laden with iron was dangerously parked in the middle of the road.The Prince died when his car crashed into the stranded truck.
I was dazed and heart broken.I had spoken to Kunwar(Prince) Abhishek Raj Singh on friday(just two days back.)
He said he loved this picture,that I had e mailed and wanted a bigger soft copy.
"This was to be his "LAST PHOTO" with his parents and younger brother.".......
Destiny had played a cruel role.And as the photographer,my bonding with the family of Kunwar Abhishek Raj Singh became immortal.
SITTING LEFT:RAJKUMAR(PRINCE) KARAN SINGH Ji.(Father)
SITTING RIGHT:KUNWARANI SHIVANI SINGH Ji.(Mother)
STANDING LEFT:KUNWAR ADITYA VIKRAM SINGH.(Younger Brother)
STANDING RIGHT.KUNWAR ABHISHEK RAJ SINGH(MAY GOD BLESS HIS SOUL.)
Iam not clear as to why I have uploaded this picure.But maybe some of you will share the grief of the family and pray for the departed soul.
Please view large for better details.
There is much beauty in these hills, but less trails. The word "Seraj" (सिराज) origins from Urdu/Arabic and literally means - The Sun/ Plume of Light/ Lamp. Seraj is a territorial region constituting the Outer and Inner Seraj in the Kullu District. The passes of Jalori and Bashleu separate these regions, even though the locals are related on both sides.
Starting from Bathad in Inner Seraj, Bashleu Pass (3200m) is a comfortable walk of around 12-15 kms which lies in the eco-zone of GHNP to reach the majestic vale of Baga Sarahan in the Outer Seraj, perched high above Bagipul southwards. Its more of a goblet than a vale infact, lying high above the valley below- a world within a world, an enchanted territory. Could it have been anything else than its heightened beauty, that this region was named as "Seraj" (सिराज) - a burning lamp of peerless beauty.
The Seraj of Kullu embodies such peerless beauty - a marvel in itself, in the Valley of Gods.
After 2 visits to Baga Sarahan within 2 weeks, all i may extol in the words of Heraclitus is that "One Doesn't go to Baga Sarahan twice - For the beauty is ever flowing on to you"
_AS_
© Anshul Soni, All Rights Reserved.
This image is NOT available for use on websites, blogs or any other media without the explicit written permission of the photographer.
Monsoons in kullu valley peak at around the last week of augest every year.The entire valley gets clad in green.The local custom and belief over here is that on "bees bhadon"(4th of sept of the english calender),the extracts of the medicinal herbs that grow around streams,is considered to be good for health and hence most people take a holy dip in sacred lakes(called kunds here.)and streams.Photographically,this is the time to head into a dense forest and get those greens.The floors are thriving with the greenest moss and a light drizzle coupled with soft light will make the greens pop out.
Located on the southern crest of Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP), the holy lake is situated above last base camp for the Holy Shrikhand Mahadev Shrine in District Kullu of Himachal Pradesh, India.
El. 4400m
_AS_
© Anshul Soni, All Rights Reserved.
This image is NOT available for use on websites, blogs or any other media without the explicit written permission of the photographer.
My humble tribute to the genius of Nicholus Roerich,the philosopher painter and visionary frm Russia.After his expeditions in the Altai Himalayas,he made the "Silver Valley" of kullu his abode for more than 20 years.
His series of paintings called --"A study of mountains", offers an insight into his creative genius.His perspectives,compositions,use of angular light and saturated colurs have been excellent source of learning and guidence for many painters and photographers around the world.
The presitious Roerich art gallery gave me a platform to hold 4 solo exhibitions.
An old one from my 2002 archives,when Photoshop was not in vogue.The colors have been faithfully recorded and rendered.My quest for truth--(true colors in nature)continues even today.
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Quebec City
Quebec ( /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/; French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen)), also Québec, Quebec City or Québec City (French: Ville de Québec) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. As of 2011, the city has a population of 516,622,[1] and the metropolitan area has a population of 765,706[2], making it the second most populous city in Quebec after Montreal, which is about 233 kilometres (145 mi) to the southwest.
The narrowing of the Saint Lawrence River approximate to the city's promontory, Cap-Diamant (Cape Diamond), and Lévis, on the opposite bank, provided the name given to the city, Kébec, an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows". Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec (Vieux-Québec) are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico, and were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the 'Historic District of Old Québec'.[3][4]
According to the federal and provincial governments, Québec is the city's official name in both French and English, although Quebec City is commonly used, particularly to distinguish the city from the province. The city's most famous landmark is the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline. The National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (National Gallery of Quebec), and the Musée de la civilisation (Museum of Civilization) are found within or near Vieux-Québec.
Quebec
Quebec /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/ (French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen))[7] is a province in east-central Canada.[8][9] It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level. Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.[10]
Sovereignty plays a large role in the politics of Quebec, and the official opposition social democratic Parti Québécois advocates national sovereignty for the province and secession from Canada. Sovereignist governments have held referendums on independence in 1980 and 1995; both were voted down by voters, the latter defeated by a very narrow margin.[11] In 2006, the Canadian House of Commons passed a symbolic motion, the Québécois nation motion, recognizing the "Québécois as a nation within a united Canada."[12][13]
While the province's substantial natural resources have long been the mainstay of its economy, sectors of the knowledge economy such as aerospace, information and communication technologies, biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become the second most economically influential province, second only to Ontario.[14]
Old Quebec
Historic District of Old Quebec *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Old Quebec (French: Vieux-Québec) is a historic neighbourhood of Quebec City, the capital of the province of Quebec in Canada. Comprising the Upper Town (French: Haute-Ville) and Lower Town (French: Basse-Ville), the area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Administratively, Old Quebec is part of the Vieux-Québec–Cap-Blanc–colline Parlementaire district in the borough of La Cité–Limoilou.
The area is sometimes referred to as the Latin Quarter (French: Quartier latin), but this title refers more to area around the Séminaire de Québec, the original site of Laval University.
History
Old Quebec is the oldest part of Quebec City, chosen in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain as the location for the Chateau Saint-Louis. Old Quebec maintained a strong military and administrative presence from its beginning, a use determined by the strategic heights of Cap Diamant. While the Lower Town was populated with merchants and craftsmen, the Upper Town was inhabited by military officials and members of the clergy.
This strong military presence long limited the city's expansion. At the end of the 19th century, many wanted to demolish the fortifications, judging them to be unnecessary and a hindrance to urban development. However, Governor Dufferin successfully managed to preserve the character of the walled city, while adapting the further expansion of the modern city.
Despite having undergone some degradation in the 1950s, the Old City has been subject to somewhat of a renaissance period since the 1970s.
The rich historic nature of Old Quebec is marked by the city's ramparts, fortifications, and many historic houses and buildings. The legacy of previous generations and the beauty of the district make it particularly unique.
The majority of buildings in the neighborhood date from 19th century, although the construction of some date back to 17th and 18th centuries. It also is home to several commercial streets, including Rue Saint-Jean, Rue Sainte-Anne and Rue De Buade. Many institutions are still housed in the heart of the city, such as the Quebec City Council, the Séminaire de Québec, the Ursulines Convent, and the Augustinian monastery. As a popular tourist destination, Old Quebec is also home to several hotels, including the famous Château Frontenac. Guided ghosts tours are also of interest to its residents and visitors.
Ramparts of Quebec City
World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1985
National Historic Site of Canada in 1948
Located in Canada, the Ramparts of Quebec City are the only remaining fortified city walls in the Americas, north of Mexico.[1] The English began fortifying the existing walls,[2] after they took Quebec City from the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759.
The wall surrounds most of Old Quebec, which was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1985.[3] The fortifications were designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1948.
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I travelled to most exotic places on this earth in last 9 years since 2003. I was exploring India from east to west and north to south till mid 2007. Then i started my World tour to 6 continents in May 2007 & entering 2012, my World tour is still on & i am exploring more and more exotic places around all major countries. I believe "World is just amazing" and every place & face has a unique story to tell. I connect to my subjects as to my soul.
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These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.For full size images contact me.
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SunDeep™©® Bhardwaj Kullu
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***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
My latest 15 explored destinations in my 6th year of World tour so far to 70+Countries & 300+Destinations across 6 Continents and 9 th year of Travel Photography & Videography of Places People Culture Landscapes.Recently explored these exotic places in JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World, SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks, AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week. BELGIUM Brussels, DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers , CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal, ATLANTIC-GREENLAND-LABRADOR PENINSULA-Lebrador Sea, SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park with others INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness INDIA Jog Falls Ooty Goa Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls Kerala UK-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow & others ITALY-Rome-Vatican City and Other UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome. Soon my first book on 111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MYST SEE WHEN U ALIVE will be out with "111 WOW" i Phone application by the end of this year. Updating my official website sundeepkullu.com
KINDLY NOTE***The Stock samples of SDBWP SunDeep Bhardwaj World Photography in flickr Photostream cannot be Copied,Distributed,Published or Used in any form,full or in part,or in any kind of media without prior permission from Sundeep Bhardwaj the owner of these images.Utilization in other websites,intenet media,pages,blogs etc without written consent is PROHIBITED.
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The Stock samples of SDBWP SunDeep Bhardwaj World Photography in flickr Photostream cannot be Copied,Distributed,Published or Used in any form,full or in part,or in any kind of media without prior permission from Sundeep Bhardwaj the owner of these images.Utilization in other websites,intenet media,pages,blogs etc without written consent is PROHIBITED.
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Eibsee
Eibsee is a lake in Bavaria, Germany, 9km southwest of Garmisch-Partenkirchen and roughly 100km southwest of Munich. At an elevation of 973.28 m, its surface area is 177.4 ha. Eibsee lies at the base of the Zugspitze (2950 meters above sea level), Germany's highest mountain.
As of May 2010, trains from Munich to Garmisch-Partenkirchen leave roughly once an hour and the trip takes about an hour and a half[1]. Buses travel regularly from the train station in Garmisch-Partenkirchen to Eibsee[2]. A valid train ticket can often be used to ride the bus
Source en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibsee
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is a mountain resort town in Bavaria, southern Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in the Oberbayern region, and the district is on the border with Austria. Nearby is Germany's highest mountain, Zugspitze, at 2961 m (9714 ft.).
Origin
Garmisch-Partinkirken was at first two separate cities (Garmisch and Partinkirken).Until the Olympics were held right in between the two cities and often faught over simple things. So, as a compromise, they merged together to create Garmisch-Partinkirken and make the process much easier.
[edit]History
Garmisch (in the west) and Partenkirchen (in the east) were separate towns for many centuries, and still maintain quite separate identities.
Partenkirchen originated as the Roman town of Partanum on the trade route from Venice to Augsburg and is first mentioned in the year A.D. 15. Its main street, Ludwigsstrasse, follows the original Roman road.
Garmisch is first mentioned some 800 years later as Germaneskau ("German District"), suggesting that at some point a Teutonic tribe took up settlement in the western end of the valley.
The valley came under the rule of the Bishop of Freising and was governed by a bishop's representative known as a Pfleger (caretaker or warden) from Werdenfels Castle on a cliff north of Garmisch.
The discovery of America at the turn of the 16th century led to a boom in shipping and a sharp decline in overland trade, which plunged the region into a centuries-long economic depression. The valley floor was swampy and difficult to farm. Bears, wolves and lynxes were a constant threat to livestock. The population suffered from periodic epidemics, including several serious outbreaks of bubonic plague. Adverse fortunes from disease and crop failure occasionally led to witch hysteria. Most notable of these were the notorious trials and executions of 1589-1596, in which 63 victims — more than 10 percent of the population at the time — were burned at the stake or garroted.
Werdenfels Castle, where the accused were held, tried and executed, became an object of superstitious horror and was abandoned in the 17th century. It was largely torn down in the 1750s and its stones used to build the baroque Neue Kirche (New Church) on Marienplatz, which was completed in 1752. It replaced the nearby Gothic Alte Kirche (Old Church), parts of which predated Christianity and may originally have been a pagan temple. Used as a storehouse, armory and haybarn for many years, it has since been re-consecrated. Some of its medieval frescoes are still visible.
Garmisch and Partenkirchen remained separate until their respective mayors were forced by Adolf Hitler to combine the two market towns in 1935 in anticipation of the 1936 Winter Olympic games. Today, the united town is casually (but incorrectly) referred to as Garmisch, much to the dismay of Partenkirchen's residents. Most visitors will notice the slightly more modern feel of Garmisch while the fresco-filled, cobblestoned streets of Partenkirchen offer a glimpse into times past. Early mornings and late afternoons in pleasant weather often find local traffic stopped while the dairy cows are herded to and from the nearby mountain meadows.
[edit]Transportation
Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
painting by Anton Doll
The town is served by Federal Highway 2 as a continuation of the A95 Autobahn (motorway), which ends at Eschenlohe 16 km north of the city.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is on the Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen line and the Mittenwald Railway (Garmisch–Mittenwald–Innsbruck). It is the terminus of the Außerfern Railway to Reutte in Tirol / Kempten im Allgäu and the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway (with sections of rack railway) to the Zugspitze, the highest mountain in Germany. Regional services run every hour to München Hauptbahnhof and Mittenwald and every two hours to Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof and Reutte. In addition there are special seasonal long-distance services, including ICEs, to Berlin, Hamburg, Dortmund, Bremen and Innsbruck.
Several accessible hiking trails from the town are especially spectacular and cover both the lower and higher elevations.
[edit]Sports
Aerial view of
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
In 1936 it was the site of the Winter Olympic Games, the first to feature alpine skiing. A variety of Nordic and alpine World Cup ski races are held here, usually on the Kandahar Track outside town. Traditionally, a ski jumping contest is held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen on New Year's Day, as a part of the Four Hills Tournament (Vierschanzen-Tournee). The World Alpine Ski Championships were held in Garmisch in 1978 and 2011.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is also a favored holiday spot for skiing, snowboarding, and hiking, having some of the best skiing areas (Garmisch Classic and Zugspitze) in Germany.
It was announced on December 7, 2007, that Garmisch-Partenkirchen is part of a Bavarian bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympics, with partner candidates Munich and Schönau am Königsee (near Berchtesgaden). The Winter Olympics were last held in the German-speaking Alps in 1976 in nearby Innsbruck, Austria.
[edit]Public institutions
The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies[2] is also located in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The Marshall Center is an internationally funded and mostly U.S.-staffed learning and conference center for governments from around the world, but primarily from the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. It was established in June 1993, replacing the U.S. Army Russian Institute. Near the Marshall Center is the American Armed Forces Recreation Centers (Edelweiss Lodge and Resort) in Garmisch that serves U.S. and NATO military and their families. A number of U.S. troops and civilians are stationed in the town to provide logistical support to the Marshall Center and Edelweiss Recreation Center.
Zugspitze
Zugspitze
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zugspitze
The Zugspitze massif from the west (left: the summit)
Elevation2,962 m (9,718 ft) [1]
Prominence1,746 m (5,728 ft) [2]
↓ Fern Pass → Parseierspitze
Parent peakFinsteraarhorna / Mont Blancb
Isolation = 24.6 km → Acherkogel
ListingCountry high point (Germany)
Ultra
Location
Zugspitze
Germany
Location on Austria/Germany border
LocationTyrol, Austria
Bavaria, Germany
RangeWettersteingebirge, Eastern Alps
Coordinates47°25′16″N 10°59′07″ECoordinates: 47°25′16″N 10°59′07″E[2]
Geology
TypeWetterstein limestone[3]
Age of rockTriassic
Climbing
First ascent27 August 1820 by Josef Naus, Johann Georg Tauschl and survey assistant, Maier
Easiest routeReintal Route
Geography
Map showing the Zugspitze's location
The Zugspitze belongs to the Wetterstein range of the Northern Limestone Alps.
The border between Germany and Austria goes right over the mountain. There used to be a border checkpoint at the summit. But since Germany and Austria are now both part of the Schengen zone, the border crossing is no longer manned.
The exact height of the Zugspitze was a matter of debate for quite a while. Given figures ranged from 2,690–2,970 metres (8,830–9,740 ft), but it is now generally accepted that the peak is 2,962 m (9,718 ft) above sea level as a result of a survey carried out by the Bavarian State Survey Office. The lounge at the new café is named "2962" for this reason.
[edit]Location and surrounding area
Aerial photograph
View from the Alpspitze of the Zugspitze summit and the Höllentalferner glacier in 2007
Annotated aerial photograph of the Zugspitze massif
At 2,962 metres (9,718 ft) (eastern peak) the Zugspitze is the highest mountain of the Zugspitze massif. This height is referenced to the Amsterdam Gauge and is given by the Bavarian State Office for Survey and Geoinformation.[4] The same height is recorded against the Trieste Gauge used in Austria, which is 27 cm lower. Originally the Zugspitze had three peaks: the east, middle and west summits (Ost-, Mittel- and Westgipfel). The only one that has remained in its original form is the east summit, which is also the only one that lies entirely on German territory. The middle summit fell victim to one of the cable car summit stations in 1930. In 1938 the west summit was blown up to create a building site for a planned flight control room for the Wehrmacht. This was never built however. Originally the height of the west summit was given as 2,964 m (9,724 ft).[5]
The Zugspitze rises eleven kilometres southwest of Garmisch-Partenkirchen and just under six kilometres east of Ehrwald. The border between Germany and Austria runs over the west summit; thus the Zugspitze massif belongs to the German state of Bavaria and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The municipalities responsible for it are Grainau and Ehrwald. To the west the Zugspitze massif drops into the valley of the River Loisach, which flows around the massif towards the northeast in a curve whilst, in the east, the streams of Hammersbach and Partnach have their source. To the south the Gaistal valley and its river, the Leutascher Ache, separate the Wetterstein Mountains from the Mieming Chain. To the north at the foot of the Zugspitze is the lake of Eibsee. The next highest mountain in the area is the Acherkogel (3,008 m or 9,869 ft) in the Stubai Alps, which gives the Zugspitze an topographic isolation value of 24.6 kilometres. The reference point for the prominence is the Parseierspitze (3,036 m or 9,961 ft). In order to climb it from the Zugspitze, a descent to the Fern Pass (1,216 m or 3,990 ft) is required, so that the prominence is 1,746 m (5,728 ft).[6]
[edit]Zugspitze Massif
The massif of the Zugspitze has several other peaks. To the south the Zugspitzplatt is surrounded in an arc by the Zugspitzeck (2,820 m or 9,250 ft) and Schneefernerkopf (2,874 m or 9,429 ft), the Wetterspitzen (2,747 m or 9,012 ft), the Wetterwandeck (2,698 m or 8,852 ft), the Plattspitzen (2,679 m or 8,789 ft) and the Gatterlköpfen (2,490 m or 8,170 ft). The massif ends int the Gatterl (2,024 m or 6,640 ft), a wind gap between it and the Hochwanner. Running eastwards away from the Zugspitze is the famous Jubilee Ridge or Jubiläumsgrat over the Höllentalspitzen towards the Alpspitze and Hochblassen. The short crest of the Riffelwandkamm runs northeast over the summits of the Riffelwandspitzen (2,626 m or 8,615 ft) and the Riffelköpfe (2,459 m or 8,068 ft), to the Riffel wind gap (Riffelscharte, 2,161 m or 7,090 ft). From here the ridge of the Waxensteinkamm stretches away over the Riffelspitzen to the Waxenstein.[7]
[edit]Zugspitzplatt
The Zugspitzplatt above the Reintal valley in 2006
The Platt or Zugspitzplatt is a plateau below the summit of the Zugspitze to the south and southeast which lies at a height of between 2,000 and 2,650 m (6,600 and 8,690 ft). It forms the head of the Reintal valley and has been shaped by a combination of weathering, karstification and glaciation. The area contains roches moutonnées, dolines and limestone pavements as a consequence of the ice ages. In addition moraines have been left behind by various glacial periods. The Platt was completely covered by a glacier for the last time at the beginning of the 19th century. Today 52% of it consists of scree, 32% of bedrock and 16% of vegetation-covered soils, especially in the middle and lower areas.[8]
[edit]Climate
Climatic diagram for the Zugspitze: normal periods 1961-1990
From a climatic perspective the Zugspitze lies in the temperate zone and its prevailing winds are Westerlies. As the first high orographic obstacle to these Westerlies in the Alps, the Zugspitze is particular exposed to the weather. It is effectively the north barrier of the Alps (Nordstau der Alpen), against which moist air masses pile up and release heavy precipitation. At the same time the Zugspitze acts as protective barrier for parts of the Alps to the south. By contrast, Föhn weather conditions push in the other direction against the massif, affecting the region for about 60 days per year. These warm, dry air masses stream from south to north and can result in unusually high temperatures in winter. Nevertheless frost dominates the picture on the Zugspitze with an average of 310 days per year. The nearest place with comparable values is the island of Spitsbergen in the Arctic Ocean.
For the decades from 1961 to 1990 - designated by the World Meteorological Organization as the "normal period" - the average annual precipitation on the Zugspitze was 2,003.1 mm; the wettest month being April with 199 mm, and the driest, October with 108.8 mm.[9] By comparison the values for 2009 were 2,070.8 mm, the wettest month being March with 326.2 mm and the driest, January, with 56.4 mm.[10] The average temperature in the normal period was -4.8 Celsius, with July and August being the warmest at 2.2 °C and February, the coldest, with -11.4 °C.[9] By comparison the average temperature in 2009 was -4.2 °C, the warmest month was August at 5.3 °C and the coldest was February at -13.5 °C.[10] The average sunshine during the normal period was 1,846.3 hours per year, the sunniest month being October with 188.8 hours and the darkest being December with 116.1 hours.[9] In 2009 there were 1,836.3 hours of sunshine, the least occurring in February with just 95.4 hours and the most in April with 219 hours.[10] In 2009, according to the weather survey by the German Met Office, the Zugspitze was the coldest place in Germany with a mean annual temperature of -4.2 °C.[11]
The lowest measured temperature on the Zugspitze was -35.6 °C in 14 February 1940. The highest temperature occurred on 5 July 1957 when the thermometer reached 17.9 °C. A squall on 12 June 1985 registered 335 km/h, the highest measured wind speed on the Zugspitze. In April 1944 meteorologists recorded a snow depth of 8.3 metres.[12][13]
[edit]Geology
The north face of the Zugspitze seen from the Eibsee lake
All mountain-building strata consists of sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic era, that were originally laid down on the seabed. The base of the mountain comprises muschelkalk beds; its upper layers are made of Wetterstein limestone. With steep rock walls up to 800 metres high, it is this Wetterstein limestone from the Upper Triassic that is mainly responsible for the rock faces, arêtes, pinnacles and the summit rocks of the mountain. Due to the frequent occurrence of marine coralline algea in the Wetterstein limestone it can be deduced that this rock was at one time formed in a lagoon. The colour of the rock varies between grey-while and light grey to speckled. In several places it contains lead and zinc ore. These minerals were mined between 1827 and 1918 in the Höllental valley. The dark grey, almost horizontal and partly grass-covered layers of muschelkalk run from the foot of the Great Riffelwandspitze to the Ehrwalder Köpfe. From the appearance of the north face of the Zugspitze it can be seen that this massif originally consisted of two mountain ranges that were piled on top of one another.[14]
[edit]Flora
The Eibsee in front of the Zugspitze: woods on the northern shore
The flora on the Zugspitze is not particularly diverse due to the soil conditions, nevertheless the vegetation, especially in the meadows of Schachen, the Tieferen Wies near Ehrwald, and in the valleys of Höllental, Gaistal and Leutaschtal is especially colourful.
The shaded and moist northern slopes of the massif like, for example, the Wettersteinwald, are some of the most species-rich environments on the Zugspitze. The Mountain Pine grows at elevations of up to 1,800 metres. The woods lower down consist mainly of Spruce and Fir, but Honeysuckle, Woodruff, poisonous Herb Paris, Meadow-rue and Speedwell[disambiguation needed ] also occur here. Dark Columbine, Alpine Clematis, Blue and Yellow Monkshood, Stemless carline thistle, False aster, Golden cinquefoil, Round-leaved saxifrage, Wall hawkweed, Alpine calamint and Alpine Forget-me-not flower in the less densely wooded places, whilst Cinquefoil, Sticky Sage, Butterbur, Alpenrose, Turk's cap lily and Fly Orchid thrive on the rocky soils of the mountain forests. Lily of the Valley and Daphne also occur, especially in the Höllental, in Grainau and by the Eibsee.[15]
To the south the scene changes to Larch (mainly in the meadow of Ehrwalder Alm and the valleys of Gaistal and Leutaschtal) and pine forests and into mixed woods of Beech and Sycamore. Here too, Mountain Pine grows at the higher elevations of over 2,000 metres.
Relatively rare in the entire Zugspitze area are trees like the Lime, Birch, Rowan, Juniper and Yew. The most varied species of moss, that often completely cover limestone rocks in the open, occur in great numbers.
Bilberry, Cranberry and Cowberry are restricted to dry places and Lady's Slipper Orchid occurs in sheltered spots. Below the Waxenstein are fields with raspberries and occasionally wild strawberries too. The Alpine poppy and Purple mountain saxifrage both thrive up to a very great height. On the scree slops there are Penny-cress and Mouse-ear chickweed as well as Mountain avens, Alpine toadflax, Mint and Musky Saxifrage or Cloth of Gold. Following snowmelt Dark stonecrop and Snow gentian are the first to appear, their seeds beginning to germinate as early as August. And well-known Alpine flowers like the Edelweiss, Gentians and, more rarely, Cyclamen flower on the Zugspitze.
[edit]Fauna
Alpine choughs on the Zugspitzeck
The rocks around the Zugspitze are a habitat for Chamois and Marmots are widespread on the southern side of the massif. At the summit there are frequently Alpine Choughs, drawn there by people feeding them. Somewhat lower down the mountain there are Mountain Hare and the Hazel Dormouse. Alpine birds occurring on the Zugspitze include the Golden Eagle, Rock Ptarmigan, Snow Finch, Alpine Accentor and Brambling. The Crag Martin which has given its name to the Schwalbenwand ("Swallows' Wall") at Kreuzeck is frequently encountered. The basins of Mittenwald and Seefeld, as well as the Fern Pass are on bird migration routes.
The Viviparous lizard inhabits rocky terrain, as does the black Alpine Salamander known locally as the Bergmandl, which can be seen after rain showers as one is climbing. Butterflies like Apollo, Alpine Perlmutter, Gossamer-winged butterfly, Geometer moth, Ringlet and Skipper may be seen on the west and south sides of the Zugspitze massif, especially in July and August.[16] The woods around the Zugspitze are home to Red Deer, Red Squirrel, Weasel, Capercaillie, Hazel Grouse and Black Grouse. On the glaciers live glacier fleas (Desoria saltans) and water bears.[17]
[edit]Glaciers
Three of the five German glaciers are found on the Zugspitze massif: the Höllentalferner the Southern and Northern Schneeferner.
[edit]Höllentalferner
The Höllentalferner in 2009
The Höllentalferner lies northeast of the Zugspitze in a cirque below the Jubilee Ridge (Jubiläumsgrat) to the south and the Riffelwandspitzen peaks to the west and north. It has a northeast aspect. Its accumulation zone is formed by a depression, in which large quantities of avalanche snow collect. To the south the Jubiläumsgrat shields the glacier from direct sunshine. These conditions meant that the glacier only lost a relatively small area between 1981 and 2006.[18] In recent times the Höllentalferner reached its greatest around 1820 with an area of 47 hectares. Thereafter its area reduced continually until the period between 1950 and 1981 when it grew again, by 3.1 hectares to 30.2 hectares. Since then the glacier has lost (as at 2006) an area of 5.5 hectares and now has an area of 24.7 hectares. In 2006 the glacier head was at 2,569 m and its lowest point at 2,203 metres.[19]
[edit]Schneeferner
The Northern Schneeferner and winter sport infrastructure in 2009
[edit]Northern Schneeferner
Southwest of the Zugspitze, between the Zugspitzeck and Schneefernerkopf, is the Northern Schneeferner which has an eastern aspect. With an area of 30.7 hectares (2006) it is the largest German glacier. Around 1820 the entire Zugspitzplatt was glaciated, but of this Platt Glacier (Plattgletscher) only the Northern and Southern Schneeferner remain. The reason for the relatively constant area of the Northern Schneeferner in recent years, despite the lack of shade, is the favourable terrain that results in the glacier tending to grow or shrink in depth rather than area. In the recent past the glacier has also been artificially fed by the ski region operators, using piste tractors to heap large quantities of snow onto the glacier in order to extend the skiing season. At the beginning of the 1990s, ski slope operators began to cover the Northern Schneeferner in summer with artificial sheets in order to protect it from sunshine.[20][21] The Northern Schneeferner reached its last high point in 1979, when its area grew to 40.9 hectares. By 2006 it had shrunk to 30.7 hectares. The glacier head then lay at 2,789 m and the foot at 2,558 metres.[22]
[edit]Southern Schneeferner
The Southern Schneeferner is surrounded by the peaks of the Wetterspitzen and the Wetterwandeck. It is also a remnant of the once great Platt Glacier. Today, the Southern Schneeferner extends up as far as the arête and therefore has no protection from direct sunshine. It has also been divided into two basins by a ridge of rock that has appeared as the snow has receded. It is a matter of debate whether the Southern Schneeferner should still be classified as a glacier.[23] The Southern Schneeferner also reached its last high point in 1979, when it covered an area of 31.7 hectares. This had shrunk by 2006 to just 8.4 hectares however. The highest point of the glacier lies at an elevation of 2,665 metres and the lowest at 2,520 metres.[24]
[edit]Caves
Below the Zugspitzplatt chemical weathering processes have created a large number of caves and abîmes in the Wetterstein limestone. In the 1930s the number of caves was estimated at 300. By 1955 62 caves were known to exist and by 1960 another 47 had been discovered. The first cave explorations here took place in 1931. Other, largest exploratory expeditions took place in 1935 and 1936 as well as between 1955 and 1968. During one expedition, in 1958, the Finch Shaft (Finkenschacht) was discovered. It is 131 metres deep, 260 metres long and has a watercourse. There is a theory that this watercourse could be a link to the source of the River Partnach.[Note 1][25][26]
[edit]Name
From the early 14th century, geographic names from the Wetterstein Mountains began to be recorded in treaties and on maps, and this trend intensified in the 15th century. In 1536 a border treaty dating to 1500 was refined in that its course was specified as running over a Schartten ("wind gap" or "col").[27] In the 17th century the reference to this landmark in the treaty was further clarified as "now known as the Zugspüz" (jetzt Zugspüz genant).[27] The landmark referred to was a wind gap on the summit of the Zugspitze and is used time and again in other sources. During the Middle Ages Scharte was a common name for the Zugspitze.[27]
The Zugspitze was first mentioned by name in 1590. In a description of the border between the County of Werdenfels and Austria, it states that the same border runs "from the Zugspitz and over the Derle" (von dem Zugspitz und über den Derle")[28] and continues to a bridge over the River Loisach. Another border treaty in 1656 states: "The highest Wetterstein or Zugspitz" ("Der höchste Wetterstain oder Zugspitz").[28] There is also a map dating to the second half of the 18th century that shows "the Reintal in the County of Werdenfels". It covers the Reintal valley from the Reintaler Hof to the Zugspitzplatt and shows prominent points in the surrounding area, details of tracks and roads and the use pasture use. This includes a track over the then much larger Schneeferner glacier to the summit region of the Zugspitze. However the map does not show any obvious route to the summit itself.[29]
The name of the Zugspitze is probably derived from its Zugbahnen or avalanche paths. In winter avalanches sweep down from the upper slopes of the massif into the valley and leave behind characteristic avalanche remnants in the shape of rocks and scree. Near the Eibsee lake there are several plots of land with the same root: Zug, Zuggasse, Zugstick, Zugmösel or Zugwankel.[28] Until the 19th century the name der Zugspitz was commonplace. It was described as die Zugspitze for the first time on a map printed in 1836.[30]
[edit]Summit cross
Summit cross on the Zugspitze
Since 1851 there has been a summit cross on the top of Zugspitze. The driving force behind the erection of a cross on the summit was the priest, Christoph Ott. He was a keen meteorologist and whilst observing conditions from the Hoher Peißenberg mountain he saw the Zugspitze in the distance and was exercised by the fact that "the greatest prince of the Bavarian mountains raised its head into the blue air towards heaven, bare and unadorned, waiting for the moment when patriotic fervour and courageous determination would see that his head too was crowned with dignity."[31] As a result he organised an expedition from 11 to 13 August 1851 with the goal of erecting a summit cross on the Zugspitze. Twenty eight bearers were led through the gorge of the Partnachklamm and the Reintal valley under the direction of forester, Karl Kiendl, up to the Zugspitze. The undertaking, which cost 610 Gulden and 37 Kreuzer, was a success. As a result, a 28-piece, 14 foot high, gilded iron cross now stood on the West Summit. Ott himself did not climb the Zugspitze until 1854. After 37 years the cross had to be taken down after suffering numerous lightning strikes; its support brackets were also badly damaged. In the winter of 1881–1882 it was therefore brought down into the valley and repaired. On 25 August 1882 seven mountain guides and 15 bearers took the cross back to the top. Because an accommodation shed had been built on the West Summit, the team placed the cross on the East Summit. There is remained for about 111 years, until it was removed again on 18 August 1993. This time the damage was not only caused by the weather, but also by an ill-disciplined American soldier who had shot at the cross in 1945, at the end of the Second World War. Because the summit cross could no longer be repaired, a replica was made that was true to the original cross. After two months the rack railway carried the new cross on 12 October to the Zugspitzplatt, from where it was flown to the summit by helicopter. The new cross has a height of 4.88 metres.[32] It was renovated and regilded in 2009 for 15,000 euros and, since 22 April 2009, has stood once again on the East Summit.[33]
These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.
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EIBSEE LAKE GARMICH PARTENKIRCHEN BAVARIA OBERBAYERN ZUGSPITZE SOUTHERN GERMANY MUNICH GERMANY's HIGHEST MOUNTAIN
DEO TIBBA , THE MOUNTAIN OF THE GODS- 6001m
This peak is located on the Pir Panjal range , Western Himalayas near Manali.
The imposing bulk of the dome shaped peak is seen bathed in an Alpen glow.
Alpenglow is an optical phenomenon. When the Sun is just below the horizon, a horizontal red glowing band can sometimes be observed on the opposite horizon.
Since the Sun is below the horizon, there is no direct path for the light to reach the mountain. Instead, light reflects off airborne snow, water, or ice particles low in the atmosphere. It is this circumstance that separates a normal sunrise or sunset from alpen glow.
Although the term may be loosely applied to any sunrise or sunset light seen on the mountains, true alpen glow is not direct sunlight and is only observed after sunset or before sunrise.
EARLY MOUNTAINEERING HISTORY
In the main Kullu zone,east of upper Beas Valley,Indrasan and Deo Tibba were always the prime targets.J.O.M Roberts attempted to close on them in 1939 , so did the R.C Evans party in 1952. Later in 1952 the Dutchman Van Graaf climbed Deo Tibba
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Leshan Giant Buddha
Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CountryPeople's Republic of China
TypeMixed
Criteriaiv, vi, x
Reference779
Region **Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription1996 (20th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
The Leshan Giant Buddha (simplified Chinese: 乐山大佛; traditional Chinese: 樂山大佛; pinyin: Lèshān Dàfó) was built during the Tang Dynasty (618–907AD). It is carved out of a cliff face that lies at the confluence of the Minjiang, Dadu and Qingyi rivers in the southern part of Sichuan province in China, near the city of Leshan. The stone sculpture faces Mount Emei, with the rivers flowing below his feet. It is the largest carved stone Buddha in the world[1] and it is by far the tallest pre-modern statue in the world.
The Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996. It was not damaged by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.[2]
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These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.For full size images contact me.
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BHM (GCC-Bangalore)
***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
My latest 15 explored destinations in my 6th year of World tour so far to 70+Countries & 300+Destinations across 6 Continents and 9 th year of Travel Photography & Videography of Places People Culture Landscapes.Recently explored these exotic places in CHINA Mout.Emai-Leshan-Chengdu-Chongquing , JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World, SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks, AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week. BELGIUM Brussels, DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers , CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal, ATLANTIC-GREENLAND-LABRADOR PENINSULA-Lebrador Sea, SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park with others INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness INDIA Jog Falls Ooty Goa Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls Kerala UK-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow & others ITALY-Rome-Vatican City and Other UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome. Soon my first book on 111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MUST SEE WHEN U ALIVE will be out with "111 WOW" i Phone application by the end of this year. Updating my official website sundeepkullu.com
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Head of the statue
Construction was started in 713, led by a Chinese monk named Haitong. He hoped that the Buddha would calm the turbulent waters that plagued the shipping vessels traveling down the river. When funding for the project was threatened, he is said to have gouged out his own eyes to show his piety and sincerity. After his death, however, the construction was stuck due to insufficient funding. About 70 years later, a jiedushi decided to sponsor the project and the construction was completed by Haitong's disciples in 803.
Apparently the massive construction resulted in so much stone being removed from the cliff face and deposited into the river below that the currents were indeed altered by the statue, making the waters safe for passing ships.
[edit]Degradation
The Leshan Buddha has been affected by the pollution emanating from the unbridled development in the region. According to Xinhua news agency, the Leshan Giant Buddha and many Chinese natural and cultural heritage sites in the region have seen degradations from weathering, air pollution, and swarms of tourists. The government has promised to restore the site to its former condition.[3]
[edit]Dimensions
At 71 metres (233 feet) tall, the statue depicts a seated Maitreya Buddha with his hands resting on his knees. His shoulders are 28 metres wide and his smallest toenail is large enough to easily accommodate a seated person. There is a local saying: "The mountain is a Buddha and the Buddha is a mountain". This is partially because the mountain range in which the Leshan Giant Buddha is located is thought to be shaped like a slumbering Buddha when seen from the river, with the Leshan Giant Buddha as its heart.
Source : sundeepkullu.com
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha
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We went down into the silent garden. Dawn is the time when nothing breathes, the hour of silence. Everything is transfixed, only the light moves.
It was a beautiful morning, the one you would have seen a thousand times in your dreams. The orange sky peeping through the trees, lighting up the green grass below you, you can feel the warmth seep into your soul and to take it all in you eventually close your eyes. This was taken near Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India.
© Ratul Upadhyay 2009-13. All Rights Reserved..
Young tibetan novive monks are sitting in a spiral while reciting their prayers at the dhakpo shedrub ling monastry in the indian Himalayas, Kullu Valley.
See the whole edit: www.flickr.com/photos/christianbobst/sets/72157622650875642/
moss covers everything that it can hold on in monsoons. india is a monsoon hub with rains bringing life to life. shot somewhere in kullu,himachal pradesh,india
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SunDeep Bhardwaj Kullu
MBA-Sales & Mktg.(Symbiosis,Pune)
B.Pub.Admn.(H.P.University,Summer Hills, Shimla)
BHM (GCC-Bangalore)
***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
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Available on Skype / Facetime / Viber / WhatsApp / Facebook / Google Talk / Yahoo Messenger mostly.
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KINDLY NOTE***The Stock samples of SDBWP SunDeep Bhardwaj World Photography in flickr Photostream cannot be Copied,Distributed,Published or Used in any form,full or in part,or in any kind of media without prior permission from Sundeep Bhardwaj the owner of these images.Utilization in other websites,intenet media,pages,blogs etc without written consent is PROHIBITED.
The images are also available for licence through GETTY IMAGES or directly by contacting me.
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RAWANDA KIGALI TOUR
PHOTOSTORIES from SunDeepKullu.Com World Travel Fine Art Photography Sept 2012
Having Spent interesting day in Kigali in RAWANDA where I arrived today morning via Entebbe in UGANDA the city of Hills is really great to discover and very distinct from other Africa countries.
Know Kigali Rawanda the best of best -
Rwanda is a relatively stable East African country, and easily accessible from Kenya and Uganda. It is relatively easy, safe and simple to travel around. It is landlocked, surrounded by Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west.
Rwanda is not only the land of a thousand hills, but also a country rich in flora and fauna and stunning natural beauty in its scenic rolling and breathtaking green savannah. The country hosts some rare species of animals like the silverback mountain Gorillas as well as unique birds and insects in the tropical forest of Nyungwe.
Understand
It's been over a decade since the civil war and genocide of 1994 that devastated this tiny country, and it's come a long way. Shake off your memories of war and expect a warm and friendly welcome to a beautiful country.
Rwanda has 3 national parks:
Akagera National Park
Volcanoes National Park – home to the mountain gorillas, this park spreads into Uganda and Democratic Republic of the Congo
Nyungwe National Park
If you are traveling overland, it is no longer possible to obtain a visa at the border. However, visa application can easily be made at www.migration.gov.rw/singleform.php. You will within a few days receive a entry visa acceptance by email. Bringing this acceptance letter, the visa will be issued at the border. The US$60 visa fee is paid at the border.
I'm not a plastic bag!
Thin plastic bags are prohibited in Rwanda. Luggage will be searched at the border and even at police checkpoints throughout the country to make sure you are not carrying plastic bags. Prior to the ban, one-time use plastic bags plagued city streets and threatened the delicate environment. Today, Rwandan cities are almost litter-free and some of the cleanest in Africa!
See
National Museum of Butare in Butare –
Lake Kivu in Western Rwanda – a large lake bordering the DRC, it's a nice place to relax for a week or so
The Genocide Memorial in Kigali – fantastic insight into one of the world's greatest tragedies
The Nyamata Genocide Memorial is a worthwhile complement to the Gisozi Memorial Centre in Kigali. Located in the town of Nyamata, 40 minutes south of Kigali on a newly paved road, the memorial is in a church where over 5000 people were killed during the 1994 genocide. Visitors take a short tour and see the evidence of the genocide that remains there today - victims' clothing piled on benches, the roof pockmarked with bullet holes, and the open crypts behind the church that hold the remains of over 40,000 people from the area. An extremely moving look into one of the places where the genocide was carried out.
The Ntarama Genocide Memorial, just 20 minutes away from the Nyamata memorial, is also worth visiting. Like the Nyamata memorial, this site was a church before the genocide, and was nationalized to serve as a memorial after thousands of people were killed within its walls. The church itself is similar to Nyamata, with victims' clothing and remains visible to offer proof of what happened there, but Ntarama also has a peaceful memorial garden and wall of names in the back of its compound. Ask the resident guide for a tour in English or French, and remember to give them a donation for the site afterwards; it gets almost no support from the government. To get there, take the highway from Kigali to Nyamata and follow the signs for the Ntarama memorial, before you reach Nyamata.
Do
Parc National des Volcans, home of the mountain gorillas, and the setting for Gorillas in the Mist author Dian Fossey's research. If you can afford it it's an excellent experience... even possible as a daytrip from Kigali. Enquire at the Rwandan Office for Tourism and National Parks (ORTPN), Boulevard de la Révolution n° 1, Kigali, +(250) 576514 or 573396, reservation@rwandatourism.com, [4]. It cost 500 US dollars per person. Besides that you will have to take an official taxi which costs you another 50 USD. Prices are rising constantly, and you should really consider if you want them to get away with these rip-off prices, because as long as there are people who pay them, they will continue to rise them.
Respect
Rwanda is a very conservative society; most people dress modestly, especially women. Wearing shorts or tight skirts and skimpy tops is likely to get you stared at twice as much as normal.
It is unusual for a couple to make public displays of affection, even though many men walk hand in hand with male friends. Also, Rwandans will generally never eat or drink in public, apart from at restaurants. Rwandan women are rarely seen smoking in public or out in bars unaccompanied.
Rwandans are very private, reserved people and loud public confrontations (shouting matches) or obvious displays of emotion (such as crying) are also frowned upon. If you feel you are being overcharged by a trader, quietly persisting with the negotiation (or your complaint!) is likely to produce results much faster than an angry outburst!
It is also impolite to make eye contact with an elder.
Please understand that Rwanda is still recovering from a civil war and genocide in which over 800,000 people, perhaps a million, were killed. Many Rwandese lost relatives and friends. Remember to be sensitive to this sad fact when dealing with Rwandese. Most people today are trying to forget the tribal divisions and would rather be referred to as Rwandese than Hutu or Tutsi. It is considered impolite to ask someone about their ethnic origin.
There is not much political discourse in Rwanda, unlike in many neighboring countries such as Uganda and Kenya where people talk freely about the government and political issues, people in Rwanda will be uncomfortable if asked their views or even if seated at a table where national politics is discussed.
Kigali in Rawanda houses several memorials, museums, and centers dedicated to the Rwandan Genocide, including the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre. Other museums include the National Museum of Rwanda and Kandt House Museum of Natural History.
Urugwiro is the official residence of the President of Rwanda. It constitutes an entire village within the Kacyiru distrct of Kigali.
The city now has international class hotels, some played a role in history:
The Mille Collines in the Kiyovu area. This hotel became a refugee centre during the genocide, as famously depicted in the film Hotel Rwanda (although the hotel shown in the film is in fact in South Africa). It is also the setting for the famous novel Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali, by Quebecer Gil Courtemanche, and its movie adaptation Un dimanche à Kigali.
The Kigali Serena Hotel, formerly known as the InterContinental Kigali. Formerly a Belgian-owned hotel known as the Diplomates, the hotel was briefly portrayed in the second half of Hotel Rwanda. It was later bought by the InterContinental Hotels group and remodeled in 2003.
Interesting places around Kigali
The Virunga National Park (French: Parc National des Virunga), formerly named Albert National Park, is a 7800 square km National Park that stretches from the Virunga Mountains in the South, to the Rwenzori Mountains in the North, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, bordering Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda and Rwenzori Mountains National Park and Queen Elisabeth National Park in Uganda. The park was established in 1925 as Africa's first national park. It was classified as a World Heritage Site in 1979. In recent years the park has become known for its mountain gorillas, although poaching and the Congo Civil War have seriously damaged its wildlife population.
The Lava Lake of the Nyiragongo Volcano, one of the spectacular sights of Virunga NP
Virunga NP Mountain Gorillas
Bukima Camp is situated in the foothills of the Mikeno Mountain, the home of the Congolese Mountain Gorillas
Rwenzori Mountains
Silverback of the Rugendo family at Bukima patrol Post
The cabanes are situated at the edge of the crater in sight of the lava lake, the sight of which has an astounding effect on visitors
Lake Kivu is one of three known exploding lakes
sundeepkullu2.see.me/onelife2012.
SunDeep ™ Bhardwaj Kullu World Photography ™ | SDBWP™ | 70+Countries | 555+Places-Destinations | 6 Continents | 2222+ Fine Art Photostories | 16 Years World Travel | 5 years World Tour May 2007-till date-continued | 10 years Incredible India tour from year 1997-2007 May | Multiple years exploring the unexplored Himachal Pradesh Himalayas India | Exhibitions & Fine art Gallery HCV | Landscapes People & Portraits | Fine Art Photography | World Travel Photostories Coffee Table Books eBooks iBooks |
Thanks and regards sundeepkullu.com Sundeep™ Bhardwaj World Photography SDBWP™
WORLD IS MY STUDIO
Still on my World tour entering 6th year of World travel to 70+Countries 555+Destinations across 6 Continents and multiple years of Travel Photography I am busy designing my first Travel Photostories Book named "111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MUST SEE WHEN YOU ALIVE" and corresponding "111 WOW" iPhone Application soon by the end of this year 2012
SunDeep ™ Bhardwaj World Photography ™ | SDBWP™ | 7 years Amazing World Tour May 2007-till date-continued to 2014 if possible | 10 years Incredible India tour from year 1997-2007 May including Unforgettable Himachal Tour since Childhood |
Photostories on iPhone iPad iPod PC Blackberry Nokia Samsung or any Smart Phone here www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam
Mobile Blog : sundeepkullu.wordpress.com
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Recently Explored 16 Destinations ( In first half of 2012)
*INDIA- Mayad Valley, Lahaul , Rohtang Pass, Manikaran, Jispa, Sissu, Gondla, Deepak Taal, Baralachha Pass, Zing Zing Bar, Deepak Taal , Suraj Taal, Kasol, Kullu-Manali, Bhunter, Keyong
*AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week
*BELGIUM Brussels
*DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay
*MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers
*CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal
*SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park
*INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar-HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh-*KERALA-Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls
*GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze
*UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow
*ITALY-Rome-UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome
*VATICAN CITY-Samallest Country in the World
*CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake-Chongquing-Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area-Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries-Lushan-Buddha JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site
*UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World,
*SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks
*NORWAY-Oslo
*RAWANDA-Kigali
These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.For full size images contact me.
Contacts:-
Primary :
wittysam@gmail.com ( E-mail/Skype/Whatsapp/Google+/LinkedIn/Fring/Yoono/Twitter/Gmail/Insta gram/http://sundeepkullu.com & Photography & Videography and Quote for Assignments related)
World Roaming +974 55344547 (Facebook Mobile/Viber/Facetime/WhatsApp)
India New Delhi & Himachal Roaming +91 8527745789 (Google Plus)
sb@sundeepkullu.com ( Facebook & Personal Mail )
Secondary :
eurekasun@yahoo.com ( Flickr & Yahoo Messenger )
admin@phototube.co ( phototube.co related )
enquiries@himachalculturalvillage.com ( himachalculturalvillage.com related )
SunDeep Bhardwaj Kullu
MBA-Sales & Mktg.(Symbiosis,Pune)
B.Pub.Admn.(H.P.University,Summer Hills, Shimla)
BHM (GCC-Bangalore)
***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
Slide Shows | Full Screen Mode | Adobe Flash or Mobile
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/sets/72157624062762956/
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/sets/72157624062638852/show/
Available on Skype / Facetime / Viber / WhatsApp / Facebook / Google Talk / Yahoo Messenger mostly.
Facebook/Facetime/Skype/WhatsApp/Viber/Twitter/ with wittysam@gmail.com , sb@sundeepkullu.com ,
+91 8527745789 India and World roaming
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KINDLY NOTE***The Stock samples of SDBWP SunDeep Bhardwaj World Photography in flickr Photostream cannot be Copied,Distributed,Published or Used in any form,full or in part,or in any kind of media without prior permission from Sundeep Bhardwaj the owner of these images.Utilization in other websites,intenet media,pages,blogs etc without written consent is PROHIBITED.
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Explore its a small shopping area known as Old Manali Market. Away from the bustling roads of Mall Road.
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"The World is my Studio"™©®
"I live with one vision to create things that would outlast me. I discovered photography as a means for me to connect with my innerself."
Travel Photographer-Entrepreneur-Business Development Manager-Himachal Cultural Village-Environmentalist
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Quebec City
Quebec ( /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/; French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen)), also Québec, Quebec City or Québec City (French: Ville de Québec) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. As of 2011, the city has a population of 516,622,[1] and the metropolitan area has a population of 765,706[2], making it the second most populous city in Quebec after Montreal, which is about 233 kilometres (145 mi) to the southwest.
The narrowing of the Saint Lawrence River approximate to the city's promontory, Cap-Diamant (Cape Diamond), and Lévis, on the opposite bank, provided the name given to the city, Kébec, an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows". Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec (Vieux-Québec) are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico, and were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the 'Historic District of Old Québec'.[3][4]
According to the federal and provincial governments, Québec is the city's official name in both French and English, although Quebec City is commonly used, particularly to distinguish the city from the province. The city's most famous landmark is the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline. The National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (National Gallery of Quebec), and the Musée de la civilisation (Museum of Civilization) are found within or near Vieux-Québec.
Quebec
Quebec /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/ (French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen))[7] is a province in east-central Canada.[8][9] It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level. Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.[10]
Sovereignty plays a large role in the politics of Quebec, and the official opposition social democratic Parti Québécois advocates national sovereignty for the province and secession from Canada. Sovereignist governments have held referendums on independence in 1980 and 1995; both were voted down by voters, the latter defeated by a very narrow margin.[11] In 2006, the Canadian House of Commons passed a symbolic motion, the Québécois nation motion, recognizing the "Québécois as a nation within a united Canada."[12][13]
While the province's substantial natural resources have long been the mainstay of its economy, sectors of the knowledge economy such as aerospace, information and communication technologies, biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become the second most economically influential province, second only to Ontario.[14]
Old Quebec
Historic District of Old Quebec *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Old Quebec (French: Vieux-Québec) is a historic neighbourhood of Quebec City, the capital of the province of Quebec in Canada. Comprising the Upper Town (French: Haute-Ville) and Lower Town (French: Basse-Ville), the area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Administratively, Old Quebec is part of the Vieux-Québec–Cap-Blanc–colline Parlementaire district in the borough of La Cité–Limoilou.
The area is sometimes referred to as the Latin Quarter (French: Quartier latin), but this title refers more to area around the Séminaire de Québec, the original site of Laval University.
History
Old Quebec is the oldest part of Quebec City, chosen in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain as the location for the Chateau Saint-Louis. Old Quebec maintained a strong military and administrative presence from its beginning, a use determined by the strategic heights of Cap Diamant. While the Lower Town was populated with merchants and craftsmen, the Upper Town was inhabited by military officials and members of the clergy.
This strong military presence long limited the city's expansion. At the end of the 19th century, many wanted to demolish the fortifications, judging them to be unnecessary and a hindrance to urban development. However, Governor Dufferin successfully managed to preserve the character of the walled city, while adapting the further expansion of the modern city.
Despite having undergone some degradation in the 1950s, the Old City has been subject to somewhat of a renaissance period since the 1970s.
The rich historic nature of Old Quebec is marked by the city's ramparts, fortifications, and many historic houses and buildings. The legacy of previous generations and the beauty of the district make it particularly unique.
The majority of buildings in the neighborhood date from 19th century, although the construction of some date back to 17th and 18th centuries. It also is home to several commercial streets, including Rue Saint-Jean, Rue Sainte-Anne and Rue De Buade. Many institutions are still housed in the heart of the city, such as the Quebec City Council, the Séminaire de Québec, the Ursulines Convent, and the Augustinian monastery. As a popular tourist destination, Old Quebec is also home to several hotels, including the famous Château Frontenac. Guided ghosts tours are also of interest to its residents and visitors.
Ramparts of Quebec City
World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1985
National Historic Site of Canada in 1948
Located in Canada, the Ramparts of Quebec City are the only remaining fortified city walls in the Americas, north of Mexico.[1] The English began fortifying the existing walls,[2] after they took Quebec City from the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759.
The wall surrounds most of Old Quebec, which was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1985.[3] The fortifications were designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1948.
***Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
External Links:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ca...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramparts_of_Quebec_City
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Quebec
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/show
sundeepkullu.com ™©®
*** My URL's:
phototube.co ™©® - Developer
Eureka Photography & Web Design™©® - Director
himachalculturalvillage.com ™©® Environmentalist, Exclusive Artist , Business Development Manager ( Offshore ) & NGO Founder
Getty Images - Contributer
sundeepkullu.com ™©® - Founder & CEO
I travelled to most exotic places on this earth in last 9 years since 2003. I was exploring India from east to west and north to south till mid 2007. Then i started my World tour to 6 continents in May 2007 & entering 2012, my World tour is still on & i am exploring more and more exotic places around all major countries. I believe "World is just amazing" and every place & face has a unique story to tell. I connect to my subjects as to my soul.
Do not forget to subscribe or login from toolbar at the base of any page on my official website sundeepkullu.com ™©® ( Includes connect with my facebook profile/facebook page/facebook group/facebook Like/twitter/twitter follow/Google Plus/Google Buzz/Google +1/LinkedIn/You Tube/Twitter/Facebook subscribe and not to forget TRANSLATE button to translate al tet to al major languages for subscribers followers & fans from all parts of the World.
Cheers!!!
These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.For full size images contact me.
Contacts:-
Primary :
wittysam@gmail.com ( E-mail/Skype/Whatsapp/Google+/LinkedIn/Fring/Yoono/Twitter/Gmail/Instagram/http://sundeepkullu.com & Photography & Videography and Quote for Assignments related)
World Roaming +974 55344547 (Facebook Mobile/Viber/Facetime/WhatsApp)
India New Delhi & Himachal Roaming +91 8527745789 (Google Plus)
sb@sundeepkullu.com ( Facebook & Personal Mail )
Secondary :
eurekasun@yahoo.com ( Flickr & Yahoo Messenger )
admin@phototube.co ( phototube.co related )
enquiries@himachalculturalvillage.com ( himachalculturalvillage.com related )
SunDeep™©® Bhardwaj Kullu
MBA-Sales & Mktg.(Symbiosis,Pune)
B.Pub.Admn.(H.P.University,Summer Hills, Shimla)
BHM (GCC-Bangalore)
***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
My latest 15 explored destinations in my 6th year of World tour so far to 70+Countries & 300+Destinations across 6 Continents and 9 th year of Travel Photography & Videography of Places People Culture Landscapes.Recently explored these exotic places in JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World, SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks, AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week. BELGIUM Brussels, DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers , CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal, ATLANTIC-GREENLAND-LABRADOR PENINSULA-Lebrador Sea, SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park with others INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness INDIA Jog Falls Ooty Goa Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls Kerala UK-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow & others ITALY-Rome-Vatican City and Other UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome. Soon my first book on 111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MYST SEE WHEN U ALIVE will be out with "111 WOW" i Phone application by the end of this year. Updating my official website sundeepkullu.com
KINDLY NOTE***The Stock samples of SDBWP SunDeep Bhardwaj World Photography in flickr Photostream cannot be Copied,Distributed,Published or Used in any form,full or in part,or in any kind of media without prior permission from Sundeep Bhardwaj the owner of these images.Utilization in other websites,intenet media,pages,blogs etc without written consent is PROHIBITED.
The images are also available for licence through GETTY IMAGES or directly by contacting me.
Add me as a friend on my facebook profile 2 as my facebook profile 1 is allmost full with 4000 plus friends here - www.facebook.com/sundeephimachal
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Share this Photostory (As i call it..) Publically with these URL Links below (Embedding Not Allowed) :
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©SunDeep™©® Bhardwaj Kullu
SDBWP™©® SunDeep™ Bhardwaj World Photography™©®,
70+Countries 300+Destinations across 7 Continents™©®
"The World is my Studio"™©®
"I live with one vision to create things that would outlast me. I discovered photography as a means for me to connect with my innerself."
Travel Photographer-Entrepreneur-Business Development Manager-Himachal Cultural Village-Environmentalist
*Friends ***DO COMMENT*** on my flickr Photostream. Thanks for your valuable feedback, comments, likes, favourites and sharing my work within my website and flickr URL's.Your comments are like a fuel to my passion of this Art of Photography ( *I have made a group for the same on flickr & facebook too as listed below)
( *I have made a group for the same on flickr & facebook too as listed below)
Do join these groups no matter you are photo admirer amatuer serious or professional photographer and even compete for Monthly Amwards & Titles-
AOP WORLD FLICKR GROUP www.flickr.com/groups/prodigious/ or short link - bit.ly/ProdigiousAOP
AOP WORLD FACEBOOK GROUP www.facebook.com/groups/111942842150274/ or short link - htp://on.fb.me/AOPworld or bit.ly/AOPworld
FLICKR AOP PRODIGIOUS AWARDS www.flickr.com/groups/candid/ or short lnk - bit.ly/AOPawards
sundeepkullu.com
™©®
or Visit
flickr.com/photos/wittysam or flickr.com/photos/wittysam/show to access all the Photostories.
Quebec City
Quebec ( /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/; French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen)), also Québec, Quebec City or Québec City (French: Ville de Québec) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. As of 2011, the city has a population of 516,622,[1] and the metropolitan area has a population of 765,706[2], making it the second most populous city in Quebec after Montreal, which is about 233 kilometres (145 mi) to the southwest.
The narrowing of the Saint Lawrence River approximate to the city's promontory, Cap-Diamant (Cape Diamond), and Lévis, on the opposite bank, provided the name given to the city, Kébec, an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows". Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec (Vieux-Québec) are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico, and were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the 'Historic District of Old Québec'.[3][4]
According to the federal and provincial governments, Québec is the city's official name in both French and English, although Quebec City is commonly used, particularly to distinguish the city from the province. The city's most famous landmark is the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline. The National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (National Gallery of Quebec), and the Musée de la civilisation (Museum of Civilization) are found within or near Vieux-Québec.
Quebec
Quebec /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/ (French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen))[7] is a province in east-central Canada.[8][9] It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level. Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.[10]
Sovereignty plays a large role in the politics of Quebec, and the official opposition social democratic Parti Québécois advocates national sovereignty for the province and secession from Canada. Sovereignist governments have held referendums on independence in 1980 and 1995; both were voted down by voters, the latter defeated by a very narrow margin.[11] In 2006, the Canadian House of Commons passed a symbolic motion, the Québécois nation motion, recognizing the "Québécois as a nation within a united Canada."[12][13]
While the province's substantial natural resources have long been the mainstay of its economy, sectors of the knowledge economy such as aerospace, information and communication technologies, biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become the second most economically influential province, second only to Ontario.[14]
Old Quebec
Historic District of Old Quebec *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Old Quebec (French: Vieux-Québec) is a historic neighbourhood of Quebec City, the capital of the province of Quebec in Canada. Comprising the Upper Town (French: Haute-Ville) and Lower Town (French: Basse-Ville), the area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Administratively, Old Quebec is part of the Vieux-Québec–Cap-Blanc–colline Parlementaire district in the borough of La Cité–Limoilou.
The area is sometimes referred to as the Latin Quarter (French: Quartier latin), but this title refers more to area around the Séminaire de Québec, the original site of Laval University.
History
Old Quebec is the oldest part of Quebec City, chosen in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain as the location for the Chateau Saint-Louis. Old Quebec maintained a strong military and administrative presence from its beginning, a use determined by the strategic heights of Cap Diamant. While the Lower Town was populated with merchants and craftsmen, the Upper Town was inhabited by military officials and members of the clergy.
This strong military presence long limited the city's expansion. At the end of the 19th century, many wanted to demolish the fortifications, judging them to be unnecessary and a hindrance to urban development. However, Governor Dufferin successfully managed to preserve the character of the walled city, while adapting the further expansion of the modern city.
Despite having undergone some degradation in the 1950s, the Old City has been subject to somewhat of a renaissance period since the 1970s.
The rich historic nature of Old Quebec is marked by the city's ramparts, fortifications, and many historic houses and buildings. The legacy of previous generations and the beauty of the district make it particularly unique.
The majority of buildings in the neighborhood date from 19th century, although the construction of some date back to 17th and 18th centuries. It also is home to several commercial streets, including Rue Saint-Jean, Rue Sainte-Anne and Rue De Buade. Many institutions are still housed in the heart of the city, such as the Quebec City Council, the Séminaire de Québec, the Ursulines Convent, and the Augustinian monastery. As a popular tourist destination, Old Quebec is also home to several hotels, including the famous Château Frontenac. Guided ghosts tours are also of interest to its residents and visitors.
***Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
External Links:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ca...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Quebec
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/show
sundeepkullu.com ™©®
*** My URL's:
phototube.co ™©® - Developer
Eureka Photography & Web Design™©® - Director
himachalculturalvillage.com ™©® Environmentalist, Exclusive Artist , Business Development Manager ( Offshore ) & NGO Founder
Getty Images - Contributer
sundeepkullu.com ™©® - Founder & CEO
I travelled to most exotic places on this earth in last 9 years since 2003. I was exploring India from east to west and north to south till mid 2007. Then i started my World tour to 6 continents in May 2007 & entering 2012, my World tour is still on & i am exploring more and more exotic places around all major countries. I believe "World is just amazing" and every place & face has a unique story to tell. I connect to my subjects as to my soul.
Do not forget to subscribe or login from toolbar at the base of any page on my official website sundeepkullu.com ™©® ( Includes connect with my facebook profile/facebook page/facebook group/facebook Like/twitter/twitter follow/Google Plus/Google Buzz/Google +1/LinkedIn/You Tube/Twitter/Facebook subscribe and not to forget TRANSLATE button to translate al tet to al major languages for subscribers followers & fans from all parts of the World.
Cheers!!!
These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.For full size images contact me.
Contacts:-
Primary :
wittysam@gmail.com ( E-mail/Skype/Whatsapp/Google+/LinkedIn/Fring/Yoono/Twitter/Gmail/Instagram/http://sundeepkullu.com & Photography & Videography and Quote for Assignments related)
World Roaming +974 55344547 (Facebook Mobile/Viber/Facetime/WhatsApp)
India New Delhi & Himachal Roaming +91 8527745789 (Google Plus)
sb@sundeepkullu.com ( Facebook & Personal Mail )
Secondary :
eurekasun@yahoo.com ( Flickr & Yahoo Messenger )
admin@phototube.co ( phototube.co related )
enquiries@himachalculturalvillage.com ( himachalculturalvillage.com related )
SunDeep™©® Bhardwaj Kullu
MBA-Sales & Mktg.(Symbiosis,Pune)
B.Pub.Admn.(H.P.University,Summer Hills, Shimla)
BHM (GCC-Bangalore)
***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
My latest 15 explored destinations in my 6th year of World tour so far to 70+Countries & 300+Destinations across 6 Continents and 9 th year of Travel Photography & Videography of Places People Culture Landscapes.Recently explored these exotic places in JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World, SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks, AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week. BELGIUM Brussels, DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers , CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal, ATLANTIC-GREENLAND-LABRADOR PENINSULA-Lebrador Sea, SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park with others INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness INDIA Jog Falls Ooty Goa Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls Kerala UK-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow & others ITALY-Rome-Vatican City and Other UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome. Soon my first book on 111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MYST SEE WHEN U ALIVE will be out with "111 WOW" i Phone application by the end of this year. Updating my official website sundeepkullu.com
Add me as a friend on my facebook profile 2 as my facebook profile 1 is allmost full with 4000 plus friends here - www.facebook.com/sundeephimachal
Slide Shows | Full Screen Mode | Adobe Flash or Mobile
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/sets/72157624062762956/
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/sets/72157624062638852/show/
©All rights reserved © sundeepkullu.com ™©®
Share this Photostory (As i call it..) Publically with these URL Links below (Embedding Not Allowed) :
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/6792039960/in/photostream or
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/6792039960/in/photostream/...
SunDeep™©® Bhardwaj Kullu
SDBWP™©® SunDeep™ Bhardwaj World Photography™©®,
70+Countries 300+Destinations across 7 Continents™©®
"The World is my Studio"™©®
"I live with one vision to create things that would outlast me. I discovered photography as a means for me to connect with my innerself."
Travel Photographer-Entrepreneur-Business Development Manager-Himachal Cultural Village-Environmentalist
*Friends ***DO COMMENT*** on my flickr Photostream. Thanks for your valuable feedback, comments, likes, favourites and sharing my work within my website and flickr URL's.Your comments are like a fuel to my passion of this Art of Photography ( *I have made a group for the same on flickr & facebook too as listed below)
( *I have made a group for the same on flickr & facebook too as listed below)
Do join these groups no matter you are photo admirer amatuer serious or professional photographer and even compete for Monthly Amwards & Titles-
AOP WORLD FLICKR GROUP www.flickr.com/groups/prodigious/ or short link - bit.ly/ProdigiousAOP
AOP WORLD FACEBOOK GROUP www.facebook.com/groups/111942842150274/ or short link - htp://on.fb.me/AOPworld or bit.ly/AOPworld
FLICKR AOP PRODIGIOUS AWARDS www.flickr.com/groups/candid/ or short lnk - bit.ly/AOPawards
sundeepkullu.com
™©®
or Visit
flickr.com/photos/wittysam or flickr.com/photos/wittysam/show to access all the Photostories.
Quebec City
Quebec ( /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/; French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen)), also Québec, Quebec City or Québec City (French: Ville de Québec) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. As of 2011, the city has a population of 516,622,[1] and the metropolitan area has a population of 765,706[2], making it the second most populous city in Quebec after Montreal, which is about 233 kilometres (145 mi) to the southwest.
The narrowing of the Saint Lawrence River approximate to the city's promontory, Cap-Diamant (Cape Diamond), and Lévis, on the opposite bank, provided the name given to the city, Kébec, an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows". Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec (Vieux-Québec) are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico, and were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the 'Historic District of Old Québec'.[3][4]
According to the federal and provincial governments, Québec is the city's official name in both French and English, although Quebec City is commonly used, particularly to distinguish the city from the province. The city's most famous landmark is the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline. The National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (National Gallery of Quebec), and the Musée de la civilisation (Museum of Civilization) are found within or near Vieux-Québec.
Quebec
Quebec /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/ (French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen))[7] is a province in east-central Canada.[8][9] It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level. Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.[10]
Sovereignty plays a large role in the politics of Quebec, and the official opposition social democratic Parti Québécois advocates national sovereignty for the province and secession from Canada. Sovereignist governments have held referendums on independence in 1980 and 1995; both were voted down by voters, the latter defeated by a very narrow margin.[11] In 2006, the Canadian House of Commons passed a symbolic motion, the Québécois nation motion, recognizing the "Québécois as a nation within a united Canada."[12][13]
While the province's substantial natural resources have long been the mainstay of its economy, sectors of the knowledge economy such as aerospace, information and communication technologies, biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become the second most economically influential province, second only to Ontario.[14]
Old Quebec
Historic District of Old Quebec *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Old Quebec (French: Vieux-Québec) is a historic neighbourhood of Quebec City, the capital of the province of Quebec in Canada. Comprising the Upper Town (French: Haute-Ville) and Lower Town (French: Basse-Ville), the area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Administratively, Old Quebec is part of the Vieux-Québec–Cap-Blanc–colline Parlementaire district in the borough of La Cité–Limoilou.
The area is sometimes referred to as the Latin Quarter (French: Quartier latin), but this title refers more to area around the Séminaire de Québec, the original site of Laval University.
History
Old Quebec is the oldest part of Quebec City, chosen in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain as the location for the Chateau Saint-Louis. Old Quebec maintained a strong military and administrative presence from its beginning, a use determined by the strategic heights of Cap Diamant. While the Lower Town was populated with merchants and craftsmen, the Upper Town was inhabited by military officials and members of the clergy.
This strong military presence long limited the city's expansion. At the end of the 19th century, many wanted to demolish the fortifications, judging them to be unnecessary and a hindrance to urban development. However, Governor Dufferin successfully managed to preserve the character of the walled city, while adapting the further expansion of the modern city.
Despite having undergone some degradation in the 1950s, the Old City has been subject to somewhat of a renaissance period since the 1970s.
The rich historic nature of Old Quebec is marked by the city's ramparts, fortifications, and many historic houses and buildings. The legacy of previous generations and the beauty of the district make it particularly unique.
The majority of buildings in the neighborhood date from 19th century, although the construction of some date back to 17th and 18th centuries. It also is home to several commercial streets, including Rue Saint-Jean, Rue Sainte-Anne and Rue De Buade. Many institutions are still housed in the heart of the city, such as the Quebec City Council, the Séminaire de Québec, the Ursulines Convent, and the Augustinian monastery. As a popular tourist destination, Old Quebec is also home to several hotels, including the famous Château Frontenac. Guided ghosts tours are also of interest to its residents and visitors.
***Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
External Links:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ca...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Quebec
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/show
sundeepkullu.com ™©®
*** My URL's:
phototube.co ™©® - Developer
Eureka Photography & Web Design™©® - Director
himachalculturalvillage.com ™©® Environmentalist, Exclusive Artist , Business Development Manager ( Offshore ) & NGO Founder
Getty Images - Contributer
sundeepkullu.com ™©® - Founder & CEO
I travelled to most exotic places on this earth in last 9 years since 2003. I was exploring India from east to west and north to south till mid 2007. Then i started my World tour to 6 continents in May 2007 & entering 2012, my World tour is still on & i am exploring more and more exotic places around all major countries. I believe "World is just amazing" and every place & face has a unique story to tell. I connect to my subjects as to my soul.
Do not forget to subscribe or login from toolbar at the base of any page on my official website sundeepkullu.com ™©® ( Includes connect with my facebook profile/facebook page/facebook group/facebook Like/twitter/twitter follow/Google Plus/Google Buzz/Google +1/LinkedIn/You Tube/Twitter/Facebook subscribe and not to forget TRANSLATE button to translate al tet to al major languages for subscribers followers & fans from all parts of the World.
Cheers!!!
These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.For full size images contact me.
Contacts:-
Primary :
wittysam@gmail.com ( E-mail/Skype/Whatsapp/Google+/LinkedIn/Fring/Yoono/Twitter/Gmail/Instagram/http://sundeepkullu.com & Photography & Videography and Quote for Assignments related)
World Roaming +974 55344547 (Facebook Mobile/Viber/Facetime/WhatsApp)
India New Delhi & Himachal Roaming +91 8527745789 (Google Plus)
sb@sundeepkullu.com ( Facebook & Personal Mail )
Secondary :
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SunDeep™©® Bhardwaj Kullu
MBA-Sales & Mktg.(Symbiosis,Pune)
B.Pub.Admn.(H.P.University,Summer Hills, Shimla)
BHM (GCC-Bangalore)
***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
My latest 15 explored destinations in my 6th year of World tour so far to 70+Countries & 300+Destinations across 6 Continents and 9 th year of Travel Photography & Videography of Places People Culture Landscapes.Recently explored these exotic places in JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World, SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks, AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week. BELGIUM Brussels, DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers , CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal, ATLANTIC-GREENLAND-LABRADOR PENINSULA-Lebrador Sea, SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park with others INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness INDIA Jog Falls Ooty Goa Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls Kerala UK-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow & others ITALY-Rome-Vatican City and Other UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome. Soon my first book on 111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MYST SEE WHEN U ALIVE will be out with "111 WOW" i Phone application by the end of this year. Updating my official website sundeepkullu.com
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SDBWP™©® SunDeep™ Bhardwaj World Photography™©®,
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"I live with one vision to create things that would outlast me. I discovered photography as a means for me to connect with my innerself."
Travel Photographer-Entrepreneur-Business Development Manager-Himachal Cultural Village-Environmentalist
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Quebec City
Quebec ( /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/; French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen)), also Québec, Quebec City or Québec City (French: Ville de Québec) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. As of 2011, the city has a population of 516,622,[1] and the metropolitan area has a population of 765,706[2], making it the second most populous city in Quebec after Montreal, which is about 233 kilometres (145 mi) to the southwest.
The narrowing of the Saint Lawrence River approximate to the city's promontory, Cap-Diamant (Cape Diamond), and Lévis, on the opposite bank, provided the name given to the city, Kébec, an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows". Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec (Vieux-Québec) are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico, and were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the 'Historic District of Old Québec'.[3][4]
According to the federal and provincial governments, Québec is the city's official name in both French and English, although Quebec City is commonly used, particularly to distinguish the city from the province. The city's most famous landmark is the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline. The National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (National Gallery of Quebec), and the Musée de la civilisation (Museum of Civilization) are found within or near Vieux-Québec.
Quebec
Quebec /kw?'b?k/ or /k?'b?k/ (French: Québec [keb?k] ( listen))[7] is a province in east-central Canada.[8][9] It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level. Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.[10]
Sovereignty plays a large role in the politics of Quebec, and the official opposition social democratic Parti Québécois advocates national sovereignty for the province and secession from Canada. Sovereignist governments have held referendums on independence in 1980 and 1995; both were voted down by voters, the latter defeated by a very narrow margin.[11] In 2006, the Canadian House of Commons passed a symbolic motion, the Québécois nation motion, recognizing the "Québécois as a nation within a united Canada."[12][13]
While the province's substantial natural resources have long been the mainstay of its economy, sectors of the knowledge economy such as aerospace, information and communication technologies, biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become the second most economically influential province, second only to Ontario.[14]
Old Quebec
Historic District of Old Quebec *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Old Quebec (French: Vieux-Québec) is a historic neighbourhood of Quebec City, the capital of the province of Quebec in Canada. Comprising the Upper Town (French: Haute-Ville) and Lower Town (French: Basse-Ville), the area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Administratively, Old Quebec is part of the Vieux-Québec–Cap-Blanc–colline Parlementaire district in the borough of La Cité–Limoilou.
The area is sometimes referred to as the Latin Quarter (French: Quartier latin), but this title refers more to area around the Séminaire de Québec, the original site of Laval University.
History
Old Quebec is the oldest part of Quebec City, chosen in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain as the location for the Chateau Saint-Louis. Old Quebec maintained a strong military and administrative presence from its beginning, a use determined by the strategic heights of Cap Diamant. While the Lower Town was populated with merchants and craftsmen, the Upper Town was inhabited by military officials and members of the clergy.
This strong military presence long limited the city's expansion. At the end of the 19th century, many wanted to demolish the fortifications, judging them to be unnecessary and a hindrance to urban development. However, Governor Dufferin successfully managed to preserve the character of the walled city, while adapting the further expansion of the modern city.
Despite having undergone some degradation in the 1950s, the Old City has been subject to somewhat of a renaissance period since the 1970s.
The rich historic nature of Old Quebec is marked by the city's ramparts, fortifications, and many historic houses and buildings. The legacy of previous generations and the beauty of the district make it particularly unique.
The majority of buildings in the neighborhood date from 19th century, although the construction of some date back to 17th and 18th centuries. It also is home to several commercial streets, including Rue Saint-Jean, Rue Sainte-Anne and Rue De Buade. Many institutions are still housed in the heart of the city, such as the Quebec City Council, the Séminaire de Québec, the Ursulines Convent, and the Augustinian monastery. As a popular tourist destination, Old Quebec is also home to several hotels, including the famous Château Frontenac. Guided ghosts tours are also of interest to its residents and visitors.
***Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City
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I travelled to most exotic places on this earth in last 9 years since 2003. I was exploring India from east to west and north to south till mid 2007. Then i started my World tour to 6 continents in May 2007 & entering 2012, my World tour is still on & i am exploring more and more exotic places around all major countries. I believe "World is just amazing" and every place & face has a unique story to tell. I connect to my subjects as to my soul.
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These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.For full size images contact me.
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SunDeep™©® Bhardwaj Kullu
MBA-Sales & Mktg.(Symbiosis,Pune)
B.Pub.Admn.(H.P.University,Summer Hills, Shimla)
BHM (GCC-Bangalore)
***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
My latest 15 explored destinations in my 6th year of World tour so far to 70+Countries & 300+Destinations across 6 Continents and 9 th year of Travel Photography & Videography of Places People Culture Landscapes.Recently explored these exotic places in JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World, SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks, AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week. BELGIUM Brussels, DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers , CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal, ATLANTIC-GREENLAND-LABRADOR PENINSULA-Lebrador Sea, SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park with others INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness INDIA Jog Falls Ooty Goa Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls Kerala UK-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow & others ITALY-Rome-Vatican City and Other UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome. Soon my first book on 111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MYST SEE WHEN U ALIVE will be out with "111 WOW" i Phone application by the end of this year. Updating my official website sundeepkullu.com
Add me as a friend on my facebook profile 2 as my facebook profile 1 is allmost full with 4000 plus friends here - www.facebook.com/sundeephimachal
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Gurdwara Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, also called Gurdwara Manikaran Sahib is situated in Manikaran, in Kullu District, 45 KM away from Kullu. The place was visited by Guru Nanak Dev during his travels. The serene location and the seemingly mysterious hot springs made Manikaran (Kullu) a place of pilgrimage in earlier times. Guru Nanak, the first Guru of the Sikhs, visited this place to spend time in meditation. A gurdwara that was built to commemorate his visit, is now a place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.
Better Photography Magazine "Review of Kullu-Beyond Horizons."
Asia and Middle East's Largest circulated photography magazine reviewed my book recently in the april issue.
Life comes a full cirlce from reading the magazine to having my book featured in it.Cheers.
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Text above is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_... and the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from Wikipedia, a non-profit organization and the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer).Donate to Wikimedia. donate.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Fundraiser...
Contacts:-
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admin@phototube.co ( phototube.co related )
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SunDeep Bhardwaj Kullu
MBA-Sales & Mktg.(Symbiosis,Pune)
B.Pub.Admn.(H.P.University,Summer Hills, Shimla)
BHM (GCC-Bangalore)
***Publishing Photostories clicked in the most exotic places on earth in 15 countries that I visited in last 6 months. For all stories of 70+ Countries go to my oficial website sundeepkullu.com ™©®
Slide Shows | Full Screen Mode | Adobe Flash or Mobile
www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam/sets/72157624062762956/
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Available on Skype / Facetime / Viber / WhatsApp / Facebook / Google Talk / Yahoo Messenger mostly.
Facebook/Facetime/Skype/WhatsApp/Viber/Twitter/ with wittysam@gmail.com , sb@sundeepkullu.com ,
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KINDLY NOTE***The Stock samples of SDBWP SunDeep Bhardwaj World Photography in flickr Photostream cannot be Copied,Distributed,Published or Used in any form,full or in part,or in any kind of media without prior permission from Sundeep Bhardwaj the owner of these images.Utilization in other websites,intenet media,pages,blogs etc without written consent is PROHIBITED.
The images are also available for licence through GETTY IMAGES or directly by contacting me.
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RAWANDA KIGALI TOUR
PHOTOSTORIES from SunDeepKullu.Com World Travel Fine Art Photography Sept 2012
Having Spent interesting day in Kigali in RAWANDA where I arrived today morning via Entebbe in UGANDA the city of Hills is really great to discover and very distinct from other Africa countries.
Know Kigali Rawanda the best of best -
Rwanda is a relatively stable East African country, and easily accessible from Kenya and Uganda. It is relatively easy, safe and simple to travel around. It is landlocked, surrounded by Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west.
Rwanda is not only the land of a thousand hills, but also a country rich in flora and fauna and stunning natural beauty in its scenic rolling and breathtaking green savannah. The country hosts some rare species of animals like the silverback mountain Gorillas as well as unique birds and insects in the tropical forest of Nyungwe.
Understand
It's been over a decade since the civil war and genocide of 1994 that devastated this tiny country, and it's come a long way. Shake off your memories of war and expect a warm and friendly welcome to a beautiful country.
Rwanda has 3 national parks:
Akagera National Park
Volcanoes National Park – home to the mountain gorillas, this park spreads into Uganda and Democratic Republic of the Congo
Nyungwe National Park
If you are traveling overland, it is no longer possible to obtain a visa at the border. However, visa application can easily be made at www.migration.gov.rw/singleform.php. You will within a few days receive a entry visa acceptance by email. Bringing this acceptance letter, the visa will be issued at the border. The US$60 visa fee is paid at the border.
I'm not a plastic bag!
Thin plastic bags are prohibited in Rwanda. Luggage will be searched at the border and even at police checkpoints throughout the country to make sure you are not carrying plastic bags. Prior to the ban, one-time use plastic bags plagued city streets and threatened the delicate environment. Today, Rwandan cities are almost litter-free and some of the cleanest in Africa!
See
National Museum of Butare in Butare –
Lake Kivu in Western Rwanda – a large lake bordering the DRC, it's a nice place to relax for a week or so
The Genocide Memorial in Kigali – fantastic insight into one of the world's greatest tragedies
The Nyamata Genocide Memorial is a worthwhile complement to the Gisozi Memorial Centre in Kigali. Located in the town of Nyamata, 40 minutes south of Kigali on a newly paved road, the memorial is in a church where over 5000 people were killed during the 1994 genocide. Visitors take a short tour and see the evidence of the genocide that remains there today - victims' clothing piled on benches, the roof pockmarked with bullet holes, and the open crypts behind the church that hold the remains of over 40,000 people from the area. An extremely moving look into one of the places where the genocide was carried out.
The Ntarama Genocide Memorial, just 20 minutes away from the Nyamata memorial, is also worth visiting. Like the Nyamata memorial, this site was a church before the genocide, and was nationalized to serve as a memorial after thousands of people were killed within its walls. The church itself is similar to Nyamata, with victims' clothing and remains visible to offer proof of what happened there, but Ntarama also has a peaceful memorial garden and wall of names in the back of its compound. Ask the resident guide for a tour in English or French, and remember to give them a donation for the site afterwards; it gets almost no support from the government. To get there, take the highway from Kigali to Nyamata and follow the signs for the Ntarama memorial, before you reach Nyamata.
Do
Parc National des Volcans, home of the mountain gorillas, and the setting for Gorillas in the Mist author Dian Fossey's research. If you can afford it it's an excellent experience... even possible as a daytrip from Kigali. Enquire at the Rwandan Office for Tourism and National Parks (ORTPN), Boulevard de la Révolution n° 1, Kigali, +(250) 576514 or 573396, reservation@rwandatourism.com, [4]. It cost 500 US dollars per person. Besides that you will have to take an official taxi which costs you another 50 USD. Prices are rising constantly, and you should really consider if you want them to get away with these rip-off prices, because as long as there are people who pay them, they will continue to rise them.
Respect
Rwanda is a very conservative society; most people dress modestly, especially women. Wearing shorts or tight skirts and skimpy tops is likely to get you stared at twice as much as normal.
It is unusual for a couple to make public displays of affection, even though many men walk hand in hand with male friends. Also, Rwandans will generally never eat or drink in public, apart from at restaurants. Rwandan women are rarely seen smoking in public or out in bars unaccompanied.
Rwandans are very private, reserved people and loud public confrontations (shouting matches) or obvious displays of emotion (such as crying) are also frowned upon. If you feel you are being overcharged by a trader, quietly persisting with the negotiation (or your complaint!) is likely to produce results much faster than an angry outburst!
It is also impolite to make eye contact with an elder.
Please understand that Rwanda is still recovering from a civil war and genocide in which over 800,000 people, perhaps a million, were killed. Many Rwandese lost relatives and friends. Remember to be sensitive to this sad fact when dealing with Rwandese. Most people today are trying to forget the tribal divisions and would rather be referred to as Rwandese than Hutu or Tutsi. It is considered impolite to ask someone about their ethnic origin.
There is not much political discourse in Rwanda, unlike in many neighboring countries such as Uganda and Kenya where people talk freely about the government and political issues, people in Rwanda will be uncomfortable if asked their views or even if seated at a table where national politics is discussed.
Kigali in Rawanda houses several memorials, museums, and centers dedicated to the Rwandan Genocide, including the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre. Other museums include the National Museum of Rwanda and Kandt House Museum of Natural History.
Urugwiro is the official residence of the President of Rwanda. It constitutes an entire village within the Kacyiru distrct of Kigali.
The city now has international class hotels, some played a role in history:
The Mille Collines in the Kiyovu area. This hotel became a refugee centre during the genocide, as famously depicted in the film Hotel Rwanda (although the hotel shown in the film is in fact in South Africa). It is also the setting for the famous novel Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali, by Quebecer Gil Courtemanche, and its movie adaptation Un dimanche à Kigali.
The Kigali Serena Hotel, formerly known as the InterContinental Kigali. Formerly a Belgian-owned hotel known as the Diplomates, the hotel was briefly portrayed in the second half of Hotel Rwanda. It was later bought by the InterContinental Hotels group and remodeled in 2003.
Interesting places around Kigali
The Virunga National Park (French: Parc National des Virunga), formerly named Albert National Park, is a 7800 square km National Park that stretches from the Virunga Mountains in the South, to the Rwenzori Mountains in the North, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, bordering Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda and Rwenzori Mountains National Park and Queen Elisabeth National Park in Uganda. The park was established in 1925 as Africa's first national park. It was classified as a World Heritage Site in 1979. In recent years the park has become known for its mountain gorillas, although poaching and the Congo Civil War have seriously damaged its wildlife population.
The Lava Lake of the Nyiragongo Volcano, one of the spectacular sights of Virunga NP
Virunga NP Mountain Gorillas
Bukima Camp is situated in the foothills of the Mikeno Mountain, the home of the Congolese Mountain Gorillas
Rwenzori Mountains
Silverback of the Rugendo family at Bukima patrol Post
The cabanes are situated at the edge of the crater in sight of the lava lake, the sight of which has an astounding effect on visitors
Lake Kivu is one of three known exploding lakes
sundeepkullu2.see.me/onelife2012.
SunDeep ™ Bhardwaj Kullu World Photography ™ | SDBWP™ | 70+Countries | 555+Places-Destinations | 6 Continents | 2222+ Fine Art Photostories | 16 Years World Travel | 5 years World Tour May 2007-till date-continued | 10 years Incredible India tour from year 1997-2007 May | Multiple years exploring the unexplored Himachal Pradesh Himalayas India | Exhibitions & Fine art Gallery HCV | Landscapes People & Portraits | Fine Art Photography | World Travel Photostories Coffee Table Books eBooks iBooks |
Thanks and regards sundeepkullu.com Sundeep™ Bhardwaj World Photography SDBWP™
WORLD IS MY STUDIO
Still on my World tour entering 6th year of World travel to 70+Countries 555+Destinations across 6 Continents and multiple years of Travel Photography I am busy designing my first Travel Photostories Book named "111 MIRACULOUS WONDERS OF WORLD YOU MUST SEE WHEN YOU ALIVE" and corresponding "111 WOW" iPhone Application soon by the end of this year 2012
SunDeep ™ Bhardwaj World Photography ™ | SDBWP™ | 7 years Amazing World Tour May 2007-till date-continued to 2014 if possible | 10 years Incredible India tour from year 1997-2007 May including Unforgettable Himachal Tour since Childhood |
Photostories on iPhone iPad iPod PC Blackberry Nokia Samsung or any Smart Phone here www.flickr.com/photos/wittysam
Mobile Blog : sundeepkullu.wordpress.com
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Recently Explored 16 Destinations ( In first half of 2012)
*INDIA- Mayad Valley, Lahaul , Rohtang Pass, Manikaran, Jispa, Sissu, Gondla, Deepak Taal, Baralachha Pass, Zing Zing Bar, Deepak Taal , Suraj Taal, Kasol, Kullu-Manali, Bhunter, Keyong
*AUSTRALIA-Melbourne-Great Ocean Road-Twelve Apostles this week
*BELGIUM Brussels
*DENMARK-Copenhagen, VIETNAM Hanoi-Halong Bay
*MALAYSIA-Kuala Lumpur-Kanting Falls-Batu Caves-Petronas Twin Towers
*CANADA-Quebec-Ontario-Montreal
*SOUTH AFRICA Johnnesburg-The Cradle of Mankind-Stolkfontien Caves and Lion & Rino Park
*INDIA-Kashmir-Gulmarg-Srinagar-HIMACHAL-Kullu-Manali-Shimla-Lahaul-Spiti -Dharamshala-Kinnaur-Udaipur-Leh-Laddakh-*KERALA-Athirappily & Vazhachal Falls
*GERMANY-BAVERIA-Black Forest-Oberbayern-Garmich Patenkirchen-Eibsee Lake-Zugspitze
*UK-SCOTLAND Glencoe-Fort William-Castle around Scotland-Lochness-ENGLAND-London-Manchester-Glasgow
*ITALY-Rome-UNESCO Heritage Sites around Rome
*VATICAN CITY-Samallest Country in the World
*CHINA-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Hangzhou-The West Lake-Chongquing-Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area-Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries-Lushan-Buddha JAPAN Horyuji Temple 1300 years old Japan's most sacred place & UNESCO site
*UAE-Al Ain-Abu Dhabi-Dubai-Burj Al Arab-Al Khaleefa Tallest building in the World,
*SWEDEN-Stocholm-National Parks
*NORWAY-Oslo
*RAWANDA-Kigali
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Malana is an ancient village to the north-east of Kullu Valley. This solitary village in the Malana Nala, a side valley of the Parvati Valley, is isolated from the rest of the world. The majestic peaks of Chandrakhani and Deotibba shadow the village. It is situated on a remote plateau by the side of torrential Malana river at a height of 3029 m above the sea level. Unaffected by the modern civilisation, Malana has its own lifestyle and social structure. People are strict in following their customs. Malana has been the subject of various documentaries including, Malana: Globalization of a Himalayan Village,[1] and Malana, A Lost Identity.[2] The existing speakers of the autochthonus language Kanashi, the traditional language of the inhabitants of Malana are approximately 1700. According to the 1961 census, language speakers were 563. Today the population of Malana is at least three times as large as 40 years ago.[3]
History
Malana has a history and it goes back to Jamlu rishi (sage) who inhabited this place and made rules and regulations. It is one of the oldest democracies of the world with a well organized parliamentary system. All of this is guided by the their devta (deity) Jamlu rishi.[4] Although Jamlu is currently identified with a sage from the Puranas, this is a relatively recent development. Jamlu is believed to have been worshipped in pre-Aryan times. Penelope Chetwood recounts a tale about an orthodox Brahmin priest, who visited Malana, and tried to educate the locals about the pedigree of their god, and what subsequently befell the hapless priest.[5]
Malana is considered to be one of the first democracies in the world. According to tradition, the residents of Malana are the descendant of Aryans, and they acquired their independence during the Mughal reign when the Emperor Akbar walked to the village in order to cure an ailment that he was afflicted with; after having been successfully cured he put out an edict stating that all the inhabitants of the valley would never be required to pay tax. An alternative tradition suggests that Malana was founded by remnants of Alexander the Great's Army.
A dam project, the Malana Hydro Power Station, has brought Malana much closer to the rest of the world and provides revenue for the region. A new road has shortened the walking time from several days to just 4 hours.
Culture and lifestyle
The village administration is democratic and is believed[by whom?] to be the oldest republic of the world.[9]
The social structure of Malana in fact rests on villagers' unshaked faith in their powerful deity, Jamblu Devta. The entire administration of the village is controlled by him through a village council. This council has eleven members and they are believed as delegates of Jamblu who govern the village in his name. His decision is ultimate in any dispute and any outsider authority is never required. It is although a real fact that Malanis through this council perform a political system of direct democracy very similar to that of ancient Greece. Thus Malana has been named the Athens of Himalayas[10]
Malanis (the inhabitants of Malana) admire their culture, customs and religious beliefs. They generally do not like to change though some traces of modernization are visible.
People in Malana consider all non-Malani to be inferior and consequently untouchable. Visitors to Malana town must pay particular attention to stick to the prescribed paths and not to touch any of the walls, houses or people there. If this does occur, visitors are expected to pay a forfeit sum, that will cover the sacrificial slaughter of a lamb in order purify the object that has been made impure. Malani people may touch impure people or houses as long as they follow the prescribed purification ritual before they enter their house or before they eat. Malanis may never accept food cooked by a non-Malani person, unless they are out of the valley (in which case their Devt can't see them). Malanis may offer visitors food but all utensils will have to undergo a strict purification ritual before they can be used again.
Despite of being a part of the Kullu valley, the Malanis have very distinct physical features, and a dialect which is different from the rest of the valley. There are various legends about their origin. According to one of them, it is believed that they are the descendants of Greek soldiers of Alexander's army. As the legend goes, some soldiers took refuge in this remote land after Alexander left the country and later settled there permanently. This myth is however disputed because there are those who claim that it is the valley of Kalash, in Pakistan that is actually the area in which Alexander the Great's soldiers took refuge. This legend is also inconsistent with the legendary descent of the local people from Indo-Aryans who would predate Alexander the Great's soldiers by approximately a thousand years. Recent genetic typing of the Malani population is more consistent with an Indo-Aryan origin with a large proportion of Y-DNA haplotypes J2 and R1a associated with Indo-Aryan influences in South Asia than with a Greek origin which would have a different characteristic mix of Y-DNA haplotypes.[11]
Malana was also once famous for producing some of the best quality hashish (Cannabis resin) in the world, known as "Malana Cream", which sells for 1,200-1,800 rupees per tola (= 10 grams).
Copyright 2011 © sundeepkullu.com All rights reserved.
The Stock samples of SDBWP SunDeep Bhardwaj World Photography in flickr Photostream cannot be Copied,Distributed,Published or Used in any form,full or in part,or in any kind of media without prior permission from Sundeep Bhardwaj the owner of these images.Utilization in other websites,intenet media,pages,blogs etc without written consent is PROHIBITED.
The images are also available for licence through GETTY IMAGES or directly by contacting Sundeep Bhardwaj Kullu Himachal Around the World to more than 50+Countries & 200+Major Destinations across 6 Continents.
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Source en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malana,_Himachal_Pradesh
The Stock samples of SDBWP SunDeep Bhardwaj World Photography in flickr Photostream cannot be Copied,Distributed,Published or Used in any form,full or in part,or in any kind of media without prior permission from Sundeep Bhardwaj the owner of these images.Utilization in other websites,intenet media,pages,blogs etc without written consent is PROHIBITED.
The images are also available for licence through GETTY IMAGES or directly by contacting Sundeep Bhardwaj Kullu Himachal Around the World to more than 50+Countries & 200+Major Destinations across 6 Continents.
Sundeep Bhardwaj Kullu
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These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.
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Copyright 2011 © sundeepkullu.com All rights reserved.
The Stock samples of SDBWP SunDeep Bhardwaj World Photography in flickr Photostream cannot be Copied,Distributed,Published or Used in any form,full or in part,or in any kind of media without prior permission from Sundeep Bhardwaj the owner of these images.Utilization in other websites,intenet media,pages,blogs etc without written consent is PROHIBITED.
The images are also available for licence through GETTY IMAGES or directly by contacting Sundeep Bhardwaj Kullu Himachal Around the World to more than 50+Countries & 200+Major Destinations across 6 Continents.
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Eibsee
Eibsee is a lake in Bavaria, Germany, 9km southwest of Garmisch-Partenkirchen and roughly 100km southwest of Munich. At an elevation of 973.28 m, its surface area is 177.4 ha. Eibsee lies at the base of the Zugspitze (2950 meters above sea level), Germany's highest mountain.
As of May 2010, trains from Munich to Garmisch-Partenkirchen leave roughly once an hour and the trip takes about an hour and a half[1]. Buses travel regularly from the train station in Garmisch-Partenkirchen to Eibsee[2]. A valid train ticket can often be used to ride the bus
Source en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibsee
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is a mountain resort town in Bavaria, southern Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in the Oberbayern region, and the district is on the border with Austria. Nearby is Germany's highest mountain, Zugspitze, at 2961 m (9714 ft.).
Origin
Garmisch-Partinkirken was at first two separate cities (Garmisch and Partinkirken).Until the Olympics were held right in between the two cities and often faught over simple things. So, as a compromise, they merged together to create Garmisch-Partinkirken and make the process much easier.
[edit]History
Garmisch (in the west) and Partenkirchen (in the east) were separate towns for many centuries, and still maintain quite separate identities.
Partenkirchen originated as the Roman town of Partanum on the trade route from Venice to Augsburg and is first mentioned in the year A.D. 15. Its main street, Ludwigsstrasse, follows the original Roman road.
Garmisch is first mentioned some 800 years later as Germaneskau ("German District"), suggesting that at some point a Teutonic tribe took up settlement in the western end of the valley.
The valley came under the rule of the Bishop of Freising and was governed by a bishop's representative known as a Pfleger (caretaker or warden) from Werdenfels Castle on a cliff north of Garmisch.
The discovery of America at the turn of the 16th century led to a boom in shipping and a sharp decline in overland trade, which plunged the region into a centuries-long economic depression. The valley floor was swampy and difficult to farm. Bears, wolves and lynxes were a constant threat to livestock. The population suffered from periodic epidemics, including several serious outbreaks of bubonic plague. Adverse fortunes from disease and crop failure occasionally led to witch hysteria. Most notable of these were the notorious trials and executions of 1589-1596, in which 63 victims — more than 10 percent of the population at the time — were burned at the stake or garroted.
Werdenfels Castle, where the accused were held, tried and executed, became an object of superstitious horror and was abandoned in the 17th century. It was largely torn down in the 1750s and its stones used to build the baroque Neue Kirche (New Church) on Marienplatz, which was completed in 1752. It replaced the nearby Gothic Alte Kirche (Old Church), parts of which predated Christianity and may originally have been a pagan temple. Used as a storehouse, armory and haybarn for many years, it has since been re-consecrated. Some of its medieval frescoes are still visible.
Garmisch and Partenkirchen remained separate until their respective mayors were forced by Adolf Hitler to combine the two market towns in 1935 in anticipation of the 1936 Winter Olympic games. Today, the united town is casually (but incorrectly) referred to as Garmisch, much to the dismay of Partenkirchen's residents. Most visitors will notice the slightly more modern feel of Garmisch while the fresco-filled, cobblestoned streets of Partenkirchen offer a glimpse into times past. Early mornings and late afternoons in pleasant weather often find local traffic stopped while the dairy cows are herded to and from the nearby mountain meadows.
[edit]Transportation
Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
painting by Anton Doll
The town is served by Federal Highway 2 as a continuation of the A95 Autobahn (motorway), which ends at Eschenlohe 16 km north of the city.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is on the Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen line and the Mittenwald Railway (Garmisch–Mittenwald–Innsbruck). It is the terminus of the Außerfern Railway to Reutte in Tirol / Kempten im Allgäu and the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway (with sections of rack railway) to the Zugspitze, the highest mountain in Germany. Regional services run every hour to München Hauptbahnhof and Mittenwald and every two hours to Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof and Reutte. In addition there are special seasonal long-distance services, including ICEs, to Berlin, Hamburg, Dortmund, Bremen and Innsbruck.
Several accessible hiking trails from the town are especially spectacular and cover both the lower and higher elevations.
[edit]Sports
Aerial view of
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
In 1936 it was the site of the Winter Olympic Games, the first to feature alpine skiing. A variety of Nordic and alpine World Cup ski races are held here, usually on the Kandahar Track outside town. Traditionally, a ski jumping contest is held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen on New Year's Day, as a part of the Four Hills Tournament (Vierschanzen-Tournee). The World Alpine Ski Championships were held in Garmisch in 1978 and 2011.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is also a favored holiday spot for skiing, snowboarding, and hiking, having some of the best skiing areas (Garmisch Classic and Zugspitze) in Germany.
It was announced on December 7, 2007, that Garmisch-Partenkirchen is part of a Bavarian bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympics, with partner candidates Munich and Schönau am Königsee (near Berchtesgaden). The Winter Olympics were last held in the German-speaking Alps in 1976 in nearby Innsbruck, Austria.
[edit]Public institutions
The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies[2] is also located in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The Marshall Center is an internationally funded and mostly U.S.-staffed learning and conference center for governments from around the world, but primarily from the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. It was established in June 1993, replacing the U.S. Army Russian Institute. Near the Marshall Center is the American Armed Forces Recreation Centers (Edelweiss Lodge and Resort) in Garmisch that serves U.S. and NATO military and their families. A number of U.S. troops and civilians are stationed in the town to provide logistical support to the Marshall Center and Edelweiss Recreation Center.
Zugspitze
Zugspitze
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zugspitze
The Zugspitze massif from the west (left: the summit)
Elevation2,962 m (9,718 ft) [1]
Prominence1,746 m (5,728 ft) [2]
↓ Fern Pass → Parseierspitze
Parent peakFinsteraarhorna / Mont Blancb
Isolation = 24.6 km → Acherkogel
ListingCountry high point (Germany)
Ultra
Location
Zugspitze
Germany
Location on Austria/Germany border
LocationTyrol, Austria
Bavaria, Germany
RangeWettersteingebirge, Eastern Alps
Coordinates47°25′16″N 10°59′07″ECoordinates: 47°25′16″N 10°59′07″E[2]
Geology
TypeWetterstein limestone[3]
Age of rockTriassic
Climbing
First ascent27 August 1820 by Josef Naus, Johann Georg Tauschl and survey assistant, Maier
Easiest routeReintal Route
Geography
Map showing the Zugspitze's location
The Zugspitze belongs to the Wetterstein range of the Northern Limestone Alps.
The border between Germany and Austria goes right over the mountain. There used to be a border checkpoint at the summit. But since Germany and Austria are now both part of the Schengen zone, the border crossing is no longer manned.
The exact height of the Zugspitze was a matter of debate for quite a while. Given figures ranged from 2,690–2,970 metres (8,830–9,740 ft), but it is now generally accepted that the peak is 2,962 m (9,718 ft) above sea level as a result of a survey carried out by the Bavarian State Survey Office. The lounge at the new café is named "2962" for this reason.
[edit]Location and surrounding area
Aerial photograph
View from the Alpspitze of the Zugspitze summit and the Höllentalferner glacier in 2007
Annotated aerial photograph of the Zugspitze massif
At 2,962 metres (9,718 ft) (eastern peak) the Zugspitze is the highest mountain of the Zugspitze massif. This height is referenced to the Amsterdam Gauge and is given by the Bavarian State Office for Survey and Geoinformation.[4] The same height is recorded against the Trieste Gauge used in Austria, which is 27 cm lower. Originally the Zugspitze had three peaks: the east, middle and west summits (Ost-, Mittel- and Westgipfel). The only one that has remained in its original form is the east summit, which is also the only one that lies entirely on German territory. The middle summit fell victim to one of the cable car summit stations in 1930. In 1938 the west summit was blown up to create a building site for a planned flight control room for the Wehrmacht. This was never built however. Originally the height of the west summit was given as 2,964 m (9,724 ft).[5]
The Zugspitze rises eleven kilometres southwest of Garmisch-Partenkirchen and just under six kilometres east of Ehrwald. The border between Germany and Austria runs over the west summit; thus the Zugspitze massif belongs to the German state of Bavaria and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The municipalities responsible for it are Grainau and Ehrwald. To the west the Zugspitze massif drops into the valley of the River Loisach, which flows around the massif towards the northeast in a curve whilst, in the east, the streams of Hammersbach and Partnach have their source. To the south the Gaistal valley and its river, the Leutascher Ache, separate the Wetterstein Mountains from the Mieming Chain. To the north at the foot of the Zugspitze is the lake of Eibsee. The next highest mountain in the area is the Acherkogel (3,008 m or 9,869 ft) in the Stubai Alps, which gives the Zugspitze an topographic isolation value of 24.6 kilometres. The reference point for the prominence is the Parseierspitze (3,036 m or 9,961 ft). In order to climb it from the Zugspitze, a descent to the Fern Pass (1,216 m or 3,990 ft) is required, so that the prominence is 1,746 m (5,728 ft).[6]
[edit]Zugspitze Massif
The massif of the Zugspitze has several other peaks. To the south the Zugspitzplatt is surrounded in an arc by the Zugspitzeck (2,820 m or 9,250 ft) and Schneefernerkopf (2,874 m or 9,429 ft), the Wetterspitzen (2,747 m or 9,012 ft), the Wetterwandeck (2,698 m or 8,852 ft), the Plattspitzen (2,679 m or 8,789 ft) and the Gatterlköpfen (2,490 m or 8,170 ft). The massif ends int the Gatterl (2,024 m or 6,640 ft), a wind gap between it and the Hochwanner. Running eastwards away from the Zugspitze is the famous Jubilee Ridge or Jubiläumsgrat over the Höllentalspitzen towards the Alpspitze and Hochblassen. The short crest of the Riffelwandkamm runs northeast over the summits of the Riffelwandspitzen (2,626 m or 8,615 ft) and the Riffelköpfe (2,459 m or 8,068 ft), to the Riffel wind gap (Riffelscharte, 2,161 m or 7,090 ft). From here the ridge of the Waxensteinkamm stretches away over the Riffelspitzen to the Waxenstein.[7]
[edit]Zugspitzplatt
The Zugspitzplatt above the Reintal valley in 2006
The Platt or Zugspitzplatt is a plateau below the summit of the Zugspitze to the south and southeast which lies at a height of between 2,000 and 2,650 m (6,600 and 8,690 ft). It forms the head of the Reintal valley and has been shaped by a combination of weathering, karstification and glaciation. The area contains roches moutonnées, dolines and limestone pavements as a consequence of the ice ages. In addition moraines have been left behind by various glacial periods. The Platt was completely covered by a glacier for the last time at the beginning of the 19th century. Today 52% of it consists of scree, 32% of bedrock and 16% of vegetation-covered soils, especially in the middle and lower areas.[8]
[edit]Climate
Climatic diagram for the Zugspitze: normal periods 1961-1990
From a climatic perspective the Zugspitze lies in the temperate zone and its prevailing winds are Westerlies. As the first high orographic obstacle to these Westerlies in the Alps, the Zugspitze is particular exposed to the weather. It is effectively the north barrier of the Alps (Nordstau der Alpen), against which moist air masses pile up and release heavy precipitation. At the same time the Zugspitze acts as protective barrier for parts of the Alps to the south. By contrast, Föhn weather conditions push in the other direction against the massif, affecting the region for about 60 days per year. These warm, dry air masses stream from south to north and can result in unusually high temperatures in winter. Nevertheless frost dominates the picture on the Zugspitze with an average of 310 days per year. The nearest place with comparable values is the island of Spitsbergen in the Arctic Ocean.
For the decades from 1961 to 1990 - designated by the World Meteorological Organization as the "normal period" - the average annual precipitation on the Zugspitze was 2,003.1 mm; the wettest month being April with 199 mm, and the driest, October with 108.8 mm.[9] By comparison the values for 2009 were 2,070.8 mm, the wettest month being March with 326.2 mm and the driest, January, with 56.4 mm.[10] The average temperature in the normal period was -4.8 Celsius, with July and August being the warmest at 2.2 °C and February, the coldest, with -11.4 °C.[9] By comparison the average temperature in 2009 was -4.2 °C, the warmest month was August at 5.3 °C and the coldest was February at -13.5 °C.[10] The average sunshine during the normal period was 1,846.3 hours per year, the sunniest month being October with 188.8 hours and the darkest being December with 116.1 hours.[9] In 2009 there were 1,836.3 hours of sunshine, the least occurring in February with just 95.4 hours and the most in April with 219 hours.[10] In 2009, according to the weather survey by the German Met Office, the Zugspitze was the coldest place in Germany with a mean annual temperature of -4.2 °C.[11]
The lowest measured temperature on the Zugspitze was -35.6 °C in 14 February 1940. The highest temperature occurred on 5 July 1957 when the thermometer reached 17.9 °C. A squall on 12 June 1985 registered 335 km/h, the highest measured wind speed on the Zugspitze. In April 1944 meteorologists recorded a snow depth of 8.3 metres.[12][13]
[edit]Geology
The north face of the Zugspitze seen from the Eibsee lake
All mountain-building strata consists of sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic era, that were originally laid down on the seabed. The base of the mountain comprises muschelkalk beds; its upper layers are made of Wetterstein limestone. With steep rock walls up to 800 metres high, it is this Wetterstein limestone from the Upper Triassic that is mainly responsible for the rock faces, arêtes, pinnacles and the summit rocks of the mountain. Due to the frequent occurrence of marine coralline algea in the Wetterstein limestone it can be deduced that this rock was at one time formed in a lagoon. The colour of the rock varies between grey-while and light grey to speckled. In several places it contains lead and zinc ore. These minerals were mined between 1827 and 1918 in the Höllental valley. The dark grey, almost horizontal and partly grass-covered layers of muschelkalk run from the foot of the Great Riffelwandspitze to the Ehrwalder Köpfe. From the appearance of the north face of the Zugspitze it can be seen that this massif originally consisted of two mountain ranges that were piled on top of one another.[14]
[edit]Flora
The Eibsee in front of the Zugspitze: woods on the northern shore
The flora on the Zugspitze is not particularly diverse due to the soil conditions, nevertheless the vegetation, especially in the meadows of Schachen, the Tieferen Wies near Ehrwald, and in the valleys of Höllental, Gaistal and Leutaschtal is especially colourful.
The shaded and moist northern slopes of the massif like, for example, the Wettersteinwald, are some of the most species-rich environments on the Zugspitze. The Mountain Pine grows at elevations of up to 1,800 metres. The woods lower down consist mainly of Spruce and Fir, but Honeysuckle, Woodruff, poisonous Herb Paris, Meadow-rue and Speedwell[disambiguation needed ] also occur here. Dark Columbine, Alpine Clematis, Blue and Yellow Monkshood, Stemless carline thistle, False aster, Golden cinquefoil, Round-leaved saxifrage, Wall hawkweed, Alpine calamint and Alpine Forget-me-not flower in the less densely wooded places, whilst Cinquefoil, Sticky Sage, Butterbur, Alpenrose, Turk's cap lily and Fly Orchid thrive on the rocky soils of the mountain forests. Lily of the Valley and Daphne also occur, especially in the Höllental, in Grainau and by the Eibsee.[15]
To the south the scene changes to Larch (mainly in the meadow of Ehrwalder Alm and the valleys of Gaistal and Leutaschtal) and pine forests and into mixed woods of Beech and Sycamore. Here too, Mountain Pine grows at the higher elevations of over 2,000 metres.
Relatively rare in the entire Zugspitze area are trees like the Lime, Birch, Rowan, Juniper and Yew. The most varied species of moss, that often completely cover limestone rocks in the open, occur in great numbers.
Bilberry, Cranberry and Cowberry are restricted to dry places and Lady's Slipper Orchid occurs in sheltered spots. Below the Waxenstein are fields with raspberries and occasionally wild strawberries too. The Alpine poppy and Purple mountain saxifrage both thrive up to a very great height. On the scree slops there are Penny-cress and Mouse-ear chickweed as well as Mountain avens, Alpine toadflax, Mint and Musky Saxifrage or Cloth of Gold. Following snowmelt Dark stonecrop and Snow gentian are the first to appear, their seeds beginning to germinate as early as August. And well-known Alpine flowers like the Edelweiss, Gentians and, more rarely, Cyclamen flower on the Zugspitze.
[edit]Fauna
Alpine choughs on the Zugspitzeck
The rocks around the Zugspitze are a habitat for Chamois and Marmots are widespread on the southern side of the massif. At the summit there are frequently Alpine Choughs, drawn there by people feeding them. Somewhat lower down the mountain there are Mountain Hare and the Hazel Dormouse. Alpine birds occurring on the Zugspitze include the Golden Eagle, Rock Ptarmigan, Snow Finch, Alpine Accentor and Brambling. The Crag Martin which has given its name to the Schwalbenwand ("Swallows' Wall") at Kreuzeck is frequently encountered. The basins of Mittenwald and Seefeld, as well as the Fern Pass are on bird migration routes.
The Viviparous lizard inhabits rocky terrain, as does the black Alpine Salamander known locally as the Bergmandl, which can be seen after rain showers as one is climbing. Butterflies like Apollo, Alpine Perlmutter, Gossamer-winged butterfly, Geometer moth, Ringlet and Skipper may be seen on the west and south sides of the Zugspitze massif, especially in July and August.[16] The woods around the Zugspitze are home to Red Deer, Red Squirrel, Weasel, Capercaillie, Hazel Grouse and Black Grouse. On the glaciers live glacier fleas (Desoria saltans) and water bears.[17]
[edit]Glaciers
Three of the five German glaciers are found on the Zugspitze massif: the Höllentalferner the Southern and Northern Schneeferner.
[edit]Höllentalferner
The Höllentalferner in 2009
The Höllentalferner lies northeast of the Zugspitze in a cirque below the Jubilee Ridge (Jubiläumsgrat) to the south and the Riffelwandspitzen peaks to the west and north. It has a northeast aspect. Its accumulation zone is formed by a depression, in which large quantities of avalanche snow collect. To the south the Jubiläumsgrat shields the glacier from direct sunshine. These conditions meant that the glacier only lost a relatively small area between 1981 and 2006.[18] In recent times the Höllentalferner reached its greatest around 1820 with an area of 47 hectares. Thereafter its area reduced continually until the period between 1950 and 1981 when it grew again, by 3.1 hectares to 30.2 hectares. Since then the glacier has lost (as at 2006) an area of 5.5 hectares and now has an area of 24.7 hectares. In 2006 the glacier head was at 2,569 m and its lowest point at 2,203 metres.[19]
[edit]Schneeferner
The Northern Schneeferner and winter sport infrastructure in 2009
[edit]Northern Schneeferner
Southwest of the Zugspitze, between the Zugspitzeck and Schneefernerkopf, is the Northern Schneeferner which has an eastern aspect. With an area of 30.7 hectares (2006) it is the largest German glacier. Around 1820 the entire Zugspitzplatt was glaciated, but of this Platt Glacier (Plattgletscher) only the Northern and Southern Schneeferner remain. The reason for the relatively constant area of the Northern Schneeferner in recent years, despite the lack of shade, is the favourable terrain that results in the glacier tending to grow or shrink in depth rather than area. In the recent past the glacier has also been artificially fed by the ski region operators, using piste tractors to heap large quantities of snow onto the glacier in order to extend the skiing season. At the beginning of the 1990s, ski slope operators began to cover the Northern Schneeferner in summer with artificial sheets in order to protect it from sunshine.[20][21] The Northern Schneeferner reached its last high point in 1979, when its area grew to 40.9 hectares. By 2006 it had shrunk to 30.7 hectares. The glacier head then lay at 2,789 m and the foot at 2,558 metres.[22]
[edit]Southern Schneeferner
The Southern Schneeferner is surrounded by the peaks of the Wetterspitzen and the Wetterwandeck. It is also a remnant of the once great Platt Glacier. Today, the Southern Schneeferner extends up as far as the arête and therefore has no protection from direct sunshine. It has also been divided into two basins by a ridge of rock that has appeared as the snow has receded. It is a matter of debate whether the Southern Schneeferner should still be classified as a glacier.[23] The Southern Schneeferner also reached its last high point in 1979, when it covered an area of 31.7 hectares. This had shrunk by 2006 to just 8.4 hectares however. The highest point of the glacier lies at an elevation of 2,665 metres and the lowest at 2,520 metres.[24]
[edit]Caves
Below the Zugspitzplatt chemical weathering processes have created a large number of caves and abîmes in the Wetterstein limestone. In the 1930s the number of caves was estimated at 300. By 1955 62 caves were known to exist and by 1960 another 47 had been discovered. The first cave explorations here took place in 1931. Other, largest exploratory expeditions took place in 1935 and 1936 as well as between 1955 and 1968. During one expedition, in 1958, the Finch Shaft (Finkenschacht) was discovered. It is 131 metres deep, 260 metres long and has a watercourse. There is a theory that this watercourse could be a link to the source of the River Partnach.[Note 1][25][26]
[edit]Name
From the early 14th century, geographic names from the Wetterstein Mountains began to be recorded in treaties and on maps, and this trend intensified in the 15th century. In 1536 a border treaty dating to 1500 was refined in that its course was specified as running over a Schartten ("wind gap" or "col").[27] In the 17th century the reference to this landmark in the treaty was further clarified as "now known as the Zugspüz" (jetzt Zugspüz genant).[27] The landmark referred to was a wind gap on the summit of the Zugspitze and is used time and again in other sources. During the Middle Ages Scharte was a common name for the Zugspitze.[27]
The Zugspitze was first mentioned by name in 1590. In a description of the border between the County of Werdenfels and Austria, it states that the same border runs "from the Zugspitz and over the Derle" (von dem Zugspitz und über den Derle")[28] and continues to a bridge over the River Loisach. Another border treaty in 1656 states: "The highest Wetterstein or Zugspitz" ("Der höchste Wetterstain oder Zugspitz").[28] There is also a map dating to the second half of the 18th century that shows "the Reintal in the County of Werdenfels". It covers the Reintal valley from the Reintaler Hof to the Zugspitzplatt and shows prominent points in the surrounding area, details of tracks and roads and the use pasture use. This includes a track over the then much larger Schneeferner glacier to the summit region of the Zugspitze. However the map does not show any obvious route to the summit itself.[29]
The name of the Zugspitze is probably derived from its Zugbahnen or avalanche paths. In winter avalanches sweep down from the upper slopes of the massif into the valley and leave behind characteristic avalanche remnants in the shape of rocks and scree. Near the Eibsee lake there are several plots of land with the same root: Zug, Zuggasse, Zugstick, Zugmösel or Zugwankel.[28] Until the 19th century the name der Zugspitz was commonplace. It was described as die Zugspitze for the first time on a map printed in 1836.[30]
[edit]Summit cross
Summit cross on the Zugspitze
Since 1851 there has been a summit cross on the top of Zugspitze. The driving force behind the erection of a cross on the summit was the priest, Christoph Ott. He was a keen meteorologist and whilst observing conditions from the Hoher Peißenberg mountain he saw the Zugspitze in the distance and was exercised by the fact that "the greatest prince of the Bavarian mountains raised its head into the blue air towards heaven, bare and unadorned, waiting for the moment when patriotic fervour and courageous determination would see that his head too was crowned with dignity."[31] As a result he organised an expedition from 11 to 13 August 1851 with the goal of erecting a summit cross on the Zugspitze. Twenty eight bearers were led through the gorge of the Partnachklamm and the Reintal valley under the direction of forester, Karl Kiendl, up to the Zugspitze. The undertaking, which cost 610 Gulden and 37 Kreuzer, was a success. As a result, a 28-piece, 14 foot high, gilded iron cross now stood on the West Summit. Ott himself did not climb the Zugspitze until 1854. After 37 years the cross had to be taken down after suffering numerous lightning strikes; its support brackets were also badly damaged. In the winter of 1881–1882 it was therefore brought down into the valley and repaired. On 25 August 1882 seven mountain guides and 15 bearers took the cross back to the top. Because an accommodation shed had been built on the West Summit, the team placed the cross on the East Summit. There is remained for about 111 years, until it was removed again on 18 August 1993. This time the damage was not only caused by the weather, but also by an ill-disciplined American soldier who had shot at the cross in 1945, at the end of the Second World War. Because the summit cross could no longer be repaired, a replica was made that was true to the original cross. After two months the rack railway carried the new cross on 12 October to the Zugspitzplatt, from where it was flown to the summit by helicopter. The new cross has a height of 4.88 metres.[32] It was renovated and regilded in 2009 for 15,000 euros and, since 22 April 2009, has stood once again on the East Summit.[33]
These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.
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