midsummer party

yes :)

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rwa-pWYhJqQ

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Petta-thullal, a devotional dance, performed by the pilgrims in Erumeli, is an important ritualistic custom of the pilgrimage. According to the Puranic view, the Petta-thullal is a re-enaction of the joyful dance of the people on knowing that Ayyappa had slain the terrible Mahishi, the demoness having the form of a she-buffalo. It is believed that the place derived its name ‘Erumeli’ from the Malayalam word ‘Eruma-kolli’.

The preparations for the Petta-thullal of a group, according to tradition, is to be arranged by the Randaam-kanni-swami-s (those who undertake the pilgrimage for the second time) as instructed by the Guruswami. One who is going for the first time is known a s a Kanni- Ayyappan. According to the tradition during the Petta-thullal the Kanni-Ayyappa holds a symbolic arrow. It is customarily stipulated that the Kanni-Ayyappa, the first-timer, should participate in the Petta-thullal. Others may or may not.

The pilgrims with the face and body smeared with charcoal and other colours go to the Kochambalam, the small shrine of Dharma Shaastha, from where the Petta-thullal begins. After worshipping at the shrine, the pilgrims start the dance to the accompaniment of instrumental music, like drumming and Naagawaram. Petta-thullal is performed with devotional fervour, many of the pilgrims holding green twigs and uttering aloud:

“Ayyappan thinthakathom, Swami thinthakathom”

ah-GLAY-uh -- named for one of the the three Graces; the goddess of fertility or charm ... Dave's Botanary

roks-burgh-ee-AH-nuh -- named for William Roxburgh, Scottish botanist, who specialized in the flora of India ... Dave's Botanary

commonly known as: droopy leaf, Indian boodyarra, Roxburgh's five-leaved tree of beauty • Bengali: প্রিয়ঙ্গু priyangu • Hindi: गहुला gahula, प्रियंगु priyangu • Kannada: ಕೆಂಪುನೊಳ kempunola, ಪ್ರಿಯಂಗು priyangu, ತೊಟ್ಟಿಲ ಕಾಯಿ thottila kaayi • Konkani: गव्हला gavhala • Malayalam: ചെമ്പുളി chembuli, പൂഞ്ഞാവൽ punjaaval • Marathi: गव्हला gavhala • Odia: ବିଶ୍ବକ୍ସେନା biswak-sena, ମାନିନୀ manini, ପ୍ରିଯଙ୍ଗୂ priyangu, ସର୍ବଗା sarbaga, ଶ୍ଯାମା syama • Sanskrit: गुन्द्रफला gundraphala, फलिनी phalini, प्रियङ्गु priyangu • Tamil: சொக்கலை cokkalai, கன்னிக்கொம்பு kanni-k-kompu • Telugu: ఎర్రఅందుగ erranduga, కొండందుగ kondanduga, ఎర్రఅడుగు yerradugu • Tulu: ಪುಚ್ಚೆ ಪಜ್ಜೆ pucche pajje, ಪುಚ್ಚೆ ಪಂರ್ದ್ pucche parandu

botanical names: Aglaia roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq. ... homotypic synonyms: Milnea roxburghiana Wight & Arn. ... heterotypic synonyms: Aglaia littoralis Talbot • Aglaia talbotii Sundararagh. ... and more at POWO, retrieved 27 July 2025

NOTE: Aglaia roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq. has been separated from Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) Benth. ... READ: Joyce EM, Crayn DM, Rossetto M, et al. 2023. Taxonomic recircumscriptions in the Aglaia elaeagnoidea complex (Meliaceae). Blumea 68 (1): 26 – 38.

~~~~~ DISTRIBUTION in INDIA ~~~~~

Andaman islands, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal

Names compiled / updated at Names of Plants in India.

Just small lights could amazingly create such different patterns:)

www.youtube.com/watch?v=6diCm4x3iRg

skill riding

Green earth...This is a farther dream for kerala now .all paddy fields were filled for commercial purposes.No green spots are left destructed...... Its horrible:(

During Arupathu Moovar Festival at Mylapore ,apart from Idols of Kapaleeswarar, Karpagambal, 63 Nayanmars, Vinayakar,Thiruvalluvar, Kolavizhi Amman,Valeeswarar, idol of Mundaka kanni Amman are also taken.

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Kochi Muziris Biennale

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Kapaleeswarar with Karpagambal-கற்பாகாம்பாள் உடனாய கபாலீஸ்வரர், திருமயிலை

During Arupathu Moovar Festival at Mylapore apart from Idols of 63 Nayanmars, Vinayakar,Thiruvalluvar, Kolavizhi Amman,Valeeswarar, idol of Mundaka kanni Amman are also taken.

Gingee Fort or Senji Fort (also known as Chenji, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres away.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications. The fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district.

LEGEND AND ETYMOLOGY

The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat-Jang, the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey.As per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogised in various ballads.

HISTORY

The main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the "Complete History of the Carnatic Kings" among the Mackenzie manuscripts. According to historian Narayan, a small village called Melacerri, located 4.8 km away from Gingee is called "Old Gingee" has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD. Ananda Kon of the shepherd community (Konar), accidentally found a treasure in one of the cavities of the Western hill while grazing his sheep. Making himself the head of a small band of warriors, he defeated the petty rulers of the neighbouring villages and built a small fortress on Kamalagiri, which he renamed Anandagiri after himself. The Konar dynasty ruled Gingee from 1190 to 1330 AD, and was succeeded by the chief of a neighbouring place called Kobilingan, who belonged to the Kurumba caste and ascended the throne of Gingee. He was a feudatory of the powerful Cholas. Gingee came into the hands of various ruling dynasties of South India, starting from the Cholas.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar while fighting the Cholas and again by the Vijayanagar empire during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15-16th century by the Gingee Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort was built at a strategic place to fend off any invading armies. It was further strengthened by the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD. He recaptured it from the Bijapur sultans who had originally taken control of the fort from the Marathas. During Aurangzeb's campaign in the Deccan, Shivaji's second son who had assumed the throne, Chhatrapati Rajaram, escaped to Ginjee and continued the fight with Moghuls from Ginjee. The fort was the seat of the Maratha Empire for a few months. The Moghuls could not capture the fort for seven years in spite of laying siege. The fort was finally captured in 1698, but not before Chhatrapati Rajaram escaped. It was later passed on to the Carnatic Nawabs who lost it to the French in 1750 before the British finally took control in 1761 despite losing it to Hyder Ali for a brief period. Raja Desinghu ruled Chenji during the 18th century.

ARCHITECTURE

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, yet each hill contains a separate and self-contained citadel. Connecting them - forming an enormous triangle, a mile from north to south, punctuated by bastions and gateways giving access to the protected zones at the heart of the complex. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. It has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. The walls of the fort are a mixture of the natural hilly terrain comprising the Krishnagiri, Chakkilidrug and Rajagiri hills, while the gaps were sealed with the main wall that measures 20 metres in thickness. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.

Water resources are usually sparse in South Indian forts, while it was well managed in the Citadel. There are two sweet water sources on the summit and below it there are three reservoirs for storage of rain water. Water for Kalyana Mahal was brought through earthenware pipes from reservoir located 500 m from it.

RAJAGIRI

The first hill, where the main fort is, is called Rajagiri. Originally it was known as Kamalagiri as well as Anandagiri. The fort was historically considered most impregnable. It is about 240 m in height. Its summit is cut off from communication and is surrounded by a deep, natural chasm that is about 9.1 m wide and 18 m deep. To gain entry into the citadel one had to cross the chasm with the help of a small wooden draw bridge. The naturally strong rock where the fortress is located, is further strengthened by the construction of embrasure walls and gateways along all possible shelves and precipitous edges. The citadel is reached by traversing through seven gates. This citadel contains important buildings apart from the living quarters of the royalty, like the stables, granaries, and meeting halls for the public, temples, mosques, shrines and pavilions. Kamalakanni Amman temple is present atop the Rajagiri hills. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity, Kamalakanni, is believed to be the widow of demon king Acalamaccuran. Draupadi, a Hindu goddess, beheaded the hundred heads of the demon and Kamalakanni is believed to have protests that she would become a widow. Draupadi explains her similarities that she has no sexual relations, though married. This resulted in the ambiguous kanni suffix. Ranganathar Temple, bell tower, watch tower, cannon and draw bridge are located atop the hill.

The lower fort consists of Arcot Gate, Pondicherry Gate, which was probably improved by the French during their occupation (1751–1761), the Prison on top of Pondicherry Gate, Royal Battery, Venkataramanaswami Temple, Pattabhi Ramaswami Temple, Sadatulla Khan’s mosque, Chettikulam and Chakrakulam tanks, platform where Raja Desing was killed in a war, large stone image of Hanuman, prisoner’s well where the prisoners condemned to death were thrown and left to die of starvation. The inner fort consists of Kalyana Mahal, the royal stables, the ruined royal palace, Anaikulam tank, granaries, magazine and the shrine of Venugopalaswami. There is a site museum at the entrance of the fort set up by the Archeological Survey of India containing sculptures pertaining to periods and many dynasties that ruled Gingee. There are also guns and cannonballs made of stone, strewn about the fort.

KRISHNAGIRI

The second important hillock with an imposing citadel is known as Krishnagiri. It is also known as the English Mountain, perhaps because the British residents occupied the fort here, for some time. The Krishnagiri fort lies to the North of Tiruvannamalai road. It is smaller in size and height compared to the Rajagiri fort. A flight of steps of granite stones leads to its top. Another fort connected with Rajagiri with a low rocky ridge is called Chandrayan Durg, Chandragiri or St. George’s Mountain. The military and strategic value of this fort has been relatively less, but it has some interesting buildings of later period.

CHAKKILIYA DURG

The third fort for some reason is called Chakkiliya Durg or Chamar Tikri — meaning the fort of the cobblers. It is not known why it had acquired the name. Probably the royal saddlers and military shoemakers had set up their workshops here, as Gingee obviously was a military encampment. There is a smaller and less important fourth hill, the summit of which is also well fortified. There is nothing much left of Chandrayan Durg and Chakkilli Durg. Their flanks are now completely covered with thorny shrubs and stone pieces.

CULTURE

After the fort passed into British hands, it did not see any further action. The fort at Gingee was declared a National Monument in 1921 and was under the Archeological Department. The Tourism Department of India has tried to popularise this remote and oft-forgotten fort. Gingee today, with its ruined forts, temples and granaries, presents a different picture from the glorious splendor of its bygone days. But the remains of that glorious past speak volumes about the numerous invasions, warfare and bravery that it witnessed. The fort is maintained by the Archeological Department. An entry charge of ₹5 is charged for Indian citizens and SAARC countries and US$2 or ₹100 for all monuments inside Krishnagiri and Rajagiri forts.

WIKIPEDIA

Mylai Arupathu Moovar Festival,2017

During Arupathu Moovar Festival at Mylapore ,apart from Idols of Kapaleeswarar, Karpagambal, 63 Nayanmars, Vinayakar,Thiruvalluvar, Kolavizhi Amman,Valeeswarar, idol of Mundaka kanni Amman are also taken.

Filmography :

As Composer :

Pazhassi Raja (2008) (filming)

Sooryan (2007)

Cheeni Kum (2007) (as Ilaiyaraaja)

Vinodayathra (2007)

Anumanaspadam (2007)

Hope (2006/II)

Pachakuthira (2006)

Rasathanthram (2006)

Shiva (2006)

Divorce: Not Between Husband and Wife (2005)

Athu Oru Kanaa Kaalam (2005)

Oru Naal Oru Kanavu (2005)

Mumbai Express (2005)

Achuvinte Amma (2005)

Ponmudipuzhayorathu (2005)

Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (2005)

Vishwa Thulasi (2004)

Shiv Shankar (2004)

Virumandi (2004)

Kamaraj (2004)

Manassinakkare (2003)

Manasellaam (2003)

Julie Ganapathy (2003)

Pithamagan (2003)

Nizhalkkuthu (2002)

Mitr, My Friend (2002) (as Bhavatharini Iliayaragja)

Azhagi (2002)

Ramana (2002)

Solla Marantha Kathai (2002)

Lajja (2001) (background score) (as Ilaiyaraaja)

Eduruleni Manishi (2001)

Friends (2001)

Kutty (2001)

Hey Ram (2000)

Aagaayam (2000)

Bharathi (2000)

Ilaiyavan (2000)

IPC 215 (2000)

Kaadhal Rojave (2000)

Kaakai Chirakiniley (2000)

Kannukkul Nilavu (2000)

Kelviyin Nayagan (2000)

Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal (2000)

Puratchi (2000)

Saamy Kodutha Varam (2000)

Annan (1999)

Chinna Durai (1999)

Friends (1999)

The Godman (1999)

House Full (1999)

Kummi Paattu (1999)

Manam Virumbuthey Unnai (1999)

Mugam (1999)

Nilavey Mugam Kaattu (1999)

Ponnu Veetukkaran (1999)

Rajasthan (1999)

Sethu (1999)

Thodarum (1999)

Anthahpuram (1998)

Anuragakottaram (1998)

Deseeya Geetham (1998)

Dharma (1998)

Kaadhal Kavidai (1998)

Kallu Kondoru Pennu (1998)

Kangalin Vaarthaigal (1998)

Kanmani Oru Kavidhai (1998)

Kannathaal (1998)

Kavala Padathey Sahothara (1998)

Kizhakkum Maerkkum (1998)

Kumbakonam Gopalu (1998)

Manjeeradhwani (1998)

Poonthottam (1998)

Senthooram (1998)

Thalaimurai (1998)

Veera Thaalaattu (1998)

Chinnabbayi (1997)

Devathai (1997)

Guru (1997)

Kaadhalukku Mariyaadai (1997)

Kadavul (1997)

Kaliyoonjal (1997)

Oru Yaatra Mozhi (1997)

Raman Abdullah (1997)

Thambi Durai (1997)

Thenmaangu Paattu Karan (1997)

Vasuki (1997)

Sreekaram (1996)

Aur Ek Prem Kahani (1996)

Chhaila (1996)

Irattai Roja (1996)

Kala Pani (1996)

Katta Panchayathu (1996)

Kuruthipunal (1996)

Man of the Match (1996)

Nammoora Mandaara Hoove (1996)

Poomani (1996)

Poovarasan (1996)

Sabse Bada Mawali (1996)

Shiva Sainya (1996)

Vasantham (1996)

Makkal Aatchi (1995)

Aanazhagan (1995)

Avathaaram (1995)

Chandralekha (1995)

Chinna Thevan (1995)

Chinna Vathiyar (1995)

Ellaame En Raasa Thaan (1995)

Ilaya Raagam (1995)

Kattu Marakkaaran (1995)

Kolangal (1995)

Maya Bazaar (1995)

Muthu Kaalai (1995)

Nandhavana Theru (1995)

Nattupura Pattu (1995)

Oru Orle Oru Rajakumari (1995)

Paattu Paadava (1995)

Paattu Vaathiyaar (1995)

Periya Kudumbam (1995)

Raajaa Enga Raajaa (1995)

Raajavin Paarvayile (1995)

Raasaiyya (1995)

Raja Mudra (1995)

Sathi Leelavathi (1995)

Thedi Vandha Raasa (1995)

Adharmam (1994)

Adhiradippadai (1994)

Allari Police (1994)

Amaidhi Padai (1994)

Honest Raj (1994)

Kanmani (1994)

Magalir Mattum (1994)

Mogha Mull (1994)

Periya Maruthu (1994)

Priyanka (1994)

Pudhuppaatti Ponnuthaayi (1994)

Raasamagan (1994)

Rajakumaaran (1994)

Saadu (1994)

Samaram (1994)

Sammohanam (1994)

Satyavan (1994)

Seeman (1994)

Senthamizh Selvan (1994)

Sethupathi I.P.S (1994)

Sevvanthi (1994)

Shakti Vel (1994)

Thendral Varum Theru (1994)

Thozhar Pandiyan (1994)

Vanaja Girija (1994)

Veera (1994)

Veetla Visheshanga (1994)

Vietnam Colony (1994)

Kilipetchu Ketkava (1993)

Jackpot (1993)

Aa Okkati Adakku (1993)

Amma Koduku (1993)

Aranmanai Kili (1993)

Asathyaralu (1993)

Atma (1993)

Chinna Jameen (1993)

Chinna Kannamma (1993)

Chinna Maaplai (1993)

Detective Naarada (1993)

Dharmaseelan (1993)

Druva Natchathiram (1993)

Ejamaan (1993)

Enga Modhalaali (1993)

Enga Thambi (1993)

Ezhai Jaadhi (1993)

I Love India (1993)

Kaathirukka Neramillai (1993)

Kalaignan (1993)

Kattalai (1993)

Koil Kaalai (1993)

Mahanadi (1993)

Maharasan (1993)

Mamiyaar Veedu (1993)

Manikkuyil (1993)

Marupadiyam (1993)

Parvathi Ennai Paaradi (1993)

Ponnumani (1993)

Ponvilangu (1993)

Purantha Veeda Pukanda Veeda (1993)

Raakkayi Koil (1993)

Sakkarai Thevan (1993)

Thaalaattu (1993)

Thanga Kili (1993)

Tholi Muddhu (1993)

Udanpirappu (1993)

Ullae Veliae (1993)

Utthama Raasa (1993)

Uzhaippaali (1993)

Valli (1993)

Walter Vetrivel (1993)

Pappayude Swantham Appoos (1992)

Mannan (1992)

Aavarampoo (1992)

Agni Paarvai (1992)

Apaaratha (1992)

Ashwamedham (1992)

Bharathan (1992)

Chakravyuham (1992)

Chamanthi (1992)

Chembaruthi (1992)

Chinna Pasanga Naanga (1992)

Chinna Rayudu (1992)

Chinna Thaayi (1992)

Chinnavar (1992)

Deiva Vaakku (1992)

Dharma Kshetram (1992)

Enrum Anbudan (1992)

Guna (1992)

Idu Namma Bhoomi (1992)

Innisai Mazhai (1992)

Kaaval Geetham (1992)

Kalikaalam (1992)

Maappilai Vandhaachu (1992)

Magudam (1992)

Marutode Naa Mogudu (1992)

Meera (1992)

Naangal (1992)

Nadodi Paattukkaran (1992)

Nadodi Thendral (1992)

Onna Irukka Kathukanom (1992)

Paandi Durai (1992)

Pandian (1992)

Pangaali (1992)

Pattu Dala (1992)

Periamma (1992)

Ponnukkeetha Purushan (1992)

Prema Vijeta (1992)

Priyathama (1992)

Pudhiya Swarangal (1992)

Rasukutty (1992)

Ricksha Mama (1992)

Senthamizh Paattu (1992)

Shanthi (1992)

Singaaravelan (1992)

Thai Mozhi (1992)

Thambi Pondaatti (1992)

Thanga Manasukkaaaran (1992)

Thevar Magan (1992)

Thirumathi Pazhanichami (1992)

Unnai Vaazhthi Paadukiren (1992)

Unna Nenachen Paattu Padicchen (1992)

Va Va Vasanthame (1992)

Villu Paattu Karan (1992)

Thalapathi (1991) (as Ilayaraaja)

Aditya 369 (1991)

Anaswaram (1991)

Coolie No. 1 (1991)

Stoovertpuram Police Station (1991)

Aadmi Aur Apsara (1991)

April 1st Vidudhala (1991)

Brahma (1991)

Captain Prabhakaran (1991)

Chaitanya (1991)

Chanti (1991)

Chinna Gounder (1991)

Chinna Thambi (1991)

Dharma Dorai (1991)

Edu Kondalaswamy (1991)

Eeramaana Rojave (1991)

En Arukil Nee Irundhaal (1991)

En Rasavin Manisile (1991)

Ente Sooryaputhrikku (1991)

Gopura Vasalile (1991)

Idhayam (1991) (as Ilaiyaraaja)

Irumbup Pookkal (1991)

Karpoora Mullai (1991)

Keechu Raallu (1991)

Killer (1991)

Kumbakarai Thangaiah (1991)

Manidha Jaadhi (1991) (V)

Michael Madana Kamarajan (1991)

Nirnayam (1991)

Oorellam Un Paattu (1991)

Pillai Paasam (1991)

Pudhiya Raagam (1991)

Pudhu Nellu Puddhu Nathu (1991)

Saami Potta Mudhichhu (1991)

Sri Edukondala Swaami (1991)

Surya IPS (1991)

Thaalaattu Kekkuthamma (1991)

Thaayamma (1991)

Thambikku Oru Paattu (1991)

Thandu Vitten Ennai (1991)

Thanga Thaamaraigal (1991)

Uruvam (1991)

Vanna Vanna Pookkal (1991)

Vetrikkarangal (1991)

Vetri Padigal (1991)

Samrajyam (1990)

Jagadeka Veerudu Attilokasundari (1990)

Kondaveeti Donga (1990)

Adisaya Piravi (1990)

Amman Koil Thiruvizha (1990)

Anbu Chinnam (1990)

Anjali (1990)

Arangetra Velai (1990)

Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata (1990)

Bobbili Raja (1990)

Edhir Katru (1990)

Engitte Modhathe (1990)

En Uyir Thozhan (1990)

Guru Shishyulu (1990)

Idhem Pellaam Baaboy (1990)

Kavalukku Kettikaran (1990)

Kavithai Paadum Alaigal (1990)

Keladi Kanmani (1990)

Kizhakku Vasal (1990)

Kshatriyan (1990)

Mallu Vaetti Minor (1990)

Manusukkeyththa Maappillai (1990)

Marudu Pandi (1990)

My Dear Marthandan (1990)

Nadigan (1990)

Nee Siriththaal Dheepaavalli (1990)

Nilapennay (1990)

Ooru Vittu Ooru Vandhu (1990)

Oru Pudhiya Kadhai (1990)

Paalaivavana Paravaigal (1990)

Paattukku Naan Adimai (1990)

Pagalil Pournami (1990)

Periya Veettu Panakkaran (1990)

Pondaatti Thevai (1990)

Pudhu Paatu (1990)

Pulan Visaaranai (1990)

Raja Kaiye Vacha (1990)

Sirayil Pootha Chinnamalar (1990)

Sirayil Sila Raagangal (1990)

Thaalaattu Paadava (1990)

Unnai Solli Kutramillai (1990)

Urudhi Mozhi (1990)

Velai Kidaichiruchu (1990)

Vellaya Thevan (1990)

Shiva (1989/I) (as Ilaiya Raaja)

Rudranetra (1989)

Adharvam (1989)

Mounam Sammadham (1989)

Anbu Kattalai (1989)

Annanukku Jai (1989)

Apoorva Sahodarargal (1989)

Ashoka Chakravarthy (1989)

Chettu Kinda Pleader (1989)

Chinnappadhaas (1989)

Dharmam Vellum (1989)

Enga Ooru Maappilai (1989)

Ennai Petha Raasa (1989)

En Purushan Thaan Enakkum Mattum Thaan (1989)

Gitanjali (1989)

Gopala Rao Gaari Abbai (1989)

Indrudu Chandrudu (1989)

Kaadhal Oyvathillai (1989)

Kaiveesu Amma Kaiveesu (1989)

Karagaattakkaaran (1989)

Kokila (1989)

Mahaadev (1989)

Mappilai (1989)

Namma Bhoomi (1989)

Ninaivu Chinnam (1989)

Paandi Naattu Thangam (1989)

Paasa Mazhai (1989)

Paattukku Oru Thalaivan (1989)

Padicha Pulla (1989)

Pick Pocket (1989)

Pongi Varum Kaveri (1989)

Ponmana Selvan (1989)

Poruthathu Pothum (1989)

Prema (1989)

Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (1989)

Raajadhi Raaja (1989)

Raaja Raajathaan (1989)

Season (1989)

Siva (1989)

Swathi Chinukulu (1989)

Thangamaana Raasa (1989)

Thendral Sudum (1989)

Thiruppu Munai (1989)

Vaadyaar Veettu Pillai (1989)

Varusham Padhinaaru (1989)

Bloodstone (1988)

Marana Mrudangam (1988)

Rudra Veena (1988)

Aakhari Poratam (1988)

Aasthulu Anthasthulu (1988)

Abhinandana (1988)

Agni Nakshatram (1988)

Chinnabaabu (1988)

Chithram (1988)

Dhaayam Onnu (1988)

Dharmathin Thalaivan (1988)

En Bommukutty Ammavukku (1988)

Enga Ooru Kaavakkaaran (1988)

En Jeevan Paaduthe (1988)

Ennai Vittu Pokaathe (1988)

En Uyir Kannamma (1988)

En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988)

Garikincina Gaana (1988)

Guru Sisyan (1988)

Illam (1988)

Irandil Ondru (1988)

Ithu Engal Neethi (1988)

Jamadagni (1988)

Kanney Kalaimaaney (1988)

Maharshi (1988)

Manamagale Vaa (1988)

Menamama (1988)

Moonnam Pakkam (1988)

Naan Sonnathey Sattam (1988)

Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam (1988)

Paadaatha Thaeneekal (1988)

Paasa Paravaigal (1988)

Parthal Pasu (1988)

Poonthotta Kaavalkkaaran (1988)

Raasave Unnai Nambi (1988)

Rakthabishekam (1988)

Sakkarai Pandhal (1988)

Satya (1988)

Sembagame Sembagame (1988)

Solla Thudikkuthu Manasu (1988)

Soora Samhaaram (1988)

Swarnakamalam (1988)

Tarzan Sundhari (1988)

Therkathikkallan (1988)

Unnal Mudiyum Thambi (1988)

Varasudochhadu (1988)

Veedu (1988)

Aradhana (1987)

Aalappiranthavan (1987)

Anand (1987)

Andharikandey Kandhudu (1987)

Chinna Kuyil Paattu (1987)

Dhoorathu Pacchai (1987)

Enga Ooru Paattukkaaran (1987)

Graamathu Minnal (1987)

Idhu Oru Thodarkathai (1987)

Iniya Uravu Poothathu (1987)

Irattaival Kuruvi (1987)

Jallikkattu (1987)

Kaadhal Parisu (1987)

Kaamaagni (1987)

Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu (1987)

Kalyaana Kachcheri (1987)

Khaidi (1987)

Krishnan Vandaan (1987)

Manaivi Ready (1987)

Manathil Uruthi Vendum (1987)

Mangai Oru Gangai (1987)

Nayakan (1987)

Ninaikka Therinda Maname (1987)

Ninaive Oru Sangeetham (1987)

Ore Oru Gramathile (1987)

Paadu Nilave (1987)

Per Sollum Pillai (1987)

Poovizhi Vasalile (1987)

Puyal Padam Pattu (1987)

Rendu Thokala Titta (1987)

Sankeerthana (1987)

Sirai Paravai (1987)

Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe (1987)

Theertha Karayinile (1987)

Ullam Kavarntha Kalvan (1987)

Vazha Vazharka (1987)

Velaikkaaran (1987)

Vetri Vizha (1987)

Raakshasudu (1986)

Kaveri (1986)

Poomukhappadiyil Ninneyum Kathu (1986)

Kiraathakudu (1986)

Aalaapana (1986)

Aappirikaavil Appu (1986)

Amman Koil Kizhakkaalae (1986)

Ananda Kannir (1986)

Aruvadhai Nall (1986)

December Pookkal (1986)

Dharma Pathni (1986)

Enakku Naaney Needhibadhi (1986)

Engal Thaikulame Varuga (1986)

Iravu Pookkal (1986)

Isai Paadum Thendral (1986)

Jadu Nagari (1986)

Kadolara Kavithaigal (1986)

Kallamellam Un Mediyil (1986)

Kannaththorakkanum Saami (1986)

Kannukku Mai Ezhuthu (1986)

Karimedu Karuvaayan (1986)

Kodai Mazhai (1986)

Maaveran (1986)

Manchi Manasulu (1986)

Mandhira Punnagai (1986)

Manithanin Maru Pakkam (1986)

Maragadha Veenai (1986)

Mela Thiranthathu Kadhavu (1986)

Mouna Ragam (1986)

Mr. Bharath (1986/I)

Mr. Bharath (1986/II)

Mudhal Vasantham (1986)

Murattu Karangal (1986)

Naanum Oru Thozhilaali (1986)

Nam Ooru Nalla Ooru (1986)

Natpu (1986)

Nee Thaana Andha Kuyil (1986)

Paaru Paaru Pattinam Paaru (1986)

Palavanai Rojakkal (1986)

Pudhir (1986)

Punnagai Mannan (1986)

Saadhanai (1986)

Sathyajothi (1986)

Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam (1986)

Thaiku Oru Thalattu (1986)

Thazhuvaatha Kaigal (1986)

Unakkagavey Vaazhkiren (1986)

Vidincha Kalyaanam (1986)

Vikram (1986/I)

Yaro Ezhuthia Kavithai (1986)

Yathra (1985)

Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu (1985)

Jwala (1985)

Aaj Ka Dada (1985)

Aan Paavam (1985)

Accident (1985)

Aduthathu Albert (1985)

Ajeya (1985)

Amudha Gaanam (1985)

Anbin Mugavari (1985)

Andha Oru Nimidam (1985)

Annai Bhoomi (1985)

Anveshana (1985)

Chinna Veedu (1985)

Darja Donga (1985)

Eetti (1985)

En Selvame (1985)

Gatti Melam (1985)

Geethanjali (1985)

Hello Yaar Peysaradhu (1985)

Idaya Kovil (1985)

Illali Sapadham (1985)

Jalsa Bullodu (1985)

Kaakki Sattai (1985)

Kanni Raasi (1985)

Khooni (1985)

Kunguma Chimizh (1985)

Ladies Tailor (1985)

Malargal Nanaiginrana (1985)

Mangalya Bandham (1985)

Meendum Paraasakthi (1985)

Mera Inteqam (1985)

Monagadu Mosagadu (1985)

Muthal Mariyathai (1985)

Muthyala Jallu (1985)

Naane Raja Naane Manthiri (1985)

Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985)

Nalla Thambi (1985)

Needhiyin Marupakkam (1985)

Padikkatha Panayar (1985)

Padikkathavan (1985)

Pagal Nilavu (1985)

Pillai Nila (1985)

Poovae Poo Chooda Vaa (1985)

Praja Poratam (1985)

Preminchu Pelladu (1985)

Pudhiya Theerppu (1985)

Raaja Gopuram (1985)

Rahasya Hanthakudu (1985)

Raja Rishi (1985)

Selvi (1985)

Shivabhakta Naga Shakti (1985)

Sindhu Bhairavi (1985)

Sree Raaghavendar (1985)

Swathi Muthyam (1985)

Thanga Mama (1985)

Thendraley Ennai Thodu (1985)

Udaya Geetham (1985)

Unnaith Thedi Varuven (1985)

Unn Kannil Neer Vazhindal (1985)

Urimai (1985)

Uyarntha Ullam (1985)

Challenge (1984)

Alai Osai (1984)

Alaya Deepam (1984)

Ambigai Neyril Vandhaal (1984)

Anbae Odi Vaa (1984)

Anbulla Malarae (1984)

Anbulla Rajanikant (1984)

Changa Naadham (1984)

Enakkul Oruvan (1984)

Etho Mogam (1984)

Ezhudhaantha Chattangal (1984)

Gadusu Pindam (1984)

Idhey Naa Savaal (1984)

Ingeyum Oru Gangai (1984)

Irupatthi Naalu Mani Neram (1984)

Jalsarayudu (1984)

Janavari Onnu (1984)

Jappanil Kalyanaraman (1984)

Kai Kodukkam Kai (1984)

Kairaasikkaran (1984)

Kalyana Kanavugal (1984)

Komberi Moogan (1984)

Kuvaakuvaa Vaththukkal (1984)

Magudi (1984)

Mangalam Nerunnu (1984)

Mayadari Mogudu (1984)

Meendumoru Kaadal Kathai (1984)

Merupudadi (1984)

Mudivilla Aarambam (1984)

Munthanai Mudichu (1984)

My Dear Kuttichaathan (1984)

Naagara Mahimey (1984)

Naalai Unathu Naal (1984)

Naan Mahaan Alla (1984)

Naan Paadum Paadal (1984)

Nalla Naal (1984)

Nallavanukku Nallavan (1984)

Neengal Kettavai (1984)

Nee Thodumbodhu (1984)

Neram Nalla Neram (1984)

Neruppukkul Eeram (1984)

Nilavu Sudavathillai (1984)

Noorava Roju (1984)

Nooravathunaal (1984)

Nuvva Nena (1984)

Nyayam (1984)

O Maaney Maaney (1984)

Onnanu Nammal (1984)

Oru Kaidhiyin Diary (1984)

Poo Vilangu (1984)

Pozhudhu Vidinjaachchu (1984)

Prema Sangamam (1984)

Saahasamey Jeevitham (1984)

Sanganatham (1984)

Takkaridonga (1984)

Thalayanai Mandhiram (1984)

Thambikku Entha Ooru (1984)

Thangamadi Thangam (1984)

Tiger Rajani (1984)

Ullam Urugudhudai (1984)

Unaroo (1984)

Unnai Naan Santhithen (1984)

Vaidehi Kaathirundaal (1984)

Vazhkai (1984)

Veerabhadhrudu (1984)

Vellai Pura Ondru (1984)

Manthrigari Viyyankudu (1983)

Abhilasha (1983/I)

Aanadha Gummi (1983)

Aa Rathri (1983)

Aayiram Nilavae Vaa (1983)

Adutha Varisu (1983)

Andha Sila Naatkal (1983)

Anney Anney (1983)

Bhagavathipuram Railway Gate (1983)

Devi Sridevi (1983)

Dhavani Kannavukal (1983)

Ennai Paar Enn Azhagai Paar (1983)

Eththanai Konam Eththanai Paarvai (1983)

Ilamai Idho Idho (1983)

Ilamai Kaalangal (1983)

Indru Nee Nalai Naan (1983)

Jyothi (1983)

Kann Sivanthaal Mann Sivakkum (1983)

Kokkarako (1983)

Malayur Mambattiyaan (1983)

Manaivi Solle Manthiram (1983)

Man Vasanai (1983)

Mella Pesungal (1983)

Moondram Pirai (1983)

Muththu Engal Choththu (1983)

Niyaaya Geththidhu (1983)

Odai Nathiyaakirathu (1983)

Oomai Kuyil (1983)

Oppandham (1983)

Paayum Puli (1983) (as Ilaiyaraaja)

Pallavi Anu Pallavi (1983)

Pin Nilavu (1983)

Pudumai Penn (1983)

Raagangal Maruvathillai (1983)

Raj Kumar (1983)

Saattayillatha Pambaram (1983)

Sadma (1983)

Sagara Sangamam (1983)

Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu (1983)

Sitaara (1983)

Soorakkottai Singakkuutti (1983)

Thanga Magan (1983)

Thoongathey Tambi Thoongathey (1983)

Urangaadha Nenjangal (1983)

Veetila Raaman Veliyila Krishnan (1983)

Vellai Roja (1983)

Yuga Dharmam (1983)

Aagaaya Gangai (1982)

Aananda Raagam (1982)

Alolam (1982)

Angadhudu (1982)

Archchanai Pookkal (1982)

Auto Raja (1982)

Azhagiya Kanney (1982)

Boom Boom Madu (1982)

Eera Vizhi Kaaviyangal (1982)

Engeyo Ketta Kural (1982)

Gopurangal Saayvathillai (1982)

Hitler Umanath (1982)

Ilanjodigal (1982)

Kalyana Kalam (1982)

Kanney Raadha (1982)

Kanya Dweep (1982)

Kathal Ovium (1982)

Kavitha Malar (1982)

Kelviyum Naaney Badhilum Naaney (1982)

Kozhi Koovuthu (1982)

Lottery Ticket (1982)

Maganey Maganey (1982)

Manjal Nila (1982)

Marumagaley Varuga (1982)

Metti (1982)

Nalanthana (1982)

Nenjalgal (1982)

Ninaivellam Nitya (1982)

Nireekshana (1982)

Nizhal Thedum Nenjangal (1982)

Olangal (1982)

Pakkathu Veetu Roja (1982)

Pannaipurathu Pandavargal (1982)

Paritchaikku Neramchu (1982)

Payanangal Mudivathillai (1982)

Pokkiri Raja (1982)

Poolapallakki (1982)

Pudhu Kavithai (1982)

Ranga (1982)

Raniththeni (1982)

Sakala Kala Vallavan (1982)

Sangili (1982)

Thai Mookambhikai (1982)

Thanikatu Raja (1982)

Theerpu (1982)

Thooral Ninnu Pochhu (1982)

Thyagi (1982)

Vaa Kanna Vaa (1982)

Valibamey Vaa Vaa (1982)

Yechchil Iravugal (1982)

Aaradhanai (1981)

Alaigal Ooivathilai (1981)

Amaavaasya Chandhrudu (1981)

Balanagamma (1981)

Bhari Bharjari Bete (1981)

Chinnaari Chittibaau (1981)

Do Dil Diwane (1981)

Ellaam Inbamayam (1981)

Enakkaga Kaathiru (1981)

Garjanai (1981)

Indru Poyi Naalai Vaa (1981)

Kadal Meengal (1981)

Kalthoon (1981)

Kanniththeevu (1981)

Karaiyellam Shenbagappoo (1981)

Kazhagu (1981)

Koyil Pura (1981)

Madhumalar (1981)

Meendum Kokila (1981)

Nalladhu Nadandhey Theerum (1981)

Nandu (1981)

Nee Nanna Gellare (1981)

Nenjathai Killathe (1981)

Netri Kann (1981)

Oru Iravu Oru Paravai (1981)

Panneer Pushpangal (1981)

Pennin Vazhkai (1981)

Prema Pichchi (1981)

Raaja Paarvai (1981)

Rajangam (1981)

Rama Lakshman (1981)

Ranuva Veeran (1981)

Rattha Katteriyin Marma Maligai (1981)

Seethakoka Chilaka (1981)

Shankarlal (1981)

Shikari (1981)

Sollaathey Yaarum Keyttaal (1981)

Tik Tik Tik (1981)

Vidiyum Vari Kaathiru (1981)

Kaali (1980)

Anbukku Naan Adimai (1980)

Ayiram Vaasal Idhayam (1980)

Dhooramarigey (1980)

Ellaam Un Kairaasi (1980)

Enga Oor Rasathi (1980)

Geetha (1980)

Graamathu Aathiyam (1980)

Guru (1980)

Idhayathiley Oru Idam (1980)

Ilamai Kolam (1980)

Janma Janmada Anubandha (1980)

Kaalrathiri (1980)

Kallukkul Eeram (1980)

Kannil Theriyum Kadhaigal (1980)

Karumbu Vil (1980)

Kotha Jeevithalu (1980)

Maayadhaari Krishnudu (1980)

Manju Moodal Manju (1980)

Moodupani (1980)

Murattu Kaalai (1980)

Naan Potta Savaal (1980)

Nadhiye Thedi Vandha Kadal (1980)

Nizhalgal (1980)

Orey Muththam (1980)

Pasidi Moggalu (1980)

Ponnagaram (1980)

Rishi Moolam (1980)

Rusi Kanda Poonai (1980)

Samanthi Poo (1980)

Savithri (1980)

Soolam (1980)

Sridevi (1980)

Thayi Pongal (1980)

Ullasa Paravaigal (1980)

Aarilirindhu Aruvathu Varai (1979)

Agal Vilakku (1979)

Ammaa Evarigaina Amma (1979)

Anbae Sangeetha (1979)

Annai Oru Aalayam (1979)

Azhage Unnai Aarathikkirean (1979)

Chella Kili (1979)

Devathai (1979)

Dharma Yuddham (1979)

Johnny (1979)

Kadavul Amaitha Medai (1979)

Kalyanaraman (1979)

Kavariman (1979)

Kuppathu Raja (1979)

Lakshmi (1979)

Mudhal Iravu (1979)

Mugaththil Mugam Paarkkalaam (1979)

Naan Vaazha Vaippen (1979)

Nallathoru Kudumbam (1979)

Niram Maaratha Pookkal (1979)

Pagalil Oru Iravu (1979)

Pancha Bhoothalu (1979)

Pattakkatti Bairavan (1979)

Ponnu Oorukku Pudhusu (1979)

Poonthalir (1979)

Poottata Pootukkal (1979)

Puthiya Vaarpugal (1979)

Rosaappo Ravikkai Kaari (1979)

Sakkalathi (1979)

Thai Illamal Naan Illai (1979)

Urvasi Niney Naa Priyasi (1979)

Utharipookal (1979)

Vetrikku Oruvan (1979)

Yerra Gulabi (1979)

Yugandhar (1979)

Sigappu Rojakkal (1978)

Aaru Manikkoor (1978)

Achchanai (1978)

Aval Appadithaan (1978)

Aval Oru Pachchaikkuzhandhai (1978)

Bhairavi (1978)

Chattam En Kaiyil (1978)

Chittu Kuruvi (1978)

Chonnadhu Nithaana (1978)

Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu (1978)

Ithu Eppadi Irukku (1978)

Kaatrinile Varum Geetham (1978)

Kannan Oru Kai Kuzhandhai (1978)

Kizhake Pogum Rail (1978)

Maariyamman Thiruvizha (1978)

Maathu Thappadha Maga (1978)

Mullum Malarum (1978)

Priya (1978)

Rowdy Rajani (1978)

Sondhadu Needana (1978)

Thiru Kalyaanam (1978)

Thyaagam (1978)

Tripura Sundari (1978)

Vaazha Ninaiththaal Vaazhalaam (1978)

Vattathukkul Chathuram (1978)

Vayasu Pilichindi (1978)

Alukkoru Aasai (1977)

Avar Enakke Sontham (1977)

Bhuvana Oru Kelvikkuri (1977)

Dheepam (1977)

Dhurga Dhevi (1977)

Gayatri (1977)

Kavikuyil (1977)

Odi Vilaiyaadu Thaaththaa (1977)

Pathinaru Vayathinile (1977)

Pen Jenman (1977)

Sainthadamma Sainthadu (1977)

Thunaiyiruppaal Meenatchi (1977)

Vyamoham (1977)

Annakili (1976)

Athirshtam Azhaikkirathu (1976)

Badra Kali (1976)

Paalooti Valartha Kili (1976)

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Address: 5/21, North Mada Street, Padi, Chennai- 600050, Tamil Nadu Behind Balaji Woodlands

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During Arupathu Moovar Festival at Mylapore ,apart from Idols of Kapaleeswarar, Karpagambal, 63 Nayanmars, Vinayakar,Thiruvalluvar, Kolavizhi Amman,Valeeswarar, idol of Mundaka kanni Amman are also taken.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=uo35O1AJOfg

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zkq-4rR4dOo

www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFnkSCdpdmg

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Regional Director UNDP in Asia and the Pacific, Kanni Wignaraja's virtual mission to Pakistan

Mylai Arupathu Moovar Festival,2022

During Arupathu Moovar Festival at Mylapore ,apart from Idols of Kapaleeswarar, Karpagambal, 63 Nayanmars, Vinayakar,Thiruvalluvar, Kolavizhi Amman,Valeeswarar, idol of Mundaka kanni Amman are also taken.

Since Kolavizhi Amman is Grama Devathai, it proceeds first.

PADMASHRI KALAMANDALAM GOPI

PADMA SHRI KALAMANDALAM GOPI IS A KATHAKALI ARTISTE FROM KERALA, SOUTHERN INDIA, CELEBRATED FOR HIS SEMINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE AESTHETICS AND POPULARITY OF THE CLASSICAL DANCE-DRAMA ACROSS THE WORLD. WITH A HAPPY BLEND OF THE SOLID BODY GRAMMAR OF THE HIGHLY STYLISED KALLUVAZHI TRADITION IN WHICH HE WAS GROOMED AND THE MORE FLEXIBLE, PART-REALISTIC, EMOTION-LADEN SOUTHERN STYLE TECHNIQUES HE ACQUIRED LATER IN HIS CAREER, GOPI HAS WON MASSIVE AUDIENCE APPRECIATION IN KERALA AND ELSEWHERE REGARDLESS OF ONE'S AESTHETIC CHOICES AND BIASES.

TALL, CHIRPY GOPIYASAN, AS HE IS FONDLY CALLED BY FANS, IS RENOWNED FOR THE ROMANTIC AND DRAMATIC PORTRAYAL OF THE VIRTUOUS PACHCHA ROLES IN KATHAKALI, NOTABLE AMONG THEM BEING NALAN, KARNAN AND RUKMANGADAN. HE IS EQUALLY ADEPT IN ESSAYING THE CHOREOGRAPHICALLY DENSER ROLES LIKE BHEEMAN (IN THE STORIES KALYANASOUGANDHIKAM OR BAKAVADHAM), ARJUNA (SUBHADRAHARANAM) AND DHARMAPUTRAR (THAT'S YUDHISHTHIRA IN KIRMEERAVADHAM). GOPI, A PADMA SHRI AWARDEE, ALSO EXCELS IN THE YELLOW-FACED PAZHUPPU ROLES SUCH AS BALABHADRA, AND HAS OF LATE ALSO BRANCHED OUT TO PORTRAY VARIETY ROLES LIKE THE ANTI-HEROIC KATHI (LIKE RAVANA, KEECHAKA AND DURYODHANA) BLACK-BEARDED KAATALAN (KIRATHAM), RED-BEARDED BALI (BALIVIJAYAM) AND EVEN THE SEMI-REALISTIC LOOKING BRAHMANAN IN SANTANAGOPALAM.

THE 1937-BORN GOPI, A SENIOR DISCIPLE OF PADMA BHUSHAN KALAMANDALAM RAMANKUTTY NAIR AND THE LATE KALAMANDALAM PADMANABHAN NAIR BESIDES PADMA SHRI KEEZHPADAM KUMARAN NAIR, HAD HIS TRAINING IN KATHAKALI FROM KERALA KALAMANDALAM NEAR SHORANUR. BEFORE THAT, HE HAD A BRIEF CAREER AS A PRACTITIONER OF THE MORE FOLKSY OTTAMTHULLAL, THE SOLO DANCE FORM WITH LYRICS BY THE LEGENDARY KUNCHAN NAMBIAR, A PATHBREAKING SATIRIST POET. THAT STINT WAS FOLLOWED BY HIS INITIATION INTO KATHAKALI BY A LEADING GURU CALLED THEKKINKATTIL RAMUNNI NAIR AT THE KOODALLUR MANA (A MANSION OF AN UPPER-CASTE NAMBOODIRI FAMILY) NEAR GOPI'S NATIVE KOTHACHIRA VILLAGE IN THE CUSP OF THRISSUR AND PALAKKAD DISTRICTS.

AS A TEENAGER ITSELF, GOPI, WHOSE REAL NAME IS VADAKKE MANALATH GOVINDAN NAIR, WAS NOTICED AS A PROMISING STUDENT, AND HE DIDN'T BELIE EXPECTATIONS. (THE STORY GOES THAT KALAMANDALAM CO-FOUNDER, POET VALLATHOL NARAYANA MENON, WAS SO IMPRESSED WITH GOPI'S CHISELLED DUSKY FACIAL FEATURES, THAT THE CANDIDATE WAS MADE TO SKIP THE TEST OF MAKE-UP AHEAD OF HIS INDUCTION AS A TRAINEE.) SOON AFTER COMPLETION OF HIS COURSE IN KALAMANDALAM, GOPI WAS RECRUITED AS A STAFFER IN HIS ALMA-MATER. THE INSTITUTION THEN HAD A MINOR KATHAKALI TROUPE FOR ITS UP-AND-COMING ARTISTES, AND GOPI SOON TURNED OUT TO BE A RISING STAR AMONG THEM.

BY 1960S, HIS CHARMING MALE PROTAGONIST ROLES FOUND AN EQUALLY GRACEFUL COMPLEMENT IN THE FORM OF KOTTAKKAL SIVARAMAN, WHO TOO GAINED NAME AS A LEADING EXPONENT OF FEMALE ROLES ON THE STAGE. GOPI, TOGETHER WITH SIVARAMAN, A PUPIL OF PADMA SHRI VAZHENKADA KUNCHU NAIR, SOON MADE A GLORIOUS COUPLE, ESPECIALLY AS NALA-DAMAYANTI. THEY STILL ADORN STAGES AS KARNA AND KUNTHI, RUGMANGADAN AND MOHINI AMONG MANY OTHER ROLES. OF LATE, GOPI HAS A YOUNGER COLLEAGUE, MARGI VIJAYAKUMAR, ACTING OPPOSITE HIM OFTENER.

GOPI, A RECIPIENT OF THE CENTRAL SANGEET NATAK AKADEMI AWARD, RETIRED FROM KALAMANDALAM IN 1992 AS ITS PRINCIPAL, AGED 55, AFTER 36 YEARS OF TUTORIAL SERVICE, AND NOW STAYS IN MUNDOOR, A VILLAGE 12 KM NORTH OF THRISSUR, WITH HIS WIFE AND TWO SONS. HE, HOWEVER, IS STILL BUSY AS A KATHAKALI ARTISTE—GRACING STAGES ACROSS HIS NATIVE KERALA, AND THE REST OF INDIA AND ABROAD (MOSTLY DURING THE CULTURAL OFF-SEASON IN HIS STATE). SCHOLARS AND AVID KATHAKALI WATCHERS ALIKE ACKNOWLEDGE HIM AS A LEGITIMATE SUCCESSOR TO THE LEGACY OF KALAMANDALAM KRISHNAN NAIR, ARGUABLY THE GREATEST-EVER KATHAKALI ARTISTE, WHO DIED IN 1990 AT THE AGE OF 75.

IN 2010 RENOWNED JOURNALIST MEENA (DAS) NARAYAN HAS PRODUCED AND DIRECTED A DOCU-FICTION ON THE ARTISTE. TITLED MAKING OF A MAESTRO THE DOCUMENTARY EXPLORES THE EVOLUTION OF THE ARTISTE, RIGHT FROM HIS ORPHANED LIFE TO THE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS HE FACES TO EMERGE AS THE LIVING LEGEND IN KATHAKALI.

WORLD-FAMOUS FILMMAKER ADOOR GOPALAKRISHNAN HAS MADE A DOCUMENTARY MOVIE ON THE MASTER. TITLED KALAMANDALAM GOPI, THE FILM WON RAVE REVIEWS ACROSS VENUES, AND WAS SHOWN AT THE INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL OF INDIA IN 2000 BESIDES SEVERAL PRESTIGIOUS FESTIVALS WITHIN INDIA AND THE WEST AND FAR EAST. INCIDENTALLY, GOPI HAS ALSO ACTED (WITHOUT KATHAKALI MAKE-UP OR COSTUMES) IN A COUPLE OF MALAYALAM FEATURE FILMS LIKE VANAPRASTHAM (DIRECTED BY SHAJI N. KARUN) AND SHANTHAM (BY JAYARAJ).

NALA CHARITHAM 3rd DAY

Unnayi Warrier(1675 to 1775)

This is the third part of Nalacharitham. If there is something called repentence Nala has it in abundance(reminiscent of King Lear). The thought that he left his wife (Damayanti) alone in the forest (even though it was for her better future) never leaves him for a moment. He wanders in the forests. He also saves a divine serpent called Karkotaka from a forest fire. The serpent bites him and he becomes dark in colour, which is also for good since he can live incognito. Karkotaka also gives Nala a cloth by wearing which he can return to his old figure. Nala assumes the name of Bahuka and joins Rituparna's Palace as a horseman and cook. He spends many sleepless nights along with his colleagues, Jeevala and Varshneya, in his new home, lamenting about his wife, which is well brought out in the verses "Vijane Bata Mahati, Vipine Nee Unarn Indu Vadane, Vinenthu Cheyvu Kadane " meaning "Waking up in the wilderness, falling into bottomless sorrow, Lady, what did thou do?".

Now the scene shifts to Bhima Raja's palace. Damayanti designates Sudeva, a brahmin to find out whether the message from another brahmin that Nala is in Rituparna's palace is true or not. Sudeva knows the trick. He travels to Kosala Rajya and informs Rituparna that the day after next is Damayanti's second Swayamvara and and all kings are invited. Now there is only one way Kundinapura can be reached in a day. Only Nala can drive so fast and so his identity will be exposed. Sudeva's trick works. Nala's thoughts at this juncture are about the innocense of Damayanti in comparison to the cruelty of society, which is well brought out in the verses "Mariman Kanni Mauliyude, Marima Arkid Ariyam" meaning "Wavy eyed Lady, who knows thy wavering mind?"

Rituparna along with his minister and Nala as charioteer start off to Kundinapura. On the way Kali who had entered Nala's body is banished by the heat of a calculation mantra which Rituparna advices to Nala in return to the horse-sense mantra which Nala advises to Rituparna. Happily they proceed to Kundinapura.

In this story Nala, Rituparna are Pacha vesham. Sudeva, Jeevala, Varshneya, Damayanti are Minuku vesham. Kali is Red Beard, and Karkotaka has special Serpent makeup. Bahuka is a separate Pacha Vesham Nala slightly darker than Nala.

Gingee Fort or Senji Fort (also known as Chenji, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres away.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications. The fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district.

LEGEND AND ETYMOLOGY

The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat-Jang, the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey.As per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogised in various ballads.

HISTORY

The main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the "Complete History of the Carnatic Kings" among the Mackenzie manuscripts. According to historian Narayan, a small village called Melacerri, located 4.8 km away from Gingee is called "Old Gingee" has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD. Ananda Kon of the shepherd community (Konar), accidentally found a treasure in one of the cavities of the Western hill while grazing his sheep. Making himself the head of a small band of warriors, he defeated the petty rulers of the neighbouring villages and built a small fortress on Kamalagiri, which he renamed Anandagiri after himself. The Konar dynasty ruled Gingee from 1190 to 1330 AD, and was succeeded by the chief of a neighbouring place called Kobilingan, who belonged to the Kurumba caste and ascended the throne of Gingee. He was a feudatory of the powerful Cholas. Gingee came into the hands of various ruling dynasties of South India, starting from the Cholas.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar while fighting the Cholas and again by the Vijayanagar empire during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15-16th century by the Gingee Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort was built at a strategic place to fend off any invading armies. It was further strengthened by the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD. He recaptured it from the Bijapur sultans who had originally taken control of the fort from the Marathas. During Aurangzeb's campaign in the Deccan, Shivaji's second son who had assumed the throne, Chhatrapati Rajaram, escaped to Ginjee and continued the fight with Moghuls from Ginjee. The fort was the seat of the Maratha Empire for a few months. The Moghuls could not capture the fort for seven years in spite of laying siege. The fort was finally captured in 1698, but not before Chhatrapati Rajaram escaped. It was later passed on to the Carnatic Nawabs who lost it to the French in 1750 before the British finally took control in 1761 despite losing it to Hyder Ali for a brief period. Raja Desinghu ruled Chenji during the 18th century.

ARCHITECTURE

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, yet each hill contains a separate and self-contained citadel. Connecting them - forming an enormous triangle, a mile from north to south, punctuated by bastions and gateways giving access to the protected zones at the heart of the complex. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. It has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. The walls of the fort are a mixture of the natural hilly terrain comprising the Krishnagiri, Chakkilidrug and Rajagiri hills, while the gaps were sealed with the main wall that measures 20 metres in thickness. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.

Water resources are usually sparse in South Indian forts, while it was well managed in the Citadel. There are two sweet water sources on the summit and below it there are three reservoirs for storage of rain water. Water for Kalyana Mahal was brought through earthenware pipes from reservoir located 500 m from it.

RAJAGIRI

The first hill, where the main fort is, is called Rajagiri. Originally it was known as Kamalagiri as well as Anandagiri. The fort was historically considered most impregnable. It is about 240 m in height. Its summit is cut off from communication and is surrounded by a deep, natural chasm that is about 9.1 m wide and 18 m deep. To gain entry into the citadel one had to cross the chasm with the help of a small wooden draw bridge. The naturally strong rock where the fortress is located, is further strengthened by the construction of embrasure walls and gateways along all possible shelves and precipitous edges. The citadel is reached by traversing through seven gates. This citadel contains important buildings apart from the living quarters of the royalty, like the stables, granaries, and meeting halls for the public, temples, mosques, shrines and pavilions. Kamalakanni Amman temple is present atop the Rajagiri hills. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity, Kamalakanni, is believed to be the widow of demon king Acalamaccuran. Draupadi, a Hindu goddess, beheaded the hundred heads of the demon and Kamalakanni is believed to have protests that she would become a widow. Draupadi explains her similarities that she has no sexual relations, though married. This resulted in the ambiguous kanni suffix. Ranganathar Temple, bell tower, watch tower, cannon and draw bridge are located atop the hill.

The lower fort consists of Arcot Gate, Pondicherry Gate, which was probably improved by the French during their occupation (1751–1761), the Prison on top of Pondicherry Gate, Royal Battery, Venkataramanaswami Temple, Pattabhi Ramaswami Temple, Sadatulla Khan’s mosque, Chettikulam and Chakrakulam tanks, platform where Raja Desing was killed in a war, large stone image of Hanuman, prisoner’s well where the prisoners condemned to death were thrown and left to die of starvation. The inner fort consists of Kalyana Mahal, the royal stables, the ruined royal palace, Anaikulam tank, granaries, magazine and the shrine of Venugopalaswami. There is a site museum at the entrance of the fort set up by the Archeological Survey of India containing sculptures pertaining to periods and many dynasties that ruled Gingee. There are also guns and cannonballs made of stone, strewn about the fort.

KRISHNAGIRI

The second important hillock with an imposing citadel is known as Krishnagiri. It is also known as the English Mountain, perhaps because the British residents occupied the fort here, for some time. The Krishnagiri fort lies to the North of Tiruvannamalai road. It is smaller in size and height compared to the Rajagiri fort. A flight of steps of granite stones leads to its top. Another fort connected with Rajagiri with a low rocky ridge is called Chandrayan Durg, Chandragiri or St. George’s Mountain. The military and strategic value of this fort has been relatively less, but it has some interesting buildings of later period.

CHAKKILIYA DURG

The third fort for some reason is called Chakkiliya Durg or Chamar Tikri — meaning the fort of the cobblers. It is not known why it had acquired the name. Probably the royal saddlers and military shoemakers had set up their workshops here, as Gingee obviously was a military encampment. There is a smaller and less important fourth hill, the summit of which is also well fortified. There is nothing much left of Chandrayan Durg and Chakkilli Durg. Their flanks are now completely covered with thorny shrubs and stone pieces.

CULTURE

After the fort passed into British hands, it did not see any further action. The fort at Gingee was declared a National Monument in 1921 and was under the Archeological Department. The Tourism Department of India has tried to popularise this remote and oft-forgotten fort. Gingee today, with its ruined forts, temples and granaries, presents a different picture from the glorious splendor of its bygone days. But the remains of that glorious past speak volumes about the numerous invasions, warfare and bravery that it witnessed. The fort is maintained by the Archeological Department. An entry charge of ₹5 is charged for Indian citizens and SAARC countries and US$2 or ₹100 for all monuments inside Krishnagiri and Rajagiri forts.

WIKIPEDIA

In Tamil and Sanskrit "Maithunam" means copulation.

Mithunam is a Rashi in Astrology like Kanni Rasi

Mithuna Rasi people are also considered more sexy, more romantic.

the man's Rudraksha on his arms...

the shaven area...indicates even in those 500 B.C people shaved, clean.

Gingee Fort or Senji Fort (also known as Chenji, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres away.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications. The fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district.

LEGEND AND ETYMOLOGY

The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat-Jang, the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey.As per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogised in various ballads.

HISTORY

The main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the "Complete History of the Carnatic Kings" among the Mackenzie manuscripts. According to historian Narayan, a small village called Melacerri, located 4.8 km away from Gingee is called "Old Gingee" has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD. Ananda Kon of the shepherd community (Konar), accidentally found a treasure in one of the cavities of the Western hill while grazing his sheep. Making himself the head of a small band of warriors, he defeated the petty rulers of the neighbouring villages and built a small fortress on Kamalagiri, which he renamed Anandagiri after himself. The Konar dynasty ruled Gingee from 1190 to 1330 AD, and was succeeded by the chief of a neighbouring place called Kobilingan, who belonged to the Kurumba caste and ascended the throne of Gingee. He was a feudatory of the powerful Cholas. Gingee came into the hands of various ruling dynasties of South India, starting from the Cholas.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar while fighting the Cholas and again by the Vijayanagar empire during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15-16th century by the Gingee Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort was built at a strategic place to fend off any invading armies. It was further strengthened by the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD. He recaptured it from the Bijapur sultans who had originally taken control of the fort from the Marathas. During Aurangzeb's campaign in the Deccan, Shivaji's second son who had assumed the throne, Chhatrapati Rajaram, escaped to Ginjee and continued the fight with Moghuls from Ginjee. The fort was the seat of the Maratha Empire for a few months. The Moghuls could not capture the fort for seven years in spite of laying siege. The fort was finally captured in 1698, but not before Chhatrapati Rajaram escaped. It was later passed on to the Carnatic Nawabs who lost it to the French in 1750 before the British finally took control in 1761 despite losing it to Hyder Ali for a brief period. Raja Desinghu ruled Chenji during the 18th century.

ARCHITECTURE

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, yet each hill contains a separate and self-contained citadel. Connecting them - forming an enormous triangle, a mile from north to south, punctuated by bastions and gateways giving access to the protected zones at the heart of the complex. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. It has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. The walls of the fort are a mixture of the natural hilly terrain comprising the Krishnagiri, Chakkilidrug and Rajagiri hills, while the gaps were sealed with the main wall that measures 20 metres in thickness. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.

Water resources are usually sparse in South Indian forts, while it was well managed in the Citadel. There are two sweet water sources on the summit and below it there are three reservoirs for storage of rain water. Water for Kalyana Mahal was brought through earthenware pipes from reservoir located 500 m from it.

RAJAGIRI

The first hill, where the main fort is, is called Rajagiri. Originally it was known as Kamalagiri as well as Anandagiri. The fort was historically considered most impregnable. It is about 240 m in height. Its summit is cut off from communication and is surrounded by a deep, natural chasm that is about 9.1 m wide and 18 m deep. To gain entry into the citadel one had to cross the chasm with the help of a small wooden draw bridge. The naturally strong rock where the fortress is located, is further strengthened by the construction of embrasure walls and gateways along all possible shelves and precipitous edges. The citadel is reached by traversing through seven gates. This citadel contains important buildings apart from the living quarters of the royalty, like the stables, granaries, and meeting halls for the public, temples, mosques, shrines and pavilions. Kamalakanni Amman temple is present atop the Rajagiri hills. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity, Kamalakanni, is believed to be the widow of demon king Acalamaccuran. Draupadi, a Hindu goddess, beheaded the hundred heads of the demon and Kamalakanni is believed to have protests that she would become a widow. Draupadi explains her similarities that she has no sexual relations, though married. This resulted in the ambiguous kanni suffix. Ranganathar Temple, bell tower, watch tower, cannon and draw bridge are located atop the hill.

The lower fort consists of Arcot Gate, Pondicherry Gate, which was probably improved by the French during their occupation (1751–1761), the Prison on top of Pondicherry Gate, Royal Battery, Venkataramanaswami Temple, Pattabhi Ramaswami Temple, Sadatulla Khan’s mosque, Chettikulam and Chakrakulam tanks, platform where Raja Desing was killed in a war, large stone image of Hanuman, prisoner’s well where the prisoners condemned to death were thrown and left to die of starvation. The inner fort consists of Kalyana Mahal, the royal stables, the ruined royal palace, Anaikulam tank, granaries, magazine and the shrine of Venugopalaswami. There is a site museum at the entrance of the fort set up by the Archeological Survey of India containing sculptures pertaining to periods and many dynasties that ruled Gingee. There are also guns and cannonballs made of stone, strewn about the fort.

KRISHNAGIRI

The second important hillock with an imposing citadel is known as Krishnagiri. It is also known as the English Mountain, perhaps because the British residents occupied the fort here, for some time. The Krishnagiri fort lies to the North of Tiruvannamalai road. It is smaller in size and height compared to the Rajagiri fort. A flight of steps of granite stones leads to its top. Another fort connected with Rajagiri with a low rocky ridge is called Chandrayan Durg, Chandragiri or St. George’s Mountain. The military and strategic value of this fort has been relatively less, but it has some interesting buildings of later period.

CHAKKILIYA DURG

The third fort for some reason is called Chakkiliya Durg or Chamar Tikri — meaning the fort of the cobblers. It is not known why it had acquired the name. Probably the royal saddlers and military shoemakers had set up their workshops here, as Gingee obviously was a military encampment. There is a smaller and less important fourth hill, the summit of which is also well fortified. There is nothing much left of Chandrayan Durg and Chakkilli Durg. Their flanks are now completely covered with thorny shrubs and stone pieces.

CULTURE

After the fort passed into British hands, it did not see any further action. The fort at Gingee was declared a National Monument in 1921 and was under the Archeological Department. The Tourism Department of India has tried to popularise this remote and oft-forgotten fort. Gingee today, with its ruined forts, temples and granaries, presents a different picture from the glorious splendor of its bygone days. But the remains of that glorious past speak volumes about the numerous invasions, warfare and bravery that it witnessed. The fort is maintained by the Archeological Department. An entry charge of ₹5 is charged for Indian citizens and SAARC countries and US$2 or ₹100 for all monuments inside Krishnagiri and Rajagiri forts.

WIKIPEDIA

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Felt would look better on fluidr

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Gingee Fort or Senji Fort (also known as Chenji, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres away.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications. The fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district.

LEGEND AND ETYMOLOGY

The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat-Jang, the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey.As per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogised in various ballads.

HISTORY

The main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the "Complete History of the Carnatic Kings" among the Mackenzie manuscripts. According to historian Narayan, a small village called Melacerri, located 4.8 km away from Gingee is called "Old Gingee" has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD. Ananda Kon of the shepherd community (Konar), accidentally found a treasure in one of the cavities of the Western hill while grazing his sheep. Making himself the head of a small band of warriors, he defeated the petty rulers of the neighbouring villages and built a small fortress on Kamalagiri, which he renamed Anandagiri after himself. The Konar dynasty ruled Gingee from 1190 to 1330 AD, and was succeeded by the chief of a neighbouring place called Kobilingan, who belonged to the Kurumba caste and ascended the throne of Gingee. He was a feudatory of the powerful Cholas. Gingee came into the hands of various ruling dynasties of South India, starting from the Cholas.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar while fighting the Cholas and again by the Vijayanagar empire during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15-16th century by the Gingee Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort was built at a strategic place to fend off any invading armies. It was further strengthened by the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD. He recaptured it from the Bijapur sultans who had originally taken control of the fort from the Marathas. During Aurangzeb's campaign in the Deccan, Shivaji's second son who had assumed the throne, Chhatrapati Rajaram, escaped to Ginjee and continued the fight with Moghuls from Ginjee. The fort was the seat of the Maratha Empire for a few months. The Moghuls could not capture the fort for seven years in spite of laying siege. The fort was finally captured in 1698, but not before Chhatrapati Rajaram escaped. It was later passed on to the Carnatic Nawabs who lost it to the French in 1750 before the British finally took control in 1761 despite losing it to Hyder Ali for a brief period. Raja Desinghu ruled Chenji during the 18th century.

ARCHITECTURE

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, yet each hill contains a separate and self-contained citadel. Connecting them - forming an enormous triangle, a mile from north to south, punctuated by bastions and gateways giving access to the protected zones at the heart of the complex. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. It has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. The walls of the fort are a mixture of the natural hilly terrain comprising the Krishnagiri, Chakkilidrug and Rajagiri hills, while the gaps were sealed with the main wall that measures 20 metres in thickness. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.

Water resources are usually sparse in South Indian forts, while it was well managed in the Citadel. There are two sweet water sources on the summit and below it there are three reservoirs for storage of rain water. Water for Kalyana Mahal was brought through earthenware pipes from reservoir located 500 m from it.

RAJAGIRI

The first hill, where the main fort is, is called Rajagiri. Originally it was known as Kamalagiri as well as Anandagiri. The fort was historically considered most impregnable. It is about 240 m in height. Its summit is cut off from communication and is surrounded by a deep, natural chasm that is about 9.1 m wide and 18 m deep. To gain entry into the citadel one had to cross the chasm with the help of a small wooden draw bridge. The naturally strong rock where the fortress is located, is further strengthened by the construction of embrasure walls and gateways along all possible shelves and precipitous edges. The citadel is reached by traversing through seven gates. This citadel contains important buildings apart from the living quarters of the royalty, like the stables, granaries, and meeting halls for the public, temples, mosques, shrines and pavilions. Kamalakanni Amman temple is present atop the Rajagiri hills. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity, Kamalakanni, is believed to be the widow of demon king Acalamaccuran. Draupadi, a Hindu goddess, beheaded the hundred heads of the demon and Kamalakanni is believed to have protests that she would become a widow. Draupadi explains her similarities that she has no sexual relations, though married. This resulted in the ambiguous kanni suffix. Ranganathar Temple, bell tower, watch tower, cannon and draw bridge are located atop the hill.

The lower fort consists of Arcot Gate, Pondicherry Gate, which was probably improved by the French during their occupation (1751–1761), the Prison on top of Pondicherry Gate, Royal Battery, Venkataramanaswami Temple, Pattabhi Ramaswami Temple, Sadatulla Khan’s mosque, Chettikulam and Chakrakulam tanks, platform where Raja Desing was killed in a war, large stone image of Hanuman, prisoner’s well where the prisoners condemned to death were thrown and left to die of starvation. The inner fort consists of Kalyana Mahal, the royal stables, the ruined royal palace, Anaikulam tank, granaries, magazine and the shrine of Venugopalaswami. There is a site museum at the entrance of the fort set up by the Archeological Survey of India containing sculptures pertaining to periods and many dynasties that ruled Gingee. There are also guns and cannonballs made of stone, strewn about the fort.

KRISHNAGIRI

The second important hillock with an imposing citadel is known as Krishnagiri. It is also known as the English Mountain, perhaps because the British residents occupied the fort here, for some time. The Krishnagiri fort lies to the North of Tiruvannamalai road. It is smaller in size and height compared to the Rajagiri fort. A flight of steps of granite stones leads to its top. Another fort connected with Rajagiri with a low rocky ridge is called Chandrayan Durg, Chandragiri or St. George’s Mountain. The military and strategic value of this fort has been relatively less, but it has some interesting buildings of later period.

CHAKKILIYA DURG

The third fort for some reason is called Chakkiliya Durg or Chamar Tikri — meaning the fort of the cobblers. It is not known why it had acquired the name. Probably the royal saddlers and military shoemakers had set up their workshops here, as Gingee obviously was a military encampment. There is a smaller and less important fourth hill, the summit of which is also well fortified. There is nothing much left of Chandrayan Durg and Chakkilli Durg. Their flanks are now completely covered with thorny shrubs and stone pieces.

CULTURE

After the fort passed into British hands, it did not see any further action. The fort at Gingee was declared a National Monument in 1921 and was under the Archeological Department. The Tourism Department of India has tried to popularise this remote and oft-forgotten fort. Gingee today, with its ruined forts, temples and granaries, presents a different picture from the glorious splendor of its bygone days. But the remains of that glorious past speak volumes about the numerous invasions, warfare and bravery that it witnessed. The fort is maintained by the Archeological Department. An entry charge of ₹5 is charged for Indian citizens and SAARC countries and US$2 or ₹100 for all monuments inside Krishnagiri and Rajagiri forts.

WIKIPEDIA

Gingee Fort or Senji Fort (also known as Chenji, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres away.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications. The fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district.

LEGEND AND ETYMOLOGY

The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat-Jang, the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey.As per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogised in various ballads.

HISTORY

The main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the "Complete History of the Carnatic Kings" among the Mackenzie manuscripts. According to historian Narayan, a small village called Melacerri, located 4.8 km away from Gingee is called "Old Gingee" has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD. Ananda Kon of the shepherd community (Konar), accidentally found a treasure in one of the cavities of the Western hill while grazing his sheep. Making himself the head of a small band of warriors, he defeated the petty rulers of the neighbouring villages and built a small fortress on Kamalagiri, which he renamed Anandagiri after himself. The Konar dynasty ruled Gingee from 1190 to 1330 AD, and was succeeded by the chief of a neighbouring place called Kobilingan, who belonged to the Kurumba caste and ascended the throne of Gingee. He was a feudatory of the powerful Cholas. Gingee came into the hands of various ruling dynasties of South India, starting from the Cholas.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar while fighting the Cholas and again by the Vijayanagar empire during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15-16th century by the Gingee Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort was built at a strategic place to fend off any invading armies. It was further strengthened by the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD. He recaptured it from the Bijapur sultans who had originally taken control of the fort from the Marathas. During Aurangzeb's campaign in the Deccan, Shivaji's second son who had assumed the throne, Chhatrapati Rajaram, escaped to Ginjee and continued the fight with Moghuls from Ginjee. The fort was the seat of the Maratha Empire for a few months. The Moghuls could not capture the fort for seven years in spite of laying siege. The fort was finally captured in 1698, but not before Chhatrapati Rajaram escaped. It was later passed on to the Carnatic Nawabs who lost it to the French in 1750 before the British finally took control in 1761 despite losing it to Hyder Ali for a brief period. Raja Desinghu ruled Chenji during the 18th century.

ARCHITECTURE

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, yet each hill contains a separate and self-contained citadel. Connecting them - forming an enormous triangle, a mile from north to south, punctuated by bastions and gateways giving access to the protected zones at the heart of the complex. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. It has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. The walls of the fort are a mixture of the natural hilly terrain comprising the Krishnagiri, Chakkilidrug and Rajagiri hills, while the gaps were sealed with the main wall that measures 20 metres in thickness. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.

Water resources are usually sparse in South Indian forts, while it was well managed in the Citadel. There are two sweet water sources on the summit and below it there are three reservoirs for storage of rain water. Water for Kalyana Mahal was brought through earthenware pipes from reservoir located 500 m from it.

RAJAGIRI

The first hill, where the main fort is, is called Rajagiri. Originally it was known as Kamalagiri as well as Anandagiri. The fort was historically considered most impregnable. It is about 240 m in height. Its summit is cut off from communication and is surrounded by a deep, natural chasm that is about 9.1 m wide and 18 m deep. To gain entry into the citadel one had to cross the chasm with the help of a small wooden draw bridge. The naturally strong rock where the fortress is located, is further strengthened by the construction of embrasure walls and gateways along all possible shelves and precipitous edges. The citadel is reached by traversing through seven gates. This citadel contains important buildings apart from the living quarters of the royalty, like the stables, granaries, and meeting halls for the public, temples, mosques, shrines and pavilions. Kamalakanni Amman temple is present atop the Rajagiri hills. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity, Kamalakanni, is believed to be the widow of demon king Acalamaccuran. Draupadi, a Hindu goddess, beheaded the hundred heads of the demon and Kamalakanni is believed to have protests that she would become a widow. Draupadi explains her similarities that she has no sexual relations, though married. This resulted in the ambiguous kanni suffix. Ranganathar Temple, bell tower, watch tower, cannon and draw bridge are located atop the hill.

The lower fort consists of Arcot Gate, Pondicherry Gate, which was probably improved by the French during their occupation (1751–1761), the Prison on top of Pondicherry Gate, Royal Battery, Venkataramanaswami Temple, Pattabhi Ramaswami Temple, Sadatulla Khan’s mosque, Chettikulam and Chakrakulam tanks, platform where Raja Desing was killed in a war, large stone image of Hanuman, prisoner’s well where the prisoners condemned to death were thrown and left to die of starvation. The inner fort consists of Kalyana Mahal, the royal stables, the ruined royal palace, Anaikulam tank, granaries, magazine and the shrine of Venugopalaswami. There is a site museum at the entrance of the fort set up by the Archeological Survey of India containing sculptures pertaining to periods and many dynasties that ruled Gingee. There are also guns and cannonballs made of stone, strewn about the fort.

KRISHNAGIRI

The second important hillock with an imposing citadel is known as Krishnagiri. It is also known as the English Mountain, perhaps because the British residents occupied the fort here, for some time. The Krishnagiri fort lies to the North of Tiruvannamalai road. It is smaller in size and height compared to the Rajagiri fort. A flight of steps of granite stones leads to its top. Another fort connected with Rajagiri with a low rocky ridge is called Chandrayan Durg, Chandragiri or St. George’s Mountain. The military and strategic value of this fort has been relatively less, but it has some interesting buildings of later period.

CHAKKILIYA DURG

The third fort for some reason is called Chakkiliya Durg or Chamar Tikri — meaning the fort of the cobblers. It is not known why it had acquired the name. Probably the royal saddlers and military shoemakers had set up their workshops here, as Gingee obviously was a military encampment. There is a smaller and less important fourth hill, the summit of which is also well fortified. There is nothing much left of Chandrayan Durg and Chakkilli Durg. Their flanks are now completely covered with thorny shrubs and stone pieces.

CULTURE

After the fort passed into British hands, it did not see any further action. The fort at Gingee was declared a National Monument in 1921 and was under the Archeological Department. The Tourism Department of India has tried to popularise this remote and oft-forgotten fort. Gingee today, with its ruined forts, temples and granaries, presents a different picture from the glorious splendor of its bygone days. But the remains of that glorious past speak volumes about the numerous invasions, warfare and bravery that it witnessed. The fort is maintained by the Archeological Department. An entry charge of ₹5 is charged for Indian citizens and SAARC countries and US$2 or ₹100 for all monuments inside Krishnagiri and Rajagiri forts.

WIKIPEDIA

Gingee Fort or Senji Fort (also known as Chenji, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres away.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications. The fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district.

LEGEND AND ETYMOLOGY

The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat-Jang, the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey.As per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogised in various ballads.

HISTORY

The main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the "Complete History of the Carnatic Kings" among the Mackenzie manuscripts. According to historian Narayan, a small village called Melacerri, located 4.8 km away from Gingee is called "Old Gingee" has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD. Ananda Kon of the shepherd community (Konar), accidentally found a treasure in one of the cavities of the Western hill while grazing his sheep. Making himself the head of a small band of warriors, he defeated the petty rulers of the neighbouring villages and built a small fortress on Kamalagiri, which he renamed Anandagiri after himself. The Konar dynasty ruled Gingee from 1190 to 1330 AD, and was succeeded by the chief of a neighbouring place called Kobilingan, who belonged to the Kurumba caste and ascended the throne of Gingee. He was a feudatory of the powerful Cholas. Gingee came into the hands of various ruling dynasties of South India, starting from the Cholas.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar while fighting the Cholas and again by the Vijayanagar empire during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15-16th century by the Gingee Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort was built at a strategic place to fend off any invading armies. It was further strengthened by the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD. He recaptured it from the Bijapur sultans who had originally taken control of the fort from the Marathas. During Aurangzeb's campaign in the Deccan, Shivaji's second son who had assumed the throne, Chhatrapati Rajaram, escaped to Ginjee and continued the fight with Moghuls from Ginjee. The fort was the seat of the Maratha Empire for a few months. The Moghuls could not capture the fort for seven years in spite of laying siege. The fort was finally captured in 1698, but not before Chhatrapati Rajaram escaped. It was later passed on to the Carnatic Nawabs who lost it to the French in 1750 before the British finally took control in 1761 despite losing it to Hyder Ali for a brief period. Raja Desinghu ruled Chenji during the 18th century.

ARCHITECTURE

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, yet each hill contains a separate and self-contained citadel. Connecting them - forming an enormous triangle, a mile from north to south, punctuated by bastions and gateways giving access to the protected zones at the heart of the complex. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. It has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. The walls of the fort are a mixture of the natural hilly terrain comprising the Krishnagiri, Chakkilidrug and Rajagiri hills, while the gaps were sealed with the main wall that measures 20 metres in thickness. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.

Water resources are usually sparse in South Indian forts, while it was well managed in the Citadel. There are two sweet water sources on the summit and below it there are three reservoirs for storage of rain water. Water for Kalyana Mahal was brought through earthenware pipes from reservoir located 500 m from it.

RAJAGIRI

The first hill, where the main fort is, is called Rajagiri. Originally it was known as Kamalagiri as well as Anandagiri. The fort was historically considered most impregnable. It is about 240 m in height. Its summit is cut off from communication and is surrounded by a deep, natural chasm that is about 9.1 m wide and 18 m deep. To gain entry into the citadel one had to cross the chasm with the help of a small wooden draw bridge. The naturally strong rock where the fortress is located, is further strengthened by the construction of embrasure walls and gateways along all possible shelves and precipitous edges. The citadel is reached by traversing through seven gates. This citadel contains important buildings apart from the living quarters of the royalty, like the stables, granaries, and meeting halls for the public, temples, mosques, shrines and pavilions. Kamalakanni Amman temple is present atop the Rajagiri hills. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity, Kamalakanni, is believed to be the widow of demon king Acalamaccuran. Draupadi, a Hindu goddess, beheaded the hundred heads of the demon and Kamalakanni is believed to have protests that she would become a widow. Draupadi explains her similarities that she has no sexual relations, though married. This resulted in the ambiguous kanni suffix. Ranganathar Temple, bell tower, watch tower, cannon and draw bridge are located atop the hill.

The lower fort consists of Arcot Gate, Pondicherry Gate, which was probably improved by the French during their occupation (1751–1761), the Prison on top of Pondicherry Gate, Royal Battery, Venkataramanaswami Temple, Pattabhi Ramaswami Temple, Sadatulla Khan’s mosque, Chettikulam and Chakrakulam tanks, platform where Raja Desing was killed in a war, large stone image of Hanuman, prisoner’s well where the prisoners condemned to death were thrown and left to die of starvation. The inner fort consists of Kalyana Mahal, the royal stables, the ruined royal palace, Anaikulam tank, granaries, magazine and the shrine of Venugopalaswami. There is a site museum at the entrance of the fort set up by the Archeological Survey of India containing sculptures pertaining to periods and many dynasties that ruled Gingee. There are also guns and cannonballs made of stone, strewn about the fort.

KRISHNAGIRI

The second important hillock with an imposing citadel is known as Krishnagiri. It is also known as the English Mountain, perhaps because the British residents occupied the fort here, for some time. The Krishnagiri fort lies to the North of Tiruvannamalai road. It is smaller in size and height compared to the Rajagiri fort. A flight of steps of granite stones leads to its top. Another fort connected with Rajagiri with a low rocky ridge is called Chandrayan Durg, Chandragiri or St. George’s Mountain. The military and strategic value of this fort has been relatively less, but it has some interesting buildings of later period.

CHAKKILIYA DURG

The third fort for some reason is called Chakkiliya Durg or Chamar Tikri — meaning the fort of the cobblers. It is not known why it had acquired the name. Probably the royal saddlers and military shoemakers had set up their workshops here, as Gingee obviously was a military encampment. There is a smaller and less important fourth hill, the summit of which is also well fortified. There is nothing much left of Chandrayan Durg and Chakkilli Durg. Their flanks are now completely covered with thorny shrubs and stone pieces.

CULTURE

After the fort passed into British hands, it did not see any further action. The fort at Gingee was declared a National Monument in 1921 and was under the Archeological Department. The Tourism Department of India has tried to popularise this remote and oft-forgotten fort. Gingee today, with its ruined forts, temples and granaries, presents a different picture from the glorious splendor of its bygone days. But the remains of that glorious past speak volumes about the numerous invasions, warfare and bravery that it witnessed. The fort is maintained by the Archeological Department. An entry charge of ₹5 is charged for Indian citizens and SAARC countries and US$2 or ₹100 for all monuments inside Krishnagiri and Rajagiri forts.

WIKIPEDIA

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishu

Gingee Fort or Senji Fort (also known as Chenji, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres away.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. The complex has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications. The fort, in modern times, is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Villupuram district.

LEGEND AND ETYMOLOGY

The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honour of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat-Jang, the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey.As per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogised in various ballads.

HISTORY

The main source for the first two hundred years of the history of the place is the "Complete History of the Carnatic Kings" among the Mackenzie manuscripts. According to historian Narayan, a small village called Melacerri, located 4.8 km away from Gingee is called "Old Gingee" has traces of fortifications from about 1200 AD. Ananda Kon of the shepherd community (Konar), accidentally found a treasure in one of the cavities of the Western hill while grazing his sheep. Making himself the head of a small band of warriors, he defeated the petty rulers of the neighbouring villages and built a small fortress on Kamalagiri, which he renamed Anandagiri after himself. The Konar dynasty ruled Gingee from 1190 to 1330 AD, and was succeeded by the chief of a neighbouring place called Kobilingan, who belonged to the Kurumba caste and ascended the throne of Gingee. He was a feudatory of the powerful Cholas. Gingee came into the hands of various ruling dynasties of South India, starting from the Cholas.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar while fighting the Cholas and again by the Vijayanagar empire during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built duirng the 15-16th century by the Gingee Nayaks, the lietunants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings. The fort was built at a strategic place to fend off any invading armies. It was further strengthened by the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD. He recaptured it from the Bijapur sultans who had originally taken control of the fort from the Marathas. During Aurangzeb's campaign in the Deccan, Shivaji's second son who had assumed the throne, Chhatrapati Rajaram, escaped to Ginjee and continued the fight with Moghuls from Ginjee. The fort was the seat of the Maratha Empire for a few months. The Moghuls could not capture the fort for seven years in spite of laying siege. The fort was finally captured in 1698, but not before Chhatrapati Rajaram escaped. It was later passed on to the Carnatic Nawabs who lost it to the French in 1750 before the British finally took control in 1761 despite losing it to Hyder Ali for a brief period. Raja Desinghu ruled Chenji during the 18th century.

ARCHITECTURE

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri to the north, Rajagiri to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, yet each hill contains a separate and self-contained citadel. Connecting them - forming an enormous triangle, a mile from north to south, punctuated by bastions and gateways giving access to the protected zones at the heart of the complex. The fort walls are 13 km and the three hills are connected by walls enclosing an area of 11 square kilometres. It was built at a height of 240 m and protected by a 24 m wide moat. It has a seven-storeyed Kalyana Mahal (marriage hall), granaries, prison cells, and a temple dedicated to its presiding Hindu goddess called Chenjiamman. The fortifications contain a sacred pond known as Aanaikulam. The walls of the fort are a mixture of the natural hilly terrain comprising the Krishnagiri, Chakkilidrug and Rajagiri hills, while the gaps were sealed with the main wall that measures 20 metres in thickness. On the top of the hillock, there are minor fortifications.

Water resources are usually sparse in South Indian forts, while it was well managed in the Citadel. There are two sweet water sources on the summit and below it there are three reservoirs for storage of rain water. Water for Kalyana Mahal was brought through earthenware pipes from reservoir located 500 m from it.

RAJAGIRI

The first hill, where the main fort is, is called Rajagiri. Originally it was known as Kamalagiri as well as Anandagiri. The fort was historically considered most impregnable. It is about 240 m in height. Its summit is cut off from communication and is surrounded by a deep, natural chasm that is about 9.1 m wide and 18 m deep. To gain entry into the citadel one had to cross the chasm with the help of a small wooden draw bridge. The naturally strong rock where the fortress is located, is further strengthened by the construction of embrasure walls and gateways along all possible shelves and precipitous edges. The citadel is reached by traversing through seven gates. This citadel contains important buildings apart from the living quarters of the royalty, like the stables, granaries, and meeting halls for the public, temples, mosques, shrines and pavilions. Kamalakanni Amman temple is present atop the Rajagiri hills. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity, Kamalakanni, is believed to be the widow of demon king Acalamaccuran. Draupadi, a Hindu goddess, beheaded the hundred heads of the demon and Kamalakanni is believed to have protests that she would become a widow. Draupadi explains her similarities that she has no sexual relations, though married. This resulted in the ambiguous kanni suffix. Ranganathar Temple, bell tower, watch tower, cannon and draw bridge are located atop the hill.

The lower fort consists of Arcot Gate, Pondicherry Gate, which was probably improved by the French during their occupation (1751–1761), the Prison on top of Pondicherry Gate, Royal Battery, Venkataramanaswami Temple, Pattabhi Ramaswami Temple, Sadatulla Khan’s mosque, Chettikulam and Chakrakulam tanks, platform where Raja Desing was killed in a war, large stone image of Hanuman, prisoner’s well where the prisoners condemned to death were thrown and left to die of starvation. The inner fort consists of Kalyana Mahal, the royal stables, the ruined royal palace, Anaikulam tank, granaries, magazine and the shrine of Venugopalaswami. There is a site museum at the entrance of the fort set up by the Archeological Survey of India containing sculptures pertaining to periods and many dynasties that ruled Gingee. There are also guns and cannonballs made of stone, strewn about the fort.

KRISHNAGIRI

The second important hillock with an imposing citadel is known as Krishnagiri. It is also known as the English Mountain, perhaps because the British residents occupied the fort here, for some time. The Krishnagiri fort lies to the North of Tiruvannamalai road. It is smaller in size and height compared to the Rajagiri fort. A flight of steps of granite stones leads to its top. Another fort connected with Rajagiri with a low rocky ridge is called Chandrayan Durg, Chandragiri or St. George’s Mountain. The military and strategic value of this fort has been relatively less, but it has some interesting buildings of later period.

CHAKKILIYA DURG

The third fort for some reason is called Chakkiliya Durg or Chamar Tikri — meaning the fort of the cobblers. It is not known why it had acquired the name. Probably the royal saddlers and military shoemakers had set up their workshops here, as Gingee obviously was a military encampment. There is a smaller and less important fourth hill, the summit of which is also well fortified. There is nothing much left of Chandrayan Durg and Chakkilli Durg. Their flanks are now completely covered with thorny shrubs and stone pieces.

CULTURE

After the fort passed into British hands, it did not see any further action. The fort at Gingee was declared a National Monument in 1921 and was under the Archeological Department. The Tourism Department of India has tried to popularise this remote and oft-forgotten fort. Gingee today, with its ruined forts, temples and granaries, presents a different picture from the glorious splendor of its bygone days. But the remains of that glorious past speak volumes about the numerous invasions, warfare and bravery that it witnessed. The fort is maintained by the Archeological Department. An entry charge of ₹5 is charged for Indian citizens and SAARC countries and US$2 or ₹100 for all monuments inside Krishnagiri and Rajagiri forts.

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