View allAll Photos Tagged Inventor
Laurens Janszoon Koster (1370-1440) is the purported inventor of a printing press from Haarlem. He allegedly invented printing simultaneously with Johannes Gutenberg and is regarded by some in the Netherlands as having invented printing first.
A 1568 history by Hadrianus Junius of Holland claims that the basic idea of the movable type came to Gutenberg from Laurens Janszoon Coster via Johann Fust, who was apprenticed to Coster in the 1430s and may have brought some of his equipment from Haarlem to Mainz. While Coster appears to have experimented with moulds and castable metal type, there is no evidence that he had actually printed anything with this technology.
Statue of Laurens Janszoon Koster on the market square with the 1559 Grote Kerk (St.-Bavokerk) in the background.
Had to post this shot as I went to the "Reproduktie Teken Opleiding" in Eindhoven, Boschdijk. Netherlands. (Graphic Arts School)
*********************
HIT THE 'L' KEY FOR A BETTER VIEW! Thanks for the favs and comments. Much Appreciated.
*********************
All of my photographs are under copyright ©. None of these photographs may be reproduced and/or used in any way without my permission.
© VanveenJF Photography
The King Sejong Statue was erected at the center of Gwanghwamun Square on Hangeul Day (October 9) of 2009. Sitting with a gentle smile on his face and a book in his hand, the bronze statue of 9.5m in height celebrates the King and his great achievements.
In front of the statue lie a celestial globe, a rain gauge, and a sundial, all of which King Sejong invented himself during his reign. Behind the statue, there are six columns with golden carvings depicting the King's major accomplishments, as well as an underground passage to the 'Sejong's Story' exhibition hall. Surrounding the statue, on the edges of the Square, is the 'Waterway of History,' a stream flowing on tiles with inscriptions of Korean history. (english.visitkorea.or.kr)
Inventor of stencil spray
Stollwerck Schokolade Sammelbilder
Wiener Werkstätte
"Paradies der Tiere" Fries für Palais Stoclet.
Holzschnitte Tiere aus dem Tiergarten Schönbrunn.
Nazizeit: Emigration, in Abwesenheit wegen staatsfeindlicher Betätigung verurteilt.
Part of: Vienna: Secession, Fin de sieclé, Jugendstil, Art nouveau, Art deco - Wien um 1900 / "Variations" My Cemetery sets:
*) Jewish Graveyards at Zentralfriedhof Wien (Central Cemetery Vienna)
*) Living at the cemetery - Cemetery`s Fauna - Leben am Friedhof - Friedhofsfauna
*) Paseos at Austrian Cemeteries
DMC-G2 - P1470456 14.8.2012
Imagine what the world would be like if the printing press had not been invented.
EPCOT Center | Future World
Thanks for looking. I appreciate feedback!
Location: Temple Street, Yau Ma Tei, Hong kong
Contax G1
Contax G Carl Zeiss Planar 35mm f2 T*
Rollei Retro 400s
Kodak HC-110 (B)
6:30 min at 20ºC
Nativo de la Cordillera de los Andes, concretamente del sur de Chile y Argentina, el magnífico árbol que llamamos araucaria es capaz de alcanzar los cincuenta metros de altura y dos metros de diámetro su tronco. Puede vivir 1.000 años y lleva sobre nuestro planeta unos 250 millones de años. Es una de las miles de especies vegetales nuevas que conllevó el descubrimiento del continente americano. Otra fue el árbol de la quina, en el que, por su transcendencia en la Medicina, me voy a detener.
"Me gustaría señalar que es curioso que en el mundo académico se tenga absolutamente claro que España no fue un país atrasado en los comienzos y desarrollo de la Revolución Científica, mientras que en la opinión pública haya calado la idea del atraso científico que los hechos desmienten". Con estas palabras terminaba su conferencia "El mito del atraso científico español durante la Revolución Científica" el catedrático de la Universidad de Granada don José Ramón Jiménez Cuesta el 24 de enero de 2019. (1) [Ver nota al pie]
El pasado 22 de octubre, ABC publicaba un artículo titulado: "32 científicos e inventores españoles que cambiaron el mundo y fueron borrados por la Leyenda Negra" (2). La lista no es exhaustiva, pero permite acercarnos a figuras claramente desconocidas e incluso, como antítesis, comprender el "enorme amor" que por el Arte y la Ciencia sentían países "ilustrados" como Francia, cuyas tropas saquearon y destrozaron no sólo obras de arte cargadas de historia como los sepulcros de los reyes de León en San Isidoro, los del Monasterio de Las Huelgas en Burgos o el panteón de los Mendoza en Guadalajara, sino que hasta destruyeron en Madrid el que era el segundo mayor telescopio del mundo en aquella época durante la invasión napoleónica.
En él leemos: "España, sola o asociada a otras Cortes europeas, realizó 63 expediciones durante la Ilustración, más que ninguna otra nación en el mundo, lo que le valió el siguiente elogio del viajero y científico Alexander von Humboldt:
«Ningún gobierno ha invertido sumas mayores para adelantar los conocimientos de las plantas que el gobierno español. Tres expediciones botánicas, las del Perú, Nueva Granada y Nueva España [...] han costado al Estado unos dos millones de francos [...] Toda esta investigación, realizada durante veinte años en las regiones más fértiles del nuevo continente, no solo ha enriquecido los dominios de la ciencia con más de cuatro mil nuevas especies de plantas; ha contribuido también grandemente a la difusión del gusto por la Historia natural entre los habitantes del país»."
Pero ya antes, y como ejemplo, el sacerdote, médico y botánico sevillano Nicolás Monardes (1508-1588), escribió la "Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales que sirven en Medicina" (3). En ella Monardes acomete la descripción de especies americanas desconocidas en Europa o variantes de las conocidas, y también la de sus resinas, raíces, frutos y hasta piedras, usadas por los nativos para remediar sus enfermedades, que éste es el enfoque de la obra de Monardes, agrupando en un tratado los variados conocimientos de los indígenas de todos los territorios descubiertos por España hasta esa fecha (1574). De su importancia da fe el hecho de que se tradujo a seis idiomas y se publicaron 42 ediciones en unos cien años.
Sobre el árbol de la quina, las primera descripciones son las del agustino criollo Fray Antonio de la Calancha, quien publicó en 1631 una "Coronica Moralizada" (5) donde se recogen las virtudes de la quina. "Dase un árbol que llaman de calenturas en tierra de Loja, con cuyas cortezas, de color de canela, echas polvos dados en bebida el peso de dos reales, quitan las calenturas tercianas; han echo en Lima efetos milagrosos".
En la misma época, año de 1653, el jesuita Bernabé Cobo había terminado su "Historia del Nuevo Mundo", cuya publicación en España se demoró hasta 1890. Allí leemos: “En los términos de la ciudad de Loja, diócesis de Quito, nace cierta casta de árboles grandes que tienen la corteza como de canela, un poco más gruesa, y muy amarga, la cual, molida en polvo, se da a los que tienen calenturas y con sólo este remedio se quitan. Hanse de tomar estos polvos en cantidad de peso de dos reales en vino o en cualquiera otro licor poco antes de que dé el frío. Son ya tan conocidos y estimados estos polvos no sólo en todas las Indias, sino en Europa, que con instancia los envían a pedir de Roma”(6)
Pero la obra más científica, la que acometía el estudio de las especies de quinos, las propiedades de su corteza, los modos de tomarla y sus dosis fue la de Celestino Mutis, más de cien años después, cuando la quina ya había sido traída a Europa por los jesuitas y había fuertes polémicas sobre su uso: "No hay año en que dejen de publicarse elogios y dicterios, en cuya lista cuento no los del vulgo partidario, sino los de ilustres profesores que los han esparcido en sus conversaciones y escritos con gravísimos fundamentos"(p.33) o "algunos presumieron que la Quina que probaba muy bien en París era perjudicial en Roma; y en nuestros días al contrario, la misma que probó mal en Cádiz se aprueba con elogios en los aires de Mantua", escribió Mutis (p.35). Y es que, en efecto, cerca de veinte especies tiene el árbol de la quina, no todas ellas con las mismas propiedades medicinales por las diversas concentraciones de los alcaloides "quinina" y "quinidina" y sin embargo se actuó como si así fuera, obteniendo resultados muy diversos, incluidos los estragos causados en su aplicación a pacientes por la administración de dosis inadecuadas, como resumió Mutis: "la ignorancia de las especies, su mezcla tumultuaria, su administración en substancia y en tiempo inoportuno".
Y a su larga experiencia y sabiduría se debe la implantación definitiva de este importante remedio, que ya habían introducido en Europa los jesuitas en el siglo XVII como poderoso febrífugo. Hizo un estudio muy crítico sobre su aplicación, clarificando su eficacia y proponiendo formas de ingesta apropiadas, entre las que incluyó su fermentación. De la quina se dijo que «fue para la medicina lo que la pólvora para la guerra». Su uso contra la malaria salvó millones de vidas.
Mutis inició en 1783 la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada que duró 30 años. En 1782, ejerciendo su labor como médico, había desarrollado ya una vacuna contra la viruela, enfermedad que asolaba la región y cuya eficacia demostró en él mismo y en 36 niños enfermos del orfanato de San Juan de Dios. Con los impresionantes conocimiento adquiridos publicó una obra que incluye "El arcano de la quina" (7), que no se imprimió hasta 1828. Pese a todos estos datos y hechos, no encontraréis en Wikipedia (8) ni en muchas publicaciones mención alguna a Antonio de la Calancha, Bernabé Cobo ni, lo que es más increíble aún, al gaditano Celestino Mutis. Sirva estos pequeños apuntes como aportación a su recuerdo.
(1) www.ugr.es/~jrjimene/mitoatrasoespa%C3%B1ol.pdf
(2) www.abc.es/historia/abci-28-cientificos-inventores-espano...
(3) bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000113273&page=1
(4) archive.org/details/A050111/page/n501/mode/2up
(5) bibliotecadigital.aecid.es/bibliodig/es/consulta/resultad... LIBRO I, Cap. IX, Pág. 59 (99 de descarga)
(6) bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000044724&page=1
(7) bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/medias/ac/fc/e8/ad/acfce8ad-22a7-4...
(8) es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona_officinalis#:~:text=econ%C...
NOTA.- Sobre las expediciones científicas españolas en el siglo XVIII puede verse también: www.casadevelazquez.org/fileadmin/fichiers/investigacion/...
En los textos he respetado la grafía de sus autores.
Famous composer Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) by Italian sculptor Marino Marini (1901-1980). Seen at an exhibition of Marini at Museum De Fundatie Zwolle, the Netherlands.
More Marino Marini at
more scanner experiments... done in a single scan with a lens train to focus my eye; note: don't look into an older scanner with the very bright incandescent light; this has an LED light bar and I used an LED flashlight for my face also; external light sources are seen as monochrome with this scanner
O Google comemora com um Doodle animado, nesta terça-feira (24), os 132 anos de nascimento do engenheiro e inventor,Sundback solicitou a patente pela criação do zíper, também conhecido como fecho Éclair, no ano de 1914, mas ela lhe foi atribuída somente três anos depois, em 1917
/
This photo was taken by Skorj from Filmwasters.com. He, kindly, 'donated' this photo to our Hong Kong Holga Group.
Thanks, Skorj!
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard that was published by the B. S. Reynolds Co. of 1202, D. Street Northwest, Washington, D.C. The card was produced by C. T. American Art Colored of Chicago.
The card has a divided back. In the space for the stamp it states:
'Place One Cent
Stamp Here.'
Also printed on the back of the card is the following:
'The Printing Press.
By John W. Alexander.
Mural Painting in the
Library of Congress
in Washington, D.C.
Gutenberg, the inventor of
printing, is reading a proof
which has just come from
the press.'
The man on the right seems to have adopted a very peculiar stance - unless he is bracing his feet against a wall on the right, he is about to fall over.
The Evolution of the Book
The Evolution of the Book is a series of six murals painted circa 1896 by John W. Alexander in the Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building.
John White Alexander
John White Alexander was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania on the 7th. October 1856. He was an American portrait, figure, and decorative painter and illustrator.
John White Alexander - The Early Years
John was orphaned in infancy, and was reared by his grandparents. At the age of 12, he became a telegraph boy in Pittsburgh.
Edward J. Allen became an early supporter and patron of John, adopting him while he worked at the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Co. as a young man.
Allen brought Alexander to the Allen home at "Edgehill" where Alexander painted various members of the Allen family, including Colonel Allen.
John moved to New York City at the age of 18 and worked in an office at Harper's Weekly, where he was an illustrator and political cartoonist at the same time that Abbey, Pennell, Pyle, and other celebrated illustrators worked there.
After an apprenticeship of three years, he traveled to Munich for his first formal training. Owing to a lack of funds, he moved to the village of Polling, Bavaria, and worked with Frank Duveneck. They traveled to Venice, where he profited by the advice of Whistler, and then he continued his studies in Florence, Italy; the Netherlands; and Paris.
John White Alexander's Career
In 1881, John returned to New York City and speedily achieved great success in portraiture, numbering among his sitters Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Burroughs, Henry G. Marquand, R.A.L. Stevenson, and president McCosh of Princeton University.
John's first exhibition in the Paris Salon of 1893 was a brilliant success, and was followed by his immediate election to the Société Nationale des Beaux Arts.
Many additional honors were bestowed on him. In 1889 he painted for Mrs. Jeremiah Milbank a well-received portrait of Walt Whitman and one of her husband.
In 1901, he was named Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and in 1902, he became a member of the National Academy of Design, where he served as president from 1909 to 1915. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Among the gold medals received by him were those of the Paris Exposition (1900) and the World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri (1904). He served as President of the National Society of Mural Painters from 1914 to 1915.
John White Alexander's Personal Life and Death
Alexander was married to Elizabeth Alexander, to whom he was introduced in part because of their shared last name. Elizabeth was the daughter of James Waddell Alexander, President of the Equitable Life Assurance Society at the time of the Hyde Ball scandal. The Alexanders had one child, the mathematician James Waddell Alexander II.
Alexander died at the age of 58 in New York on the 31st. May 1915.
John White Alexander's Works
Many of John's paintings are in museums and public places in the United States and in Europe, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Art Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Butler Institute, and the Library of Congress in Washington D.C.
In addition, in the entrance hall to the Art Museum of the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a series of Alexander's murals titled "Apotheosis of Pittsburgh" (1905–1907) covers the walls of the three-story atrium area.
Alexander's artist's proof of his portrait of Whitman, signed by the artist in April 1911, is in the Walt Whitman Collection at the University of Pennsylvania.
The Hyde Ball Scandal
James Hazen Hyde (June 6, 1876 — July 26, 1959) was the son of Henry Baldwin Hyde, the founder of The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States.
James Hazen Hyde was twenty-three in 1899 when he inherited the majority shares in the billion-dollar Society. Five years later, at the pinnacle of social and financial success, efforts to remove him from The Equitable set in motion the first great Wall Street scandal of the 20th. century, which resulted in his resignation from The Equitable and relocation to France.
James Hazen Hyde's Career
James was appointed a vice president of The Equitable after graduating from college. In addition, he served on the boards of directors of more than 40 other companies, including the Wabash Railroad and Western Union.
His homes included a large estate on Long Island, where he maintained horses, stables, roads, and trails to engage in coach racing. He also took part in horse shows and horse racing. Hyde accumulated a collection of coaches and carriages, which he later donated to the Shelburne Museum.
Removal from The Equitable
Following his father's death, Hyde was the majority shareholder and in effective control of The Equitable. By the terms of his father's will, he was scheduled to assume the presidency of the company in 1906.
Members of the board of directors, including E. H. Harriman, Henry Clay Frick, J.P. Morgan, and company President James Waddell Alexander attempted to wrest control from Hyde through a variety of means, including an unsuccessful attempt to have him appointed as Ambassador to France.
On the last night of January 1905, Hyde hosted a highly publicized Versailles-themed costume ball. Falsely accused through a coordinated smear campaign initiated by his opponents at The Equitable of charging the $200,000 party ($6,032,000 today) to the company, Hyde soon found himself drawn into a maelstrom of allegations of corporate malfeasance.
The allegations almost caused a Wall Street panic, and eventually led to a state investigation of New York's entire insurance industry which resulted in laws to regulate activities between insurance companies, banks and other corporations.
Hyde's personal net worth in 1905 was about $20 million ($603,200,000 today). After the negative press generated by the efforts to remove him from The Equitable, Hyde resigned from the company later that same year, gave up most of his other business activities, and moved to France.