Chirbury is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Chirbury with Brompton, in the Shropshire district, in west Shropshire, England. It is situated in the Vale of Montgomery, close to the Wales–England border (1.1 miles (1.8 km) at its nearest), which is to its north, west and south. The A490 and B4386 routes cross at Chirbury.

 

It is the largest settlement in the Chirbury with Brompton civil parish, which according to the 2001 census had a population of 914, with the resident population of Chirbury at 348. The population of the civil parish had increased to 971 at the 2011 census.

 

The placename was recorded in 915 as Ċyriċbyrig in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and as Ċireberie in the Domesday Book of 1086, and means "the fort with a church". Its Welsh name, Llanffynhonwen, means "the church of the white well" or "...of the holy well". Some French linguists have theorised that the name of Chirbury shares a common etymology with the city of Cherbourg (Chiersburg, Chierisburch around 1070, Chirburg 1377, Chirburgh 14th century).

 

The 8th-century Offa's Dyke runs to the west of the village and marked the frontier of the Mercian kingdom. Even today, a lengthy section of the dyke to the southwest of the village forms the English border with Wales. An Anglo-Saxon fort, built in 915 by Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, was located just outside the village on what is now the Montgomery Road. The field that the earthworks are in has long been called Castle Field or King's Orchard.

 

Chirbury was once a hundred, formed out of an earlier, and larger, hundred (of which Chirbury was the chief settlement) called Witentreu or Wittery (a placename that continues to this day in Whittery Wood, near to the village) which included places now in Wales. Later Chirbury was a rural district (from 1894 to 1934) — the Chirbury Rural District. The hundred included a detached township near Clun, Guilden Down. On 1 April 1987 the parishes of Chirbury and Brompton and Rhiston merged to form the present-day civil parish of "Chirbury with Brompton". Historically Cherbury was the more usual spelling of Chirbury.

 

Mitchell's Fold and Hoarstones stone circles lie within the parish.

 

St Michael's Church, as pictured in the infobox above, is the only church in Chirbury, and is dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel. It is Church of England (Diocese of Hereford) and the Chirbury ecclesiastical parish covers a smaller area than the civil parish, including Wotherton, but not Brompton, Marton or Middleton.

 

Originally an Anglo-Saxon church, founded in 915 (with the building of the fort) or possibly earlier, the current building largely dates to the late 12th century with the tower constructed around 1300, and a short chancel added in 1733. The church was restored in 1871–72 by Edward Haycock junior. The tower and body of the church are constructed in limestone rubble with pink sandstone ashlar dressings and slate roofs; the chancel is in red brick with a tiled roof. The church was reformed into the priory church of the Augustinian Chirbury Priory upon the moving of the order from nearby Snead by 1227. With the dissolution of the priory in 1535 St Michael's became a parish church once again. The church building is a Grade I Listed building. Remnants of the former priory can be seen in the churchyard[16] and some stonework was also incorporated into the adjacent Chirbury Hall.

 

The centre of Chirbury is a conservation area, which includes Chirbury Hall, St Michael's Church, The Herbert Arms, Chirbury Primary School and the Parish Hall. Most of the village's buildings are either of a red brick or limestone construction, or a combination.

 

In the village is a village hall (the Parish Hall), a large public house called The Herbert Arms, and a post office, open Monday to Friday, which is also the village shop.

 

The Herbert Arms is named for the Barons Herbert of Chirbury and historically was a coaching inn, sometimes called the Herbert Arms Hotel (though it no longer is a hotel). Built in the 18th century in red brick (painted white) it was originally called The Cross, and is Grade II Listed.

 

The village has a primary school (see Education) and a nursery school ('Busy Bees'). There is a bowls club with its own bowling green in the village.

 

The village is situated 2+1⁄2 miles (4.0 km) east of Montgomery and 8+1⁄2 miles (13.7 km) northwest of Bishop's Castle, with Shrewsbury, the county town, 18 miles (29 km) away to the northeast.

 

The civil parish of Chirbury with Brompton covers 5,311 hectares (13,120 acres) and includes a number of other (smaller) settlements, including:

Brompton

Marton

Middleton

Pentreheyling

Priestweston

Rorrington

Stockton

Wotherton.

 

It is not possible to reach Brompton or Pentreheyling by a public road without passing through Wales; they are however not true exclaves and can be reached (without going through Wales) by public footpaths.

 

The eastern part of the parish falls within the Shropshire Hills AONB.

 

Through the parish flows the River Camlad, which flows first to the east and then to the north of the village, on its way from Church Stoke (in the south) to its confluence with the River Severn (in the northwest).

 

The centre of the village is at an elevation of 109 metres (358 ft). The highest point in the parish is Stapeley Hill, which rises to 403 metres (1,322 ft), whilst the lowest point is where the Camlad exits the parish, at 80 metres (260 ft).

 

Agriculture in the vicinity is mainly arable nearer the village, with pasture further away in the more upland terrain. There are a number of tall grain silos in the area.

 

Roads and lanes from six directions converge on the village, with the A490 (Churchstoke – Welshpool road) and the B4386 (Shrewsbury – Montgomery road) combining as they pass through the centre of the village. One of the lanes leads to Priestweston and Middleton, the other lane to Rhiston.

 

The nearest train station to Chirbury is Welshpool, which is 7 miles (11 km) away. From Welshpool, trains run both west to Aberystwyth and the Cambrian Coast, and east to Shrewsbury and the West Midlands. The Bishops Castle Railway originally was planned to run through the parish, as a Craven Arms to Montgomery railway, but was only constructed as far as Lydham.

 

Buses run (Monday to Saturday) between Shrewsbury and Montgomery (service 558), and between Welshpool and Newtown via Montgomery (service 81), with both services calling at Chirbury.

 

Welshpool Airport is 4+1⁄2 miles (7.2 km) northwest of Chirbury on the A490.

 

National Cycle Route 44 passes through the parish, though not Chirbury itself.

 

Chirbury C. of E. Primary School was founded in 1675 by Reverend Edward Lewis and is a primary school with around 70 pupils. On the dissolution of Chirbury Priory, the school building was signed over by King Henry VIII and this original building is currently managed by the Edward Lewis Trust. The school is now administrated jointly with another rural primary school at Stiperstones.[27] In June 2006, the school was awarded the "Green" Travel Plan Award and currently holds status as an eco-school at Bronze level working towards their Silver.

 

After leaving Chirbury Primary School, pupils transfer into a Shropshire secondary school, with most continuing to Bishop's Castle Community College.

 

Notable people

Ludovic Lloyd (fl 1573–1610), poet and courtier, son of manor lord of Marrington, Chirbury.

Sir Edward Herbert, poet, philosopher, diplomat and soldier, was created Baron Herbert of Cherbury after the village in 1629.

Thomas Bray, founder of Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, born at Marton then in Chirbury parish, and has memorial plaque erected in 1901 in Chirbury church, where he was baptised on 2 May 1658.

Major-General Llewelyn Alberic Emilius Price-Davies, Boer War Victoria Cross recipient, was born member of family seated at Marrington Hall, Chirbury, 1878.

Bert Trentham, professional footballer notably for West Bromwich Albion, born at Chirbury 1908 and schooled there.

John Brunt, World War II Victoria Cross recipient, born at Priest Weston in the Chirbury parish 1922, began schooling in Chirbury.

George Herbert, 7th Earl of Powis, peer, lived at Marrington Hall before succeeding to the family Earldom.

 

In 1961 the parish of Chirbury had a population of 818. At the time of the 2001 census, Chirbury with Brompton had a population of 914, of which 467 were male and 447 female. Chirbury with Brompton contained a total of 348 households at this census.

 

The population density of Chirbury with Brompton at the 2001 census was recorded at 0.17 people per hectare. This is considerably below the Shropshire Council area average of 0.89 per hectare and dramatically below the English average of 3.77 per hectare.

 

The parish council of Chirbury with Brompton has 13 councillors. The civil parish is subdivided into four parish wards, based on the ecclesiastical parishes, and each returning a set number of councillors: Brompton and Rhiston (2), Chirbury (5), Marton (3), and Middleton (3). The latter three wards are the same as in the former civil parish of Chirbury, whilst Brompton and Rhiston ward is the former civil parish of that name. The two parishes merged in 1987.

 

Shropshire historically Salop and abbreviated Shrops) is a ceremonial county in the West Midlands of England, on the Welsh border. It is bordered by Wrexham County Borough and Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east, Herefordshire to the south and Powys to the west. The largest settlement is Telford, and Shrewsbury is the county town.

 

The county has an area of 3,487 km2 (1,346 square miles) and a population of 498,073. Telford (155,570), in the east of the county, and Shrewsbury (76,782), in the centre, are the only large towns. Shropshire is otherwise rural, containing market towns such as Oswestry (15,613), Bridgnorth (12,212) and Newport (11,387). For local government purposes the county comprises two unitary authority areas: Shropshire, and Telford and Wrekin.

 

The Shropshire Hills AONB covers about a quarter of the county, including the Wrekin, Clee Hills, Stiperstones, the Long Mynd, and Wenlock Edge. Part of the Fenn's, Whixall and Bettisfield Mosses National Nature Reserve, which extends into Wales, occupies the low-lying north west of the county. The county's major river is the Severn, which enters from the west and forms a wide, flat valley before exiting into Worcestershire south of Bridgnorth. The village of Edgmond, near Newport, is the location of the lowest recorded temperature in England and Wales.

 

There is evidence of Neolithic and Bronze Age human occupation in Shropshire, including the Shropshire bulla pendant. The hillfort at Old Oswestry dates from the Iron Age, and the remains of the city of Viroconium Cornoviorum date from the Roman period. During the Anglo-Saxon era the area was part of Mercia. During the High Middle Ages the county was part of the Welsh Marches, the border region between Wales and England; from 1472 to 1689 Ludlow was the seat of the Council of Wales and the Marches, which administered justice in Wales and Herefordshire, Shropshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. During the English Civil War Shropshire was Royalist, and Charles II fled through the county—famously hiding in an oak tree—after his final defeat at the Battle of Worcester. The area around Coalbrookdale is regarded as one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution and has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

 

Shropshire was established during the division of Saxon Mercia into shires in the 10th century. It is first mentioned in 1006. After the Norman Conquest it experienced significant development, following the granting of the principal estates of the county to eminent Normans, such as Roger De Montgomery and his son Robert de Bellême.

 

The Coalbrookdale area of the county is designated "the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution", due to significant technological developments that happened there.

 

The origin of the name "Shropshire" is the Old English "Scrobbesbyrigscīr" (literally Shrewsburyshire), perhaps taking its name from Richard Scrob (or FitzScrob or Scrope), the builder of Richard's Castle near what is now the town of Ludlow. However, the Normans who ruled England after 1066 found both "Scrobbesbyrig" and "Scrobbesbyrigscir" difficult to pronounce so they softened them to "Salopesberia" and "Salopescira". Salop is the abbreviation of these.

 

When a council for the county was set up in 1888, it was called "Salop County Council". The name was never popular, with Ludlow MP Sir Jasper More raising an amendment to the 1972 Local Government Bill to rename the county "Shropshire"[1] – at the time the council itself opposed the change, although later, in 1980, would exercise its power to legally change the name of the county.

 

The Times noted in a 19 February 1980 article about the name change that "there was no record of why the name Salop County Council was adopted". The decision to make the change was taken on 1 March 1980, at a special meeting of the council, with 48 votes in favour versus five against. It came into effect on 1 April.

 

Another reason why Salop was unfavourable was the fact that if you add the letter 'E' and make it Salope, this is a French word which means 'Bitch' or 'Loose Woman'.[citation needed]

 

The term "Salopian", derived from "Salop", is still used to mean "from Shropshire". Salop can also mean the county town, Shrewsbury, and in historical records Shropshire is described as "the county of Salop" and Shrewsbury as "the town of Salop". There is a reference in the Encyclopædia Britannica (1948) to Shropshire being called Sloppesbury, and this name being shortened to Salop.[citation needed]

 

The Latin motto of Floreat Salopia (may Shropshire flourish) was originally used by the borough of Shrewsbury, and was adopted in 1896 by Salop (or Shropshire) County Council when they received a grant of a coat of arms. The motto is now used in a number of other emblems associated with the county.

 

The border with Wales was defined in the first half of the 16th century – the hundreds of Oswestry (including Oswestry) and Pimhill (including Wem), and part of Chirbury had prior to the Laws in Wales Act formed various Lordships in the Welsh Marches. Clun hundred went briefly to Montgomeryshire at its creation in 1536, but was returned to Shropshire in 1546.

 

The present day ceremonial county boundary is almost the same as the historic county's. Notably there has been the removal of several exclaves and enclaves. The largest of the exclaves was Halesowen, which became part of Worcestershire in 1844 (now part of the West Midlands county), and the largest of the enclaves was Herefordshire's Farlow in south Shropshire, also transferred in 1844, to Shropshire. Alterations have been made on Shropshire's border with all neighbouring English counties over the centuries. Gains have been made to the south of Ludlow (the parish of Ludford from Herefordshire), to the north of Shifnal (part of Sheriffhales parish from Staffordshire) and to the north (the hamlet of Tittenley from Cheshire) and south (from Staffordshire) of Market Drayton. The county has lost minor tracts of land in a few places, notably north of Tenbury Wells to Worcestershire, and near Leintwardine to Herefordshire.

 

The entire area of modern Shropshire was included within the territory of the Celtic Cornovii tribe, whose capital was the Wrekin hill fort.

 

After Roman military expansion into the area in 47 AD, the tribal territory was reorganised as a Roman Civitas and the capital was relocated to Viroconium.

 

Following the collapse of the Romano-British administration, the Cornovii territory may have become part of the Kingdom of Powys, but its status is obscure. Twelfth century Welsh historian Giraldus Cambrensis associated Pengwern with Shrewsbury, but its location is uncertain.

 

The northern part of Shropshire was part of the territory of the Wreocensæte. The southern part probably belonged to the Magonsaete. Both were absorbed by the Saxon Kingdom of Mercia by King Offa. In 765 he constructed Watt's Dyke to defend his territory against the Welsh, and in 779, having pushed across the River Severn, drove the Welsh King of Powys from Shrewsbury, he secured his conquests by a second defensive earthwork known as Offa's Dyke. (This enters Shropshire at Knighton, traverses moor and mountain by Llanymynech and Oswestry, in many places forming the boundary line of the county, and finally leaves it at Bronygarth and enters Denbighshire.)

 

In the 9th and 10th centuries the district was frequently overrun by the Danes, who in 874 destroyed the famous priory of Wenlock, said to have been founded by St Milburga, granddaughter of King Penda of Mercia, and in 896 wintered at Quatford. In 912 Ethelfleda, the Lady of Mercia, erected a fortress at Bridgnorth against the Danish invaders, and in the following year she erected another at Chirbury.

 

Mercia was mapped out into shires in the 10th century after its recovery from the Danes by Edward the Elder. The first mention of "Shropshire" in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle occurs under 1006, when the King crossed the Thames and wintered there. In 1016 Edmund Ætheling plundered Shrewsbury and the neighbourhood.

 

In 963 AD two towns are described in east Shropshire. These have now been identified as Newport, Plesc was described as having a High street, a stone quarry and a religious community. The name Plesc means fortified place or one with palisade, denoting it was of some importance.[citation needed]

 

Thirteen years before the Norman Conquest, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that in 1053 the Welshmen slew a great many of the English wardens at Westbury, and in that year Harold ordered that any Welshman found beyond Offa's Dyke within the English pale should have his right hand cut off.

 

Earl Godwin, Sweyn, Harold, Queen Edith, Edward the Confessor and Edwin and Morcar are all mentioned in the Domesday Survey as having held lands in the county shortly before or during the Norman Conquest.

 

After the Norman Conquest of 1066 the principal estates in Shropshire were all bestowed on Norman proprietors, pre-eminent among whom is Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, whose son Robert de Bellesme forfeited his possessions for rebelling against Henry I, when the latter bestowed the Earldom on his Queen Matilda for life.

 

The principal landholders at the time of the Domesday Survey were the Bishop of Chester, the Bishop of Hereford, the church of St Remigius, Earl Roger, Osbern Fitz-Richard, Ralph de Mortimer, Roger de Laci, Hugh Lasne and Nicholas Medicus. Earl Roger had the whole profits of Condover hundred and also owned Alnodestreu hundred. The family of Fitz-Alan, ancestors of the royal family of Stuart, had supreme jurisdiction in Oswestry hundred, which was exempt from English law.

 

Richard Fitz-Scrob, father of Osbern Fitz-Richard and founder of Richard's Castle, was lord of the hundred of Overs at the time of the Conquest. Gatacre was the seat of the Gatacres. The barony of Pulverbatch passed from the Pulverbatches, and was purchased in 1193 by John de Kilpeck for £100. The Lands of Wrentnall (Ernui and Chetel before the conquest) and Great Lyth were amalgamated under The Barony of Pulverbatch (devolved over the centuries to Condover, held by various families and now, Wrentnall and Great Lyth Manorial rights belong to the present Lord of the Manors of Wrentnall and Great Lyth, also the Baron of Pulverbatch). {Farrow, M. MA Cantab, 7 April 2003, Barony of Pulverbatch, Lordships of Great Lyth and Wrentnall}. The family of Cornwall were barons of Burford and of Harley for many centuries. The family of Le Strange owned large estates in Shropshire after the Conquest, and Fulk Lestrange claimed the right of holding pleas of the crown in Wrockworthyn in 1292.

 

Among others claiming rights of jurisdiction in their Shropshire estates in the same year were Edmund de Mortimer, the abbot of Combermere, the prior of Llanthony, the prior of Great Malvern, the Bishop of Lichfield, Peter Corbett, Nicholas of Audley, the abbot of Lilleshall, John of Mortayn, Richard Fitz-Alan, the bishop of Hereford and the prior of Wenlock.

 

The constant necessity of defending their territories against the Welsh prompted the Norman lords of Shropshire to such activity in castle-building that out of 186 castles in England no less than 32 are in this county. Shropshire became a key area within the Welsh Marches. Of the castles built in this period the most famous are Ludlow, founded by Walter de Lacy; Bishop's Castle, which belonged to the Bishops of Hereford; Clun Castle, built by the FitzAlans; Cleobury Castle, built by Hugh de Mortimer; Caus Castle, once the Barony of Sir Peter Corbet, from whom it came to the Barons Strafford; Rowton Castle, also a seat of the Corbets; Red Castle, a seat of the Audleys. Other castles were Bridgnorth, Corfham, Holdgate, Newport, Pulverbatch, Quatford, Shrewsbury and Wem.

 

At this period a very large portion of Shropshire was covered by forests, the largest of which, Morfe Forest, at its origin extended at least 8 miles in length and 6 miles in width, and became a favorite hunting-ground of the English Kings. The forest of Wrekin, or 'Mount Gilbert' as it was then called, covered the whole of that hill and extended eastward as far as Sheriffhales. Other forests were Stiperstones, the jurisdiction of which was from time immemorial annexed to the Barony of Caus, Wyre, Shirlot, Clee, Long Forest and Brewood.

 

The early political history of Shropshire is largely concerned with the constant incursions and depredations of the Welsh from across the border. Various statutory measures to keep the Welsh in check were enforced in the 14th and 15th centuries.

 

In 1379 Welshmen were forbidden to purchase land in the county save on certain conditions, and this enactment was reinforced in 1400. In 1379 the men of Shropshire forwarded to parliament a complaint of the felonies committed by the men of Cheshire and of the Welsh marches, and declared the gaol of Shrewsbury Castle to be in such a ruinous condition that they had no place of imprisonment for the offenders when captured. In 1442 and again as late as 1535 acts were passed for the protection of Shropshire against the Welsh.

 

Apart from the border warfare in which they were constantly engaged, the great Shropshire lords were actively concerned in the more national struggles. Shrewsbury Castle was garrisoned for the empress Maud by William Fitz-Alan in 1138, but was captured by King Stephen in the same year. Holgate Castle was taken by King John from Thomas Mauduit, one of the rebellious barons.

 

Ludlow and Shrewsbury were both held for a time by Simon de Montfort. At Acton Burnell in 1283 was held the parliament which passed the famous Statute of Acton Burnell, and a parliament was summoned to meet at Shrewsbury in 1398.

 

During the Percy rebellion Shrewsbury was in 1403 the site of a battle between the Lancastrian Henry IV, and Henry Percy ('Harry Hotspur') of Northumberland. The Battle of Shrewsbury was fought on 21 July 1403, at what is now Battlefield, just to the north of present-day Shrewsbury town. The battle resulted in the death of Henry Percy, and a victory to King Henry IV, who established a chapel at the site to commemorate the fallen.

 

Among the Norman religious foundations were:

the Cluniac priory of Wenlock, at Much Wenlock, re-established on the Saxon foundation by Roger Montgomery in 1080

the Augustinian Haughmond Abbey founded by William Fitz-Alan

the Cistercian Buildwas Abbey, now a magnificent ruin, founded in 1135 by Roger de Clinton, Bishop of Chester

the Benedictine Shrewsbury Abbey, founded in 1083 by Roger de Montgomerie

the Augustinian Lilleshall Abbey, founded in the reign of Stephen

the Augustinian Wombridge Priory, founded before the reign of King Henry I

the Benedictine priory of Alberbury founded by Fulk FitzWarin in the 13th century

and the Augustinian Chirbury Priory founded in the 13th century.

 

Hundreds in England had various judicial, fiscal and other local government functions, their importance gradually declining from the end of manorialism to the latter part of the 19th century.

 

The fifteen Shropshire hundreds mentioned in the Domesday Survey were entirely rearranged in the 12th century, particularly during the 1100-1135 reign of King Henry I, and only Overs, Shrewsbury and Condover retained their original names.

 

The Domesday hundred of Reweset was replaced by Ford, and the hundred court transferred from Alberbury to Ford. Hodnet was the meeting-place of the Domesday hundred of Hodnet, which was combined with Wrockwardine hundred, the largest of the Domesday hundreds, to form the very large hundred of Bradford, the latter also including part of the Domesday hundred of Pinholle in Staffordshire. The hundred of Baschurch had its meeting-place at Baschurch in the time of Edward the Confessor; in the reign of Henry I it was represented mainly by the hundred of Pimhill, the meeting-place of which was at Pimhill. Oswestry came to represent the Domesday hundred of Merset, the hundred court of which was transferred from Maesbury to Oswestry. The Domesday hundred of Alnodestreu, abolished in the reign of King Henry I, had its meeting-place at Membrefeld (Morville). It was effectively succeeded by Brimstree.

 

The Domesday-era hundreds of Culvestan and Patton, which following the Norman conquest shared their caput at Corfham Castle, were amalgamated into a new hundred of Munslow in the reign of Henry I. Later, in the 1189-1199 reign of Richard I, a large portion was taken out of Munslow to form a new hundred-like liberty for the priory of Wenlock, which became known as the franchise (or liberty) of Wenlock, and further manors were added to this 'franchise' in the coming centuries. The hundred of Wittery effectively became Chirbury.

 

Leintwardine was divided amongst various hundreds, largely the new Herefordshire hundred of Wigmore and the new Shropshire hundred of Purslow (created also from Rinlau), with some manors going towards the new Munslow. The Domesday-era hundred of Conditre formed the basis for the large Stottesdon hundred, which took in manors from Overs and Alnodestreu, and resulted in Overs being divided into two detached parts. Stottesdon also brought across manors from the Staffordshire hundred of Seisdon. Clun hundred was formed upon the ending of the Marcher lordship there; it formed part of Montgomeryshire (and therefore Wales) in 1536, but was brought into Shropshire already in 1546.

 

Although never formally abolished, the hundreds of England have become obsolete. They lost their remaining administrative and judicial functions in the mid-to-late 19th century, with the last aspects removed from them in 1895 with the Local Government Act 1894.

 

Shropshire was administered by a high sheriff, at least from the time of the Norman Conquest, the first Norman sheriff being Warin the Bald, whose successor was Rainald, and in 1156 the office was held by William Fitzalan, whose account of the fee farm of the county is entered in the pipe roll for that year (see list at High Sheriff of Shropshire). The shire court was held at Shrewsbury. A considerable portion of Shropshire was included in the Welsh Marches, the court for the administration of which was held at Ludlow. In 1397 the castle of Oswestry with the hundred and eleven towns pertaining thereto, the castle of Isabel with the lordship pertaining thereto, and the castle of Dalaley, were annexed to the principality of Chester. By the statute of 1535 for the abolition of the Welsh Marches, the lordships of Oswestry, Whittington, Maesbrooke and Knockin were formed into the hundred of Oswestry; the lordship of Ellesmere was joined to the hundred of Pimhill; and the lordship of Down to the hundred of Chirbury.

 

The boundaries of Shropshire have otherwise varied little since the Domesday Book survey. Richard's Castle and Ludford, however were then included in the Herefordshire hundred of Cutestornes, while several manors now in Herefordshire were assessed under Shropshire. The Shropshire manors of Kings Nordley, Alveley, Claverley and Worfield were assessed in the Domesday hundred of Saisdon in Staffordshire; and Quatt, Romsley, Rudge and Shipley appear under the Warwickshire hundred of Stanlei.

 

Shropshire in the 13th century was situated almost entirely in the diocese of Hereford and diocese of Coventry and Lichfield; forming the archdeaconries of Shropshire and Salop. That portion of the county in the Hereford diocese, the archdeaconry of Shropshire, included the deaneries of Burford, Stottesdon, Ludlow, Pontesbury, Clun and Wenlock; and that portion in the Coventry and Lichfield diocese, the archdeaconry of Salop, the deaneries of Salop and Newport.

 

In 1535 the Hereford portion included the additional deanery of Bridgnorth; it now, since 1876, forms the archdeaconry of Ludlow, with the additional deaneries of Pontesbury, Bishops Castle, Condover, and Church Stretton. The archdeaconry of Salop, now entirely in the Lichfield diocese, includes the deaneries of Edgmond, Ellesmere, Hodnet, Shifnal, Shrewsbury, Wem, Whitchurch and Wrockwardine. Part of Shropshire was included in the Welsh diocese of St Asaph until the disestablishment of the Church in Wales (1920), comprising the deanery of Oswestry in the archdeaconry of Montgomery, and two parishes in the deanery of Llangollen and the archdeaconry of Wrexham. Certain parishes in Montgomeryshire, namely Churchstoke, Hyssington, Leighton and Trelystan, chose to remain in the Church of England

 

On the outbreak of the Civil War of the 17th century the Shropshire gentry for the most part declared for the King, who visited Shrewsbury in 1642 and received valuable contributions in plate and money from the inhabitants. A mint and printing-press were set up at Shrewsbury, which became a refuge for the neighbouring royalist gentry. Wem, the first place to declare for Parliament, was garrisoned in 1643. Shrewsbury was forced to surrender in 1645, and the royalist strongholds of Ludlow and Bridgnorth were captured in 1646, the latter after a four weeks' siege, during which the governor burnt part of the town for defence against Parliamentary troops.

 

The earliest industries of Shropshire took their rise from its abundant natural resources; the rivers supplying valuable fisheries; the vast forest areas abundance of timber; while the mineral products of the county had been exploited from remote times. The Domesday Survey mentions salt-works at Ditton Priors, Caynham and Donnington. The lead mines of Shelve and Stiperstones were worked by the Romans, and in 1220 Robert Corbett conferred on Shrewsbury Abbey a tithe of his lead from the mine at Shelve.

 

In 1260 licence was granted to dig coal in the Clee Hills, and in 1291 the abbot of Wigmore received the profits of a coal mine at Caynham. Iron was dug in the Clee Hills and at Wombridge in the 16th century. Wenlock had a famous copper-mine in the reign of Richard II, and in the 16th century was noted for its limestone.

 

As the forest areas were gradually cleared and brought under cultivation, the county became more exclusively agricultural. In 1343 Shropshire wool was rated at a higher value than that of almost any other English county, and in the 13th and 14th centuries Buildwas monastery exported wool to the Italian markets. Shropshire had never been distinguished for any characteristic manufactures, but a prosperous clothing trade arose about Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth, and Oswestry was famous in the 16th century for its "Welsh cottons", cheap woolen cloth in which the nap was raised, or "cottoned" by carding.

 

Shropshire is the "geological capital" of the UK, as just about every rock type in Northern Europe is found within its borders, as are coal, lead, copper and iron ore deposits. In addition to this, the River Severn flows through the county and has been used for the transportation of goods and services for centuries. A result of this was that the Ironbridge Gorge became a focal point of new industrial energies in the 18th century. Coalbrookdale, a small area of the Gorge, has been claimed as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, because of Abraham Darby I's development of coke-smelting and ironfounding there in the early 18th century.

 

The towns of Broseley and Madeley were centres of innovation during the late 18th century. In Broseley, John Wilkinson pioneered precision engineering by providing cylinders for Boulton and Watt's improved steam engines, and by boring cannons with greater accuracy and range. He also constructed the first iron boat, launched in 1787. It was in nearby locations where key events of the Industrial Revolution took place. Coalbrookdale is where modern iron smelting techniques were developed, Ironbridge is where the world's first iron bridge was constructed in 1779, to link Broseley with Madeley and the Black Country, and Ditherington in Shrewsbury is where the world's first iron framed building was built, the Ditherington Flaxmill. Other places notable for early industry are Jackfield for tiles and Coalport for china.

 

Later, Broseley and Madeley became notable for their continuation of trade in the field of bricks and tiles, which became a staple to the booming building trade, and millions of Broseley clay pipes were exported across the British Empire.

On Monday, April 20, DMPS increased the number of meal distribution sites from 22 to 50, offering meals to any child aged 18 or younger. The grab-and-go style meals include a lunch and a breakfast for the next day. Additional food items will be available to students on Fridays to take home for the weekend. The meal sites are open weekdays from 11:30 AM – 12:30 PM.

 

For more information, visit: www.dmschools.org/coronavirus/dmps-meal-program-during-cl...

Friendly sign in a window in Hancock, Maryland that says "Due to price increase on ammo do not expect a warning shot. Thank you for your understanding".

Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States

 

University Village is one of the finest examples of a mid-20th century residential complex located in New York City. Designed by architect James Ingo Freed of I. M. Pei & Associates for New York University, construction began in 1964 and was completed by 1967. Occupying a five-acre âsuperblockâ in Greenwich Village, between West Houston and Bleecker Streets, the site was originally part of a much larger urban renewal scheme conceived by Robert Moses, chairman of the Mayorâs Committee on Slum Clearance, in 1953. As part of NYUâs agreement with the city to take over the site in 1960, the school set aside one-third of the units for middle-income residents.

 

The complex includes three identical free-standing 30-story towers executed in reinforced concrete that are positioned at the center of the site in a âpinwheelâ configuration around a 100-by-100 foot lawn. The west tower, at 505 LaGuardia Place, is a cooperative residence with a long-term lease from NYU, and the east towers serve as faculty housing. The buildings were thoughtfully arranged by Freed to maximize views and privacy, as well as to increase general visual interest. Cast in place, on site, using fiberglass molds, these buff-colored towers fall into the general stylistic category known as âBrutalismâ and reflect the influence of the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, whom Pei admired. The buildings display twin sets of smooth gridded facades that project from a central core. Each floor has four or eight deeply-recessed horizontal window bays, as well as a 22-foot-wide sheer wall, creating strong contrasts of light and shadow.

 

Near the center of the complex stands a large sandblasted concrete sculpture, an enlargement of a 1954 cubistic work by Pablo Picasso. Executed in 1968 by the French artistâs frequent collaborator, the Norwegian sculptor Carl Nesjar, the off-center placement of the 36-foot tall bust echoes and enhances the projectâs dynamic plan. University Village was a critical success and received awards from the American Institute of Architects, the City Club of New York, and the Concrete Industry Board. It was also selected as one of âTen Buildings That Climax an Eraâ by Fortune Magazine in 1966. Both Pei and Freed have received significant recognition for their contributions to this project; when Pei was honored with the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1983 University Village was cited as one of his most notable works and at the time of Freedâs death in 2005 Museum of Modern Art architecture curator Terence Riley counted the complex as among âthe most refined examples of modern architecture in Manhattan.â

 

DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

 

South of Washington Square

 

University Village contains three apartment towers designed by I. M. Pei & Associates. Located two blocks south of Washington Square, between Mercer Street and LaGuardia Place, the two buildings to the east are owned by New York University and serve as faculty housing; the west building is a cooperative apartment house on land owned by NYU. Conceived during the early 1950s as part of an ambitious âsuperblockâ plan to improve a nine-block section of Greenwich Village, these striking structures were skillfully sited to create a distinct sense of place and to contrast with the surrounding blocks of late nineteenth-century tenement and loft buildings.

 

Washington Square first became a public park in 1827. Many fine homes were erected in the vicinity, as well as the Gothic Revival-style building that originally housed NYU . Following the end of the Civil War, however, the neighborhoodâs character began to change. Affluent residents were gradually replaced by French, Italian and Irish immigrants, and the blocks to the south and east of the square became an important wholesale district. Under Chancellor Henry MacCracken, the school was reorganized and the undergraduate arts and science division moved to University Heights in the Bronx where a Beaux-Arts-style campus , designed by the prominent architects McKim, Mead & White, opened in 1894. Unlike Washington Square, the suburban campus provided dormitories, making it less of a commuter school and more of a residential college. The schoolâs original building was then demolished, but for financial reasons the trustees retained ownership of the site and constructed a revenue-producing loft building at 100 Washington Square East. Completed in 1895, the upper floors were planned as classrooms, allowing NYU to remain, in a small way, associated with Washington Square. The university began to plan its return to Greenwich Village in 1915. With the Bronx campus only partially executed, the school leased space in the structure where the tragic âTriangle Shirtwaistâ fire had recently occurred at 23-29 Washington Place and also began to fully occupy the structure it owned at 100 Washington Square East.

 

Following the Second World War, NYU developed ambitious plans to increase its presence in Greenwich Village. Whereas the University Heights campus occupied a large site with considerable potential for expansion, here the school grew in stages, block by block, acquiring large and small parcels for present and future needs. These transactions frequently caused controversy and strong community opposition, especially projects requiring government approval or financing. Despite criticism, Chancellor Harry Woodburn Chase alleged in 1949: âFar from regarding Washington Square as its campus, New York University regards it as a national landmark of which it is glad to be a part and its devotion to which it has repeatedly manifested over the years.â Over the next decade or so, the school would adopt a somewhat traditional approach to design, choosing contextual aesthetic strategies that blended new buildings with old. Most of these structures were faced with red brick and limestone, including Vanderbilt Hall at 40 Washington Square South, Hayden Hall at 33 Washington Square West, the Loeb Student Center , and Weinstein Hall at 11 University Place. Even Philip Johnson and Richard Fosterâs divisive master plan of 1964 attempted to respect the schoolâs historic context by proposing to clad new and existing structures with complementary red sandstone.

 

Robert Moses and Urban Renewal

 

During the 1950s, a nine-block area bordered by West Houston Street, West Broadway , Mercer Street and Washington Square, was targeted for slum clearance. Under United States President Harry S. Truman, the National Housing Act was passed in 1949 to provide Federal funds for local municipalities to acquire property in blighted urban areas for resale to private developers. This program had an extraordinary impact in New York, which received more aid than any American city. Under Robert Moses, chairman of the mayorâs Committee on Slum Clearance, sixteen sites were identified, including thirteen in Manhattan. Such projects, public officials believed, would stabilize the middle class, support higher education, and elevate the cityâs reputation. The blocks where University Village would ultimately be located, called Washington Square Southeast, was the fourteenth project proposed by Moses. The initial prospectus for Washington Square Southeast, prepared by Eggers & Higgins in August 1953, called for the demolition of 191 buildings, of which only 16 were residential. Most displaced tenants, consequently, were businesses, requiring no compensation under the 1949 law. Covering almost eighteen acres, the plan envisioned 2,184 apartments in nine 14-story structures.

 

To develop the project, nine city blocks were combined to form three âsuperblocks.â The north block, bordered by West Broadway, West Third Street, Mercer Street and West Fourth Street, was set aside for educational use and NYU would eventually construct four academic buildings here, including the Elmer Holmes Bobst Library . The two blocks to the south were intended for middle-income housing and were sold to the Washington Square Corporation â a syndicate headed by developers Paul Tishman and Morton S. Wolf and subsequently transferred to numerous affiliated corporations. Named Washington Square Village, these two slab-like apartment houses occupy about a third of the site and the ground floors were deliberately laid out along Bleecker and West Third Streets to maintain the existing street pattern and allow north-south access along Greene and Wooster Streets. A third building, as well as an underground parking lot, was originally planned for the south block, between Bleecker Street and Houston Street, but was canceled by 1960. Some sources claimed that the developer experienced difficulty leasing units in the second building, while others contend they abandoned the project for economic reasons, asserting that the Federal government refused to allow a taller third structure without increasing payment for the land.

 

NYU was quick to act and in January 1960 declared interest in buying the superblock site to erect housing âfor its faculty members and married students and an experimental school for student teachers.â Despite considerable opposition from critics who asserted private builders âwould be glad to pay more than the $10.50 a square foot that NYU would pay for the landâ and that this transaction would cost the city hundreds of thousands of dollars in lost tax revenue, the Board of Estimate approved the sale in September 1960. As part of the agreement, the school was required to develop one third of the site as middle-income housing, with priority given to people who lived or worked in the area. A limited-equity cooperative apartment building was proposed, financed with subsidized low-interest mortgage loans as part of the Limited Profit Housing Companies Act of 1955, commonly called the Mitchell-Lama Housing Program. Since the complex would occupy the undeveloped southern half of Washington Square Village, the schoolâs governing board decided to name the development âUniversity Village.â

 

I. M. Pei and James Ingo Freed, Architects

 

University Village was designed by I. M. Pei & Associates. More than twenty-five architects were reportedly interviewed for the job. Pei did not attend the firmâs interview and correspondence with NYU was handled by Eason H. Leonard, who wrote:

 

The experience we have had in the sensitive design problems relating to housing of all types gives us confidence that we are well-equipped to develop for you a project of significant quality. Our recent work in Urban Renewal has assured us that within the limits of very low construction budgets, much can be done to improve standards of urban apartment living.

 

Peiâs firm was currently working on four residential developments, including Society Hill in Philadelphia and Kips Bay Plaza in New York City. Both complexes were constructed using exposed reinforced concrete and the New York Times praised the technique for yielding âfresh design.â

 

Born in Canton, China, in 1907, Ieoh Ming Pei immigrated to the United States in 1937 and studied architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Harvard Graduate School of Design . In 1948 he moved to New York City and became the first director of architecture at Webb & Knapp, Inc., a major real estate development company. Founded under the name 385 Madison Avenue in 1922 by W. Seward Webb, Jr. and Robert C. Knapp, as well as the noted architects Eliot Cross and John Walter Cross, the firm was purchased by businessman William Zeckendorf in 1949. Pei remembered that his boss âwanted to remake the city. We had a shared passion for large scale undertakings.â In recognition of his expertise with residential design, Pei served on the Federal Housing Administrationâs Multi-Family Housing Committee during the late 1950s, as well as the design committee for the Mitchell-Lama Housing Program.

 

In 1960 â the same year Pei received the NYU commission â he resigned from Webb & Knapp and formed his own architectural practice. Though Zeckendorfâs financial difficulties played a part in the architectâs decision to leave, he later recalled:

 

I knew that if I stayed within the envelope of the company, I would never get the

 

kinds of jobs I really wanted . . . My growth as a designer was stunted; I should have

 

reached my maturity much earlier.

 

Success and notoriety, however, came quickly to Pei. He received the prestigious Arnold Brunner Prize for excellence in architecture from the National Institute of Arts and Letters in March 1961, followed by the Medal of Honor from the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects in September 1963. Major subsequent works by Pei include: the National Gallery of Art, East Building in Washington, D. C., the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston, the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong, and the Grand Louvre in Paris. In New York City, he designed the National Airlines Terminal at Kennedy International Airport and the Guggenheim Pavilion at Mount Sinai Medical Center. In 1983 he was honored as the fifth recipient of the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize. Though Pei retired from the firm in 1990, he continues to practice as an architect and is associated with Pei Partnership Architects, based in New York City.

 

Pei selected James Ingo Freed to head the University Village design team. Born in Germany, Freed moved to Chicago at the age of nine. A graduate of the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1953, he studied under the architecture schoolâs chairman Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and worked briefly with the architect on the Seagram Building . Hired by Pei in 1956, Freed participated in the design and construction of Court House Square, including the Denver Hilton Hotel , with colleague Araldo A. Cossuta, and later, served as lead designer on Kips Bay Plaza. During the mid-1960s, he collaborated with Pei on the design of fifty air traffic control towers for the Federal Aeronautics Administration. Planned during the administration of President John

 

F. Kennedy, like University Village, these slender structures were formed using cast-in-place concrete. Freed received many honors during his career and from 1975 to 1978 was dean of the School of Architecture at IIT. He later returned to New York and was promoted to full partner in 1980. At the time, the firm was renamed Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Manhattan buildings designed by Freed include: a 32-story office building at 88 Pine Street , a 27-story office building at 499 Park Avenue , and the Jacob Javits Convention Center . His best-known work is arguably the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., dedicated in 1993.

 

The Scheme

 

Freed began to plan University Village in late 1960 or early 1961. In Peiâs office, he worked closely with architects Theodore A. Amberg and A. Preston Moore . The design went through several distinct stages and more than three years passed before construction of 505 LaGuardia Place began in April 1964. The building site consisted of the center area of the superblock and excluded the northwest corner of the superblock which was already developed with a one-story supermarket.

 

NYUâs preliminary scheme contained three buildings that were âcomparable in designâ to Washington Square Village, as well as an elementary school facing West Houston Street. Separated by Greene and Wooster Streets, these rectangular structures were arranged in a single row, from east to west, across the center of the site. By December 1960, however, NYU had completely changed course; it informed the Housing and Redevelopment Board that Pei had a âtentative plan in which he hopes to achieve some sort of community atmosphere with fairly low buildings interspersed with one or two tall structures.â

 

Freedâs proposal was loosely modeled on Society Hill, juxtaposing structures of different height and materials, including a 16-story cooperative apartment house, a 29-story apartment tower for faculty members facing a plaza, and a âserpentine building of six stories . . . modeled to some extent, on the typical New York City brownstone.â The latter buildingâs footprint was quite large, turning at right angles, starting at Houston Street and ending on Bleecker Street. In late 1962, this design was greatly simplified, laying the groundwork for a scheme which included twin slab-like towers flanking Wooster Street and a seven-story brick residential building, distinguished an L-shaped footprint, facing the intersection of Houston and Mercer Streets. This approach appears to have remained under consideration until December 1963 when NYU announced its purchase of Washington Square Village. This acquisition allowed the school to reevaluate its housing needs and the low-rise building was abandoned and replaced by a third tower. Not only would three identical towers reduce construction costs and streamline the design process, but Freed said this type of plan would leave as âlarge and flexible a land area as possible set aside for future use.â

 

The addition of the third tower dramatically altered the character of University Village. Not only did aesthetic uniformity result within the complex, but this strategy sharpened the contrast between the buildings and the neighborhood, similar to such pioneering âtower in the parkâ schemes as Parkchester in the Bronx, the Clinton Hill Houses , and Stuyvesant Town in Manhattan. No longer would mirror-image towers flank the former route of Wooster Street but three identical towers would be carefully arranged around a central lawn, with the east section of the superblock, between Mercer and Wooster Streets, left open. This block-long parcel is now occupied by the Jerome S. Coles Sports Center, completed in 1982.

 

In Freedâs final scheme, the towers were deliberately arranged to turn away from the surrounding streets, particularly West Houston Street, a busy cross-town artery, and LaGuardia Place, which the city had intended to widen below Washington Square. Located near the center of the site, they rise from a slightly elevated man-made platform that raises the south end of the block almost ten feet and hides two parking garages. Landscaping would also be used to increase privacy and enhance the schemeâs floating pinwheel arrangement.

 

In contrast to Washington Square Village, where the two buildings stand parallel to each other, the buildings in University Village are oriented in different directions, with two towers facing north toward Bleecker Street, and the other, west toward LaGuardia Place. This type of arrangement was pioneered in two earlier Pei projects, first at Kips Bay Plaza, where the two 21story apartment buildings slide in opposite directions toward the east and west, and more closely at Society Hill, where three 31-story towers rise tightly around a plaza. Whereas most Manhattan buildings fit snugly into the grid and address the street directly in a conventional way, at University Village each structure seems independent and was deliberately positioned in an asymmetrical manner around a 100-by-100-foot lawn to maximize views and create general visual interest. In addition, these open spaces act as corridors to frame views of each tower. Pei later remarked:

 

A city, so far from being a cluster of buildings, is actually a sequence of spaces

 

enclosed and defined by buildings. This may sound strange but it is the essence of

 

urban design.

 

Unlike many âtower in the parkâ projects located in New York City, Freed created a deliberate tension between the buildings and the space they occupy â not unlike the celebrated mid-20th century sculptor Alberto Giacomettiâs City Square in which âfour men stride across a wide plaza, each moving toward the center, yet none apparently directed toward an encounter with one another.â University Village similarly avoids a single axis or orientation, and thus also recalls the spatial experiments of the De Stijl group in Holland during the late 1910s and 1920s, as well as early residential projects designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Such innovative modernist ideas were essential to the final scheme, shaping not only the site plan but also the design of the three towers.

 

Towers of Concrete

 

Pei favored reinforced concrete over all other building materials during the early 1960s. His work was typically crisp and elegant and this material defines the character of his mid-career production. A great admirer of the Swiss-born architect Le Corbusier , Pei claimed that in Shanghai before 1944: âThere were no teachers to teach us the new architecture . . . so we turned to Corbuâs books, and these were responsible for half of our education.â Titled the Oeuvre Complete, this self-published series of eight volumes documented Le Corbusierâs development as an architect and his frequent use of concrete construction to create a formal language of abstract sculptural forms. This was particularly evident in his late design for the Unité dâHabitation at Marseilles, which features a 12-story horizontal grid of deeply-recessed cells. During the late 1940s, this project received international attention and the play of large and small openings on the buildingâs facade may have influenced Peiâs subsequent work in concrete, especially his apartment buildings.

 

University Village makes extremely sophisticated use of exposed concrete. It falls under the general stylistic category known as âBrutalismâ for its straightforward use of this material but in contrast to many examples, particularly the late work of Le Corbusier and Breuer, as well as Paul Rudolph, the exterior is noticeably smooth and elegant. Pei developed this technique between 1957 and 1960, while employed by Zeckendorf. He later recalled: âI had a wonderful client . . . who was willing to gamble with me on using concrete and not brick.â Edward L. Friedman headed the firmâs research, publishing a thorough article on the subject in October 1960, just before NYU awarded Pei the commission. Though initial studies seemed to support the continued use of pre-cast concrete , cast-in-place concrete was substituted to trim costs and conform to building codes that encouraged âstructural continuity.â Many challenges were overcome, such as how to control the consistency of the color and difficulties with shrinkage and cracking. Friedman described the nearly-complete Kips Bay Plaza as a âprototype,â while the firmâs soon-to-be built scheme for three towers at Society Hill was termed a ârefinement.â

 

As construction of University Village neared completion, architect Araldo A. Cossuta, published âFrom Precast Concrete to Integral Architectureâ in October 1966. He, too, was part of Peiâs office and his essay celebrated the firmâs accomplishments, paying particular attention to the Earth Sciences Center at MIT where, as at University Village, load-bearing walls were poured on site to create column-free interiors. He specifically criticized conventional skin construction and how architects sometimes disguise the handiwork of engineers. The goal, Cossuta argued, was to create âreal wallsâ â not curtain walls â through the integration of structure and skin. He maintained that this technique would result in a âreturn to classical simplicityâ and that such plastic forms can express an âexternal-internal continuumâ whereby architects take âpossession of shadows rather than diluting them by reflection.â

 

A warm, buff-colored concrete was selected for University Village, comparable, depending on the light, to sandstone or limestone. At Chatham Towers in Chinatown, architects used plywood boards to form the exposed concrete, producing a rough and yet interesting patterned surface. At University Village, however, fiberglass molds were employed. According to Friedman, this material was chosen for various reasons: not only was the quality of the results high but fiberglass is easy to assemble, strip, and re-use. Furthermore, various concrete coatings, release agents, and even scaffoldings were evaluated. In terms of cost and quality, he claimed that such research returned handsome dividends. Each section took approximately four-to-eight weeks to set and harden, and overall, construction took six-to-eight weeks less than conventional brick facings.

 

The three towers display twin sets of gridded facades projecting from a central core. Each floor has four or eight horizontal window openings and a 22-foot-wide sheer wall, separated by a thin slot of flat windows. Located at either end, these smooth windowless walls contrast with the deeply-recessed window openings and reflect light. Each opening is formed by a pair of T-shaped columns that meet over the center of the bay. These columns narrow toward the front, creating a wedge-shaped profile. Between floors, horizontal and vertical joints are visible. These gaps indicate each stage of casting and allow for thermal movement throughout the year. Deep reveals were fashioned to conceal troweled joints.

 

At the base, the T-shaped columns are considerably taller â more than twice the height of the residential floors. These columns form a continuous entrance arcade along the front facades, similar to Kips Bay Plaza. Shaped like elongated diamonds, they enclose a deep gallery with tan brick walls that flank the glazed outer walls of the lobby. In terms of color and rhythm they exhibit a vaguely classical spirit, suggesting an ancient Greek or Roman temple.

 

Construction

 

A ceremonial ground breaking for the first building â Washington Square South East, later known as 505 West Broadway â was held on August 12, 1964, following approval of plans by the Housing and Redevelopment Board and the Building Department. In attendance was NYU President James W. Hester who described the project as âa successful example of community cooperation.â Later that year, in November 1964, the Board of Estimate endorsed the larger scheme, along with various criteria to determine residency in the cooperative apartments. Tenants who had been forced to move were given first priority, followed by people dislocated by similar projects in Greenwich Village. At this time, the Board of Estimate also approved the closing of Greene and Wooster Streets.

 

Construction started in late August 1964. The Tishman Construction Company served as contractor and Farkas & Barron was the engineer. Amberg, from Peiâs office, served as site architect, overseeing day-to-day operations. The first step was the pouring of the foundations â a four-foot-thick concrete pad covering each buildingâs footprint. More complicated than conventional concrete footings, it required continuous pouring and the delivery process was characterized by the New York Times as having the âprecision of a military campaign.â It was a relatively efficient process and, according to Amberg, the towers rose simultaneously on a âthree day cycle.â On the first day, the fiberglass forms were erected incorporating the steel, followed by a day for pouring, and a day for removing the formwork. Construction progressed on a âstaggeredâ schedule, meaning that the contractor performed one of three tasks on each tower during a given day. The first building was âtopped outâ in December 1964 and by late 1966 the three towers were nearly complete.

 

Modern Architecture and New York University

 

Prior to the 1930s, most American universities commissioned buildings inspired by European and Jeffersonian models, including neo-classical and neo-Gothic structures that recalled Oxford, Cambridge, Charlottesville, as well as other historic centers of learning. After World War I, European architects began to challenge this approach, arguing that traditional forms were no longer desirable or appropriate. These ideas attracted considerable support in the United States. The New School for Social Research was one of the first buildings in New York City and one of the first college buildings in the United States to exhibit characteristics of the so-called âInternational Style.â Designed by Joseph Urban in 1930-31, the clean-lined glass and brick facade stood in sharp juxtaposition to its nineteenth-century neighbors. By decadeâs end, several modern-style campuses had begun construction, including Florida Southern University , IIT , and Hunter College . After World War II, this trend accelerated, transforming the campuses of Harvard University, Yale University, and MIT.

 

NYU embarked on a major building campaign during the late 1940s. To help guide the schoolâs expansion, a Buildings and Grounds Committee of the Board of Trustees was formed in 1952. George F. Baughman, the schoolâs vice president and treasurer, praised their vision:

 

Without their willingness to take risks, we could do nothing. As an example, because of their enthusiastic aid, we have been able to employ some of the most exciting architects now practicing . . . a cross section of talent representing the best of contemporary American architecture.

 

Many exceptional firms participated, including Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Harrison & Abramowitz, and Marcel Breuer. Among them, SOM was responsible for the schoolâs first structure designed in the International Style â the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Located near 34th Street, on the east side of First Avenue, it was part of the NYU-Bellevue Medical Center. Construction began in 1949 and the first four SOM buildings were completed by 1956. To provide housing for the schoolâs staff, a plan for NYU-Bellevue Title I was issued in 1953. When the developer failed to obtain financing, Robert Moses invited William Zeckendorf to take over the project and he replaced S. J. Kessler & Sons with his own architect, I. M. Pei, in 1957. Located in full sight of the medical center, on the west side of First Avenue, this well-designed complex positioned Pei as a leading candidate to design University Village.

 

By 1959 NYU had seven new buildings under construction. The Architectural Record enthusiastically reported: âNew York University â largest in the nation â is matching its size with a building program that calls for thirty-five million dollars worth of construction in one year!â Included were structures designed by Breuer, Harrison & Abramowitz, SOM, and Warner Burns, Toan & Lund.

 

Bust of Sylvette

 

At the center of University Village, near the southeast corner of the center lawn, stands Pablo Picassoâs Bust of Sylvette. Thirty-six feet tall and purportedly weighing sixty tons, this colossal cubistic sculpture served a dual purpose â to decorate the lawn and to enhance the schemeâs pinwheel character.

 

Outdoor sculpture has played an important role in New York City since the mid-nineteenth century. Most early examples were financed by private groups to embellish public squares and parks. Some, like bronze portraits of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln at Union Square, were intended to express patriotism and recall historic events, while others, including Central Parkâs Angel of the Waters served a symbolic purpose, representing common ideas and shared beliefs. Gradually war monuments and memorials began to dominate the public realm, particularly to honor the 25th anniversary of the end of the Civil War. Most were executed in a realistic style, with handsome stone pedestals, echoing the classical statuary of ancient Greece and Rome.

 

The Bust of Sylvette, however, belonged to an entirely new tradition, one inspired by French modernism and the Art Deco style. At Rockefeller Center, a gilded statue of the Greek god Prometheus was commissioned to adorn the sunken plaza. Located on axis with the promenade that connects with Fifth Avenue, it was conceived to draw people toward the lower shopping concourse and serve as a gleaming focal point or âeye catcherâ within the limestone complex. Other works at Rockefeller Center were notable for employing the modern materials, such as glass block, stainless steel, and aluminum.

 

This trend intensified after the Second World War, especially during the period when modern architectural aesthetics became part of the mainstream. Industrial materials transformed the appearance of new buildings and new planning concepts would open up Manhattanâs grid with privately-owned plazas. Two pioneering examples, Lever House and the Seagram Building , were conceived as settings for contemporary sculpture. Though no works were executed, major pieces were, in fact, commissioned for Chase Manhattan Plaza in lower Manhattan: a sunken circular garden by Isamu Noguchi and Group of Four Trees , a 42-foot-tall work by Jean Dubuffet.

 

Pei first developed an interest in modern art during the 1940s. He collected works by Abstract Expressionist painters, as well as sculptures by Dubuffet and Henry Moore. During a 1958 visit to Paris he met the Norwegian sculptor Carl Nesjar , who was returning home from the south of France where he recently introduced Picasso to the technique called ânaturebetongâ or nature concrete. Also known as âBetrograve,â this sandblasting process was developed by architect Erling Viksjö and engineer Svere Jystad during the mid-1950s. Picasso commented: âI am intrigued with your concrete and want to do something with it.â Initially, he made four large wall drawings for a government building in Oslo, followed by a 1961 frieze in Barcelona. Pei told Nesjar:

 

I have long thought about monumental sculpture in scale with modern architecture,

 

and I recognize the possibilities of concrete technique. Here and now I am beginning

 

a one-man crusade to have a monumental Picasso work for one of my projects.

 

Pei wanted to install a Picasso, possibly from the Sylvette series, in the courtyard of Kips Bay Plaza but his client, Zeckendorf, was not convinced it was essential to the program. He reportedly told the architect: âI can give you fifty saplings or this piece of sculpture.â Pei ultimately chose trees. In Philadelphia, however, the cityâs Percent for Art Ordinance, established in 1959, required that developers incorporate art into their projects. Early renderings for Society Hill illustrate two pieces: an equestrian statue set on a raised pedestal in the central plaza, and what appears to be Sylvette, on a lawn behind the apartment towers. Though neither would be executed, Pei reportedly had a $400,000 budget and instead commissioned bronze sculptures by Gaston Lachaise and Leonard Baskin.

 

Sylvette David was nineteen years old when she met Picasso in spring 1953. Approximately forty portraits of her in various media resulted, including the group of five busts that Nesjar viewed at the artistâs Valluris studio, La Galliose, in 1962. Fabricated with folded sheet metal and then painted, each piece was approximately two feet tall. In consultation with Nesjar, Picasso selected which would be most appropriate for enlargement and then produced a photo collage representing the view from Houston Street. Dated April 4, 1967 and October 17, 1967, the artist wrote: âI agree that Nesjar reproduce this sculpture.â A close examination of the collage, however, reveals that during the period between the two dates the sculptureâs location was changed from the west side of the lawn, where it would have been visible from the intersection of Houston and Mercer Streets, to a somewhat more central location, opposite the entrance to 110 Bleecker Street.

 

In November 1967, while a retrospective devoted to Picassoâs sculpture was being held at the Museum of Modern Art, NYU formally announced the commission. The model for Sylvette was part of the exhibition and Pei persuaded one of the museumâs patrons, Allan D. and Kate S. Emil, to finance it. It was the second sculpture that the family had donated to the school, following an abstract aluminum relief by Rueben Nakian , which originally adorned the upper north wall of the Loeb Student Center . Articles appeared in the New York Times and Time magazine which described the projected Picasso sculpture as âhalf as high and twice as sexy as the Great Sphinx of Egypt.â Alfred Barr, former MoMA director, forecast that it would be the âgrandest sculpture in Manhattan . . . not to mention the tallest pony-tail hairdo in the whole world.â It would be the second monumental Picasso sculpture in the United States â the first being an untitled fifty-foot-tall work executed in Cor-Ten steel for the Chicago Civic Center .

 

Nesjarâs team worked on Sylvette for five months, from January to June 1968, taking twice the time estimated. He was assisted by two Norwegians, the carpenter Sigurd Fragure and the artist-writer Eric Hesselberg, who served on the crew of the Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947. The New York firm Wieskopf & Pickworth assisted with the structural engineering. It was Nesjarâs twelfth collaboration with the Picasso. Nesjar commented:

 

This is a collaboration or if you prefer, a translation . . . Iâm like a conductor of an orchestra. The composer gives me a piece of music and then itâs up to me to see what I can do with it.

 

It was a unique relationship and Picassoâs only criticism of Nesjar was that results were frequently âtoo perfect.â

 

Freed and Amberg coordinated the sculpture project and, according to Pei, spent nearly a year bringing it to fruition. Amberg briefly lived in a NYU-University Village apartment and worked closely with Nesjar. To prepare the site, a beam and slab foundation was formed, supported by steel beams that rise from the garage. On top of the base, one side of the sculptureâs plywood formwork was assembled, followed by the steel skeleton, consisting of reinforcement bars. The skeleton was then enclosed with a second set of boards to create a water-tight form filled with crushed black basalt pebbles imported from Norway, as well as Hudson Valley traprock. Next, the rock was gently vibrated to achieve maximum density. According to Amberg, Nesjarâs team then drilled numerous ports that were used to inject the form with liquid concrete. This process was repeated several times until the concrete reached the top. After six days, the boards were removed, revealing a smooth, joint-free surface. In the final steps, Nesjar marked the outer surface with charcoal and wax crayon, making minor adjustments to the artistâs original vision for reasons of scale or point of view. He remarked: âI must be the only person in the world who has corrected a Picasso.â Nesjar then used a sandblast nozzle to expose the dark rock, making her face, hair, and shoulders permanently visible.

 

The Bust of Sylvette was dedicated the universityâs Tishman Auditorium on December 9, 1968. Neither Allan nor Kate Emil had attended NYU but during his speech he described their shared admiration for the school and the âwork it does today.â He also observed:

 

Picasso is one of the most important artists of our time, and New York should have a major example of his work in this medium. I canât think of a better location for it than New York University, where it can serve education, art, and the public at large.

 

Reception

 

University Village attracted considerable attention from the local media but only a few articles in national magazines. Initially, most writers focused on Peiâs innovative use of exposed concrete. The New York Herald Tribune reported in April 1964 that the preliminary design would âyield architectural distinction rarely associated with even more costly buildings.â As the project neared completion, the New York Times took a more neutral position; the complex was called âcontroversial,â with detailed descriptions of the exoskeleton and the interior layouts. Architectural Forum published the most thoughtful and detailed essay in December 1966. Written by critic and photographer Cerwin Robinson, he examined the complex in terms of plan, technique, tenant amenities and neighborhood context. He concluded: âThe three towers are among the least costly Pei has done. They are also among his best. New York has gained not only a triad of landmarks but clear proof that inexpensive housing can be distinguished architecture.â In Fortune magazine, Douglass Haskell featured the complex on a list of the ten best buildings of 1966, placing it under the category where architects engage in a âback-andforth play between a showy sculptural architecture on the one hand and on the other the concept of a reserved repetitive grid.â

 

University Village was honored with three professional awards. Under the category of residential work, it received a prize from the Concrete Industry Board of New York in December 1966, a Bard Award for excellence in design from the City Club of New York and a national honor award from the American Institute of Architects , both during May 1967. And when the first AIA Guide to NY debuted in 1967, the complex was strongly praised:

 

Of these three, nearly identical towers, the one closest to West Broadway is Mitchell-Lama middle income housing â undoubtedly the finest in the city, and much better than Peiâs Kips Bay Plaza . . . the result is exceptional for high-rise housing where one can, for a change, grasp the size of the individual apartments . . . from the north they appear as the logical and elegant termination of the progression of recently built, structures.

 

The nearly complete towers, along with NYUâs Weaver Hall, were likewise part of the AIAâs 1967 exhibition of âoutstanding architecture of the last 100 yearsâ built in New York City.

 

A decade later, in 1979, New York Times architecture critic Paul Goldberger described the three towers as âdignified and sophisticated . . . In a city with hardly more than a handful of decent postwar apartment houses, these stand out. Peiâs ability to bring rhythm and texture to a facade that is just a grid of concrete is absolutely superb.â Critic-cartographer John Tauranac commented in Essential New York that the towers were âCrisply designed [with an] attention to massing and detailing that many âluxuryâ houses ignore. The tenants get their moneyâs worth, as do the passing pedestrians.â Architect-historian Robert A. M. Stern later praised the complex in New York 1960, calling it âanimated, sculpturally vigorous yet human-scaled design.â And in Manhattan Skyscrapers, a 1999 book devoted to mainly office buildings, Eric P. Nash praised University Village for exhibiting an âelegant synthesis of many strains of modernist design.â Calling the complex a âfine composition,â he observed that it displays a âkinetic sense of energyâ in which âthe flow of space is almost palpable.â

 

When Freed died in 2005, many writers paid tribute to his career, particularly Terence Riley, curator of architecture at the Museum of Modern Art. Among the various buildings he called out in the obituary in the International Herald Tribune, University Village was cited as being one of âthe most refined examples of modern design in all of Manhattan.â

 

Subsequent history

 

University Village looks much as it did when NYU faculty began to occupy the schoolâs two buildings during late 1966. Most of the cooperative apartments were sold by October 1965 and the owner-tenants began to occupy the third building in April 1967. Both NYU buildings were renamed in 1974 to honor a major donor to the school, Julius Silver, class of 1922. Trained as a lawyer at Columbia University, for many years he advised Edwin Land of the Polaroid Corporation. A free-standing metal plaque installed on the north side of the plaza acknowledges his substantial gifts to the school, as well as horizontal metal plaques attached the walls inside each buildingâs arcade. The diagonal path, connecting the central plaza to Bleecker Street, is not original and probably was added during the 1970s or 1980s. Many of the freestanding lighting fixtures, except those near 505 LaGuardia Place, date from the 1980s or later. Overall, the concrete exteriors are in a remarkably good state of repair. Some patching, however, is visible, particularly on the north facade of 505 LaGuardia Place.

 

Description

 

University Village is located in the southeast section of Greenwich Village on two tax lots bordered, in part, by LaGuardia Place, Bleecker Street, and West Houston Street. The south half of the site has been raised to create a level platform for the three buildings. Beneath the buildings are two parking garages, reached by separate concrete entrance ramps on the north side of West Houston Street. The east ramp, serving both NYU buildings, is located close to Greene Street. Painted steel tubular railings are attached to the top of the concrete walls that flank the ramp. Along part of the top of the east wall is steel fencing. The west ramp, located between Wooster Street and LaGuardia Place, serves the 505 LaGuardia Place garage. Steel fencing is attached to the upper portion of the concrete walls that enclose the west garage entrance. Pedestrian access to both garages is provided by sidewalks, lined with steel fencing, leading to single, hollow-metal doors; the doors are located on the west side of the east garage, and on the east side of the west garage. Both garages have metal roll-up doors. Immediately to the west of each garage ramp is a sanitation area. Both sanitation areas have locked gates, concrete paving and low concrete walls surmounted by steel fences. The western sanitation area has sheet metal attached to the inside face of the fence.

 

A paved drive, located along the former Wooster Street links Houston and Bleecker Streets. From Houston Street, the original purplish-pink, granite-block paved drive separates 110 Bleecker Street and 505 LaGuardia Place. This drive turns east, passing the entrance of 110 Bleecker Street, and then north, passing 100 Bleecker Street, and then east again, bordering the central lawn/plaza. Planted with grass, the level plaza is square in shape, with rounded corners. Adjoining the corners are arrow-shaped metal drains set into concrete. At the southeast corner of the lawn is the Bust of Sylvette, as well as a small brass plaque on a low concrete pedestal identifying the artist and donor. Historic concrete curbs curl into the granite road bed, with three curb cuts leading to the west drive. Concrete bollards, original and mostly in good condition, are scattered around the sidewalk that adjoins the road. Along the north sidewalk is a low concrete bench with a slight cantilever on both sides that extends from the northwest corner of 100 Bleecker Street to the east side of the west drive . Toward the west end of the sidewalk is a pair of bronze-colored metal flagpoles. Between the flagpoles, a freestanding metal plaque set into a concrete slab describes the NYU buildings.

 

The north lawn parallels Bleecker Street and extends east from the drive to the eastern edge of the site. The closely-planted trees are likely to date from the time of construction. The lawn also contains non-historic lighting fixtures, including U-shaped pole lights and pole-mounted flood lights. A diagonal concrete path, starting near the northwest corner of 100 Bleecker Street, extends northeast through the north lawn, ending near the Bleecker Street sidewalk. The east lawn, adjoining 100 Bleecker Street, extends south to a concrete path, from the siteâs east boundary. Between this path and Houston Street is a seating area featuring a broken spiral of concrete benches. At the southeast corner of the site, between the seating area and east garage ramp on Houston Street, is a playground enclosed with original concrete walls, featuring a concrete bench, ramp, and circular sandbox set into the ground and a circular tree planter. The south central lawn, between 110 Bleecker Street and Houston Street, is bordered by a steel fence on the east, west, and south. It is also enclosed by a non-historic chain-link fence extending from the east facade of 110 Bleecker Street to the playground. An original concrete taxi call light is located at the southwest corner of the south central lawn, near Houston Street.

 

South of 505 LaGuardia Place is a lush private garden, enclosed by a steel fence. This garden, as well as the buildingâs rear facade, is visible through the fence. Located within the garden are two original lampposts. Proceeding north from Houston Street, along the shaded path between the private garden and the âTime Landscapeâ , is a wide concrete staircase with four metal railings that ascend east into a mews or passageway, passing 505 LaGuardia Place on the right . This passage has three original painted metal light poles, each with five glass globes. The other lighting fixtures along the plaza and sidewalks are non-historic and feature slender steel poles with U-shaped supports that hold covered square-shaped down lights. Where there is grass, they are set on concrete cubes, the rest are bolted to the sidewalk. Along the north side of this passage is a low concrete bench that encloses a planting bed. Directly north of the stairs, the west end of the bench becomes the top of a concrete wall, to which the raised historic metal numbers â505â are attached. At the east end, the bench curves and meets a rectangular base on which a steel fence has been installed. Non-historic metal signs are installed on the face of the bench. From this bench, a sidewalk extends north along the west side of the former route of Wooster Street. Here, non-historic U-shaped lighting fixtures and trees alternate. A high steel fence separates the sidewalk from a planting bed with a second row of trees, as well as a low concrete wall that separates the complex from the space used by the adjacent supermarket driveway. A chain-link fence is installed on top of this wall.

 

Adjoining the central plaza, to the east, south and west are three 30-story apartment buildings. Located near the center of the site, this trio rises in isolation and stands taller than the various buildings that surround the site. Each tower is defined by grids of deeply-recessed windows executed with exposed concrete. Wider than deep, each projecting facade has four or eight windows, flanked on one side by a row of narrow windows, as well as a sheer wall of concrete divided into vertical panels. Each bay consists of two sections: the upper one incorporates a pair of sliding aluminum windows, and the smaller lower section, a ventilation grille. At the ground story, the primary facades have deep arcades that lead to lobbies, and the secondary facades have large windows set above raised bases. Small recessed openings at the basement level are filled with louvers; most of the louvers at 505 LaGuardia Place are original, while most of those at 100 and 110 Bleecker Street are non-historic. Other non-historic elements include: flood lights mounted to many of the basement louvers and parapets, metal mesh boxlike fences which enclose recesses at the ground floor; sheet-metal signage; and security cameras.

 

The exterior wall of the lobby of 505 LaGuardia Place faces north and is set behind an arcade. There is a short step within each bay, except at the east end, which has been converted to a ramp. The cement pavement within the arcade is divided into rectangles; joints separating the rectangles are aligned with the columns. The step riser at the two center bays has been painted yellow. The east and west walls of the arcade are faced with tan brick. On the west wall is the historic â505â sign with raised digits. The ceiling incorporates a row of original recessed lighting fixtures, aligned with the center of each bay. The entrance consists of a projecting pavilion with concrete side walls, brown-colored aluminum framed windows and two inward-opening glass doors. The pavilion is flanked by recessed plate glass windows on either side. A service entry located to the west end of the arcade has brown-painted metal doors and a sheet metal transom. A non-historic security camera is installed at the east end of the arcade on the upper wall. Original â505â signs with raised digits are located on the northeast corner of the north facade and at the northwest corner of the west facade.

 

The exterior wall of the lobbies of 100 and 110 Bleecker Street are similar to 505 LaGuardia but are not identical, with larger sheets of plate glass to either side of the entrance pavilion. Horizontal metal strips have been added in various locations near the ground to protect the glass. The walls to the right of both entrances are faced with tan brick. Attached to these walls are the original raised numerals that indicate the buildingâs address â100â and â110,â as well as a circa 1970s metal plaque indicating âSILVER TOWERS, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY.â The shallow ramps that enter through the arcade are not original and probably replaced a single step. Most of the lighting fixtures in these arcades are not original, nor are the low granite benches on either end. Original service entries with metal doors and sheet-metal transoms are located on the west side of 110 Bleecker Street and the south side of 100 Bleecker Street.

 

- From the 2008 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report

News: $625,500 limit increase. We are now taking applications for the national $625,500 lending limit increase. When using this image please provide photo credit (link) to: reverse.mortgage

Entrepreneurial Student Web Developers = Increased Community Outreach

PST Poster Sessions Track

Tuesday,

3:30

–

5:00

PM

 

The Augustana Web Guild is a student organization that provides nonprofit organizations and small businesses with a chance to obtain a Web presence at an affordable cost. Since 1998, they have developed about 175 client sites. Being part of the Web Guild gives students an opportunity to learn more than Web design as they also directly work with the clients building project management skills and communication skills. This group is based on an entrepreneurial model and is self-funding and even established its own endowed scholarship last year. The same entrepreneurial model that built the Web Guild is being expanded to form the new EDGE Center at Augustana. The EDGE center will operate like a full scale ad agency connecting students with the community.

 

Presenters

Joe Santucci

Web Guild President, Augustana College

 

Joe is a junior at Augustana College majoring in physics and minoring in math and Spanish. He is also the current president of the Augustana Web Guild.

Ana Mullin

Web Guild Developer, Augustana College

 

www.flickr.com/photos/iukokomo/6511994587/in/set-rel=

 

newsroom.iuk.edu/campus/17-campus-news/341-indiana-univer...

 

The Big Move, Visioned, Initiated and Implemented by Chancellor Michael Harris IU Kokomo:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJIe0t6aDEU

 

tackk.com/michaelharrischancellor

 

kokomoperspective.com/news/local_news/transformation-begi...

 

www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=54735

 

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nciia.org/network/conference/2010/presenters/michael_harris

 

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One of the most successful medium bombers ever produced, the B-25 Mitchell began as the bomber nobody wanted. North American Aviation had begun the NA-40, designed by North American’s chief designer, James “Dutch” Kindleberger, as a private venture to compete with the Douglas A-20 Havoc. The NA-40 had a very narrow fuselage in which the pilot and copilot sat in tandem, with two Wright Cyclone engines on a shoulder-mounted wing, tricycle landing gear, and high speed that made defensive armament, it was thought, unnecessary. To increase stability, Kindleberger used endplate tailfins rather than the single tail of other contemporary aircraft.

 

The first NA-40 flew in April 1939, but promptly crashed during a competition with the A-20, which won the US Army Air Corps’ contract. Kindleberger refused to give up, however, and redesigned the NA-40 by expanding the fuselage to carry more bombs and allow the flight crew to sit next to each other. This revised NA-40 showed even more promise, but once more it lost, this time to the Martin B-26 Marauder. Because the Martin company could only produce a few Marauders a month and only at high expense, the USAAF went ahead and placed an order for the NA-40 as well in August 1940, as the B-25 Mitchell—named for William “Billy” Mitchell, who had lobbied so hard for an independent, bomber-heavy air force in the 1930s it had resulted in his court martial. To cure instability noticed in the first flights, the NA-62 prototype was given a slight gull wing which would be retained on all B-25s afterwards.

 

The B-25B was the first variant to enter combat service, with the 17th Bombardment Squadron based at McChord Field, Washington; a Mitchell from this unit scored the USAAF’s first submarine kill in late December 1941, when it sank a Japanese I-Boat off the Washington coast. Its viceless performance led the USAAF to expand production of Mitchells, and these were soon pressed into urgently needed antisubmarine patrols on both coasts. B-25s taking off and landing for these missions inspired a US Navy officer, Francis Low, to consider if they could be flown off of aircraft carriers in a strike against Japan. Both the USAAF and Navy agreed to collaborate on the project as a morale boost for the home front, in desperate need for good news after a steady diet of disaster following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. James Doolittle was chosen to lead a group of 16 B-25Bs taking off from USS Hornet on a strike against Japan itself on 18 April 1942: the Doolittle Raid, as it was known, was marred by a forced early launch that caused the attack to happen in broad daylight and recovery in China to happen at night, with the loss of 15 out of 16 aircraft, though all but six men survived. However, the psychological damage to Japan was so great that it changed the course of the war.

 

It also proved the B-25 to be a superb aircraft. Its ease of handling and bomb carrying capability put it in high demand; though the British Royal Air Force would use Lend-Lease Mitchells extensively in Europe, USAAF units preferred faster aircraft such as the A-20 and B-26, though B-25s would see quite a bit of service in North Africa and Italy. The Mitchell was also found to be very resilient: the B-25D introduced crew armor and self-sealing fuel tanks, and even earlier less-armored variants were found to be able to take a great deal of punishment. B-25s were still fully capable of flying missions with one engine out, with the only problem being slightly heavy on the controls and the loss of speed. One B-25D in North Africa was hit no less than 400 times and had taken so much damage that it required special flap and rudder settings—but it was still operational. Indeed, the only real complaint aircrew had about the B-25 was the extremely loud noise its engines produced, which could cause hearing loss.

 

The success of the gunship role with A-20s in the Southwest Pacific led to successive versions of the B-25: the B-25G/H, which were given solid noses equipped either with as many as 12 machine guns, or a lesser number of machine guns supplemented by a 75mm antitank gun. These aircraft, operated by the famous "New Guinea Strafers," proved deadly to Japanese shipping during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea in 1943. So successful was the B-25G/H series that North American switched production to the most common variant, the B-25J, with interchangeable solid noses for gunships, or glass noses for bomber roles. The dorsal turret was also moved forward. B-25s would be used in every theater in World War II. After the war, most were retired, though a few persisted in USAF service as executive transports until the late 1950s; B-25s were used operationally by Indonesia until 1979. Because the Mitchell remained in service for so long, quite a few survive as warbirds and in museums; of 9800 built, about 100 are still around.

 

Since the Doolittle Raid was arguably the most influential bomber attack of the war, and one of the most daring, the National Museum of the USAF went to great lengths to commemorate this amazing mission. By the time the USAF got around to working on a museum, there were no B-25Bs left, and the majority of surviving Mitchells were the significantly different B-25J version.

 

In 1956, the USAF located a former B-25D that had been used as a reconnaissance trainer, in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. As it would be much easier to modify a B-25D back to a B model, the aircraft (43-3374) was removed from the scrapyard and handed over to North American Aviation. 43-3374 was backdated to a B-25B and went on display at the NMUSAF in 1957 as 40-2344, the aircraft flown by Jimmy Doolittle during the raid named for him.

 

Today, the NMUSAF has created an entire life-sized diorama commemorating the Raid. Placed on a carrier deck simulating that of the USS Hornet, mannequins representing ground crew and Doolittle's crew are shown loading the bombs, while two more are placed near the nose, as Doolittle and then-Captain Marc Mitscher, the CO of the Hornet. The engines and dorsal turret are covered in canvas, which they were aboard the carrier to protect from saltwater corrosion.

 

This display is impressive enough, but surrounding the rear of the aircraft is memorabilia related to the Doolittle Raid. The most bittersweet piece of the collection is the Raiders' cup collection: each Raider that survived the raid were presented with a sterling silver cup with their name inscribed on it. When the Raider died, the cup would be turned over; when there were only two Raiders left, they would open a 19th Century-vintage bottle of champagne and drink a toast. When I saw the cups in 1977, about half were still upright, but in 2017, only one was--that of Colonel Richard Cole, Doolittle's copilot, who is (as of this writing) 102 years old. The champagne bottle is still on display, but the toast has been drunk.

Faisalabad, March 19 – American scientists and Pakistani wheat experts are collaborating to increase Pakistan’s wheat harvest and ensure greater prosperity to farmers nationwide. A bi-national team of scientists, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), met in Faisalabad last week to evaluate wheat varieties for disease-resistance. In order to determine which wheat varieties will perform best in Pakistan’s unique ecosystem, U.S. and Pakistani researchers studied the effects of heat and other types of environmental stress on the different varieties of wheat that can be planted in Pakistan.

 

USDA, through its Wheat Productivity Enhancement Project (WPEP), currently helps evaluate 60 wheat varieties planted in 115 wheat trials throughout Pakistan. In order to increase the quality of this joint research, last week USDA also provided Pakistani research institutions specialized wheat planting and harvesting equipment. The new machines, which replaced equipment over 25 years old, will allow scientists to study more wheat varieties each year and more rapidly improve Pakistani farmers’ harvest yields.

 

“Wheat is critical to the food security of both Pakistan and the United States,” said USDA Plant Health Advisor Ian Winborne after a ceremony at Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) celebrating the handover of the new equipment. He added, “Lasting links between Pakistani and U.S. scientists can help improve and protect agricultural harvests in both our countries.”

 

WPEP facilitates scientific collaboration between USDA, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), and Pakistan’s national wheat programs. WPEP funds scientific exchanges to develop, introduce, and test disease-resistant wheat varieties; improve agronomic practices; and upgrade research capacity in Pakistan.

 

This initiative is just one part of a comprehensive U.S. economic growth assistance program which includes expanding irrigation by more than 200,000 acres near the Gomal Zam and Satpara dams; constructing more than 1,000 km of roads to connect communities and facilitate trade; modernizing dairy farms in Punjab; and launching private equity investment funds to help small and medium businesses grow.

###

 

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Facing the increasing age of their KC-135A fleet, along with the type’s less fuel efficient, smoky, and noisy JT3D turbojet engines, the USAF embarked on a program to either modify or replace the 700 or so KC-135s in service beginning in 1980. The KC-10A Extender proved to be an adequate supplement, but cost concerns and the sheer size of the USAF’s tanker fleet meant that completely replacing the KC-135 with the KC-10 was not feasible; likewise, a partial re-engining to KC-135E standard, which used TF33 turbofans taken from 707 airliners, likewise would not be cost-effective for the entire fleet.

 

Therefore the USAF decided instead to modify the KC-135As to KC-135R standard. Like the KC-135Es, the old turbojets would be replaced by turbofans, but these were state-of-the-art high-bypass CFM56 types, twice the diameter of the older JT3Ds. The CFM56, designated F108 in USAF service, doubled the thrust of the KC-135A, yet was cheaper and more fuel efficient to operate, far more quiet, and allowed the offload of half again as much fuel as the A model. This extended not only the range of the KC-135 force, but also further extended the reach of tactical fighters it would refuel. An auxiliary power unit (APU) was added as well, allowing the KC-135R to operate with a minimum of ground equipment from unprepared airstrips, and the airframe was reskinned, taking the fleet back to essentially zero flight hours. The 360 KC-135Rs were therefore practically new aircraft, and were projected to serve until at least 2010 or possibly longer.

 

KC-135Rs entered service in 1983 and rapidly replaced nearly all KC-135As in service; SR-71 dedicated KC-135Qs were reengined as KC-135Ts. The first combat use of the R model was in Panama in 1989, followed by Operation Desert Storm in Iraq in 1991; since then, KC-135Rs have supported every peacetime and war deployment by the US, the most recent being Operation Odyssey Dawn over Iraq in 2011. With the retirement of the KC-135E in 2009, the R model is now the only KC-135 variant operated by the USAF. The entire fleet went through the Pacer CRAG update in the late 1990s, adding GPS and additional navigational equipment to the KC-135. A few were further modified as KC-135RTs, which themselves can be refuelled in flight; several more have also had underwing fuel tanks added to allow for three-point refuelling—one via the USAF-standard boom/plug, the other two utilizing US Navy style probe/drogue.

 

Though much of the KC-135R fleet has been found capable of operating until 2040 (when the youngest airframe will be approaching eighty years old), obviously a replacement would be needed at some point; this was recognized by the USAF in the late 1990s and accelerated by the higher strain of constant wartime deployments over Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001. A long, drawn-out, and bitter competition between Boeing’s 767 and Airbus’ A330 over the past ten years finally came to an end in 2011, when the USAF selected Boeing’s KC-767 proposal over the Airbus KC-30; designated KC-46, the new tanker will begin replacing the KC-135R about 2015.

 

This KC-135R, 58-0098, was at Malmstrom AFB in 1987 to provide familiarization for base personnel, as the 301st Air Refueling Wing was due to arrive later in the year. It was assigned to the 28th Strategic Bomber Wing at Ellsworth AFB. This view shows the earlier overall SAC gray scheme used on its tankers, complete with Strategic Air Command stripe on the fuselage and the 28th's tail stripe. 58-0098 is still around, today serving with the 101st Air Refueling Wing (Maine ANG) at Bangor, Maine.

Rising Sum Motor Inn

Going-to-the-Sun Road at St. Mary Lake; Glacier National Park, Montana

 

Glacier National Park was established in 1910, when the first wave of tourists viewed the park via horseback, boat and hiking. Rising Sun Motor Inn was part of the second wave of tourism with the completion of the Going-to-the-Sun Road in 1933. Rising Sun Motor Inn has had several names; Rising Sun Auto Camp, Roes Creek Auto Camp, and East Glacier Auto Camp. All names reference the automobile. The facilities were developed for the auto-borne tourists who could traverse the park using the Going-to-the-Sun Road. The location overlooks Saint Mary Lake, the second largest lake in the park. One of the most popular spots for visitors to Glacier National Park is Rising Sun, an overlook of Goose Island in St. Mary Lake and likely the most photographed spot in the park.

 

By 1940, under increasing pressure from the NPS for more spartan, inexpensive facilities where tipping, dress codes and lavish furnishings were not required, the Glacier Park Hotel Co. began construction of the Roes Creek Auto Camp, later renamed the East Glacier Auto Camp and finally (1950) the Rising Sun Auto Camp. This facility was designed by Great Northern's Hotel Company and approved by NPS.

 

Rising Sun facilities included a general store, built in 1941 by the Great Northern's Glacier Park Hotel Company, surrounded by log tourist cabins and laundry house. Located 7 miles from the east entrance to Glacier National Park, Rising Sun grew as wayside area that now includes a National Park Service campground, gift shop, restaurant, motel rooms and boat dock on St. Mary's Lake. The modern era restaurant/lobby building was built in 1965. As of 2014 the guest facilities, exluding the campground and boat dock, are managed by the concessionaire Xanterra Parks & Resorts.

 

Great Northern Railway affiliate Glacier Park Hotel Company constructed and operated the grand park lodges within Glacier National Park from 1910 to 1961. The lodges were built to serve tourists who arrived via Great Northern's passenger trains. The Oriental Limited was Great Northern's passenger train between Chicago and Seattle (70 hour trip). It was the premiere train on its route until 1929 when the Empire Builder started. With new equipment and fewer stops the Empire Builder made the run in 45 hours. Amtrak has operated the Empire Builder since 1971.

 

The Glacier Park Lodge was built in 1913 adjacent to the Great Northern Depot in East Glacier Park, Montana. The largest was the Many Glacier Hotel, which opened in 1915. The landmark Prince of Wales Hotel in Waterton was completed in 1927, and in 1930 the company was contracted to operate the privately constructed Lake McDonald Hotel. The grand lodges were supplemented by the construction of motel-styled Swiftcurrent Motor Inn and Rising Sun Motor Inn, which were completed in the 1940s to serve Glacie Park's automobile travelers.

 

With only a 100-day season, and with automobiles reducing the demand for rail travel, Great Northern claims it was losing $500,000 a year on the Glacier hotels. In 1961 Great Northern's Glacier Park Hotel Company sold the Glacier and Waterton concession operations to Don Hummel for $1.4 million. Hummel, a former Tucson mayor and Arizona businessman formed "Glacier Park, Inc." to operate the concessions. GPI received a 20-year concession contract from the National Park Service. Hummel was a Flying Tiger in World War II. As a college student he was a seasonal ranger at Grand Canyon and Lassen Volcanic national parks. He served three terms as mayor of Tucson. In addition to Glacier National Park he had ownership in 2 other national park concession companies - Lassen and Mt. McKinley.

 

Hummel sold the lodges and motels at the conclusion of its 20 year contract in 1981 to Greyhound Food Management of Phoenix later known as Viad Corporation. Hummel stated "It's been a constant battle attempting to not only pay off the facilities, but to try to upgrade them as well."

 

In 2013 the Park Service awarded a 16 year concession right for lodging and transportation within Glacier Park to the Xanterra Corporation. Glacier Park Inc., had held the Glacier contract for 32 years since 1981. Xanterra Parks and Resorts took control from Viad Lake McDonald Lodge, Many Glacier Hotel, the Rising Sun and Swiftcureen Motor Inns, and the Red buses. Viad continues to own and operate facilities outside of Glacier National Park, including - Glacier Park Lodge, St. Mary Lodge, and the Prince of Wales Hotel.

 

In keeping with the era in which Rising Sun Motor Inn's 72 rooms were built, there are no televisions, air conditioning or in-room telephones. However, there are private bathrooms in all guest rooms.

 

Note: I worked at Rising Sun Motor Inn during the summers of 1967 and 1968. In 1967 I worked as a dish washer, busboy, gift shop attendant and gas station attendant. In 1968 I worked as a desk clerk and as the relief night auditor. LeRoy Wright was our General Manager for both summers. He was the recently retired general manager at the Paso del Norte Hotel in El Paso, TX. Nora Hullings for our chef. Mr & Mrs. Hal Goerz managed the gift shop. Some of my co-workers were Bill Williams, Tom Quail, Tom Amacker, Louis Kawalski, Barb Low, Neil Gerdes, Joe Peek, Karen Willis, and Luci Malone. On the night of Aug. 12, 1967, (known as Night of the Grizzlies) two glacier park employess were mauled to death by two seperate grizzlies at two different locations - Granite Park Campground and Trout Lake Campground. The official address of Rising Sun Motor Inn is: 500 feet north of Going-to-the-Sun Road at St. Mary Lake; Glacier National Park, Montana.

 

compiled by Dick Johnson, June 2018

 

Following on from the oil shocks of the 1970's, a general softening of economic markets, and increasing vehicle requiremenst to meet emissions and saftey legislation, 1982 tended to be short of new vehicle introductions that could be considered to be 'glamorous' - let alone standouts, technically.

 

One such car that showed that the automobile could still be considered an object of pleasure was the 1982 Porsche 944. Strictly speaking not an all-new car, the 944 was based on the earlier 924 series. The 924 had originally been designed by Porsche for use as an entry level sportscar for the Porsche marque, along with a derivative to be badged as an Audi. The VW group had gotten cold feet, and the project was left to Porsche to complete and introduce as a production model.

 

Where the 944 differed, was with the introduction of a Porsche designed engine. The 2.5 litre 4-cylinder had a similar notional capacity as the VW/Audi based engine in the 924, but was in fact half of the 928's 5.0 litre V8. The new Porsche engine was noticably more powerful, and also smoother due to the two counter-rotating balance shafts, mounted in the block, to balance out the secondary forces from what was a fairly large capacity engine.

 

Updates were also made to the body, the front and rear wheel arches were an inch or so wider, allowing wider wheels and vehicle track. Cosmetic improvements included new front and rear bumper treatments and more aggressive aerodynamic devices. Also, a new, more upmarket interior treatment was added.

 

What remained was the rear-mounted transaxle gearbox, near-perfect weight distribution and low vehicle weight. Enough for the 118 kW engine to provide brisk performance to the 924s lacklustre acceleration.

 

The car still held four seats, and a decent luggage compartment accessed by a large glass liftback.

 

The car was further updated in 1986 with the addition of the 'Turbo' model, featuring 164 kW from a turbocharged and intercooled version of the 4-cylinder. The 944 Turbo was visually different, with a revised front bumper. This bumper treatment was added to the standard car in 1989, now called 944 S2 with a larger capacity, 16-valve version of the engine, with 155 kW. The car had previously ericed a 16-valve head as the additional 944 S model in 1987, with 141 kW.

 

All models wer finally replaced in 1992 with the 3.0-litre, 4-cylinder 968, The 968 shared the common body structure with the 944, but had substantially changed front styling, aping the concurrent 924 S4.

 

This Lego model has been created in Lego digital Designer for LUGNuts 43rd build Challenge - 'Plus or Minus Ten' - for vehicles produced 10 years before or after the year you were born.

The Postcard

 

A postally unused Valentine's postcard bearing a 60's image of Broadway. Although the card was not posted, the back of the card bears the message:

 

"Cornerways

Long Compton

Friday 27/8/71.

Darling Hol,

I do hope all is well and you are

making progress and will soon

be home again. I should love to

be able to come in and see you.

I hope you liked the jellies.

I know you had flowers from Hilda

and Eddie.

Am still doing lots of dashing

around in the car, not much walking.

They are taking me to Pam's next

Monday. I don't look forward to the

journey.

I expect to be going home Sep 7th.

I feel I have been away ages from

Tankerton.

Reg rang me up this evening. I miss

him.

Will write from Pam's dear.

Cheerio,

God bless you dear.

Your loving Con xx"

 

Broadway, Worcestershire

 

Broadway is a large village within the Cotswolds. Its population was 2,540 in the 2011 census, a small increase on the 2,496 in the 2001 census. It is situated in the far southeast of Worcestershire and very close to the Gloucestershire border, midway between the towns of Evesham and Moreton-in-Marsh. It is sometimes referred to as the "Jewel of the Cotswolds".

 

Broadway village lies beneath Fish Hill on the western Cotswold escarpment. The "broad way" is the wide grass-fringed main street, centred on the Green, which is lined with red chestnut trees and honey-coloured Cotswold limestone buildings, many dating from the 16th. century.

 

Broadway is known for its association with the Arts and Crafts movement, and is situated in an area of outstanding scenery and conservation. The wide High Street is lined with a variety of shops and cafes, many housed in listed buildings.

 

The village also featured in the 2018 video game Forza Horizon 4.

 

History of Broadway

 

Broadway is an ancient settlement whose origins are uncertain. There is documentary evidence of activity in the area as far back as Mesolithic times.

 

In 2004, the Council for British Archaeology's Worcestershire Young Archaeologists' Club found evidence of early occupation. Their fieldwork uncovered a large amount of Roman and medieval domestic waste and, most importantly, a large amount of worked Mesolithic flints, raising the possibility that the site might have been a stopping point for hunter-gatherers.

 

This work makes the known history of the village to be over 5,000 years and so may be evidence of one of the first partially settled sites in the United Kingdom.

 

Broadway gained the name Bradsetena Gamere (Broad Village) around the 9th. century and underwent a number of changes until the modern spelling ‘Broadway’ became common usage in the 16th. century.

 

By the 11th. century the village was already well-established and apparently thriving. It is listed in the Domesday Book as part of the land holdings of the Church of St. Mary of Pershore.

 

Broadway continued to prosper, becoming a borough by the 13th. century. For Broadway this marked a considerable departure from the entirely peasant community that had existed in former times, though the following two centuries saw it decline in the wake of the Black Death.

 

Its fortunes were revived during the late 16th. century after the Dissolution of the Monasteries relieved Pershore Abbey of ownership in 1539. The Crown sold the Manor of Broadway in 1558. There followed three centuries of almost unbroken growth, during which the population increased to about five times its Elizabethan level.

 

As in other Cotswold towns, wealth was based on the wool and cloth trade. In the first half the 19th. century Broadway was part of a short-lived Cotswolds silk industry, centred on Blockley, with a water-powered silk mill.

 

By around 1600 the village had become a busy stagecoach stop on the route from Worcester to London. The village provided all the services that might be needed, including grooms, places of refreshment and extra horses for the steep haul up Fish Hill. As a result, there were once as many as 33 public houses in Broadway compared to the three which exist today.

 

The road between Evesham and the summit of Fish Hill became a toll-road as a result of legislation dated 1728. Tolls were collected at Turnpike House, which can be found (now renamed Pike Cottage) in the Upper High Street.

 

However, the introduction of the railways in Britain in the mid-19th. century reduced the passing trade on which Broadway relied. Travel by stagecoach stopped almost immediately with the opening of the railway in Evesham in 1852.

 

Stripped of its role of staging post, Broadway became a backwater; a haven of peace and tranquillity. Victorian artists and writers were drawn to the village's calm, and the famous Arts and Crafts movement made its home in the area. The artists and writers to whom Broadway became home included Elgar, John Singer Sargent, Edwin Austin Abbey, J. M. Barrie, Vaughan Williams, William Morris, Mary Anderson and American artist and writer, Francis Davis Millet.

 

In 1912 Millet boarded the RMS Titanic in Cherbourg, France, as a first class passenger, heading to Washington via New York. He died in the sinking of the Titanic aged 65, and is commemorated by a memorial in St Eadburgha's Churchyard, Broadway.

 

In 1932 Millet's son Jack donated £120 to St Eadburgha's Church for the construction of lychgates in his father's memory at the churchyard.

 

Broadway is thought (by Sir Steven Runciman (1903–2000), a Cambridge historian who knew Benson well) to have been the model for a fictional Elizabethan village in the Cotswolds, Riseholme, the home of Lucia in the novels of E. F. Benson, before she moved to Tilling (based on Rye in East Sussex).

 

The arrival of the motor-car at the turn of the 20th. century, and the advent of popular tourism, restored Broadway's vitality, placing it now among the most frequently visited of all Cotswold villages.

 

In 1934 J. B. Priestley published his book English Journey, a travelogue in which he re-visits areas of the Cotswolds, including Broadway. He described the Cotswolds as:

 

"The most English and the least spoiled

of all our countrysides. The truth is that

it has no colour that can be described.

Even when the sun is obscured and the

light is cold, these walls are still faintly

warm and luminous, as if they knew the

trick of keeping the lost sunlight of

centuries glimmering about them."

 

The war memorial on the village green, dating from 1920, marks the deaths of local individuals who died fighting in the Great War and World War II.

 

Broadway takes its name from the wide main street, now High Street (one of the longest in England). By the 18th. century, it was a toll-road and a prominent stagecoach stop. In the beginning the ‘broad way’ probably began as a drove road and may be unusually wide because of the two small streams that used to run each side of the main street; people built on either side of the brooks, and a road formed down the middle.

 

In the winter, the mud from the road was piled up, and in the summer, grass grew on the piles; these verges still remain today. Water used to flow down from the hills and straight through the village then in later years the streams were mostly hidden inside underground pipes, only emerging at occasional ‘dipping’ points. Nowadays, the streams are almost entirely invisible.

 

Broadway in Modern Times

 

Today, Broadway is a centre for arts and antiques and serves as a natural base from which to explore the Cotswolds or see the horse racing during the busy Cheltenham Gold Cup week. Tourism is important; a reputation as a gateway to the Cotswolds and the many well-preserved buildings attract numerous visitors.

 

The village is well-served with hotels, including the Broadway Hotel, Russell's "A restaurant with rooms", the 1600's Cotswold inn the Lygon Arms, a caravan site, holiday cottages, bed and breakfast lodges, old pubs including the Swan Inn and Crown & Trumpet, shops, restaurants and tea rooms.

 

Local attractions include the Gordon Russell Museum (celebrating the work of the 20th.-century furniture maker Sir Gordon Russell MC), the Ashmolean Museum Broadway displaying objects from the 17th. to the 21st. centuries in 'Tudor House' a former 17th.-century coaching inn, the 65-foot (20 m) high Broadway Tower on its hilltop site in the Broadway Tower Country Park, Snowshill Manor (owned by the National Trust), and, for the many ramblers, the Cotswold Way.

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TO VIEW sit back from your monitor 2 feet and place your index finger about 10 inches in front of your eyes and focus on your finger. This will cause your eyes to go comfortably cross eyed. Keep that same cross eyed focus and notice there are now 3 photos in the back ground. Do not let your eyes leave the cross eye as you look at the middle picture which has appeared. Now increase or decrease how much your eyes are cross eyed until the image pops into 3D. Your eyes will want to leave the cross eye, but fight that urge. This is an acquired skill and takes practice. Stop if it's uncomfortable.

Kestrel is most easily distinguished by their typical hunting behaviour and is notable for usually having a lot of brown in their plumage. The name kestrel is given to several different members of the falcon genus, Falco.

 

Gajaldoba is a small village on the western side of Teesta River in the Oodlabari area of Jalpaiguri district (West Bengal, India). Gajaldoba is famous for the dam on River Teesta, constructed for irrigation of agricultural lands, which resulted in a large waterbody upstream and has become home to many migratory birds during the winter. The natural beauty of the place with its view of the forest, river and majestic Kangchenjunga is awe inspiring!

 

The wetland with sprawling vegetation and reedbeds is a safe haven of at least 100 species of birds, primarily the waterfowls, which attracts a number of winter migrants. Birds from Europe, Central and southeast Asia, Ladakh and Himalayas winter here. Gajaldoba now host at least 20,000 waterfowls in the peak season (November to March) and becoming a significant global waterfowl habitat.

 

Gajaldoba took increased prominence due to the state government's initiative to promote a mega tourism hub in the area. An area of more than 200 acres has been demarcated for the purpose and infrastructure is being developed. In the near future, the area is expected to become one of the high end tourist destinations of Bengal.

 

Experience Bengal, Experience India

Seniors and Housing Minister Josephine Pon announced, in Edmonton on Tuesday, June 15, 2021, new initiatives for World Elder Abuse Awareness Day.

 

The government is providing $750,000 to the Alberta Elder Abuse Awareness Council to support elder abuse prevention and intervention initiatives. Approximately $650,000 of this funding will help coordinated community responses (CCRs) increase supports for seniors subjected to abuse. CCRs are multidisciplinary partnerships that can include a range of partners, such as local governments, non-profit organizations, businesses, health service providers and police services. The council will use the remaining funding to provide ongoing support for grant recipients, explore best practices for data collection and provide enhanced elder abuse awareness training for service providers and responders.

 

“Seniors built this province and are the strength of Alberta. Unfortunately, they are not always treated with the respect they deserve. Elder abuse is not acceptable, for anyone, and in any form. These new initiatives will unite Alberta’s government with community organizations across the province to take stronger action against elder abuse.” said Minister Pon.

 

“Elder abuse is a complex issue that requires a coordinated, collaborative response. Through case management funding, we can support the great work already going on in communities and ensure response services are available for seniors experiencing elder abuse.” said Shantel Ottenbreit, chair, Alberta Elder Abuse Awareness Council.

 

In addition, Alberta’s government is undertaking an engagement with stakeholders and Albertans on elder abuse. This dialogue is intended to update elder abuse responses through better understanding, recognition and prevention at the community level. The first step will be to seek input on a revised provincial definition of elder abuse. Stakeholder engagements will take place over the next few weeks and a public engagement will launch later this year.

 

Grant recipients

 

Healthy Families Healthy Futures Society: Athabasca, Westlock, Barrhead – $50,000

Family Violence Action Society: Camrose and District – $50,000

Calgary Rural Primary Care Network: Claresholm region – $50,000

Vulcan Regional Response to Elder Abuse Council: Foothills and Nanton CCRs – $37,000

Hinton Family and Community Support Services – $21,678

Kerby Centre: Calgary Elder Abuse Response – $49,907

Lamont County Region Family and Community Support Services – $50,000

Lloydminster Interval Home Society – $45,000

Medicine Hat Family Services – $36,000

Edmonton Seniors Protection Partnership – $35,000

Stop Abuse in Families (SAIF, St. Albert) – $20,000

St. Aidan’s Housing Society (Fort McMurray) – $39,256

Siksika Health Services – $46,000

Stony Plain Family and Community Support Services – $50,000

Greenwood Neighbourhood Place Society (Sundre and region) – $15,950

Enoch Cree Nation – $50,000

 

(photography by Chris Schwarz/Government of Alberta)

25 APR 13

 

I am not a professional...

 

I could feel the blistering heat of a long festering rage coming from the annals of an email I received a few years back. “How dare you…” it read in flaming letters. The email address was quite vague, but I imagined its author to be a man, maybe white, older, with ever increasing lines around his mouth and eyes. There were a lot of exclamation points in his email, and big bold letters. He wanted me, and others like me, to cease and desist from posting ads in the local paper for people who wanted their portraits taken by someone who was not him. I finished digesting the email over hot tea and half of a waffle with bits of butter now completely saturating its bottom layers with buttery goodness. I switched the screen over to my webpage which I’d been working to finish. I had chosen the light box option which made all the pictures in my portfolio I’d taken over the past few years look radiant against the black background. I delighted in being able to pick out individual prices for my packages and my images, and in finally finding a competent use for my watermark. The last step was connecting my bank account to the pay feature. I clicked back over to the email and deleted it

 

I read a lot of books about what it really takes to be a professional photographer. Much like actors, most starry eyed photographers with or without degrees or training in hand, soon find themselves under a pile of bills, selling off equipment to make ends meet, or taking any old job outside of their genre regardless of whether they are competent to do it just to make a buck. I thought back to the email. Is that what this person wanted for me? For me to end up broke and unhappy just as he was professing to be so that I may have the distinct pleasure of calling myself, “professional?” I glanced at my newspaper ad. The word “professional,” did not appear anywhere in it. This man did not know me and perhaps his goal was to make me feel bad or give it all up so that he may get one more job, but his plight, wasn’t my problem.

 

I had my own problems. I was working 60 hour weeks, often times with only one day off at a job I no longer found any joy in. I’d also begun to get really sick for reasons I was unsure of at the time. It was soul crushing, but the only thing that kept me going in the darkest of moments, was on that one day off, being able to pick up my cameras and really express who I was to the world and to be able to connect with people on an intimate level. I was able to sit at that editing chair and really create a secondary world that didn’t exist on any plane but my imagination. That email wanted me to give up and to turn that light off for good and to go back to the darkness that was all around me. I narrowed my eyes at the thought. “How dare me…how dare YOU!” I have never ever claimed to be a professional photographer. Unlike perhaps those unscrupulous sort, I make it clear up front, before any talk of payment is made, that what defines a true professional photographer, is not what defines me. I show them my work. I show them who I am, but I pull no wool over their eyes. I do what I do because I am extremely passionate about it. The way my life has worked out, I have a degree, but it is not in photography. I have a job, but it is not “professional” photography. I feel no guilt in this department. I feel no shame. When it comes to how we choose to live and survive in this world, these two things intersecting have literally kept me alive in every sense of the word. When they call, and I thank the world that they do, I explain what I do and I make no bones about the fact that every day is a learning experience. I advise them that they know the risks, I often connect them with those that do call themselves professional, I give advice on pros and cons. I am truthful as I would want anyone to be with me. Some have walked away without even saying goodbye, others have had more questions. I am lucky that a lot give me the green light. I work twice as hard. I show up twice as prepared. I have to prove myself every time. Earn their respect. Earn the money I have asked of them. I will not work for free simply because that person thinks I should. I am doing a job, I am giving my time and effort, I am doing what I need to do to work as hard as I can to make my dreams come true. Just because I have no title, doesn’t mean my work is shit. There are famous artists whose names and works have littered the best museums and cathedrals and halls of the world, but if no one knows your name, and no one has “discovered” you, are you any less talented of an artist?

 

The professional photographer is not the gate keeper of all that is holy and grand about photography. Truth be told, there is only one thing that separates them from all the rest, and that is they claim it on their taxes. There are crap doctors, those that have gone through eight plus years of training, who show up and bungle the whole thing, so it is not the title of doctor which makes you a good doctor, it is what you do with that title, and how you treat people, and how you maintain an air of professionalism that extends beyond the ink in a degree. A professional photographer is hopefully one with a fair amount of experience who knows their craft, could teach it to others, who has the ability to see something there in frame, that others do not, and bring that to the surface. They charge what they do because they are both worth it and because it is needed to survive in this business. They aren’t “in the wind;” you can find them, their website, or their telephone number which has stayed the same, any day of the week. Perhaps they’ve had training, perhaps not. They have established a client base who return year after year. They try their best to stay current with trends, but aren’t consumed by them.

 

I would like to someday officially call myself professional, but the realities of making this a full time commitment are not kind to most. In life, sometimes, one must choose food on the table and roof over their head. Photography is no different. We’d all like to believe that if you love something enough, and you are passionate enough about it, you’ll be able to do it and nothing and no one can stop you, and that’s absolutely right. A 60 hour work week didn’t stop me, an angry email didn’t stop me, a major health issue didn’t detour me, and whoever you are whose possibly reading this and shaking their head in disgust, let’s get one thing straight, you..will..not...stop...me, because by God, I love photography and will work as hard and as long as I can to learn all that I can. Instead of sending snide emails and shaking your head, you should encourage this act because I am not trying to pretend. I’m trying to learn and grow. Yes, how dare you, tell someone that they should stop trying, stop learning, stop growing because you have been in the business twenty years or you have a photography degree, or you call yourself professional. What right have you to prevent me from trying to become one?

 

Every day I wake up, I am thankful for what my cameras have brought to my life. When I was at my lowest, when I was struck down by illness and wondering if tomorrow would come, those cameras helped me to keep moving. I am thankful that I am able to be a part of so many wonderful memories for others. I am on the mantles, in the wallets, in the invitations, in the albums, and in the hearts and minds of so many people that I have personally impacted with my work. I have several repeat clients which I believe is a testament to how hard I have worked to get where I am. We often wonder, why am I here? What is my purpose? Perhaps this is it. Perhaps I am here to provide a record of where we were all were at this particular time and space. Perhaps I am here to connect the infinite strings of humanity. Perhaps I am here to learn to stand up to all the people who have nothing better to do then tare each other down. Or perhaps like a lot of photographers, I am here to show you who I am through my lens, and you come to your own conclusions.

 

*This is for my beloved J who long ago saw me tearing up at the seams and struggling to breath, and turned on a light. There are some people that exist, that you will never be able to repay in this lifetime, and that is J. Two feet down, head up, moving forward.

 

A dozen women from Maryland and Virginia picket in front of the A&P and Safeway stores at the Lee-Harrison shopping center in Arlington October 6, 1969 protesting price increases of meat.

 

The action was organized by the For Lower Prices (FLP) movement that started in New York and spread to several dozen cities.

 

The group handed out flyers and urged shoppers to sign petitions to boycott meat for a week.

 

The same day R. DeLorenzo of Levittown, N.Y. testified before Congress that the FLP had brought down prices $0.30 per pound since they started the boycott. The hearing was a congressional investigation into the rising meat prices.

 

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskPNHqbh

 

The photographer is unknown. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

 

Chart - Sliver

Benin, Couffo, Toviklin, Agbedoumé village, May 2011

 

Métohoué Primary School

 

Present in Benin since 1964, the World Food Programme (WFP) is supporting the Government of Benin in achieving the Millennium Development Goals of Ending Poverty and Hunger, Universal Education and Gender Equality through its School Feeding Programme. Primary education is a priority for the Government, which is committed to providing universal primary education by 2015. Under the current operation, WFP is providing a daily hot meal to over 103,000 children in 364 schools in poor rural areas. The objective is to increase the enrollment and attendance rates in targeted districts, particularly for girls. The number of schools assisted will decrease over the course of the intervention, with a gradual handover of canteen management from WFP to the Government school feeding programme. Government capacity building for management of school canteens is a core aspect of the new project’s strategy and one of the fundamental objectives of the project. WFP will provide technical assistance to the Government of Benin in order to support the establishment and functioning of a national school feeding programme that will eventually be able to take over completely from WFP..In the photo: ..Bolla Meto is five years old. He is a very playful and joyful child. He has two brothers and one sister. His favorite subject is Mathematics and he loves counting; he also enjoys drawing and playing with his friends. His likes to eat rice, in fact he says “I could eat rice everyday”. He is happy that his school is part of the School Meals Programme, because he has a full stomach everyday. He is still not sure of what he wants to do when he grows up, but he thinks he would like to be a school director.

 

Photo: WFP/Rein Skullerud.

2020-12-09: Mr. Ahmed Bouhaltit, Director of Engineering, National Railway Office (ONCF).

U.S. Deputy Secretary of State William Burns discusses increasing U.S. engagement in the Asia Pacific region, including establishing a positive relationship with China, working towards North Korea's denuclearization, and building a new regional architecture, at the University of Tokyo in Japan on October 27, 2011. [State Department photo/ Public Domain]

 

I have seen Sholden described as a village between Deal and Sandwich. It is really a suburb of Deal now, as the housing is unbroken between here and St Leonard in Deal, a couple of hundred metres along the man road. Sholden also extends away from the coast into Mongeham, as I described earlier.

 

The church is small, built of flint, and is easily missed, this was my second visit here, and the second of the day, and as we went past I could see the door open, so after finding a place to park, we walked over and inside.

 

We were given a warm welcome by the volunteer, who gave us a very good history of the church, and as always I learned so much more from someone who clearly loved their parish church.

 

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Standing back at a queer angle from the main road, this church has been unlucky over the years. Of thirteenth century origins it had a north aisle which at some stage was demolished in favour of the single roof structure to be found today. This creates an unusually wide interior – not quite as extreme at St Mary at nearby Sandwich, but along the same lines. The chancel has recently (2009) been reordered and simplified with a free standing altar and rose pink carpet – quite a fetching scene – and luckily the nineteenth century reredos has been kept. The War Memorial on the SE corner of the nave is quite a fine construction of rubbed brickwork – almost Lutyensesque in its form. The church was damaged in the War but the stained glass windows in the chancel recording the event (by a Sussex firm) must surely over emphasise the damage as the roof is completely Victorian. All in all this is a delightful little church and one only wishes it was more accessible.

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Sholden

 

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Sholden: the parish.

 

In 1176 this little unit of land was known as Shoueldune and since as Seueldon, Schoweldun, Shoueldon; the first form of the name being possibly due to some fancied likeness of the hill to a shovel – shovelhill. It is a topographical unit, a physical unit, a parochial unit and an historical unit. It is small in area as a parish, without a coastal strip, 1813 acres of land, with a population in 1801 of 238, in 1858 it had increased to 465, in1931 to 615 and by 1991 it was 815.

 

As a place, Sholden has taken little part in national affairs or even Kentish history, squeezed as it is between Sandwich and Deal. Historically it has been an ecclesiastic unit with its own priest from time immemorial, although under its richer neighbour, Northbourne, from which it could not branch out independently. Northbourne itself was only a unit, until the Reformation, of the great Abbey of St.Augustine at Canterbury. In fact Sholden was a necessary offshoot of Northbourne, as it possessed that great area of marsh with its dykes which were a valuable summer grazing ground for the Abbey cattle.

 

The early topographers, Leyland in Henry VIII’s reign, Lambard and William Camden, who might have been expected to mention us say nothing. First comments are in 1659, but then all that Richard Kilburne of Hawkshurst could say was that Sholden “lieth at the E. end of the County, adjoining to the sea, about 3 miles towards the SE distant from Sandwich: in the bailiwick of Eastry, hundred of Cornilo; Lath of St.Augustines”.

 

From 1128 the church of Northbourne, with its chapels at Cotmanton (Cottington) and Sholden, was attached to the manor of Northbourne, and so to the Abbey of St.Augustines.

In 1272-3, the first year of the reign of Edward I, the vicarage of Northbourne, the chapels was endowed with all the small tithes by the Abbey. It was also agreed that the vicar should have a house and garden with two acres of land. In Hasted’s time (1800) there was also nine acres of glebe. With these allowances, as the vicar was only a nominee of St.Augustines, the burden of the repairing and rebuilding the chancel of Northbourne church, and that of Sholden, and of finding and repairing the books, vestments and ornaments of the chapel, and of the chapel of Sholden, should be acknowledged as the duty of the Abbey forever.

 

Earlier references to the parish include the following:

Thornes Chronicle of St.Augustines Abbey (Davis’ Translation 1934 p18) records that Edbald, who had been a pagan, after his conversion by Archbishop Laurentinus, endowed in 618 the Abbey with the manor of Northbourne, with which went Sholden.

 

Letters relating to the condition of the church in Kent during the primacy of Archbishop Sandcroft were written by Dr.Henry Ullock, who had been appointed Rural Dean of Sandwich. The report on the vicar, Mr Balderson, is that he “hath Northbourne and Shoulden which is annexed to it, lives at Northbourne, officiates at both places, is Master of Arts, was bred in Emanuel College, is not married”. He died in 1702.

 

The sole literary reference to a Sholden family that has been unearthed is that Colonel William Wyborn, the eldest son of Daniel who altered Hull Place, was one of the subscribers in 1758 to Elizabeth Carter great quarto translation of the Greek philosopher, Epictetus.

 

Sholden: the church.

 

The church, dedicated to St.Nicholas, is an undistinguished example of the thirteenth century in its present state. It is built of flint with Caen stone dressings and Hythe stone buttresses. It shows in the flint work patches of reconstruction. Of its foundation a single fragment of moulding built in as a top stone of a putt log hole high up in the north wall might be 12th century work and so suggest that there was a small church of that date.

The original Deal to Sandwich road passed the church through what is now the present graveyard with the doorway being on the north side of the church. This doorway has been enclosed and is now the vicar’s vestry. The current road or turnpike was approved by parliament in 1795 and it was constructed shortly afterwards deviating from the old path at Jenkins Well. This is between the public entrance to Warden House School and the hairdressers.

 

The following is a copy of the first Quinquennial Report to be produced after the Second World War during which the building was substantially damaged on Saturday 19th April 1941 by a parachute mine which landed in what is now Five Ways Rise. Services were held in the Baptist Chapel in the village and did not begin again in the church until November 1947.

 

The church is built of knapped flint with stone quoins and comprises chancel, nave, western tower and vestries on the north and northwest angle. The roof is of old Kent tile. The whole of the external flintwork appears to be 19th century cladding except the recent rebuilding which is the top part only. Nearly all the quoins are 19th century. The vicar’s vestry is the old North Porch converted and now it contains a Victorian window with a 15th century label but still has the original 15th century doorway which is considered to be “very fine”. The choir vestry is a post war addition. The East end of the Nave has some Norman quoins above the buttresses. The West door to the Tower is 19th century and in good condition and the windows in the Tower are of the same period but have severely weathered. On the North side of the Tower there are two original windows, one is older than the other, but both are about 13th century and in good condition.

 

The window on the North side of the Chancel is 19th century and transitional in style whereas at the East end of the Chancel the window is of the same period but Early English in style. The label of the East window would seem to be 13th century and both North and South windows appear to have been lowered, maybe following the post-war rebuild. {These now depict before and after the night of the bombing}.

The windows on the South side of the Nave are1 9th century in a 15th century style and in fairly good condition.

The South door is 19th century and in quite good condition.

The Transitional window on the East side of the Tower is original.

The basin of the Font is of Kentish Rag and probably 14th century on a perpendicular stem of the 15th century but the base and step are both 19th century.

The pulpit and the pews are of pitch pine and the lectern of oak and all are 19th century.

The rerados and tilling behind the altar are Victorian.

The mid 13th century tower is divided into 3 unequal stories:-

Bellchamber

Ringing chamber

Base of tower.

The bellchamber; the walls are of flint and the windows have slate louvers. The floor is Tudor with chamfered joists borne on stone corbels.

The ringing chamber is actually no longer used as such as the bells are rung from the base of the tower. The floor was replaced in Victorian times and is in fair condition. The walls are of flint and in good condition. The whole of the East wall in this chamber is rendered with what one must call external rendering. There is the clearest evidence that the tower is later date than the Nave, since the tower is not bonded into the West wall of the Nave and therefore the church plan was at one time the simple two compartment type of Nave and Chancel. This West wall also contains a small window, which is undoubtedly very early in date and is probably early Norman or late Saxon much repaired. This window was crudely blocked on the East face of the West wall of the Nave and should be unblocked. It would then look down into the Nave.

The bells are rung from the base of the tower and it is in sound condition with its Victorian tiled floor. A blocked entry to the now removed gallery remains high above the Tower door.

 

NB. The bells and tower were renovated in the early 1980’s and therefore some of the foregoing is now inaccurate.

 

www.stleonardsdeal.co.uk/stnicholas.html

 

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Sholden comes from the Old English ‘scofl’ meaning a ‘shovel; shovel shaped strip’ together with ‘dūn’ as a ‘hill’; therefore, a ‘shovel-shaped hill’. The description of Sholden by Edward Hasted in 1800 notes that ‘the upland part of it forms a kind of peninsula westward, which is surrounded on three sides by the wet land and marshes’.

 

Sholden parish church is a Grade: II listed building, dedicated to Saint Nicholas. The Normans built the church originally, although, rebuilt it in the 13th century, with the addition of windows and a tower a century later. In 1623, Thomas Bartlett cast two bells, and John Hodson added a third in 1675. In 1800, Edward Hasted described St Nicholas’ church as consisting of a ‘nave and a chancel; it is of a good size and well built, having a square tower steeple at the west end, in which are three bells. The church is ceiled, and kept very neat’. The Victorians carried out a heavy restoration in the 19th century. Bomb damage received in 1941 resulted in the church being out of action until November 1947.

 

www.kentpast.co.uk/sholden.html

 

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After the war and the damage to the church rendering it out of use, services were held in a wooden hut in an area behind the church. It was marked by a cross, but the warden thinks this is now gone.

increasing product awareness!

With the aging of the Grumman S-2 Tracker and the increasing effectiveness of Soviet submarines, the US Navy issued a requirement for a new carrier-based ASW aircraft. Lockheed won the contract, partnering with LTV to design carrier-specific equipment and Univac to design the ASW suite. The resulting S-3A Viking first flew in January 1972 and entered the fleet in February 1974.

 

While the S-2 integrated the hunter-killer team concept into a single airframe, the S-3 went one step further by completely computerizing the sub-hunting process, integrating the entire sensor suite into one system rather than in several as on the S-2. Initially, this employed a Univac AN/AYK-10 computer served by Texas Instruments AN/APS-116 radar and AN/ASQ-81 MAD sensor in a retractable tail boom. Flown by a crew of four, the S-3’s interior was so efficient that one aviation writer described it as the most compactly designed aircraft in history.

 

The S-3A--nicknamed "Hoover" for the sound of its engines-- acquired a reputation for being a reliable, easy to fly aircraft, and spawned a number of variants, including the US-3A carrier-onboard delivery (COD) transport aircraft and the ES-3A Shadow Elint variant. A dedicated KS-3A tanker never went into production, but S-3s were increasingly equipped with buddy refuelling packs. When the KA-6D Intruder dedicated tanker was retired from the US Navy in the mid-1990s, the S-3 took over the role, though its relatively slow speed meant it could not accompany strikes into enemy territory. Despite that, the S-3 always had the capability to carry not only antisubmarine ordnance such as torpedoes and depth charges, but also bombs and later the AGM-84 Harpoon antiship missile and AGM-65 Maverick AGM. The S-3’s antiship capability was used in both Gulf Wars: in 1991, a S-3 sank an Iraqi attack boat with conventional bombs, while in 2003 a S-3 destroyed an Iraqi command post with a Maverick in Basra.

 

Beginning in 1991, the S-3As in service were modified to S-3B standard, with upgraded avionics and a new APS-127V synthetic-aperature radar, giving the S-3B a significant ship-detection and SAR capability as well. Though the ES-3A was withdrawn from service in the mid-1990s, several S-3Bs were converted to littorial reconnaissance (Gray Wolf) and ground surveillance (Brown Boy) roles. With the reduction of submarine threats to the US Navy, the S-3 fleet is being gradually retired; those remaining in service have had their ASW equipment removed and serve primarily as tankers. Their role has been largely replaced by the SH-60B/F Seahawk series, and, aside from a handful of test aircraft, the S-3 was retired in 2009.

 

159743 joined the Navy in 1976 as part of VS-28 ("Hukkers"), but served most of its career with VS-24 ("Scouts") off the USS Nimitz (CVN-68). 159743 was with VS-24 in 1991 during the First Gulf War when it became the first S-3 to drop bombs in anger over a land target, when the squadron struck Iraqi positions on the Kuwaiti coast. In 1993, it was transferred to the Navy's test establishment and was retired from VX-20 at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland in 1999. Returned to Lockheed, it was used in airframe fatigue tests at the Lockheed Marietta plant. In 2010, 159743 was donated to the Marietta Museum of History's airpark.

 

159743 is missing its engines and looks a little worn, but it's good to see that the first S-3 to see combat has been saved. It wears the overall light gray scheme carried by "Hoovers" in the last decade of their career; the "Force" tail emblem is a carryover from VX-20. It is displayed with wings folded.

Children’s exposure to television advertising for non-nutritious food products is a significant risk factor contributing to childhood obesity.

The British Columbia government is increasing staffing levels in residential care homes to make sure seniors are getting the quality care they need and deserve. By investing $240 million over three years, government will increase the direct care seniors receive to 3.36 hours per-resident day, on average, in each health authority, by 2021. Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/18116

Thanks for all your support in looking at my photo stream just hit the 2 million In the comming month I am plannung to increase my Flickr Veiws. so any sugestions would help.

 

The Rohingya Refugee Women in Bangladesh.

They lost their citizenship status in Myanmar, then someone lost her husband, someone lost her child, someone has lost his parents, Someone has lost his wife, Young women are raped by the Myanmar Army every day, Then, Killing him burned in the fire, somebody’s throat cut and killed they says. This story is the Rohingya people of Myanmar.

 

The Myanmar army and Buddhist Fundamentalism terrorist are killing common and innocent people irrespective of their caste and creed in the name of cleansing the Rohingyas. Because Rohingya Peoples are fleeing and entering to Bangladesh for save their lives. The government of Bangladesh and the general people are giving shelter to humanitarian causes and extended their hands to sympathy. But no one wants that these Rohingya refugees stay in Bangladesh for a long time.

 

Rohingya refugees who come to Bangladesh are saying: Myanmar Army is genocide of Rohingya Muslims and burning their homes every day, raping young girls then cut his throat and kill him and some time burned killing. According to the United Nations and Government of Bangladesh newly arrived till now, more than 700.000 thousand of Rohingya Muslims people entered in Bangladesh through different borders of Myanmar-Bangladesh. And there are old, nearly 500.000 thousand Rohingya refugees. Total Rohingya refugee enters in Bangladesh about 12 million. Every day refugees are increasing among them; there are more number of women, pregnant woman, children and old people. According to the UNHCR sources, 50 thousand Rohingya children will be born within the next six months in Rohingya refugee camp, Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.

Ecovolis program has proven successful in dramatically increasing bicycle use in Tirana, which, formerly, was a city without a developed bicycle culture. Ecovolis program is the first project in Albania that provides low-income adults with commuter bicycles as well as a donating program for children bicycles. The program recently completed two major steps, opening new bike stations in the city of Durrës and integrating Tourist Information Point Service to the bicycles stations' structure.

History

The Tirana Community Bicycle Albania project won financial support from the George Soros Open Society Foundation Albania (OSFA). An even larger contribution came from the US-based Pedal for Progress organization, which donated 450 bicycles. Sixty of these were used road bikes, which were modified and painted by local technicians to serve as public bikes in the Ecovolis scheme. Another portion was set aside to donate to children and to activists and volunteers at PASS. Still another portion were diverted to the project's Eco Bicycle Shop, a social enterprise which sells bikes for USD 50-150 and reinvests profits for the service and maintenance of Ecovolis bicycles. The main objective of the program was to introduce the community to an inexpensive, environmental friendly form of transport -- the bicycle; to sell used bikes at low prices; to donate bikes to the children of needy families and to PASS volunteers; to establish a bike sharing-scheme in the city (Ecovolis); and to employ financially disadvantaged people and young students to operate the bike-sharing scheme.

System

Each Ecovolis station is staffed by two employees in two shifts and contains 30 -- 60 bicycles. In order to use the bicycles it is required to provide a personal identification document (such as passport or ID card) or by subscribing to the Ecovolis membership Card.

The first black and red bicycles, (also the colors of the Albanian flag) were donated from US-organization Pedal for Progress, (which collect and donate used bicycles). As these bicycles were of different types, converting them for safe and comfortable public use took months of work. The price per bicycle varies from 60 US$ to 90 US$ each. The bicycle is equipped with a front bicycle basket, a behind carrier, a comfortable saddle and a public fender with the Ecovolis sign.

The bicycle stations also provide touristic information to the visitors and a list of the city attractions. Moreover, being a non-profit social enterprise, during particular days the program offers free bicycle service, cycling courses, donations of bicycles and helmets for children in need, bike tours and a bicycle recycle program.

The Maria Plain pilgrimage church stands prominently on the Plainberg in the Maria Plain district of the Salzburg municipality of Bergheim , clearly visible north of the city of Salzburg . The parish church and pilgrimage church , consecrated on the feast of the Assumption of Mary , belongs to the Bergheim deanery in the Archdiocese of Salzburg . The entire Maria Plain complex and the Maria Plain pilgrimage site are listed as historical monuments.

 

History

Construction of the pilgrimage church began in 1671 under Archbishop Max Gandolf von Kuenburg , which was carried out between 1671 and 1674 by Giovanni Antonio Dario . The southern German Benedictine monasteries, which had been confederated since 1618, repeatedly contributed to the church's furnishings. On August 12, 1674, the archbishop consecrated the church and handed it over to the Benedictines, who ran the University of Salzburg at the time and who also founded the Maria Trost Brotherhood in 1681 . In 1676, Max Gandolf also brought the original of the miraculous image to Maria Plain, which had now reached Augsburg. As a result, pilgrimages increased and miraculous healings occurred, for example in 1653 and 1692. The first votive pictures also date from 1653. Between 1698 and 1731 the original picture was in the treasury, and a copy by Zach was exhibited. Until 1810 it belonged to the university , since 1824 and was handed over to the Abbey of St. Peter in 1824 according to the statute of the foundation .

 

Pope Pius XII elevated the basilica to a minor basilica in 1952 . In 1974 the basilica and the adjacent monastery building were renovated to mark the 300th anniversary. In 1998 a new organ was built by Georg Westenfelder . In 2003/04 the exterior of the pilgrimage church was renovated, in 2005/06 the Calvary.

 

Architecture and furnishings

The church is a north-facing, single-nave building. It has side chapels and a choir . The nave is covered by a gable roof , the choir has its own, lower gable roof with an attached lantern . The side chapels are lower than the nave and have lean-to roofs . The choir is adjoined to the west and east by three- or two-story sacristy extensions. In the south is the double-tower, three-story and five-axis facade. Pilasters structure the facade vertically, the horizontal structure is achieved by a wide base and wide cornices between the floors. The second upper floor is formed by the two side bell floors of the towers, which have a bell helmet with a lantern, and the central gable field. The latter has a double window and a triangular gable. The structure of the towers continues on the west and east sides; on the rest of the facade there is no floor division, just a surrounding base.

 

Facade

The south facade has two semicircular niches with the four evangelists (1673) on the ground floor and on the first floor. Viewed from top left to bottom right, they correspond to the arrangement that can be read for the first time in the prophet Ezekiel : And their faces looked like this: A human face (all four looked forward), a lion's face looked to the right in all four A bull face on all four to the left and an eagle face on all four (towards the back) (Ez 1.10 EU ). In the gable of the central portal there is the coat of arms of the builder, Archbishop Max Gandolf von Kuenburg , above which there is a relief with Mary and the child. The two side portals are also crowned with a triangular gable.

 

Interior

The nave consists of two full bays and one half bay in the north and south. The single-bay choir, which has a 3/8 end, is connected to a round-arched triumphal arch. There are two side chapels adjoining the entire bay in the west and east, which are located between the towers in the south and the staircase of the sacristies in the north. A groin vault with stucco mirrors covers the nave, choir and side chapels.

 

The entrances to the tower spiral staircases lead off to the side of the half yoke in the south. Above this there is a two-story gallery that runs the entire width of the half bay. It has three naves, groin vaults and opens towards the ship with round arches or segmental arches. There are also galleries above the side chapels.

 

High altar and side altars

The high altar dates from 1674 and was donated by Archbishop Max Gandolf of Kuenburg. The altarpiece is by Frans de Neve and shows the Assumption of Mary. The upper picture shows the Holy Trinity. The side console figures represent Saints Vitalis and Maximilian , who in the essay represent Saints Rupert and Virgil . They come from the master of the Salvator statue on the cathedral facade .

 

In front of the altarpiece is the miraculous image of Maria Plain, a portrait from the early 17th century. It was crowned in 1751. In 1732 the frame from 1679 was given a halo and in 1751 it was decorated with rocailles. Below the portrait there is a silver embossed coat of arms of Archbishop Max Gandolph. The tabernacle dates from the mid-18th century.

 

The two side altars are similar in structure. The altarpiece is held by angels, the panorama in the top by putti. The left side altar was donated by Polycarp of Kuenburg , Bishop of Gurk , in 1674. The altarpiece shows the crucifixion of Christ and is marked François von Roethiers 1724 , the circular picture shows the ascension of Christ and dates from the first half of the 18th century. The right side altar was donated by Abbot Edmund I Sinnhuber of St. Peter in 1673. The structure and figures are by Thomas Schwanthaler. The altarpiece shows the marriage of Mary, the circular picture shows the flight into Egypt. On the canteens of both altars there are large reliquaries with the two saints Dionysius and Christina. The statuettes on the shrines represent the four church fathers , Gregory and Augustine on the left , Jerome and Ambrose on the right . They were made in 1733 by Johann Georg Hitzl.

 

Side chapels

The first altar was donated by the city of Salzburg in 1676/77. The altarpiece shows the holy family with God the Father and the Holy Spirit, the circular picture in the top shows the Christ child conquering the serpent and death. The console figures on the side represent Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist. The cafeteria picture shows Saint Anthony of Padua.

 

The second altar was donated by Abbot Ehrenbert Schreyvogel von Kremsmünster in 1676 . The altarpiece shows the Holy Family with Saints Benedict and Scholastica. The picture is a copy of a painting in Kremsmünster. The upper picture shows a vision of St. Benedict. The console figures represent the saints Maurus and Placidus. Angels cavort on the beams. The top crown shows the coat of arms of those of Kuenburg and the city of Salzburg. The tabernacle shows the crucifixion in relief.

 

The third altar is constructed like the second and was donated in 1676 by Abbot Placidus Hieber of Lambach Abbey . The altarpiece shows the holy family, the upper image shows God the Father. The console figures show Saints Kilian and Wolfgang, and in the essay Saints Meinrad and Benedict. The top crown shows the donor's coat of arms.

 

The fourth altar is similar in structure to the first. It was donated by Countess Justine Lamberg and completed in 1679. The altarpiece shows the Fourteen Helpers , the upper picture shows Mary with her parents. The console figures show Saints Peter and Paul, the cafeteria picture shows Saint Walburga.

 

Pulpit and other furnishings

The pulpit was donated in 1682 by the Abbot of Garsten, Anselm Angerer. The painting on the pulpit shows the fire in the Regen market, the pilgrimage to Maria Plain, the original chapel and Moses knocking water out of the rock. Abbot Angerer's coat of arms is attached to the back wall. The staircase shows the three cardinal virtues .

 

In the central nave, a silver-framed wooden figure of a crowned Mary with baby Jesus in a halo floats on a stylized rosary cord. It is a votive offering from 1675. Other furnishings include the following console figures: Immaculata around 1680; Man of Sorrows and Mater Dolorosa, Saints Gertrude of Nivelles and John Nepomuk, all early 18th century; a Rosary Madonna around 1674.

 

In the panels of the two doors to the gallery entrances there are popular illustrations of the history of the miraculous image.

 

Eight pictures from around 1765 come from Kremser Schmidt with the following motifs: St. Leonhard, consoling prisoners; hl. Maurus; hl. Benedict at St. scholastics; the wine miracle of St. Benedict; hl. Wolfgang; hl. Placidus; Mary and John. The Stations of the Cross images date from the second half of the 18th century.

 

The four confessionals with rocaille carvings and rich inlays come from the Salzburg court carpenter Simon Thaddäus Baldauf (around 1760). The benches have baroque cheeks. Two holy water fonts date from around 1675.

The sun now mostly covered as viewed below…

With the aging of the Grumman S-2 Tracker and the increasing effectiveness of Soviet submarines, the US Navy issued a requirement for a new carrier-based ASW aircraft. Lockheed won the contract, partnering with LTV to design carrier-specific equipment and Univac to design the ASW suite. The resulting S-3A Viking first flew in January 1972 and entered the fleet in February 1974.

 

While the S-2 had integrated the hunter-killer team concept into a single airframe, the S-3 went one step further by completely computerizing the sub-hunting process, integrating the entire sensor suite into one system. Flown by a crew of four, the S-3’s interior was so efficient that one aviation writer described it as the most compactly designed aircraft in history. The S-3A acquired a reputation for being a reliable, easy to fly aircraft, and spawned a number of variants, including the US-3A carrier-onboard delivery (COD) transport aircraft and the ES-3A Shadow Elint variant. A dedicated KS-3A tanker never went into production, but S-3s were increasingly equipped with buddy refuelling packs. When the KA-6D Intruder dedicated tanker was retired from the US Navy in the mid-1990s, the S-3 took over the role, though its relatively slow speed meant it could not accompany strikes into enemy territory.

 

Despite that, the S-3 has always had the capability to carry not only antisubmarine ordnance such as torpedoes and depth charges, but also bombs and later the AGM-84 Harpoon antiship missile and AGM-65 Maverick AGM. The S-3’s antiship capability was used in both Gulf Wars: in 1991, a S-3 sank an Iraqi attack boat with conventional bombs, while in 2003 a S-3 destroyed an Iraqi command post with a Maverick in Basra.

 

Beginning in 1991, the S-3As in service were modified to S-3B standard, with upgraded avionics and a new synthetic-aperature radar, giving the S-3B a significant ship-detection and SAR capability as well. Though the ES-3A was withdrawn from service in the mid-1990s, several S-3Bs were converted to littorial reconnaissance (Gray Wolf) and ground surveillance (Brown Boy) roles. With the reduction of submarine threats to the US Navy, the S-3 fleet was gradually retired; today, only a handful remain with Navy testing units.

 

This model represents a S-3A assigned to VS-38 ("Red Griffins") aboard the USS Ranger in the late 1980s. It is configured for the antishipping role, with an AGM-84 Harpoon on the port wing and three LAU-3 rocket pods on the starboard. The subdued overall gray camouflage had been adopted fleetwide by this time, making gaudy squadron colors a thing of the past. It is also displayed with the MAD boom extended.

 

About us

 

Oxygen MaxTM is an all natural supplement that boosts the body’s ability to absorb oxygen and increase blood flow throughout the body and brain. If Oxygen MaxTM can increase your physical performance at high altitudes, imagine how effective it will be at lower altitudes. It’s the perfect Sports Supplement for maximizing your athletic potential at any altitude. Use it year round, in the winter for snowboarding, skating, and skiing and in the summer for, hiking, climbing, cycling or any other sport. Oxygen MaxTM lets you compete, train, and practice, harder, longer, and with greater intensity.

 

●All natural supplement

●Sugar and caffeine free

●Increases energy & stamina

●Legal in all sanctioned sporting organizations

●Iron Clad Racing® (bicycle) has 20 riders using it regularly

●Prevents Altitude Sickness.

●Safe and effective alternative to Acetazolamide (Diamox®)

●Positive results from a government funded study at a major university*

  

*Disclosure pending approval from university

Market Potential

 

Year round, millions of people travel to higher altitudes and suffer from some degree of mountain sickness (Altitude Sickness).

 

➢In 2009 2,991,528 visitors alone visited Rocky Mountain National Park, which has a elevation between 7,500 and 14,259 feet.

 

➢If 10% of their visitors experienced altitude sickness symptoms there would be 299,152 potential Oxygen Max customers.

 

➢Multiply this by all the high altitude travel destinations in the country to fully realize the potential for just altitude sickness relief.

 

➢Recent surge in demand for “Energy Supplements”.

 

➢National “Green” movement and the popularity of “All natural” products.

    

Product

 

Oxygen MaxTM comes in tablet form easy to take and carry. More convenient than powders, liquids, gels, and canisters. Available in two sizes:

 

●60 CT bottles for, individuals who train or compete regularly, frequent travelers to high altitude, and families. Suggested Retail price is $59.95

●20 CT bottles ideal for, trial size, week long trip at high altitude or a sporting event. Retail price is $19.95

●Made in the USA

●FDA certified cGMP compliant labratory

●Product liability twice the industry standard*

●Double safety sealed for customer protection

●Delux cotton to prevent damage

●Dessicant to keep product fresh

●Both are available in custom all wood displays

●Counter top promotional material available

 

*copy available on request

Advertising

 

While Oxygen MaxTM is relatively new we have established a very strong national online presence and are continuously working on our website and SEO by, social media, crosslinks, affiliated websites, and PR releases. Please visit our website at www.oxygenmax.com . Also, we are trying to expand our “branding” via more traditional methods such as:

 

●Increased national retail locations

●New store locations added in, TX, CO, CT, NJ, and NY

●Now available in all 10 Peter Glenn stores throughout Florida.

●Printed advertising in local Ski Club News Letters

●Trade Shows Peter Glenn Ski & Sport and Outdoor Retailers

●Athletic sports sponsorship Ironclad racing® (bicycle division) and Pikes Peak 5k run

●Ingredients

    

Oxygen MaxTM is sugar and caffeine free eliminating a premature fatigue or “crash” during hard physical exertion. What makes it so effective is our unique combination of ingredients. Our proprietary compound uses the following:

 

Cordycep sinensis is a type of fungus native to the Himalayan Mountains. Native to Tibet, Nepal, and Northern India regions their natural habitat is at high altitudes typically between 10,000ft and 14,000ft. While, there are hundreds of different species of cordyceps the most potent and sought after species is Sinensis. It has been traditionally used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine for centuries dating back almost 1,500 years and is currently classified as an herbal Adaptogen. Adaptogens are a special class of plants recognized for their unique healing qualities. Early Tibetan herdsmen observed that their Yaks became more energetic after consuming the fungus and for centuries traders who routinely traveled the Himalayan region also used Cordycep sinensis to stay more alert and energetic at high altitudes. Highly prized in China they were known to trade their weight in gold or silver.

   

Rhodiola rosea also known as Golden Root, Roseroot and Aaron's Rod is a wild flower with a natural habitat in cold regions and high altitudes typically around 7,500ft. The areas where it can be found naturally are; Arctic, mountains of Central Asia, Rocky Mountains, Scandinavia, Iceland, and Europe particularly the Alps and Pyrenees. It has been used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine, also known as hóng jǐng tiān, and is currently classified as an Adaptogen. Adaptogens are a special class of plants recognized for their unique healing qualities. It has also been used extensively in Scandinavia and Russia to help cope with extreme climates and altitudes.

 

Ginkgo biloba is a living fossil millions of years old, for centuries it was thought to be extinct, but was found in two small areas in Zhejiang province in Eastern China. It is believed that these trees survived because Chinese monks cultivated them for thousands of years. It has been used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine and is also known as ái guǒ ('white fruit') or yínxìng (silver apricot). In Europe it is widely used for treating dementia because of its ability to improve blood flow to the brain. Laboratory studies have shown that ginkgo improves blood circulation by dilating blood vessels and reducing the stickiness of blood platelets.

 

Dosage

For optimum performance take at least 2 days prior to departure or sporting event. For adults the recommended daily dosage is 2 tablets, 1 tablet taken twice daily (2 total). Individuals over 250lbs (113.4kg) are recommended to take 3 tables, 2 taken initially and the third 6-8 hours later. The RDA (recomended daily allowance) is 4 tables. Consult your physician if taking in combination with any prescription medication.

 

This is a photograph from the 3rd annual running of the Trim AC 10 Mile Road Race and Fun Run which was held in Trim, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 5th February 2017 at 12:00. The race attracted over 1,200 participants which shows a 100% increase on last year's participation. The event shows growth year on year mirroring the growing popularity of the race. The race started on the Trim/Athboy road on the town's ring road and proceded to take an anti-clockwise loop out towards the village of Dunderry and townland of Kilbride before returning back to the Trim Industrial Estate for the finish. The route is held on quiet country roads with some hills at 3, 6, 8 mile segments.

 

Our full set of photos from mile 1 and the finish are at: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157679859593016

 

The weather for this year's race was perfect for racing. There was a hard frost overnight but this brought clear bright skies and crisp air. There was no real wind to speak of.

 

Waterstops were provided at the 4.5 and 7 mile marks on the course. All access roads were well stewarded. The event was sponsored by Bewleys 1840 and many local business establishments. Credit must go to the Trim AC team for their flawless organisation. If the first three years of this year are anything to go on then this race will continue to grow. For runners around the North Leinster area this 10 mile race serves as a perfect training progress stepping stone to the Bohermeen Half Marathon which will take place in March 2016 and is located only 15 minutes drive from Trim.

 

USEFUL LINKS

Our Flickr photographs from the 2016 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157664217257512

Our Flickr photographs from the 2015 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157650166189770

Boards.ie Discussion Thread on the 2017 race: www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2057673405

10 Mile Road Race Timelapse Video of the Route: www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Jp84CrctQM

  

USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS

Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?

 

Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.

 

BUT..... Wait there a minute....

We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.

 

This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.

 

I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?

 

You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.

 

I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?

 

If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.

 

Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.

 

In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.

 

I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?

Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.

 

Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs

We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?

The explaination is very simple.

Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.

ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.

 

Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/

 

I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?

 

As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:

 

     ►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera

     ►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set

     ►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone

     ►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!

  

You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.

 

Don't like your photograph here?

That's OK! We understand!

 

If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.

 

I want to tell people about these great photographs!

Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets

 

The other colors of the lotus fronds are lost and even the green is gradually lost as the size of the spear head increases with time.

The Faces Behind VA Services – VA Services Showcase

 

Veterans and Veteran organizations learn about the services available from the VA at the VA Services Showcase in Arlington, Va.

 

Sharing information on services for Veterans was the primary focus of the VA Services Showcase held VHA National Conference Center in Arlington, Va. on Wednesday, Jan. 29. Representatives from VA program offices, support services and Veteran-related organizations participated in the event, which gave attendees a chance to interact and share resources with each other. VA is working to let Veterans know that there are a wide range of programs and services, and a dedicated workforce –many of whom are Veterans themselves – ready to help them navigate all the possibilities. Present at the showcase – just a few of the many services VA offers. If you are looking for a specific VA program or service, please post it in the comments and we will do our best to connect you with the best place to start.

My HealtheVet – www.myhealthevet.va.gov

 

My HealtheVet is VA’s 24/7 online personal health record. It is designed for Veterans, active duty Service members, their dependents and caregivers and helps them partner with their health care team as well as opportunities and tools to make informed decisions and manage their health care.

 

GI Bill – www.benefits.va.gov/gibill

 

Veterans Crisis Line – www.VeteransCrisisLine.net

VA responders are standing by 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year to provide confidential support by phone or online chat. Assistance is only a phone call or click away. You’ve served us. Now let us serve you.

 

Help for Homeless Veterans – www.va.gov/homeless

VA provides individualized care through a wide range of services for Veterans who are homeless or at imminent risk of becoming homeless. Veterans of all eras and branches may be eligible for VA services. Make the call and take the first step to access help from VA.

 

Pension Benefits / VA Benefits for Disabled Veterans- www.va.gov/benefits

VA provides compensation to eligible Veterans who were disabled during or because of their military service. VA also offers compensation to eligible dependents of Veterans, including a surviving spouse, children and/or parents.

 

eBenefits - www.ebenefits.va.gov

The eBenefits web portal is an online resource for tools and benefits-related information. The portal serves Veterans, Servicemembers, their families and their caregivers.

 

Blind Rehabilitation Service – www.patientcare.va.gov/rehabilitationservices.asp

The Blind Rehabilitation Service provides lifetime rehabilitation care for Veterans who are visually impaired.

 

VA for Vets – www.VAforVets.va.gov

VA for Vets is a comprehensive career development program that helps Veterans launch or advance their civilian careers at VA and other federal agencies.

 

VA for Vets

 

VA-Guaranteed Home Loan Benefits – www.benefits.va.gov/homeloans

The objective of the VA Home Loan Guaranty program is to help eligible Veterans, active-duty personnel, surviving spouses and members of the Reserves and National Guard purchase, retain and adapt homes.

 

Center for Minority Veterans – www.va.gov/centerforminorityveterans/

The Center for Minority Veterans is charged with identifying barriers to service and health care access, as well as increasing local awareness of minority Veteran related issues by developing strategies for improving minority participation in existing VA benefit programs.

 

VHA Women’s Health Services – www.womenshealth.va.gov

Women’s Health Services works to ensure that timely, equitable, high quality, comprehensive health care services are provided in a sensitive and safe environment at VA facilities nationwide.

 

Center for Women Veterans – www.va.gov/womenvet

VA’s Center for Women Veterans monitors and coordinates the administration of health care and benefits services, and programs for women Veterans. The center serves as an advocate for a cultural transformation in recognizing the service and contributions of women Veterans and women in the military, and works to raise awareness of the responsibility to treat women Veterans with dignity and respect.

 

Veterans Transportation Service – www.va.gov/healthbenefits/vts/

VA’s Veterans Transportation Service program is used to pick up Veterans and take them to their VA Medical Facility for appointments. Many times, the service staff members are the first and last person Veterans see from the VA on their appointment day.

 

VetCenter – www.vetcenter.va.gov

Vet Centers are community-based counseling centers that provide a broad range of services to assist in readjusting to civilian life. There are 300 Vet Centers throughout the U.S. and territories.

 

Make The Connection- www.MakeTheConnection.net

Powerful personal stories and testimonials from Veterans of all service eras and backgrounds are at the heart of Make the Connection, illustrating how Veterans and their families face and overcome issues and challenges.

 

Volunteer Service – www.volunteer.va.gov

As VA has expanded its care of Veteran patients into the community, volunteers have become involved. They assist Veteran patients by augmenting staff in such setting as hospital wards, Community Living Centers, outpatient clinics, community-based volunteer programs, end-of-life care programs, adaptive sports, creative arts, Veteran outreach centers, national cemeteries, and Veteran benefits offices.

 

Healthy Living – www.prevention.va.gov / www.move.va.gov

Talk with your health care team about your goals. You will be an active player in this journey and your health care team will be your “coaches.”

 

National Cemetery Administration – www.cem.va.gov

The National Cemetery Administration honors Veterans and their families with final resting places in national shrines and with lasting tributes that commemorate their service and sacrifice to our Nation.

 

Veteran Population Projection – www.va.gov/vetdata/Veteran_Population.asp

The Veteran Population Model provides the latest official Veteran population projection from the VA.

 

The VA Chaplain Service – www.va.gov/chaplain

The VA Chaplain Service integrates the spiritual dimensions of health care into all aspects of the VHA missions of patient care, research, emergency medical preparedness, and health care education.

 

VocRehab – www.benefits.va.gov/vocrehab/index.asp

Veterans may receive help with job training, employment accommodations, resume development, and job seeking skills coaching. Other services may be provided to assist Veterans in starting their own businesses or independent living services for those who are severely disabled and unable to work in traditional employment.traditional employment.

 

VHA- Office of Rural Health – www.ruralhealth.va.gov

VA’s Office of Rural Health supports the unique health care needs of Veterans residing in geographically remote areas. From transportation, telehealth and care coordination to workforce development, mental health, community outreach and innovative models of care delivery, the VHA Office of Rural Health has a diverse portfolio that is structured to bring quality care closer to home.

 

VA photos by Robert Turtil.

Faisalabad, March 19 – American scientists and Pakistani wheat experts are collaborating to increase Pakistan’s wheat harvest and ensure greater prosperity to farmers nationwide. A bi-national team of scientists, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), met in Faisalabad last week to evaluate wheat varieties for disease-resistance. In order to determine which wheat varieties will perform best in Pakistan’s unique ecosystem, U.S. and Pakistani researchers studied the effects of heat and other types of environmental stress on the different varieties of wheat that can be planted in Pakistan.

 

USDA, through its Wheat Productivity Enhancement Project (WPEP), currently helps evaluate 60 wheat varieties planted in 115 wheat trials throughout Pakistan. In order to increase the quality of this joint research, last week USDA also provided Pakistani research institutions specialized wheat planting and harvesting equipment. The new machines, which replaced equipment over 25 years old, will allow scientists to study more wheat varieties each year and more rapidly improve Pakistani farmers’ harvest yields.

 

“Wheat is critical to the food security of both Pakistan and the United States,” said USDA Plant Health Advisor Ian Winborne after a ceremony at Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) celebrating the handover of the new equipment. He added, “Lasting links between Pakistani and U.S. scientists can help improve and protect agricultural harvests in both our countries.”

 

WPEP facilitates scientific collaboration between USDA, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), and Pakistan’s national wheat programs. WPEP funds scientific exchanges to develop, introduce, and test disease-resistant wheat varieties; improve agronomic practices; and upgrade research capacity in Pakistan.

 

This initiative is just one part of a comprehensive U.S. economic growth assistance program which includes expanding irrigation by more than 200,000 acres near the Gomal Zam and Satpara dams; constructing more than 1,000 km of roads to connect communities and facilitate trade; modernizing dairy farms in Punjab; and launching private equity investment funds to help small and medium businesses grow.

###

 

I'm happy to be posting to flickr again. Hope everyone survived the long, harsh winter.

 

It was a five year journey finding a cooperative Snowy Owl. This year the number that irrupted into our area increased. If I was lucky, I would capture one on a natural perch, but most of the Snowy's perched on hydro poles, silos, barns, etc. This pretty girl was very cooperative and spending time with her made the winter more bearable (not baited). This was her favourite perch along a Snowmobile trail. She would fly off when sledders went by and usually return within 5 or 10 minutes. Named for the dirty coloured patch of feathers on her face and feet :)

 

Copyright Barb D'Arpino

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