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Sunset on the Volga river. City of Konakovo, Moscow region. Russia.
The Volga (in ancient times - Ra, in the Middle Ages - Itil, or Etel) is a river in the European part of Russia, one of the largest rivers in the world and the largest in Europe. Length 3530 km (before the construction of reservoirs 3690 km). The area of the basin is 1360 thousand km2.
The Volga originates on the Valdai Hills at an altitude of 228 m and flows into the Caspian Sea. The mouth lies 28 m below sea level.
The Volga is connected to the Baltic Sea by the Volga-Baltic Waterway; with the White Sea - through the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Severodvinsk system; with the Azov and Black Seas - through the Volga-Don Canal. An important role is played by the Moscow Canal, which connects the Volga with Moscow and was created for the purpose of navigation, water supply of the capital and watering of the Moscow River.
Summer nature in the town of Konakovo near Moscow on the Volga River.
The largest and most full-flowing European river has many admirers: Nekrasov and Yevtushenko dedicated poems to it, Repin and Savrasov depicted it on their canvases, films were made about the Volga, and songs were written.
The Volga River flows from northwest to southeast, passes through 15 regions of Russia and flows into the Caspian Sea. High shores alternate with cozy sandy beaches. The forests hugging the channel give way to wide expanses of the steppe.
The length of the Volga is 3530 kilometers. Before the construction of reservoirs, it was even more - 3690 kilometers.
Even the Persians, led by King Darius, went on campaigns along the Volga against the Scythian tribes. In the treatises of the ancient Greek philosopher Herodotus, the river is called the Oar. It is believed that this is one of the first mentions of the Volga, made back in the 5th century BC.
The Volga had a lot of names. The ancient Romans called her Ra, which means "generous." Arab peoples Atelyu - "the river of all rivers." Turkic tribes - Itil, which simply means "river". Until now, this name has been preserved among some peoples. And the modern name of the great Russian river came from the Old Slavonic word "vlga", which means "moisture".
At all times, the Volga watered and fed people, was the main thoroughfare, a place of rest. But not infrequently, spring floods on the Volga brought destruction to entire villages. It was possible to tame her temper by creating a system of reservoirs with hydroelectric power stations. There are nine in total.
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Backdrop: blaink. - Maldito V2
Pose: FOXCITY. Celestial
Wearing:
Corset: Rose - by Buganvilla (details above)
Neck Tattoo: Dead Rose - by [Onyx]
Hair: Hoshino - by [monso]
Horns: Trinket Horns - by :[P]:
Flower Headpiece: dark side - by *Tentacio*
Lantern: Groundskeeper - by Random Matter
Believe it or not, I actually work in IT. I have a bunch of ITIL and BMC Software certifications hanging to the left out of the picture :-)
Day 249 Year3 of Project365
To all my problems I had 4 days of intestinal viral flu, I lost 4 kilos (8.8 pounds) which in my case is not a good thing, I'm weak, tired, stressed and I have ITIL certification preparation and examination starting tomorrow.... oh boy, I hope this bliss doesn't end anytime soon...
Can someone put me out of my misery, please?
Here are the different kinds of springs on the different wires. You can also see The Hooks. Well, some of the hooks, anyway.
Day 251 Year3 of Project365
ITIL test was on Monday. The results came in just now. I passed with flying colors. So I am now ITIL certified! Huraaay!
Aksaray Meydanı ve Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Harika-Kemali Söylemezoğlu Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Harika-Kemali Söylemezoğlu Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
The Volga (Russian: Во́лга) is the largest river in Europe in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. It flows through central Russia, and is widely viewed as the national river of Russia. Out of the twenty largest cities of Russia, eleven, including the capital Moscow, are situated in the Volga's drainage basin. Some of the largest reservoirs in the world can be found along the Volga. The river has a symbolic meaning in Russian culture and is often referred to as Volga-Matushka (Volga-mother) in Russian literature and folklore.
The Russian hydronym Волга derives from the Proto-Slavic *Vьlga "wetness", "humidity", which is preserved in many Slavic languages, including Russian (во́лглый – волога – влага). Polish and Czech names of rivers Vlga and Vilga speak in favor of this version.
For less probable version, hydronym is akin to the old Mari name of the river – Volgydo, meaning "bright". Presently the Mari call the river Юл (Jul), meaning "way" in Tatar. The name volgydo descends from Proto-Uralic *valkita, meaning "white" or "bright". Another possible origin of the name is from the name of the largest community that occupied large areas around it in the past – the Proto-Bulgarians.
The Russian name is transliterated as Volga in English and Wolga in German.
The Turkic people living along the river formerly referred to it as Itil or Atil. In modern Turkic languages, the Volga is known as İdel (Идел) in Tatar, Idyll in ancient Bulgar[citation needed], Атăл (Atăl) in Chuvash, Idhel in Bashkir, Edil in Kazakh, and İdil in Turkish. The Turkic peoples associated the Itil's origin with the Kama River. Thus, a left tributary to the Kama River was named the Aq Itil ("White Itil") which unites with the Kara Itil ("Black Itil") at the modern city of Ufa.
Under the Asians, the river was known by its other Turkic name Sarı-su ("yellow water"), but Mongols used also their own language name: Shar mörön ("yellow river").
The ancient and modern Mordvin name for the Volga, Рав (Rav), apparently reflects the ancient Scythian hydronym *Rhā, supposedly cognate with the ancient Avestan and Sanskrit names Rañha and Rasah for a mythical river, which was said to flow around the Earth. It has been suggested that the name Russia may have been derived from Rasah/Rosah, the Iranic name of the Volga River (F.Knauer, Moscow 1901). These Iranic words are all connected in their primary meaning of "dew, liquid, moisture".
The Volga is the longest river in Europe. It belongs to the closed basin of the Caspian Sea. Rising in the Valdai Hills 225 meters (738 ft) above sea level northwest of Moscow and about 320 kilometers (200 mi) southeast of Saint Petersburg, the Volga heads east past Lake Sterzh, Tver, Dubna, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan. From there it turns south, flows past Ulyanovsk, Tolyatti, Samara, Saratov and Volgograd, and discharges into the Caspian Sea below Astrakhan at 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level. At its most strategic point, it bends toward the Don ("the big bend"). Volgograd, formerly Stalingrad, is located there.
The Volga has many tributaries, most importantly the Kama, the Oka, the Vetluga, and the Sura rivers. The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which drains an area of about 1.35 million square kilometres in the most heavily populated part of Russia. The Volga Delta has a length of about 160 kilometres and includes as many as 500 channels and smaller rivers. The largest estuary in Europe, it is the only place in Russia where pelicans, flamingos, and lotuses may be found. The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year.
The Volga drains most of Western Russia. Its many large reservoirs provide irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Moscow Canal, the Volga–Don Canal, and the Volga–Baltic Waterway form navigable waterways connecting Moscow to the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. High levels of chemical pollution have adversely affected the river and its habitats.
The fertile river valley provides large quantities of wheat, and also has many mineral riches. A substantial petroleum industry centres on the Volga valley. Other resources include natural gas, salt, and potash. The Volga Delta and the nearby Caspian Sea offer superb fishing grounds. Astrakhan, at the delta, is the centre of the caviar industry.
Amigo Max, amigo Tuta:
Te devo um conto!
Nem te conto!
Me dá um desconto!
É que o conto está inacabado... mas acho que é daqueles contos sem começo nem fim... assim como os do tal Hemingway.. que dão um trabalho danado de entender.
E a moral da história? Não tem não, fica pra uma fábula, quem sabe.
Nem te conto!
¿Te cuento un cuento?
E como disse a umas fotos atrás.. life is made of short stories... e todos os dias temos de virar a página. Profundo isso, não??? Mas prefiro deixar as profundezas pra nosso amigo Wilde.
Agora to voltando pro conto da vida real... e até que a coisa não vai nada mal. Tem alguns clichês no enredo sabe, reunião com a chefe, estudar pra tal certificação itil, cuidar do jardim e contas pra pagar... e algo bem gelado pra tomar no fim de semana... mas até que a coisa não vai nada mal!!!!
Sim, esse é um conto real, pra outros contos não dou mais um real, não vem que não tem vintém.
Nem te conto!
Mas tem muitos contos por ai, tem o conto do vigário, já te contaram esse conto amigo Max, amigo Tuta? Esse conto na minha vida nunca contei, mas já me contaram sim.
E tem o conto de fadas, nesse conto eu também acreditava, mas quem sabe esse conto ainda pode ser real.
Ainda prefiro o conto nosso de cada dia.
Nem te conto!
Me dá um desconto!
Acho que meu conto vai ficando por aqui.
Pois como disse é um conto inacabado e também musicado !!!
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Officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, transliterated: Republika Bălgarija, [rɛˈpublika bəlˈɡarija]), is a country in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the River Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
With a territory of 110,994 square kilometers, Bulgaria ranks as the third-largest country in Southeast Europe (after Romania and Greece). Several mountainous areas define the landscape, most notably the Stara Planina (Balkan) and Rodopi mountain ranges, as well as the Rila range, which includes the highest peak in the Balkan region, Musala. In contrast, the Danubian plain in the north and the Upper Thracian Plain in the south represent Bulgaria's lowest and most fertile regions. The 378-kilometer Black Sea coastline covers the entire eastern bound of the country.
The emergence of a unified Bulgarian national identity and state dates back to the 7th century AD. All Bulgarian political entities that subsequently emerged preserved the traditions (in ethnic name, language and alphabet) of the First Bulgarian Empire (632/681 – 1018), which at times covered most of the Balkans and spread its alphabet, literature and culture among the Slavic and other peoples of Eastern Europe, eventually becoming the cultural center of the medieval Slavs. Centuries later, with the decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185 – 1396/1422), Bulgarian territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 led to the re-establishment of a Bulgarian state as a constitutional monarchy in 1878, with the Treaty of San Stefano marking the birth of the Third Bulgarian State. In 1908, with social strife brewing at the core of the Ottoman Empire, the Alexander Malinov government and Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria formally proclaimed the full sovereignty of the Bulgarian state at the ancient capital of Veliko Turnovo.
In 1945, after World War II, Bulgaria became a communist state and part of the Eastern Bloc. Todor Zhivkov dominated Bulgaria politically for 35 years, from 1954 to 1989. In 1990, after the Revolutions of 1989, the Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power and Bulgaria undertook a transition to democracy and free-market capitalism.
Bulgaria functions as a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic. A member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, it has a high Human Development Index of 0.840, ranking 61st in the world in 2009. Freedom House in 2008 listed Bulgaria as "free", giving it scores of 1 (highest) for political rights and 2 for civil liberties.
History
The history of Bulgaria as a separate country began in 681 AD. After Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated due to Khazar expansion from the east, one of the Bulgar leaders Asparuh crossed south of the Danube, into the territory of present-day Bulgaria and defeated the armies of the Byzantine Empire. In 680/681, the East Roman Emperor was forced to sign a peace treaty recognizing the First Bulgarian Empire as an independent state, situated on the conquered Byzantine lands with their local Slavic populations.
A country in the middle of the ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria has seen many twists and turns in its long history and has been a prospering empire, stretching to the coastlines of the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas. The First and Second Bulgarian Empires served as cultural centres of Slavic Europe, but the land was also dominated by foreign states twice in its history, once by the Byzantine Empire (1018 - 1185) and once by the Ottoman Empire (1396 - 1878).
Prehistoric cultures include the neolithic Hamangia culture and Vinča culture (6th to 3rd millennia BC), the eneolithic Varna culture (5th millennium BC, Varna Necropolis) and the Bronze Age Ezero culture. The Karanovo chronology serves as a gauge for the prehistory of the wider Balkans region.
The Thracians
Indo-European tribes of Thracian and Daco-Getic descent lived on the territory of modern Bulgaria before the Slavic influx. Their ancient languages had already gone extinct before the arrival of the Slavs and their cultural influence was highly reduced due to the repeated barbaric invasions on the Balkans during the early Middle Ages by Huns, Goths, Celts and Sarmatians, accompanied by persistent hellenization, romanisation and later slavicisation.
The Slavs
The Slavs emerged from their original homeland (most commonly thought to have been in Eastern Europe) in the early 6th century and spread to most of eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus forming three main branches - the West Slavs, the East Slavs and the South Slavs. The easternmost South Slavs settled on the territory of modern Bulgaria during the 6th Century.
The Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a semi-nomadic people of Turkic descent, originally from Central Asia, who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga (then Itil). A branch of them gave rise to the First Bulgarian Empire. The Bulgars were governed by hereditary khans. There were several aristocratic families whose members, bearing military titles, formed a governing class. Bulgars were monotheistic, worshipping their supreme deity Tangra.
Old Great Bulgaria
In 632 the Bulgars, led by Khan Kubrat, formed a tribal union, often called Great Bulgaria (also known as Onoguria), between the lower course of the Danube river to the west, the Black Sea and the Azov Sea to the south, the Kuban river to the east and the Donets river to the north. The capital was Phanagoria, on the Azov. After Kubrat's death his state disintegrated.
One of the successors of Khan Kubrat, Asparuh moved west, occupying today’s southern Bessarabia. After a successful war with Byzantium in 680, Asparuh’s khanate conquered initially Scythia Minor and was recognised as an independent state under the subsequent treaty signed with the Byzantine Empire in 681. That year is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of present-day Bulgaria and Asparuh is regarded as the first Bulgarian ruler. Another Bulgar horde, led by Asparuh's brother Kuber, came to settle in Pannonia and later into Macedonia.
First Bulgarian Empire
During the late Roman Empire several Roman provinces covered the territory that comprises present-day Bulgaria: Scythia (Scythia Minor), Moesia (Upper and Lower), Thrace, Macedonia (First and Second), Dacia (Coastal and Inner, both south of Danube), Dardania, Rhodope and Haemismontus, and had a mixed population of Byzantine Greeks, Thracians and Dacians, most of whom spoke either Greek or variants of Vulgar Latin. Several consecutive waves of Slavic migration throughout the 6th and the early 7th centuries led to a dramatic change of the demographics of the region and its almost complete Slavicisation.
In the beginning of 8th century Byzantine emperor Justinian II asked Khan Tervel to create a union against Arabs invading from the south. The union defeated the Arabs and Khan Tervel received the byzantine title "khesar", which stands for "next to the emperor". Under the warrior Khan Krum (802-814) Bulgaria expanded northwest and south, occupying the lands between the middle Danube and Moldova rivers, all of present-day Romania, Sofia in 809 and Adrianople in 813, and threatening Constantinople itself. Krum implemented law reform intending to reduce poverty and strengthen social ties in his vastly enlarged state.
During the reign of Khan Omurtag (814-831), the northwestern boundaries with the Frankish Empire were firmly settled along the middle Danube. A magnificent palace, pagan temples, ruler's residence, fortress, citadel, water mains and baths were built in the Bulgarian capital Pliska, mainly of stone and brick.
Under Boris I, Bulgarians became Christians, and the Ecumenical Patriarch agreed to allow an autonomous Bulgarian Archbishop at Pliska. Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius, devised the Glagolitic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire around 886. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language that evolved from Slavonic gave rise to a rich literary and cultural activity centered around the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by order of Boris I in 886.
In the early 10th century, a new alphabet — the Cyrillic alphabet — was developed at the Preslav Literary School, based on the Greek and the Glagolitic cursive. An alternative theory is that the alphabet was devised at the Ohrid Literary School by Saint Climent of Ohrid, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Cyril and Methodius.
By the late 9th and early 10th centuries, Bulgaria extended to Epirus and Thessaly in the south, Bosnia in the west and controlled all of present-day Romania and eastern Hungary to the north. A Serbian state came into existence as a dependency of the Bulgarian Empire. Under Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria (Simeon the Great), who was educated in Constantinople, Bulgaria became again a serious threat to the Byzantine Empire. Simeon hoped to take Constantinople and become emperor of both Bulgarians and Greeks, and fought a series of wars with the Byzantines through his long reign (893-927). At the end of his rule the front had reached the Peloponnese in the south. Simeon proclaimed himself "Tsar (Caesar) of the Bulgarians and the Romans", a title which was recognised by the Pope, but not of course by the Byzantine Emperor.
In 986, the Byzantine emperor Basil II undertook to reconquer the lands lost to the Bulgarians. After a war lasting several decades he inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Bulgarians in 1014 and completed the campaign four years later. Bulgaria was once again under Roman rule.
Byzantine Bulgaria
Byzantium ruled Bulgaria from 1018 to 1185, subordinating the independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church to the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Constantinople but otherwise interfering little in Bulgarian local affairs.
After the death of the soldier-emperor Basil II the empire entered into a period of instability. There were rebellions against Byzantine rule in 1040-41 at the wars with the Normans and the 1070s and the 1080s, at the time of the wars with the Seljuk Turks. After that the Komnenos dynasty came into succession and reversed the decline of the empire. During this time the empire experienced a century of stability and progress, though it was the time of the Crusades.
In 1180 the last of the capable Komnenoi, Manuel I Komnenos, died and was replaced by the relatively incompetent Angeloi dynasty, allowing Bulgarians to regain their freedom.
Second Bulgarian Empire
In 1185 Peter and Asen, leading nobles of supposed and contested Bulgarian, Cuman, Vlach or mixed origin, led a revolt against Byzantine rule and Peter declared himself Tsar Peter II (also known as Theodore Peter). The following year the Byzantines were forced to recognize Bulgaria's independence. Peter styled himself "Tsar of the Bulgars, Greeks and Vlachs".
Resurrected Bulgaria occupied the territory between the Black Sea, the Danube and Stara Planina, including a part of eastern Macedonia and the valley of the Morava. It also exercised control over Wallachia and Moldova. Tsar Kaloyan (1197-1207) entered a union with the Papacy, thereby securing the recognition of his title of "Rex" although he desired to be recognized as "Emperor" or "Tsar". He waged wars on the Byzantine Empire and (after 1204) on the Knights of the Fourth Crusade, conquering large parts of Thrace, the Rhodopes, as well as the whole of Macedonia. The power of the Hungarians and to some extent the Serbs prevented significant expansion to the west and northwest. Under Ivan Asen II (1218-1241), Bulgaria once again became a regional power, occupying Belgrade and Albania. In an inscription from Turnovo in 1230 he entitled himself "In Christ the Lord faithful Tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, son of the old Asen". The Bulgarian Orthodox Patriarchate was restored in 1235 with approval of all eastern Patriarchates, thus putting an end to the union with the Papacy. Ivan Asen II had a reputation as a wise and humane ruler, and opened relations with the Catholic west, especially Venice and Genoa, to reduce the influence of the Byzantines over his country.
However, weakened 14th-century Bulgaria was no match for a new threat from the south, the Ottoman Turks, who crossed into Europe in 1354. In 1362 they captured Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and in 1382 they took Sofia. The Ottomans then turned their attentions to the Serbs, whom they routed at Kosovo Polje in 1389. In 1393 the Ottomans occupied Turnovo after a three-month siege. It is thought that the south gate was opened from inside and so the Ottomans managed to enter the fortress. In 1396 the Kingdom (Tsardom) of Vidin was also occupied, bringing the Second Bulgarian Empire and Bulgarian independence to an end.
Geography
Geographically and in terms of climate, Bulgaria features notable diversity, with the landscape ranging from the Alpine snow-capped peaks in Rila, Pirin and the Balkan Mountains to the mild and sunny Black Sea coast; from the typically continental Danubian Plain (ancient Moesia) in the north to the strong Mediterranean climatic influence in the valleys of Macedonia and in the lowlands in the southernmost parts of Thrace.
Bulgaria overall has a temperate climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The barrier effect of the Balkan Mountains has some influence on climate throughout the country: northern Bulgaria experiences lower temperatures and receives more rain than the southern lowlands.
Bulgaria comprises portions of the separate regions known in classical times as Moesia, Thrace, and Macedonia. The mountainous southwest of the country has two alpine ranges — Rila and Pirin — and further east stand the lower but more extensive Rhodope Mountains. The Rila range includes the highest peak of the Balkan Peninsula, Musala, at 2,925 metres (9,596 ft); the long range of the Balkan mountains runs west-east through the middle of the country, north of the famous Rose Valley. Hilly country and plains lie to the southeast, along the Black Sea coast, and along Bulgaria's main river, the Danube, to the north. Strandzha forms the tallest mountain in the southeast. Few mountains and hills exist in the northeast region of Dobrudzha. The Balkan Peninsula derives its name from the Balkan or Stara planina mountain range running through the centre of Bulgaria and extends into eastern Serbia.
Bulgaria has large deposits of manganese ore in the north-east and of uranium in the south-west, as well as vast coal reserves and copper, lead, zinc and gold ore. Smaller deposits exist of iron, silver, chromite, nickel, bismuth and others. Bulgaria has abundant non-metalliferous minerals such as rock-salt, gypsum, kaolin and marble.
The country has a dense network of about 540 rivers, most of them — with the notable exception of the Danube — short and with low water-levels. Most rivers flow through mountainous areas. The longest river located solely in Bulgarian territory, the Iskar, has a length of 368 km (229 mi). Other major rivers include the Struma and the Maritsa River in the south.
The Rila and Pirin mountain ranges feature around 260 glacial lakes; the country also has several large lakes on the Black Sea coast and more than 2,200 dam lakes. Of the many mineral springs, most rise in the south-western and central parts of the country along the faults between the mountains.
Precipitation in Bulgaria averages about 630 millimetres (24.8 in) per year. In the lowlands rainfall varies between 500 and 800 mm (19.7 and 31.5 in), and in the mountain areas between 1,000 and 1,400 mm (39.4 and 55.1 in) of rain falls per year. Drier areas include Dobrudja and the northern coastal strip, while the higher parts of the Rila, Pirin, Rhodope Mountains, Stara Planina, Osogovska Mountain and Vitosha receive the highest levels of precipitation.
Other infos
Oficial name:
Република България
Republika Bălgarija
Formation:
Founded 681
- Last previously independent state, 1396
- Independence from Ottoman Empire, 1878
- Recognized 1908
Area:
110.971 km2
Inhabitants:
9.670.000
Languages: Български (Bulgarien)
Albanian, Gheg [aln] 1,000 in Bulgaria (1963 Newmark). Classification: Indo-European, Albanian, Gheg
Bulgarian [bul] 7,986,000 in Bulgaria (1986). Population total all countries: 8,954,811. Also spoken in Canada, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Moldova, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkey (Europe), Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: Balgarski. Dialects: Palityan (Palitiani, Bogomil). Palityan is functionally intelligible with Standard Bulgarian. The Pomak dialect spoken in Greece is close to Serbian and Bulgarian; geographical dialect shading toward each. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern
Bulgarian Sign Language [bqn] Dialects: Different sign languages are used in the classroom and by adults outside. Classification: Deaf sign language
Crimean Turkish [crh] 6,000 in Bulgaria (1990). Northeast Bulgaria. Alternate names: Crimean Tatar. Dialects: Northern Crimean (Crimean Nogai, Steppe Crimean), Central Crimean, Southern Crimean. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern
Gagauz [gag] 12,000 in Bulgaria (1982). Varna coastal region. Alternate names: Gagauzi. Dialects: Bulgar Gagauz, Maritime Gagauz. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish
Macedonian [mkd] An undetermined number of inhabitants of the Pirin Region in Bulgaria claim Macedonian as first language, bordering the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Prof. Wayles Brown 1998, Cornell University). Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Easter
Romani, Balkan [rmn] 187,900 in Bulgaria. Population includes 100,000 Arlija, 20,000 Dzambazi, 10,000 Tinsmiths, 10,000 East Bulgarian. Between Sofia and the Black Sea (Central dialect). The Tinsmiths dialect is in central and northwest Bulgaria; Arlija is in the Sofia Region. Alternate names: Gypsy. Dialects: Arlija, Tinners Romani, Greek Romani, Dzambazi, East Bulgarian Romani, Paspatian, Ironworker Romani. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Balkan
Romani, Vlax [rmy] 500 Kalderash in Bulgaria. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Vlax
Romanian, Macedo [rup] 4,770 in Bulgaria (2000 WCD). Communities have associations in Peshtera, Velingrad, Dupnitsa, Rakitovo, and Blagoevgrad. Alternate names: Macedo-Rumanian, Arumanian, Aromanian, Armina. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern
Russian Sign Language [rsl] Classification: Deaf sign language
Turkish [tur] 845,550 in Bulgaria (1986). Kurdzhali Province and neighboring areas of South Bulgaria, along the Danube, and various regions of East Bulgaria. Alternate names: Osmanli, Turki. Dialects: Danubian, Razgrad, Dinler, Macedonian Turkish. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish
Capital city:
Sófia
Meaning of the country name:
Named after the Bulgars. Their tribal name, Bulgar may come from burg, which means "castle" in Germanic languages. A. D. Keramopoulos derives the name "Bulgars" from burgarii or bourgarioi meaning "those who maintain the forts" (burgi, bourgoi, purgoi) along the northern boundaries of the Balkan provinces, and elsewhere in the Roman Empire, first mentioned in Greek in an inscription dated A.D. 202, found between Philippopolis and Tatar Pazardzhik (and last published in Wilhelm Dittenberger's Sylloge inscriptionum graecarum, 3 ed., vol. II [1917], no. 880,1. 51, p. 593). The Bulgarians, previously known as Moesians, inhabited Thrace.
An alternative Turkic etymology for the name of the pre-Slavicised Central-Asian Bulgars derives from Bulgha meaning sable and has a totemistic origin.
Some associate the name Bulgar with the River Volga in present-day Russia: Bulgars lived in that region before and/or after the migration to the Balkans: see Volga Bulgaria.
Description Flag:
The flag of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: знаме на България, zname na Balgariya) is a tricolour consisting of three equal-sized horizontal bands of (from top to bottom) white, green, and red. White represents peace, green represents the fertility of the Bulgarian lands, and red stands for the courage of the people.
Some early versions of the flag (such as the Samara flag) used the Pan-Slavic colours, which were derived from the Pan-Slavism of 19th-century Europe. The central band was blue, and so the flag was similar to the flag of Russia. However after the liberational Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the central band was replaced with green, and the flag was described in the Tarnovo Constitution of 1879
Coat of arms:
The coat of arms of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Герб на България, Gerb na Balgariya) consists of a crowned golden lion rampant over a dark red shield; above the shield is the Bulgarian historical crown. The shield is supported by two crowned golden lions rampant; below the shield there is compartment in the shape of oak twigs and white bands with the national motto "Unity renders power" inscribed on them.
Motto:
" Съединението прави силата " , "Union makes strength"
National Anthem: Мила Родино, Mila Rodino, Dear Motherland
Bulgarien
Горда Стара планина,
до ней Дунава синей,
слънце Тракия огрява,
над Пирина пламеней.
Припев:
Mила Родино,
ти си земен рай,
твойта хубост, твойта прелест,
ах, те нямат край.(2 пъти)
Паднаха борци безчет
за народа наш любим,
майко, дай ни мъжка сила
пътя им да продължим.
Transliteration
Gorda Stara planina,
do ney Dunava siney,
slantse Trakiya ogryava,
nad Pirina plameney.
Pripev:
Mila Rodino,
ti si zemen ray,
tvoyta hubost, tvoyta prelest,
ah, te nyamat kray.
(twice)
Padnaha bortsi bezchet
za naroda nash lyubim,
mayko, day ni mazhka sila
patya im da prodalzhim
English
Stately Stara planina,
next to it the Danube sparkles,
the sun shines over Thrace,
flames over Pirin.
Refrain:
Dear Motherland,
you are paradise on earth,
your beauty, your charm,
ah, they are boundless.(twice)
Countless fighters fell
for our beloved nation,
Mother, give us manly strength
to carry on their course.
Internet Page: www.bulgariatravel.org
Bulgaria in diferent languages
eng | arg | ast | bre | cos | eus | fao | fin | glg | ina | ita | jav | kal | lat | lin | lld | nor | oci | roh | ron | scn | spa | srd | swa: Bulgaria
fra | frp | fur | jnf | nrm: Bulgarie
hun | por | sme | tet: Bulgária
deu | ltz | nds: Bulgarien / Bulgarien
hau | kin | run: Bulgariya
ces | slk: Bulharsko
dan | swe: Bulgarien
est | vor: Bulgaaria
fry | nld: Bulgarije
ind | msa: Bulgaria / بولڬاريا
lit | mlt: Bulgarija
que | tgl: Bulgarya
afr: Bulgarye
aze: Bolqarıstan / Болгарыстан; Bolqariya / Болгарија
bam: Biligari
bos: Bugarska / Бугарска
cat: Bulgària
cor: Bulgari
crh: Bulğaristan / Булгъаристан
csb: Bùłgarskô
cym: Bwlgaria
dsb: Bulgarska
epo: Bulgarujo; Bulgario
gag: Bulgariya / Булгария
gla: Bulgàiria; A’ Bhulgaire; Bulgaria
gle: An Bhulgáir / An Ḃulgáir
glv: Yn Vulgeyr
hat: Bilgari
hrv: Bugarska
hsb: Bołharska
ibo: Bọlgeria
isl: Búlgaría; Bolgaraland
kaa: Bolgariya / Болгария
kmr: Bilẍarîstan / Бьлг’аристан / بلغاریستان; Bilẍarî / Бьлг’ари / بلغاری; Bolgarî / Болгари / بۆلگاری; Bolẍaristan / Болг’арьстан / بۆلغارستان; Bolẍarî / Болг’ари / بۆلغاری
kur: Bulgaristan / بولگارستان
lav: Bulgārija
lim: Bölgarieë
liv: Bulgārij
mfe: Bilgari
mlg: Bolgaria
mol: Bulgaria / Булгария
mri: Purukeria
pol: Bułgaria
rmy: Bulgariya / बुल्गारिया
rup: Vurgaria
slo: Bulgaria / Булгариа; Bulgarzem / Булгарзем
slv: Bolgarija
smg: Bulgarėjė
smo: Palekeria
som: Bulgaariya
sqi: Bullgaria
szl: Bůugarja
ton: Pulukelia
tuk: Bolgariýa / Болгария
tur: Bulgaristan; Bulgareli
uzb: Bulgʻoriston / Булғористон; Bolgariya / Болгария
vie: Bảo Gia Lợi; Bung-ga-ri
vol: Bulgarän
wln: Bulgåreye
wol: Bulgaari
zza: Bulğarıstan
chu: Блъгарія (Blŭgarīja)
alt | kir | kjh | kom | krc | rus | tyv | udm: Болгария (Bolgarija)
che | chv | oss: Болгари (Bolgari)
abq: Болгария (Bołgarija)
bak: Болгария / Bolgariya
bel: Балгарыя / Bałharyja; Баўгарыя / Baŭharyja
bul: България (Bǎlgarija)
chm: Болгарий (Bolgarij)
kaz: Болгария / Bolgarïya / بولگاريا; Болғария / Bolğarïya / بولعاريا
kbd: Болгарие (Bolgarie)
kum: Болгъария (Bolġarija)
lbe: Булгъария (Bulġarija)
mkd: Бугарија (Bugarija)
mon: Болгар (Bolgar)
srp: Бугарска / Bugarska
tab: Булгъаристан (Bulġaristan)
tat: Болгарстан / Bolğarstan
tgk: Булғористон / بلغارستان / Bulƣoriston; Булғория / بلغاریه / Bulƣorija
ukr: Болгарія (Bolharija)
xal: Болгарь (Bolgar')
ara: بلغاريا (Bulġāriyā)
fas: بلغارستان (Bolġārestān)
prs: بلغاریا (Bolġāriyā)
pus: بلغاريا (Bulġāriyā); بلغاريه (Bulġāriyâ); بلغارستان (Bulġāristān)
uig: بۇلغارىيە / Bulghariye / Болгария
urd: بلغاریہ (Balġāriyâ)
div: ބަލްގޭރިއާ (Balgēri'ā)
syr: ܒܠܓܪܝܐ (Bulgariyā)
heb: בולגריה (Bûlgaryah); בולגאריה (Bûlgâryah)
lad: בולגאריה / Bulgaria
yid: בולגאַריע (Bulgarye)
amh: ቡልጋሪያ (Bulgariya); ቡልጋርያ (Bulgarya)
ell: Βουλγαρία (Voylgaría)
hye: Բուլղարիա (Boulġaria)
kat: ბულგარეთი (Bulgareṭi)
hin: बल्गारिया (Balgāriyā); बुल्गारिया (Bulgāriyā); बल्गेरिया (Balgeriyā)
ben: বুলগেরিয়া (Bulgeriyā)
guj: બલ્ગેરિયા (Balgeriyā)
pan: ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆ (Bulgārīā)
kan: ಬಲ್ಗೇರಿಯ (Balgēriya)
mal: ബള്ഗേറിയ (Baḷgēṟiya)
tam: பல்கேரியா (Palkēriyā)
tel: బల్గేరియా (Balgēriyā)
zho: 保加利亞/保加利亚 (Bǎojiālìyà)
yue: 保加利亞/保加利亚 (Bóugàleiha)
jpn: ブルガリア (Burugaria)
kor: 불가리아 (Bulgaria)
bod: པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ་ (Pu.ra.ga.ri.ya.); པུར་ག་རི་ཡ་ (Pur.ga.ri.ya.); པོ་ཅ་ལི་ཡ་ (Po.ča.li.ya.); པའོ་ཅ་ལི་ཡ་ (Pa'o.ča.li.ya.)
mya: ဘူဂေးရီးယား (Bʰugèẏìyà)
tha: บัลแกเรีย (Bânkǣriya)
lao: ບຸນກາຣີ (Bunkālī)
khm: ប៊ុលហ្គារី (Bulhkārī)
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Aksaray Meydanı ve Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Harika-Kemali Söylemezoğlu Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii'nin Aksaray Meydanı’na bakan avlu kapısı
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Harika-Kemali Söylemezoğlu Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii'nin Aksaray Meydanı’na bakan avlu kapısı
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii, İstanbul
Fotoğraf: Teknicolor Fotoğraf Bürosu (16.03.1960)
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
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Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii’nin avlu yan kapısı
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Camii'nin Aksaray Meydanı’na bakan avlu kapısı
“Fatih İlçesi’nde, Aksaray Meydanı’nda ve meydanın kuzeybatı kesimindedir. [...] Abdülaziz’in (hd 1861-1876) annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’ın çok önem vererek yaptırdığı cami, aslında mektep, türbe, muvakkithane ve sebilden oluşan bir külliye olarak tasarlandı. [...] Yapının mimarı Sarkis Balyan’dır, tasarıma Agop Balyan’ın da katıldığı, çizim işlerinde desinatör Osep’in çalıştığı bilinmektedir. [...] Valide Camii, İstanbul’un kentsel düzenleme çalışmalarında en çok zarara uğrayan tarihi miraslarından biridir. 1956-1959 yılları arasında Aksaray Meydanı düzenlemesi ve Vatan ve Millet caddelerinin açılması çalışmaları sırasında Pertevniyal Sultan’ın türbesi ile muvakkithane ve sebil kaldırıldı. [...] Yol açımı sırasında Millet Caddesi’nin kotu yükseltildiğinden, avlunun güney kapısı yoldan aşağı düzeyde kaldı. Doğudan batıya uzanan bir rampa ile kapıya ulaşım sağlandı. 1969’da başlayan altgeçit ve üst yol çalışmaları sonunda cami de iyice gömülü bir pozisyona itildi.” Afife Batur
Kaynak: “Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi”, Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı ortak yayını, cilt 7, s. 360-362, 1994.
#SALTAraştırma, Ali Saim Ülgen Arşivi
Repository: SALT Research
Rights Info: This material can be used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.
Crislene, Diretora Comercial Crislene Santos Pereira. Sócia-Gerente sendo uma das fundadoras do Espaço MULTIPLICIDADE de Coworking, formação em Administração de Empresas, cursos de ITIL Foundation. Agente de validação - ICP BRASIL
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
Business Beam (Pvt.) Limited | Training And Consulting Firm | ITIL Certification
Business Beam is a global Consultancy & Training firm. We offer internationally accredited training and consultancy services.
Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to Service Management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
Visit: www.businessbeam.com
DSC_7433: Today's Computer Science / IT / geek rebus for all you nerds out there.
This shows a typical client-server relationship.
It also shows providers and consumers.
Real 3.5", 5.25", and 8" diskettes. Not 3D printed replicas.
Available from www.floppydisk.com in Tustin, CA, USA for retro geek art projects.
NHPittsburgh is a franchise of NHCentral. NH Central is comprised of New Horizons Memphis, New Horizons Baltimore, New Horizons Atlanta, New Horizons Columbus, New Horizons Indianapolis, New Horizons Nashville, and New Horizons Omaha.
NHIndy is a franchise of NHCentral. NH Central is comprised of New Horizons Memphis, New Horizons Baltimore, New Horizons Atlanta, New Horizons Columbus, New Horizons Nashville, New Horizons Omaha, and New Horizons Pittsburgh.
Estratégia de Serviço
Ger. de Portifólio
Ger. Financeiro
Ger. Demanda
Desenho de Serviço
Ger. de Nível de Serv.
Ger. de Catálogo de Serv.
Ger. da Disponibildiade
Ger. da Segurança da Informação
Ger. de Fornecedores
Ger. da Capacidade
Ger. da Continuidade de Serv.
il velo di Maya MARJANE SATRAPI
o dell'ironia dell'Iran
Santa Maria delle Croci
Via Giacimanni, Ravenna
Dal 3 ottobre al 2 novembre 2003
Venerdì 3 ottobre 2003 si apre nella città di Ravenna (S. Maria delle Croci - via Guaccimanni, 5/7) Il velo di Maia – Marjane Satrapi o dell’ironia dell’Iran, eccezionale mostra antologica delle “strisce” della fumettista iraniana Marjane Satrapi, che prosegue fino al 2 novembre 2003.
La mostra,curata da Gianluca Costantini ed Elettra Stamboulis, è organizzata da Associazione culturale Mirada e promossa dall’Assessorato alle Politiche giovanili del Comune e della Provincia di Ravenna.
Il velo di Maia prevede l’esposizione di 80 tavole originali tratte da Persepolis, l’opera autobiografica che l’ha resa celebre. Le tavole sono arricchite da un ampio apparato didascalico dedicati alla Storia contemporanea dell’Iran e alla storia del fumetto autobiografico.
L'autrice sarà presente all'inaugurazione della mostra e per un'intensa settimana di incontri a Ravenna con Scuole Superiori e Università, nonché per un workshop di due giorni (4-5 ottobre) per fumettisti di tutta Italia.
In collaborazione con Hamelin Associazione Culturale sono inoltre previsti due incontri a Bologna presso Sala Borsa il 2 ottobre, al mattino con le Scuole Superiori, il pomeriggio alle 18 con il pubblico.
Nata in Iran nel 1969, Marjane Satrapi è la prima fumettista del suo Paese; è cresciuta in una famiglia fortemente progressista, suo madre era nipote di Nasreddine Shah, un imperatore Qadjar dell’Iran ed alcuni suoi parenti subirono gravi conseguenze per le loro opinioni politiche. Stabilitasi dopo varie peregrinazioni a Parigi, la Satrapi è diventata un’autrice di fama internazionale grazie al romanzo autobiografico a fumetti Persepolis, edito inizialmente in Italia per la Lizard edizioni ed ora per Sperling & Kupfer. In questo fortunato libro l’autrice racconta la storia del proprio Paese attraverso gli occhi di una bambina curiosa e per nulla disincantata. Questa novella Mafalda ci porta a scoprire, con ironia condita dalla malinconia dell’esilio successivo, sfumature e aspetti spesso nascosti della società iraniana.
La narrazione parte dal passaggio dal regime dello scià a quello khomeinista. Tutto il primo libro si sofferma sulla rivoluzione del 1979, in cui la figura della bambina Marjane ci porta ad esplorare le ambiguità. Nel secondo libro la storia coinvolge il drammatico periodo della guerra Iran – Iraq e termina con la partenza di Marjane per una scuola austriaca. L’incipit del secondo volume mostra proprio l’imposizione del velo alle ragazzine: l’aneddoto è quasi umoristico, visto che il chador assume per le bambine un ruolo ludico ed anche charmant!
Il bianco e il nero intensi ed essenziali, la sobrietà della narrazione, vengono arricchiti da un gusto persiano in alcune decorazioni e stilemi che ricordano, più che disegni, xilografie.
In Francia i libri di Persepolis hanno ottenuto un incredibile successo (più di 150.000 copie vendute), e hanno avuto l’attenzione di un pubblico vasto di adulti e giovani adolescenti. L’occhio autobiografico che racconta per aneddoti epigrammatici e con tono scanzonato, una storia a volte complessa ed anche lontana da noi, ci rapisce e diviene uno strumento di conoscenza maggiore di tanti manuali di storia.
La mostra è corredata da un interessante catalogo bilingue, edito dalla Lizard edizioni, che contiene testi critici di Antonio Faeti, docente di Grammatiche della fantasia all'Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna., Igor Prassel, curatore della rivista di fumetto Stripburger di Ljubljana e la critica d’arte Teresa Macrì. La grafica è curata dall’artista visivo Gianluca Costantini.
Inguine.net (per maggiori informazioni sulle attività del gruppo www.inguine.net) continua la collaborazione con le attività espositive di Mirada, realizzando un progetto di animazione digitale di tavole a fumetti di autori italiani e stranieri, ispirate a temi tratti dall’opera della Satrapi. Il video e le tavole originali saranno visibili in mostra. (Tavole originali di: Maurizio Ribichini, Gianluca Costantini, Paper Resistance, Andrea Bruno, Andrea Accardi, Sara Colaone, Aleksandar Zograf, Massimo Semerano, Stefano Zattera, Squaz.
È già stato attivato un contest in rete realizzato da Essendemme.com a cui possono partecipare illustratori senza limitazioni di misure o tecniche: i lavori andranno spediti entro il 20 settembre all’indirizzo digitalsubmit@essendemme.com.
LaVectoria, collettivo di grafici romani, realizzerà una video intervista con esiliati politici iraniani che vivono da anni a Roma: il documentario, appositamente realizzato, sarà visibile in mostra.
Sarà possibile prenotare visite guidate con laboratorio di fumetto per scuole elementari, medie inferiori e superiori contattando Elettra Stamboulis (3295372762) o mandando una richiesta via mail (mirada@email.it).
Testi in catalogo:
Antonio Faeti "Il senso dell'altrove"
Teresa Macrì "Oltre il velo"
Igor Prassel "Marjane Satrapi - nuovo fenomeno letterario nel fumetto"
Elettra Stamboulis "Il velo di Maya"
Elettra Stamboulis "Ernia inguinale inguine.net"
Biografia
Marjane Satrapi è nata il 22 novembre 1969 a Rasht, sulle rive del mar Caspio.
Discendente di una nobile famiglia, ha avuto un nonno comunista e la madre femminista dai quali ha ereditato la coscienza politica.
Ha passato la sua infanzia a Teheran dove ha conosciuto la rivoluzione e la guerra contro l'Iraq.
Durante la guerra Marjane ha dovuto lasciare il suo paese mal sopportando il clima instaurato dal nuovo regime: ha appena 14 anni quando viene mandata a Vienna in un liceo francese.
Tornata in Iran studia Belle arti, ma i suoi progetti sugli eroi, e soprattutto sulle eroine della mitologia iraniana, non convincono il regime e deve lasciare di nuovo il suo paese.
Dopo aver studiato Arte a Strasburgo si trasferisce a Parigi, dove tutt'ora abita.
Dal 1977 scrive e illustra libri per i bambini.
Nel 2000 esce il suo primo volume, Persepolis, in cui racconta la storia del suo paese e di come, ragazzina di nove anni, ha vissuto la rivoluzione degli anni ottanta.
Nel volume secondo di Persepolis parla della guerra, dell'esilio e del ritorno.
I suoi racconti a fumetti svelano un mondo in parte sconosciuto adottando una formula di grande suggestione e aiutano a penetrarlo forse meglio di tanti saggi.
www.mirada.itil velo di Maya MARJANE SATRAPI
o dell'ironia dell'Iran
Santa Maria delle Croci
Via Giacimanni, Ravenna
Dal 3 ottobre al 2 novembre 2003
Venerdì 3 ottobre 2003 si apre nella città di Ravenna (S. Maria delle Croci - via Guaccimanni, 5/7) Il velo di Maia – Marjane Satrapi o dell’ironia dell’Iran, eccezionale mostra antologica delle “strisce” della fumettista iraniana Marjane Satrapi, che prosegue fino al 2 novembre 2003.
La mostra,curata da Gianluca Costantini ed Elettra Stamboulis, è organizzata da Associazione culturale Mirada e promossa dall’Assessorato alle Politiche giovanili del Comune e della Provincia di Ravenna.
Il velo di Maia prevede l’esposizione di 80 tavole originali tratte da Persepolis, l’opera autobiografica che l’ha resa celebre. Le tavole sono arricchite da un ampio apparato didascalico dedicati alla Storia contemporanea dell’Iran e alla storia del fumetto autobiografico.
L'autrice sarà presente all'inaugurazione della mostra e per un'intensa settimana di incontri a Ravenna con Scuole Superiori e Università, nonché per un workshop di due giorni (4-5 ottobre) per fumettisti di tutta Italia.
In collaborazione con Hamelin Associazione Culturale sono inoltre previsti due incontri a Bologna presso Sala Borsa il 2 ottobre, al mattino con le Scuole Superiori, il pomeriggio alle 18 con il pubblico.
Nata in Iran nel 1969, Marjane Satrapi è la prima fumettista del suo Paese; è cresciuta in una famiglia fortemente progressista, suo madre era nipote di Nasreddine Shah, un imperatore Qadjar dell’Iran ed alcuni suoi parenti subirono gravi conseguenze per le loro opinioni politiche. Stabilitasi dopo varie peregrinazioni a Parigi, la Satrapi è diventata un’autrice di fama internazionale grazie al romanzo autobiografico a fumetti Persepolis, edito inizialmente in Italia per la Lizard edizioni ed ora per Sperling & Kupfer. In questo fortunato libro l’autrice racconta la storia del proprio Paese attraverso gli occhi di una bambina curiosa e per nulla disincantata. Questa novella Mafalda ci porta a scoprire, con ironia condita dalla malinconia dell’esilio successivo, sfumature e aspetti spesso nascosti della società iraniana.
La narrazione parte dal passaggio dal regime dello scià a quello khomeinista. Tutto il primo libro si sofferma sulla rivoluzione del 1979, in cui la figura della bambina Marjane ci porta ad esplorare le ambiguità. Nel secondo libro la storia coinvolge il drammatico periodo della guerra Iran – Iraq e termina con la partenza di Marjane per una scuola austriaca. L’incipit del secondo volume mostra proprio l’imposizione del velo alle ragazzine: l’aneddoto è quasi umoristico, visto che il chador assume per le bambine un ruolo ludico ed anche charmant!
Il bianco e il nero intensi ed essenziali, la sobrietà della narrazione, vengono arricchiti da un gusto persiano in alcune decorazioni e stilemi che ricordano, più che disegni, xilografie.
In Francia i libri di Persepolis hanno ottenuto un incredibile successo (più di 150.000 copie vendute), e hanno avuto l’attenzione di un pubblico vasto di adulti e giovani adolescenti. L’occhio autobiografico che racconta per aneddoti epigrammatici e con tono scanzonato, una storia a volte complessa ed anche lontana da noi, ci rapisce e diviene uno strumento di conoscenza maggiore di tanti manuali di storia.
La mostra è corredata da un interessante catalogo bilingue, edito dalla Lizard edizioni, che contiene testi critici di Antonio Faeti, docente di Grammatiche della fantasia all'Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna., Igor Prassel, curatore della rivista di fumetto Stripburger di Ljubljana e la critica d’arte Teresa Macrì. La grafica è curata dall’artista visivo Gianluca Costantini.
Inguine.net (per maggiori informazioni sulle attività del gruppo www.inguine.net) continua la collaborazione con le attività espositive di Mirada, realizzando un progetto di animazione digitale di tavole a fumetti di autori italiani e stranieri, ispirate a temi tratti dall’opera della Satrapi. Il video e le tavole originali saranno visibili in mostra. (Tavole originali di: Maurizio Ribichini, Gianluca Costantini, Paper Resistance, Andrea Bruno, Andrea Accardi, Sara Colaone, Aleksandar Zograf, Massimo Semerano, Stefano Zattera, Squaz.
È già stato attivato un contest in rete realizzato da Essendemme.com a cui possono partecipare illustratori senza limitazioni di misure o tecniche: i lavori andranno spediti entro il 20 settembre all’indirizzo digitalsubmit@essendemme.com.
LaVectoria, collettivo di grafici romani, realizzerà una video intervista con esiliati politici iraniani che vivono da anni a Roma: il documentario, appositamente realizzato, sarà visibile in mostra.
Sarà possibile prenotare visite guidate con laboratorio di fumetto per scuole elementari, medie inferiori e superiori contattando Elettra Stamboulis (3295372762) o mandando una richiesta via mail (mirada@email.it).
Testi in catalogo:
Antonio Faeti "Il senso dell'altrove"
Teresa Macrì "Oltre il velo"
Igor Prassel "Marjane Satrapi - nuovo fenomeno letterario nel fumetto"
Elettra Stamboulis "Il velo di Maya"
Elettra Stamboulis "Ernia inguinale inguine.net"
Biografia
Marjane Satrapi è nata il 22 novembre 1969 a Rasht, sulle rive del mar Caspio.
Discendente di una nobile famiglia, ha avuto un nonno comunista e la madre femminista dai quali ha ereditato la coscienza politica.
Ha passato la sua infanzia a Teheran dove ha conosciuto la rivoluzione e la guerra contro l'Iraq.
Durante la guerra Marjane ha dovuto lasciare il suo paese mal sopportando il clima instaurato dal nuovo regime: ha appena 14 anni quando viene mandata a Vienna in un liceo francese.
Tornata in Iran studia Belle arti, ma i suoi progetti sugli eroi, e soprattutto sulle eroine della mitologia iraniana, non convincono il regime e deve lasciare di nuovo il suo paese.
Dopo aver studiato Arte a Strasburgo si trasferisce a Parigi, dove tutt'ora abita.
Dal 1977 scrive e illustra libri per i bambini.
Nel 2000 esce il suo primo volume, Persepolis, in cui racconta la storia del suo paese e di come, ragazzina di nove anni, ha vissuto la rivoluzione degli anni ottanta.
Nel volume secondo di Persepolis parla della guerra, dell'esilio e del ritorno.
I suoi racconti a fumetti svelano un mondo in parte sconosciuto adottando una formula di grande suggestione e aiutano a penetrarlo forse meglio di tanti saggi.