Humankind photos on Flickr

Painting dolphin by DHORA S.R.L. IMPRESA SOCIALE

Maropeng is the ideal destination to go and learn about the evolution of humankind...our path to humanity

Masculine statue color 6 by DHORA S.R.L. IMPRESA SOCIALE

Feminine statue painted 1- detail of shell and feet by DHORA S.R.L. IMPRESA SOCIALE

Feminine statue color 2 by DHORA S.R.L. IMPRESA SOCIALE

CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 by CommonSpirit Health Philanthropy

SAN FRANCISCO, CA - May 18 - Ted Smith and Katie Smith attend CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 on May 18th 2023 at San Francisco in San Francisco, CA (Photo - Jessica Monroy for Drew Altizer Photography)

Painting dolphin 4 by DHORA S.R.L. IMPRESA SOCIALE

Damanhur - Temples Of Humankind 5 by Alex Jarvis

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The Damanhur, Temples Of Humankind, a gorgeous series of underground temples in northern Italy.

www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/worldnews.ht...

The Cradle of Humankind Visitor Centre Maropeng South Africa by Jay Galvin

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The UNESCO-listed Cradle of Humankind site contains the largest collection hominid fossil finds spread over caves in 180 sq miles.fff

..roof falls...wall collapses...that don't bother us ! by Greg Mckenzie

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…after a long walk, with the threat of heavy rain, you get to spend a good hour or two slipping and sliding, crouching and crawling along one of the oldest tunnels dug by humankind. That mud is sticky…very sticky and I’ll defy anyone to go down there and not come out covered!

It’s normal to spend a good couple of hours cleaning your camera equipment once you have been down here!

Went with a good friend Jim who, as a postman, you would have thought a long walk would have been no bother…jeez…the moaning !

All pictures copyright to www.mckenzie.photos

The full history....

The idea of a fixed link across the English Channel was first put forward in the early part of the 19th Century but concerns over national security stalled attempts to progress it.

But an Anglo-French protocol was established in 1876 for a railway tunnel under the Channel. South Eastern Railway Chairman Sir Edward Watkin and French Suez Canal contractor Alexandre Lavalley conducted exploratory works on either side of the water, coming together in 1882 under the umbrella of the Submarine Railway Company.

In 1880, No.1 shaft was sunk and a 7-foot diameter pilot tunnel begun below Abbot's Cliff, between Dover and Folkestone, 10 feet above high water level. The driving force was Captain Thomas English's rotary boring machine - 33 feet in length and powered by compressed air - which was capable of cutting 5/16" for every rotation of its cutting head, at a rate of two revolutions per minute and almost half-a-mile per month. It was though hoped that this performance could be improved over time.

In February 1881, with about 800 feet driven and the machine proven, work was refocused at a site further along the coast, accessed via the 160-foot No.2 shaft at Shakespeare Cliff. Here another pilot tunnel was started under the foreshore, progressing through lower grey chalk towards a meeting with the French pilot tunnel - which was extending from Sangatte - 11 miles out to sea. This phase of the work was expected to be complete by 1886. Machinery was being developed which would then have enlarged the heading to 14 feet in diameter before a 2-foot thick concrete lining was inserted. The approach railways would fall on a gradient of 1:80 before reaching a depth of 150 feet below the sea bed. Operational ventilation would be provided by the compressed-air locomotives used to haul the trains.

But 1882 saw the government call a halt, worried about the military implications of a land-link to Europe. Sir Edward's well-reasoned reassurances fell on deaf ears with 2,040 yards of the Shakespeare Cliff heading driven, another 897 yards at Abbot's Cliff and 1,825 yards on the French side of the Channel. Both shafts were later backfilled.

When the idea of a tunnel was revisited in both 1974 and 1988, various remedial works were carried out on the 1880s workings as a result of the new alignments potentially intersecting with them. This work discovered a number of roof falls and broken timber supports. A concrete bulkhead was installed 890 yards into the No.2 heading, effectively entombing the boring machine.

Access to the original heading has been maintained as it meets one of the drainage adits driven from the base of the cliff under the coastal railway. This joins the 1880 tunnel 70 metres from the surface, after passing beneath Shakespeare Cliff Tunnel where it has been reinforced with concrete arches. Adjacent to the junction is a timber-lined passage leading to the base of the shaft where the boring machine would have been assembled.

CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 by CommonSpirit Health Philanthropy

SAN FRANCISCO, CA - May 18 - Monetta White attends CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 on May 18th 2023 at San Francisco in San Francisco, CA (Photo - Drew Altizer Photography)

CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 by CommonSpirit Health Philanthropy

SAN FRANCISCO, CA - May 18 - Ken Coleman and Caretha Coleman attend CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 on May 18th 2023 at San Francisco in San Francisco, CA (Photo - Devlin Shand for Drew Altizer Photography)

Sterkfontein Caves by MaropengSA

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Entry into the Sterkfontein Caves is down a long stair case, taking you to the depths below where scientists have discovered many hominid and other animal fossils, dating back more than 4-million years, to the birth of humanity.

Humankind - Be Both by Linda Tanner

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Shared genes - Lowland Gorilla and Humans - 98% Identical.

Cradle of Humankind, Maropeng, Gauteng, South Africa by South African Tourism

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Damanhur - Temples Of Humankind 4 by Alex Jarvis

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The Damanhur, Temples Of Humankind, a gorgeous series of underground temples in northern Italy.

www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/worldnews.ht...

CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 by CommonSpirit Health Philanthropy

SAN FRANCISCO, CA - May 18 - Alex Polanos, Nick Petersdorf, Betsy Byers and Eric Boone attend CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 on May 18th 2023 at San Francisco in San Francisco, CA (Photo - Devlin Shand for Drew Altizer Photography)

CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 by CommonSpirit Health Philanthropy

SAN FRANCISCO, CA - May 18 - Atmosphere at CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 on May 18th 2023 at San Francisco in San Francisco, CA (Photo - Natalie Shrik for Drew Altizer Photography)

Cradle of Humankind, Maropeng, Gauteng, South Africa by South African Tourism

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CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 by CommonSpirit Health Philanthropy

SAN FRANCISCO, CA - May 18 - Kimberly Allen attends CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 on May 18th 2023 at San Francisco in San Francisco, CA (Photo - Devlin Shand for Drew Altizer Photography)

CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 by CommonSpirit Health Philanthropy

SAN FRANCISCO, CA - May 18 - Rachel Ratchford and Janelle Monroe attend CommonSpirit's Humankindness Gala 2023 on May 18th 2023 at San Francisco in San Francisco, CA (Photo - Devlin Shand for Drew Altizer Photography)

HumanKind: To Perform Her Services by DF Hdez

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The Geiko Mamechiho of Kyoto Japan

Diversity by John Suler

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Many colors, one leaf.

Humankindness Gala 2018 by CommonSpirit Health Philanthropy

SAN FRANCISCO, CA - May 10 - Shannon Duvall and Delane Duvall attend Humankindness Gala 2018 on May 10th 2018 at San Francisco City Hall in San Francisco, CA (Photo - Devlin Shand for Drew Altizer Photography)

Marbled Godwit by Michael A Coppola

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Planet Earth Needs your Help. If you are interested in saving the planet for our feathered friends, wild flowers, wild animals and nature areas, as well as humankind follow the links below to articles I and my girlfriend have published. Each article explains in mostly layman terms what scientist are observing and forecasting about climate change as well as offering things an individual can do to help reduce global warming.

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