Herbal Healing
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Homeopathy medicines are an essential feature in our house.My kids love it and so do my aged parents-in-law.
Another shot from the Apothecary at Sherbrooke Village.
Sherbrooke is famous regionally for being the home of Sherbrooke Village, an open-air museum. Sherbrooke Village employs the majority of residents in the area; estimated to around 100 full-time and seasonal workers. There are approximately 30 buildings including include a working blacksmith shop, a pottery shop, a water powered lumber mill (located off site), a tea room (restaurant), and several animal barns (sheep, horses, cow, chickens, turkeys, and peafowl or peacocks). Sherbrooke village is the largest component of the Nova Scotia Museum complex; it open in the summer from June to October and at select times the rest of the year.
It's slightly longer than a week now with Sanchez, our stray cum street cat foster boy. Two nights ago we thought, oh no what have we done, as he was super agitated, crying late into the night, aggressive, etc. We were thinking, he may never settle, but then yesterday and last night all the good things we had been seeing with him, albeit in small snapshots, seemed to come together.
Thankfully we are big fans of Jackson Galaxy and after Sanchez's night from hell we just did a bit of a refresher read on some of his hints and tips on cat happiness.
We did the following:
- continued to ignore Sanchez after we'd put him to bed with his final meal of the night at 10 - no matter how much crying we were determined to just let him settle so he would learn night time is when he settles down and sleeps. As it turned out that wasn't necessary last night (long may it continue!) as he was quiet thru the night until I arrived with his breakfast.
- play. We had 3 big plays with him through the day, but a particularly long and energetic one just before his bedtime meal. And b/c we identified him as a ground dweller cat, using a mouse rather than bird toy really helped. Lots of runs, attacks, walking away with his toy / trophy / mouse before letting it go and chasing again, def. helped.
- bought him a new feeder toy - a ball that has treats in it that he releases by rolling it around. He worked it out pretty quickly, but it means the treat release is slower so he is more satisfied. It also meant we could put some of his night meal into it and "hide" it near his water bowl, so when he finished his main meal he discovered it and cat nirvana began (about 15 mins after eating his main meal we could hear him rolling the ball around)
- fixed meal times so he gets used to and relaxed about eating on time and his crazy "give me food now" madness is lessening.
- and a small amount of homeopathic drops on his food has helped calm him.
We have decided the best approach, no matter how tired or scratched we were earlier in the week, was to bombard him with as much love as we can in order to get him ready for his future "forever" owners.
We are in a four week project to see if he can cope with living indoors, and so far so good apart from the blip two nights ago (and the huge welt in my leg from him striking out). After those four weeks, if all is well, he goes up for adoption via the charity we are working with, and hopefully by then we have his desp. need for food under control and he trusts the world a little more.
As the inital aggression and fear has started to subside, and he has begun to get used to the smells and sounds of our apartment, and of us, we are seeing a super sweet, very affectionate and suprisingly obiedient young boy appear.
Onwards...
Collection:
Images from the History of Medicine (IHM)
Format:
Still image
Abstract:
Fourteen different types of acupuncture needles and carrying cases and tapping hammers.
Related Title(s):
Is part of: Sull agopuncture...; See related catalog record: 63340080R
Extent:
1 print
Technique:
wood engraving
NLM Unique ID:
101436414
NLM Image ID:
A013511
Permanent Link:
DES was sold under many names including Distilbène®, Stilbetin®, Stilboestrol-Borne®, Benzestrol®, Chlorotrianisene®, Estrobene® and Estrosyn® to name just a few.
Many different companies manufactured and marketed this drug under more than 200 different brand names.
This Stilbestrol, Still bestol (chem), Vibropathic™ is a current homeopathy product.
DES Drugs Pictures
Image sources: Hanna's Herb Shop, Colorado, USA.
Watch this slideshow and DES drugs album on Flickr.
More DES DiEthylStilbestrol Resources
DES studies on cancers and screening.
DES studies on epigenetics and transgenerational effects.
DES studies on fertility and pregnancy.
DES studies on gender identity and psychological health.
DES studies on in-utero exposure to DES and side-effects.
DES studies on the genital tract.
Papers about DES lawsuits.
DES videos and posts tagged DES, the DES-exposed, DES victims.
Hahnemann Memorial at Scott Circle
The Man
---Hanhnemann (1755-1843) was an advocate of homeopathic medicine, much to the chagrin of pharmacists during his lifetime---he argued that patients benefited from much smaller does of drugs than were customarily prescribed
---Christian Friederich Samuel Hahnemann, born in Germany in 1755, was the son of a porcelain painter,
---by age 20, had mastered six languages: German/French/English/Italian/Latin and Greek
---later became proficient in the following languages Arabic / Syriac / Chaldaic / Hebrew
---pursued his medical studies at Erlangen in 1779, became member of various scientific societies in Leipzig and other cities
---at young age made Surgeon in Chief of the hospital at Dresden
---later made Superintendent of the Insane Asylum at Goergenthal where he inaugurated the mild and humane methods of treating the insane which prevail to this day
---1812, admitted to the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Leipzig where he lectured for many years…here he became skeptical of the era’s medical methods and set forth his objections in the medical journals of the day---upsetting those in the medical authority…he theorized that many patients were simply over medicated
---also came to the conclusion “there was a constant relationship between the action of drugs and effects of disease on the human organism and that this relationship consisted of a similarity of the drug effects on the healthy to those produced by disease in the sick”…this laid the basis for the groundbreaking idea of treating disease itself so that the body could produce a resistance…
today’s practice of immunization and vaccination
---these ideas were not popular with the pharmacists and doctors who stood to profit from the sale and administration of drugs
---he experimented on himself with Peruvian bark
---1821, forced to leave Leipzip and to live out the remainder of his life in Paris
---people flocked from all over Europe to be under his care, many of his clientele were the noblest families of Europe
---he died in Paris on July 2, 1843 at age 89
***Hanhnemann’s approach to medicine, coined “homeopathy” took hold here with the establishment of Washington’s own Homeopathic Hospital was located on the SE corner of 2nd and N Sts. NW.
***among the proponents of homeopathy were John D Rockefeller and Mark Twain
The Memorial
---located on Scott Circle
---dedicated to a German physician, Dr. Samuel Hahnemann
---Dr. James H. McClellan of Pittsburgh first proposed the monument at a meeting of the Homeopathic Medical Society in 1881 but finally persuaded the American Institute of Homeopathy to take on the project in 1892
---the growing homeopathic community supported the effort with individuals donating as little as $0.25 toward the effort and as much as $4,510 by physician Nancy T Williams of Augusta, ME
---constructed by the US Army Engineer Corps under the watch of Col. Theodore A. Bingham
---one of few memorials in the city designed to be sat upon
---memorial is curvilinear, featuring the bronze likeness of Hahnmann in the center under a domed, glazed mosaic composed of foliage and flower of the cinchona plant
---dates of erection appear across the center in Roman numerals
---Hanhnemann’s birth and death dates, encircled with laurel wreaths are inscribed to the right & left
---below the inscription of Hahnemann’s name had been a fountain designed in the form of a fluted basin, fed by a stream of running water from a carved dolphin
---statue itself, standard bronze, cast by the Gorham Manufacturing Company
---commemorative bronze tablets were placed in two panels, on either side of the statue, representing in bas relief the four epoch making periods of Hahnemann’s life:
…the nightly vigils of the student
…the investigations of the chemist
…the self sacrificing experiments of the great discoverer
…the brilliant success of his treatment of the typhus patients in the hospitals at Leipzig
---the life size bronze sculpture and accompanying mosaic were created by Charles Henry Niehaus, an Ohio native of German parentage
--Niehaus, born in 1855, a graduate of the Royal Academy in Munich, returned to NY in 1885 to establish his studio
---Niehaus’s model for Hahnemann’s statue was from a bust likeness by David D’Angers now in the Hospital St. Jacques in Paris
---following his work on the Hahnemann’s memorial, Niehaus witnessed the dedication of his sculpture of John Paul Jones near the Tidal Basin at 17th and Independence St. SW
---the white granite base of the memorial includes a Greek exedra, or curving bench whose architect was Julius F Harder.
---Harder, born in 1865 in New Haven, Ct. moved to NY in 1886 to work as a draftsman and to pursue his studies in the sciences, a mere three years later the Architectural League of NY awarded him
its gold medal
---In the early 1890’s Harder was employed by the famed World’s Fair in Chicago
---statues base includes the inscription “Similia Similibus Curentur” (Likes are Cured by Likes) which is the founding principal of homeopathy and Hahnemann’s “Law of Similars”
---foundations and superstructure built of white granite from quarries of the Maine and NH Granite Company
---dedicated on June 21, 1900, the culmination of 10 years of committees and the donated funds of 2500 people throughout the world---whose names were planned to be inscribed on the granite base
---Memorial was re-dedicated on June 21, 2000 by the American Institute of Homeopathy 100 years after its completion in which a campaign was begun to raise much needed money for its repair
Please ask before using this image on your web site instead of just stealing it.
SMC PENTAX DA 35mm F2.8 Macro Limited
This image, likely a photograph, presents a captivating close-up of a collection of small glass vials containing various substances. The composition is dense and intricate, with the vials arranged in a staggered pattern, creating a sense of depth and visual interest. The use of leading lines, formed by the rows of vials, guides the viewer's eye through the image, enhancing its overall aesthetic appeal.
The color palette is subdued yet rich, with the warm, earthy tones of the cork stoppers and the golden-brown paper sleeves providing a harmonious backdrop to the transparent glass vials. The subtle variations in the colors of the corks, from beige to reddish-brown, add a touch of individuality to each vial, contributing to the image's overall complexity.
Lighting plays a crucial role in this image, with soft, diffused light illuminating the scene, casting gentle shadows and highlighting the textures of the glass and cork. This lighting choice enhances the sense of intimacy and focus, drawing attention to the meticulous details of the vials and their contents.
Symbolically, the image could be interpreted as a celebration of science, curiosity, or the pursuit of knowledge. The vials, each containing a unique substance, represent the diversity and complexity of the natural world. The arrangement of the vials, with their labels and markings, suggests a sense of order and classification, underscoring the importance of categorization and understanding in scientific inquiry.
In terms of artistic movement, this image aligns with the principles of Photorealism, which emphasizes meticulous attention to detail and a realistic representation of everyday subjects. The image's composition and use of light and color demonstrate a high level of technical skill and artistic vision.
Subjectively, the aesthetic quality of this image is very high. The combination of intricate detail, subtle color variations, and effective use of light creates a visually engaging and thought-provoking image. The image's composition and style evoke a sense of wonder and curiosity, inviting the viewer to explore and appreciate the intricate beauty of the natural world.
MPs have argued that spending money on homeopathy is a waste of NHS money and that the money should go to other areas. The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee have said using public money on the highly-diluted remedies could not be justified.
View full article at Next Generation Pharmaceutical EU
EQ: 1Ds mk2, 50EX, AL
Hallo,
heute habe ich meinen Hausarzt Dr. med. Johann-Dietrich Jaeger (Fachgebiet: Homöopathie) getroffen. Ein toller Mensch. Nicht nur aufgrund seiner vielen Aufenthalte in afrikanischen Krankenhäusern, sondern auch seiner Ruhe und Zeit der er sich nimmt wenn man mal bei ihm ist. Ich finde die Vorgehensweisen der Homöopathie immer recht interessant und frage mich oft, wie das nur helfen soll. Umso erstaunter bin ich dann, wenn mit Hilfe der kleinen “Globuli” (kleine Kügelchen mit Homöopathischen Wirkstoffen) die Erkältung am nächsten Tag weg ist.
Euch noch eine schöne Nacht und viele Grüße
Markus
GOOGLE-TRANSLATION:
Dec. 18, 2017; This original FDA graphic represents the many popular but untested, unproven and potentially harmful OTC homeopathic products currently on the market. FDA proposes new, risk-based enforcement priorities to protect consumers from these products.
This infographic is an original FDA creation and in the public domain. It may be shared, downloaded and redistributed without restriction. Credit to FDA is appreciated but not required.
FDA infographic by Geninne John-Crosland
St. George's Medics join the groups trying acrobatics to get their posters higher. They picked a great name for their revue "Homeopathy and Other Jokes"
via WordPress biophytopharm.com/why-treat-yourself-with-homeopathy/
Why treat yourself with homeopathy?
the question has no univocal answer. If, in 2012, 32% of people in the world use homeopathic medicines1, their motivations are surely different. Some have always been treated by homeopathy, others, put off by the side effects of non-homeopathic medicines are turning almost exclusively towards homeopathy.
Some others use punctually drugs deemed not dangerous. Others, finally, are looking for a solution to chronic or repeated health problems for themselves or their children. At least, in more than thirty years of practice, what I could observe in my patients. This harmlessness of homeopathic medicine allows each of we (from the baby to the old man and the pregnant woman) to resort to self-registration.
But by respecting certain rules:
no self-prescription “blind” (that is, for all pathologies, whatever they are),
remain aware of the need to have a diagnosis made by a doctor if there is no favorable reaction to the treatment homeopathic, this book aims to:
to enable the reader to know whether his illness or symptoms may respond to self-prescription treatment homeopathic medicines or if they require consultation with a homeopathic doctor,
to know the main symptoms that indicate the different homeopathic medicines. Not for the purpose of checking the prescription of his homeopathic doctor but in that of better understand why they are indicated against these symptoms. There are many books of homeopathic self-prescription and many sites on the internet. It only considers pathologies “Current”, that is to say that it does not concern those which were in the past (19th and 20th centuries) and still found sometimes in current works.
He also tries to present the treatments indicated following the intellectual journey of any homeopathic doctor competent or any pharmacist interested in homeopathy. In a first part, they are presented, where possible, under the form of decision trees. This form perfectly respects the intellectual journey of any competent homeopath. Treatments proposals will be found by answering questions (presented in box) and each medicine is presented with its prescription and “associated symptoms” if they are necessary for the determination of the indicated drug (see below: Homeopathic consultation). They will be preceded, in order to better identify them, with a brief reminder of what the symptom or disease. Some symptoms or diseases that imperatively ask for a medical consultation will not be treated in this book. Others that require the combination of drugs non-homeopathic and homeopathic medicines will be reported by an insert.
In a second part, the reader will find all the medicines cited and presented not in the form of a description or a “history” but according to their main and most reliable symptoms (those depend neither on a particular era, nor on a particular culture). They are drawn from reliable and general references or written by specialists.
no systematic refusal of non-homeopathic medicines when they are indispensable. of revelation ex nihilo.
Homeopathy? We need to believe!
On the one hand, homeopathy is not a religion, but a therapeutic method! On the other hand and far from me the idea of underestimating the intellectual capacities, or even beliefs, of farmed turkeys that have participated in the study cited above, I can only remain at least dubious about their ability to voluntarily adhere to the drug homeopathic … About belief: granules and globules are recognized as kosher and halal by the competent religious authorities. Homeopathy works because the doctor takes time to talk with his patient! Which implies that non-homeopathic doctors would botch their consultation.
It seems to me that this is to outrage the virtues empathy and dialogue and the professional conscience of all doctors, whether they are homeopaths or not homeopaths! Homeopathy is so diluted. As much for a glass of wine in the Seine to Paris and drink a glass of Seine water in Rouen! The comparison, mathematically, is not unfounded. Especially when we think of a dilution in the decillion.
That said, the experiments prove physically that these dilutions, already, are energized and are far from empty. In addition, clinical experiments prove they are effective (see, among others, the famous turkeys … but also recent studies that have demonstrated the effectiveness of homeopathic treatments in rheumatological, ENT and psychic disorders). If dilutions in the decillion demonstrate therapeutic efficacy, it can be said that attempting the experiment in drinking a glass of water from the Seine (in Rouen or elsewhere), will inevitably lead the appearance of extremely unpleasant digestive disorders … that will have to be treated by homeopathy.
Homeopathy is a placebo, not expensive, but a placebo anyway! Note immediately that the homeopathic medicine responds perfectly to the needs of the French Social Security economy: the price of all medicines (homeopathic and non-homeopathic) is blocked and the price of a granule tube and a globules dose is ridiculously low. Then all the doctors’ homeopaths who prescribe the tubes granules and the doses globules register them under a generic name (Pulsatilla, Rhus Toxicodendron, Mercurius solubilis, etc. Are generic Latin names) and it is the pharmacist who will take care of the order from a homeopathic laboratory.
As for the placebo effect (first person of the future of the Latin verb placere (to please accredit) ; literally, I’ll like it) it implies an inefficiency of the substance but a cure, in spite of everything, of some patients she would have liked. There is strong a long time when I learned medicine, I was taught that the vast majority of tonsillitis was of viral origin but that, as a precautionary measure, it was better to antibiotic treatment to avoid any superinfection.
Many more years later, we realized that “antibiotics were not automatic! “. A few doctors continue to prescribe antibiotics for a viral disease less because they like to eradicate a very hypothetical bacterial superinfection, but because they like their patients to remain convinced that it is the antibiotic that has eradicated their viral disease; since they are healed. And the result is there: they are healed … The homeopathic medicine is not a real medicine, because a real drug inevitably causes side effects!
The mode of operation of the homeopathic medicine is not the same non-homeopathic medicine. It is not a question of imposing a reaction of the body by providing weighted doses as is done by administering non-homeopathic medicines. Non-homeopathic medicines of which no one can deny the usefulness, effectiveness and necessity in certain pathologies but which require the doctor to constantly assess the benefit ratio (more or less violent side effects). Some unfortunate episodes of in recent years have demonstrated this. How the drug works homeopathic medicine which, as we have said above, is not yet elucidated, does not determine by a quantitative but qualitative action; and therefore devoid of effects secondary in the non-homeopathic sense of the term.
It does not have a “little paper” as with other medicines (understand non-homeopathic medicines)! Certainly, nonhomeopathic drugs have a record. The discerning reader, when he has covered the subjects second part of this book, will have understood that the drug homeopathic may be indicated in different pathologies and against symptoms that are not limited to a single organ and can not be “Paper” of acceptable size.
The amount of granules is the same for a human and an elephant. All of this is not serious! The amount of granules is independent of age and weight. Having never personally had to deal with an elephant, I can not indicate the quantity of granules necessary and sufficient to treat a suffering pachyderm. During the famous experiment made on turkeys (still they!) Raised in a battery, the number of granules was greater than that administered to a human.
Consider the disorder in a battery turkey farm, he seemed more reasonable to increase the amount administered to ensure that each will have access to treatment. That said homeopathic veterinarians use the same amount of granules as for humans when it comes to treating an animal of company. It is enough to make react the organism concerned.
Homeopathic treatment is incompatible with nonhomeopathic treatment! Not at all! Take for example the case, fortunately rare, bacterial tonsillitis. There is a need for appropriate antibiotic therapy to eradicate the causative bacteria. But antibiotic treatment takes 3 days to act. The inflammatory phenomena generated by the bacteria, if we are satisfied with a only antibiotic therapy will take as long to disappear. Very often, by the way, the doctors associate with their antibiotherapy an anti-inflammatory treatment.
A well-managed homeopathic treatment will ensure this function and can be established, parallel but not simultaneously in the mouth (for the same reason as the wine, alcohol, tobacco, etc. ; see below). Another example of this association benefit between non-homeopathic and homeopathic treatments is that of treatments, so-called support, that two friends homeopathic doctors have demonstrated in partnership with cancer services Homeopaths do not prescribe vaccines! If some, more and more rare, refuse the evidence of vaccine activity, the majority of them recognize the value (just as Hahnemann did about the jenniferian vaccine).
Everything at do they refuse the “all vaccine” and give priority to vaccines that have really evidence of their effects on health (percentage of the high protection rate and protection based on all the bacteria or viruses responsible and not on a only strain) and not only for their economic efficiency (decrease in job…). Homeopathy is not preventive, it is only curative! If it is true that basic principle, even, of homeopathy (individualization) requires to know the patient’s symptoms before he can determine the necessary treatment, Homeopathy can be very preventive.
On the one hand the preventive catch and early drug that corresponds to a symptom or disease that occurs always presents the same way can be a prevention. On the other hand, as this is a chronic disease, the field treatment or Reaction Mode Individual that specifically reinforces the terrain, makes it less sensitive to attackers or the triggers of the disease. This is the optimal solution.
Homeopathy is dangerous for babies, they can inhale a granule! The inhalation of a granule is not problematic: it will melt in the secretions Bronchial. My child has swallowed the entire tube, should I call the emergency department of my city ? Useless! The action of homeopathic medicine, as we have seen more high, is not quantitative but qualitative. Absorption of a large amount of granules will be neither more effective nor more toxic than that of 5 granules.
Homeopathy is contraindicated in cases of lactose intolerance! The quantity of lactose is extremely weak and five granules can not cause a reaction lactose intolerance. Homeopathy is contraindicated in case of diabetes! The amount of sugar brought by granules and globules can not cause problems in case of diabetes: a granule tube of 75 to 80 granules corresponds to 4 g of sugar and a dose tube to 1 g. The granules sugar is cariogenic! Granules and globules are not cariogenic and can be administered, even in the middle of the night, in case of nightmare …
Homeopathy is long! Treatment of a chronic or old disease several years can not be as brief as desired. But the treatment of a disease or an acute symptom (which is the subject of this book) is fast. Let’s say that if the
treatment did not result in a favorable reaction (ie, the symptom or disease remains unchanged) after 3 days it is necessary to consult. We must stop tea, coffee, tobacco, alcohol, mint, infusions when we take a homeopathic treatment! The granules or the entire contents of tube-dose are poured into the mouth. They melt in saliva and are fully absorbed by the sublingual bloodstream and do not pass through the stomach. This absorption path is extremely fast. But it is diminished when the caliber vessels is diminished, as is the case, for example, after the absorption of mint (mint has a vasoconstrictor action).
As for other substances, everyone knows that abuse is dangerous. However, for the hardcore (nobody is perfect …), it is better to take the granules or globules before drinking coffee or smoking a cigarette. In case of forgetfulness, it is best, before taking the homeopathic medicine, to wait twenty minutes to allow time for the mucous membranes of the mouth to clean. As my friend likes to say, Céline Julienne-Chauvel, pharmacist and a great connoisseur of homeopathy, with whom I have often taught
homeopathy training for pharmacists: “the mouth must be clean! ” For toddlers, they can be diluted in the bottle of milk (the base of the granules is lactose) and as, usually, one does not heat the bottle beyon 37 ° C (the body temperature), this is not a problem. Otherwise, we can dilute them in a small bottle of water (which they will suck throughout the day) or crush the granules between two small spoons to turn the granules into a powder that will be poured between the gum and the lower lip.
Homeopathy can heal everything! No, homeopathy can not cure everything! All like non-homeopathic medicines, homeopathic medicines can not handle everything. As noted by the Italian ethnologist Ernesto de Martino, only magical medical practices do not experience failure20. The action of homeopathic medicines depends on the reaction abilities of the individual. For example, one can not claim to treat insulin-dependent diabetes by homeopathy alone: the pancreas is totally inactive and no stimulation can not pretend to make it work. We reach there, what Dr. Becker qualifies, very judiciously, as the limits of the possibilities of reaction of the individual.
There is, therefore, no homeopathic medicine of diabetes. Finally, as we As we have seen above, the healing properties of the drug substance homeopathic must be revealed by a pathogenesis. No pathogenesis has shown symptoms suggestive of certain diseases such as example, a cancer. It is necessary to repeat it: there is no treatment homeopathic cancer since no serious homeopathic experimentation could not reveal the same symptoms as cancer.
Homeopathic background treatment is essential! If we consider a patient who, in 10 years, has never been sick and consults for rhinitis, Acute treatment, as presented in this book, will be amply sufficient. By
Again, another patient with recurrent rhinitis presents a chronic disease. It is therefore essential to introduce a field treatment. Do not touch the granules with your fingers! More nowadays, since granules undergo a triple impregnation. The active product goes deep into the granule, no longer remains on the surface and is not likely to dissolve in perspiration.
The homeopathic medicine delivers a magnetic message, so do not store them near his keys, his cell and the pharmacist should not spend the “Shower”! The message carried by the homeopathic medicine is perhaps magnetic type. Let’s wait, however, for the physical confirmation before tell. However, today, drugs are no longer delivered by oxcart. Our modern trucks produce a respectable amount of magnetic couples.
All homeopathic medicines, with or without passage of the “hand shower” should be totally ineffective. This is, fortunately, not the case. A globule dose is faster than 5 granules! Homeopaths Germans and Britons do not use blood cell doses and get excellent and fast results. The globule dose is an excellent conditioning when it comes of a punctual treatment. It is an essentially practical conditioning.
A 30 CH is stronger than 5 CH! The reasoning mode is not mathematical. Each situation corresponds to a dilution that is particular to it. Some symptoms or illnesses will respond better to drugs diluted CH; others at 30 CH dilutions. I do not have a 15 CH, I can not take 5 pellets. Too bad, I only have to take 15 in 5 CH! Unfortunately, a simple mathematical calculation proves that 15 granules diluted to one-tenth of a billionth (10-10) can not be equivalent to 5 granules diluted at the five-fold (10-30) …
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Hyderabad (Listeni/ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd/ HY-dər-ə-bad; often /ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh. Occupying 625 square kilometres along the banks of the Musi River, it has a population of about 6.8 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million, making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of 542 metres, much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar - predating the city's founding - north of the city centre.
Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025.
Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today, with the Charminar - commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah - coming to symbolise Hyderabad. Golconda fort is another major landmark. The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the city's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem. The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub, attracting men of letters from different parts of the world. Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century, with artists migrating to the city from the rest of the Indian subcontinent. While Hyderabad is losing its cultural pre-eminence, it is today, due to the Telugu film industry, the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures.
Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre, and it continues to be known as the City of Pearls. Many of the city's traditional bazaars, including Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar, have remained open for centuries. However, industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian manufacturing, research and financial institutions, including Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the National Geophysical Research Institute and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. Special economic zones dedicated to information technology have encouraged companies from across India and around the world to set up operations and the emergence of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the 1990s led to the area's naming as India's "Genome Valley". With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad is the fifth-largest contributor to India's overall gross domestic product.
HISTORY
TOPONYMY
According to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad means "Haydar's city" or "lion city", from haydar (lion) and ābād (city). It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens). One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it "Bhaganagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour. According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah.
EARLY AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY
Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE. The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda ("shepherd's hill"), and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE. Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal, 148 km northeast of modern Hyderabad.
The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khilji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur, Allaudin Khilji's general. During this period, Alauddin Khilji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golkonda, to Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga, 200 km west of Hyderabad, as its capital. The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.
Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar". The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort. The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad, about 550 km northwest of Hyderabad.
MODERN HISTORY
In 1713 Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal emperor, appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan, with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Masulipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.
Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake, and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services, underground drainage, running water, electricity, telecommunications, universities, industries, and Begumpet Airport. The Nizams ruled their princely state from Hyderabad during the British Raj.
After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union. The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until 31 October 1956. Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region. The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital. In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location. Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India; the President stays once a year in winter and conducts official business particularly relating to Southern India.
On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh,with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India in June 2014, Telangana state was formed.
GEOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY
Situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, Hyderabad is 1,566 kilometres south of Delhi, 699 kilometres southeast of Mumbai, and 570 kilometres north of Bangalore by road. It lies on the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. Greater Hyderabad covers 625 km2, making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an average altitude of 542 metres, Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres. The city has numerous lakes referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).
CLIMATE
Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C; monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C. Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C between April and June. The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C. May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26 to 39 °C; December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5 to 28 °C.
Heavy rain from the south-west summer monsoon falls between June and September, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall. Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 241.5 mm on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1 °C on 8 January 1946. The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February.
CONSERVATION
Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world. Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad.
ADMINISTRATION
COMMON CAPITAL OF TELANGANA AND ANDHRA PRADESH
According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5: "On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. After expiry of the period referred to in sub-section, Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."
The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18 of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of Telangana state assembly.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city's 18 "circles", which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect the Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education. The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 625 km2. In the 2009 municipal election, an alliance of the Indian National Congress and Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen formed the majority. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2, where there are several military camps. The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.
Law and order in Hyderabad city is supervised by the governor of Telangana. The jurisdiction is divided into two police commissionerates: Hyderabad and Cyberabad, which are again divided into four and five police zones respectively. Each zone is headed by a deputy commissioner.
The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city") and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).
As the seat of the government of Telangana, Hyderabad is home to the state's legislature, secretariat and high court, as well as various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court. The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies, which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India).
UTILITY SERVICES
The HMWSSB regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services and water supply, which is sourced from several dams located in the suburbs. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116-kilometre-long water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand. The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited manages electricity supply. As of October 2014, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department. The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.
POLLUTION CONTROL
Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar. Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has also led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year. Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable, is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels. This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.
HEALTHCARE
The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services. As of 2010–11, the city had 50 government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000. For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds, 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians. The city also has about 4,000 individual clinics and 500 medical diagnostic centres. Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities, despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005. As of 2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built. Hyderabad also has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.
In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8, which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut. The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births. The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight, while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.
DEMOGRAPHICS
When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 to 625 km2. Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 in the 2001 census to 6,809,970 in the 2011 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India, making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city. As of 2011, the population density is 18,480/km2. At the same 2011 census, the Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334, making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country. The population of the Hyderabad urban agglomeration has since been estimated by electoral officials to be 9.1 million as of early 2013 but is expected to exceed 10 million by the end of the year. There are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens - a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls - a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 82.96% (male 85.96%; female 79.79%), higher than the national average of 74.04%. The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class.
ETHNIC GROUPS, LANGUAGE AND RELIGION
Referred to as "Hyderabadi", residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Bengali, Gujarati (including Memon), Kannada (including Nawayathi), Malayalam, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities. Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people are also present; these communities, of which the Hadhrami are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Nizams.
Telugu is the official language of Hyderabad and Urdu is its second language. The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana, and the Urdu spoken is called Dakhani. English is also used. A significant minority speak other languages, including Hindi, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, Bengali and Kannada.
Hindus are in the majority. Muslims are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the Old City. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic temples, mosques and churches can be seen. According to the 2001 census, Hyderabad district's religious make-up was: Hindus (55.41%), Muslims (41.17%), Christians (2.43%), Jains (0.43%), Sikhs (0.29%) and Buddhists (0.02%); 0.23% did not state any religion.
SLUMS
In the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line. According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements. About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years. Overall literacy in the slums is 60–80% and female literacy is 52–73%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government aided schools, 175 private schools and 528 community halls in the slum areas. According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to ₹20000 (US$300) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is ₹24000 (US$360) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.72% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.17% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.
NEIGHBOURHOODS
The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the "Old City", while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul ("old bridge"). Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar.
Many historic and tourist sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, the Mecca Masjid, the Salar Jung Museum, the Nizam's Museum, the Falaknuma Palace, and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market, Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazaar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the Hyderabad Mint, the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium.
North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad Railway Station. Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here. In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills, Jubilee Hills, Begumpet, Khairatabad and Miyapur. The northern end contains industrial areas such as Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Patancheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas. In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City. The "Cyberabad" area in the southwest and west of the city has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport, Osman Sagar, Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park.
LANDMARKS
Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles. After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad. In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".
Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches. The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of Golconda fort built in the 16th century. The Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Charkaman and Qutb Shahi tombs are other existing structures of this period. Among these the Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m-high minaret. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards Golconda fort. The Charminar, Qutb Shahi tombs and Golconda fort are considered to be monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status.
Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Falaknuma Palace and many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, Osmania University, the State Central Library, City College, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad and Kachiguda railway stations. Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.
ECONOMY
Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012. Its US$74 billion GDP made it the fifth-largest contributor city to India's overall GDP in 2011–12. Its per capita annual income in 2011 was ₹44300 (US$670). As of 2006, the largest employers in the city were the governments of Andhra Pradesh (113,098 employees) and India (85,155). According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed. The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.
Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "City of Pearls" and up until the 18th century, the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds. Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB) were established in the city. The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE), and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecasted to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014. The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre. Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.
Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts, sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres. Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.
The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city. As of 2010, the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products, contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "Genome Valley of India". Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City). As of 2013, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city. The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad. The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms, including global conglomerates such as Microsoft (operating its largest R&D campus outside the US), Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Dell, Facebook, and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris and Wipro. In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business. The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.
Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force. According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing. Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female, and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall. Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders. Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (75¢ US) to ₹800 (US$12) per day. Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.
CULTURE
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian sub continent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu. This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted. A further consequence of this north–south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana.[164] The mixing of religions has also resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims.
Traditional Hyderabadi garb also reveals a mix of Muslim and South Asian influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta - paijama and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez. Muslim women also commonly wear burqas and hijabs in public. In addition to the traditional Indian and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths.
LITERATURE
In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Nizams attracted artists, architects and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia). The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani Urdu literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu. Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts. The reign of the Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education. In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai - the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan - was published in Hyderabad.
Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity. Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891, and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.
MUSIC AND FILMS
South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Kathakali styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams, and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture, and were appointed to teach singing, poetry and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy. This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music, dholak ke geet (household songs based on local Folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events. The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.
Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama, the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam. Although not a purely music oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances. The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood and as of 2012, produces the second largest number of films in India with the largest number being produced by Bollywood. Films in the local Hyderabadi dialect are also produced and have been gaining popularity since 2005. The city has also hosted international film festivals such as the International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival. In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio.
ART AND HANDICRAFTS
The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani painting. Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style. The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery.
Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: Bidriware, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag under the auspices of the WTO act; and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads. Another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as Machilipatnam that uses both hand and block techniques. Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"), the AP State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum.
CUISINE
Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices. Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem, with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines, have become iconic dishes of India. Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughlai and to some extent by French, Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines. Other popular native dishes include nihari, chakna, baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).
MEDIA
One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, The Deccan Times, was established in the 1780s. In modern times, the major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu, Andhra Jyothy, Sakshi and Namaste Telangana, while the major English papers are The Times of India, The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle, and the major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad. Many coffee table magazines, professional magazines and research journals are also regularly published. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935, with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000. The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM and Big FM.
Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan, the Government of India's public service broadcaster, which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV. Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television. Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies. The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998. In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.
EDUCATION
Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a "10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions. Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with a higher secondary facility. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities and three central universities. The central universities are the University of Hyderabad, Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University. Osmania University, established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 is India's second most popular institution for international students. The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance learning open university in India.
Hyderabad is also home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN). Hyderabad has five major medical schools - Osmania Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences - and many affiliated teaching hospitals. The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine. Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.
Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development, the Indian School of Business, the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad) and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015.
SPORTS
The most popular sports played in Hyderabad are cricket and association football. At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women's tennis tournament, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship. The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey, the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football, and for cricket, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association. Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups. The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy - a first-class cricket tournament among India's states and cities. Hyderabad is also home to the Indian Premier League franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad. A previous franchise was the Deccan Chargers, which won the 2009 Indian Premier League held in South Africa.
During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built. Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist. In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan 1/4 Mile Drag, TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.
International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include: cricketers Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub and Noel David; football players Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali; tennis player Sania Mirza; badminton players S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, P. V. Sindhu, Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan.
TRANSPORT
The most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network. Hyderabad's light rail transportation system, the Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160,000 passengers daily. Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities). Intercity rail services also operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad Railway Station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan Station, Kachiguda Railway Station, Begumpet Railway Station, Malkajgiri Railway Station and Lingampally Railway Station. The Hyderabad Metro, a new rapid transit system, is to be added to the existing public transport infrastructure and is scheduled to operate three lines by 2015. As of 2012, there are over 3.5 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 74% are two-wheelers, 15% cars and 3% three-wheelers. The remaining 8% include buses, goods vehicles and taxis. The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage - roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area - has led to widespread traffic congestion especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road. The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India, and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease the congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h for light commercial vehicles and buses.
Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-7 runs 2,369 km from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-9, runs 841 km east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, and Pune, Maharashtra; and the 280 km NH-163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh. Five state highways, SH-1, SH-2, SH-4, SH-5 and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.
Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) in 2008, with the capacity of handling 12 million passengers and 100,000 tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2011, Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the world's best airport in the 5–15 million passenger category and the world's fifth best airport for service quality.
WIKIPEDIA
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