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About 75% of the traders at the cattle market at Abuko belong to the Fulani tribe. In other West African countries they are sometimes better known as Fula, Peulh, Peul, or Fulbe. In Gambia they are about 18% of the total population.
There is a section for sheep and goats and a section for cows and bulls.
Fulani Girl by Irene Becker © All rights reserved.
Taraba State, Northeast Nigeria.
On the Lankoveri to Lau Rd.
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Fulani Woman by Irene Becker © All rights reserved.
Kajuru, Northwest Nigeria.
Jan 7, 2023, Explore #283
Scan from slide ....................................................................................1998
Fulani Woman by Irene Becker © All rights reserved.
Kajuru, Northwest Nigeria.
In traditional culture, tribal marks serve not only as a means of identification but also as protection.
At the Well in Yusufari by Irene Becker © All rights reserved.
From the archive, the series "Bulatura Sector"
My impression of the journey to Bade Emirate in Yobe State where I traveled to the remote areas in the Sahel zone, the Bulatura Oases in 2009.
The sector has a series of swampy valleys separated by scenic dunes.
The route: Gashua, Kachallari, Yusufari, Tuli-Tulo Oases, Laridi Oases, Kachimaram Oases, Burumwadi Oases, Tulo-Tulo Kulbuwa Oases, Jarari, Jajari, Fatimeri, Kuriwakko Dunes, Maimalari Dunes, Gu Malanti, Mainari.
People living here are farmers and livestock keepers. The valleys contain rich deposits of potash that are sold by traders at Gashua Potash Market.
The ethnic groups are the Kanuri, Fulani, Hausa. Bade, Shuwa, Marghi, and Manga.
Collecting water from a pond by Irene Becker © All rights reserved.
Kajuru, Northwest Nigeria.
Nov 18, 2022 Explore #238
A multiethnic mix of Muslim worshipers file out of Djenné’s Great Mosque after Friday morning prayers - Niger River inland delta, central Mali, West Africa. High resolution Noritsu Koki film scan, Asahi Pentax SP Spotmatic, (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), circa 1976.
The mosque is considered the world’s largest adobe building and one of the greatest achievements of Sudano-Sahelian architecture, unique to the semi-arid Sahel zone that stretches across northern Africa just south of an encroaching Sahara.
© All rights to these photos and descriptions are reserved. expl#32
Peul (Fulani, Fulbe, Fula) herder and nobleman with traditional wide-brimmed fibre-and-leather conical hat, headed to the weekly market outside Djenné's Great Mosque, Niger River inland delta, central Mali, West Africa.
This Peul herdsman is likely from the class of “free nobles” (mostly nomadic herders, religious and political leaders, some tradesmen and sedentary cultivators) at the top of a highly stratified caste-based Peul society.
Ethnographers distinguish this class from lower-tiered occupational groups or “castes” (griot story tellers and song-praisers, artisans, blacksmiths, potters, woodworkers, dress makers) and descendants of slaves (labourers, brick makers, house builders).
Digital film scan, Asahi Pentax Spotmatic (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), shot directly under the noonday sun, circa 1976. explore#23
© All rights to these photos and descriptions are reserved.
A palaver ensues outside the Great Mosque of Djenné after Friday morning prayers - Niger River inland delta, central Mali, West Africa. Digital film scan, Asahi Pentax Spotmatic (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), shot directly under the noonday sun, circa 1976. expl#18
© All rights reserved
Rethinking Portraiture | Personal Faves | National Geographic
© All rights to these photos and descriptions are reserved
Passengers are greeted as cargo is unloaded from a Peugeot bush taxi or taxi-brousse in front of the Great Mosque in Djenné, an ancient trading town and center of Muslim scholarship strategically situated in the Inland Niger Delta region of Central Mali, West Africa.
While travel by shared bush taxi is slow, uncomfortable, and prone to breakdowns, it can be a highly entertaining experience and remains an essential mode of travel throughout the region.
Bush taxis of this kind tend to leave only when they are fully occupied. That can take several hours to a full tedious day of waiting before departure. They are known to break down with an excess of passengers and cargo. My ride in the back of this small pickup was shared with nine or ten crammed passengers, several sacks of millet on the cargo floor, and a clutch of clucking chickens.
Djenné’s grand mosque is considered the world’s largest adobe building and one of the greatest achievements of Sudano-Sahelian architecture, unique to the semi-arid Sahel zone that stretches across northern Africa just south of an encroaching Sahara.
~~~
Postrscript - Nowadays, easy access to markets, pastures, and farmlands is hampered as ethnic strife and inter-communal violence continue to erupt under a fragile Malian state with a troubled history of military coups.
Chronic insecurities around the ancient town of Djenné and the central regions of Mali are fuelled by longstanding indigenous concerns over the struggle for scarce natural resources - agricultural land for settled farmers versus water and grazing land for semi-nomadic Peul herdsmen.
Recruitment among Peul (Fulani, Fulbe, Fula) herding communities by armed Islamist groups has escalated tensions in the sedentary agrarian communities (Bambara, Dogon, Tellem, Bozo, and others) who rely on access to agricultural lands for their livelihood.
The current military junta has relied on hired mercenaries from the private Russian-backed Wagner Group (now rebranded as the new "Africa Corps") for its security needs, coinciding with the recent French withdrawal of troops from the region. By providing protection to the Malian military regime, Moscow-centred paramilitary groups have increased their power and access to Mali's valued natural resources and critical minerals.
These events in Mali and the neighbouring Sahel states of Niger and Burkina Faso, and elsewhere around the globe, are relevant to the current fratricidal war in Eastern Europe and the larger "big power" struggle over supremacy in a rapidly changing international order.
Noritsu Koki QSS-31 digital film scan, shot with an Asahi Pentax Spotmatic (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), circa 1976. expl#41
© All rights to these photos and descriptions are reserved
Peul (Fulani, Fulbe, Fula) nobelwomen with tattooed lips and gold earrings. Semi-nomadic pastoral settlement in the Hombori region of central Mali - part of the semi-arid Sahel zone that stretches across northern Africa just south of an encroaching Sahara. High resolution Noritsu Koki slide scan, Asahi Pentax SP Spotmatic, (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), circa 1976.
Peul women of this region often tattoo their lips, gums, and the area around the mouth before marriage, a painful aesthetic practice and rite of passage signifying marital status.
The extravagant earrings or "kwottenai kanye" symbolize the wealth and prestige of a husband or family based largely on the ownership of cattle among the Peul of the region.
The earrings are also an aesthetic symbol of cultural pride and identity, usually passed on as a gift from a husband to his wife or an heirloom to a daughter on the death of her mother.
Documentary Portraiture | National Geographic | BodyArt
© All rights reserved. expl#335
A multiethnic mix of Muslim worshipers file out of Djenné’s Great Mosque after Friday morning prayers - Niger River inland delta, central Mali, West Africa. Digital film scan, Asahi Pentax Spotmatic (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), circa 1976.
© All rights reserved
Peul (Fulani, Fulbe, Fula) herdsmen with traditional wide-brimmed fibre-and-leather conical hats meet at the weekly market in front of Djenné's Great Mosque. A colourful multiethnic gathering of herders and traders converges at the mosque from the surrounding regions and fertile flood plains of the Niger River inland delta in central Mali. Digital film scan, Asahi Pentax Spotmatic, shot directly under the noonday sun, circa 1976.
The Great Mosque of Djenné towers over the market in a seemingly apocalyptic backdrop on this day. The mosque is considered the world’s largest adobe building and one of the greatest achievements of Sudano-Sahelian architecture, unique to the semi-arid Sahel zone that stretches across northern Africa just south of an encroaching Sahara.
These Peul herdsmen are likely from the class of “free nobles” (mostly nomadic herders, religious and political leaders, some tradesmen and sedentary cultivators) at the top of a highly stratified caste-based Peul society.
Ethnographers distinguish this class from lower-tiered occupational groups or “castes” (griot story tellers and song-praisers, artisans, blacksmiths, potters, woodworkers, dress makers) and descendants of slaves (labourers, brick makers, house builders).
~~~
Postrscript - The enchanting Arabian Nights imagery emanating out of this ancient marketplace at the time if this photo shoot (1976) is reminiscent of a seemingly bygone Sahelian era devoid of smartphones, credit cards and packaged safari tours.
Nowadays, nascent tourism is on hold and easy access to markets, pastures and farmlands is hampered as ethnic strife and inter-communal violence continue to erupt under a fragile or failed Malian state with a troubled history of military coups.
The current military junta relies on mercenaries from the private Russian-backed Wagner Group for its security needs, coinciding with the recent French withdrawal of troops from the region. By providing protection to the Malian military regime, the Moscow-centered paramilitary group has increased its power and access to Mali's scarce natural resources.
In 2018, Human Rights Watch reported that the Mopti region of central Mali has become an epicentre of inter-rethnic conflict, fuelled by a steady escalation of violence by armed Islamist groups largely allied with Al Qaeda’s advance from the north since 2015.
Recruitment to the militant Islamist movement from Peul pastoral herding communities has inflamed tensions within sedentary agrarian communities (Bambara, Dogon, Tellem, Bozo and others) who rely on access to agricultural lands for their livelihood.
Predominantly Muslim but opposing ethnic self-defence militias on both sides have been formed for the protection of their own respective communities. This has contributed to a continuous cycle of violent attacks and reprisals touching villages and hamlets, pastures and farmlands, and some marketplaces.
While communal tensions are profoundly connected to a larger ethnopolitical conflict unfolding in northern Mali, chronic insecurities around the ancient town of Djenné and in the broader central regions of Mali are exacerbated by longstanding indigenous concerns over a struggle for scarce natural resources - agricultural land for settled farmers versus water and grazing land for semi-nomadic Peul herdsmen.
Efforts at mediation in the area around Djenné and the grand mosque include a Humanitarian Agreement specifically among Bambara and Bozo farmers, Dogan "hunters" protecting farmers' interests and Peul herders, all committed to guaranteeing the freedom of movement of people, goods and livestock in the "Circle of Djenné" situated in the Mopti region of central Mali.
© All rights to these photos and descriptions are reserved. Any use of this work requires my prior written permission. explore#19
Social Documentary | Documentary Portraiture | Lonely Planet | National Geographic
When I first saw this Doux Joya hairstyle at the Equal monthly event, I immediately thought of Bo Derek in the movie “10.” During that sexy scene when she ran along the beach, Bo instantly popularized the cornrow hairstyle more than any other actress in history.
According to the star, there no other hairstyles considered for this movie. This cornrow hairstyle's impact created such a life-changing moment for her and women's fashion alike.
Known as Fulani braids, after the Fulani women of East and West Africa, this hairstyle has become one of the greatest iconic statements of all time.
Bo Derek was truly one the most gorgeous and natural beauties of her era. Without a doubt, wearing this Doux Joya Hairstyle will transform your look into the perfect “10.”
Equal Event Taxi:
© All rights to these photos and descriptions are reserved. Any use of this work requires my prior written permission.
Peul noblewoman (Fulani, Fulbe, Fula) with tattooed lips and gold earrings from a semi-nomadic pastoral settlement in the Hombori region of central Mali, part of the semi-arid Sahel zone that stretches across northern Africa just south of an encroaching Sahara. High resolution Noritsu Koki slide scan, Asahi Pentax SP Spotmatic, (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), circa 1976.
Peul women of this region often tattoo their lips, gums and the area around the mouth before marriage, a painful aesthetic practice and rite of passage signifying marital status.
The extravagant gold earrings or "kwottenai kanye" symbolize the wealth and prestige of a husband or family based largely on the ownership of cattle among the semi-nomadic pastoral Peul of this region.
The earrings are also an aesthetic symbol of cultural pride and identity, usually passed on as a gift from a husband to his wife or an heirloom to a daughter on the death of her mother.
The large earrings are made by local smiths or artisans concentrated mostly in the Mopti region of central Mali. They are crafted from a 14-karat bar of gold that is first chiseled and heated over a fire, then hammered into thin blades and twisted into a four-lobe shape.
This proud and elegant Peul woman is likely from the class of “free nobles” (mostly nomadic herders, religious and political leaders, some tradesmen and sedentary cultivators) at the top of a highly stratified caste-based Peul society.
Ethnographers distinguish this class from lower-tiered occupational groups or hereditary “castes” (griot story tellers and song-praisers, artisans, blacksmiths, potters, woodworkers, dress makers) and descendants of slaves (labourers, brick makers, house builders).
A multiethnic mix of Muslim worshipers file out of Djenné’s Great Mosque after Friday morning prayers - Niger River inland delta, central Mali, West Africa. Digital film scan, Asahi Pentax Spotmatic (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), circa 1976.
© All rights reserved
Outside the Great Mosque of Djenné after Friday prayers, Niger River inland delta, central Mali, West Africa. Digital film scan, Asahi Pentax Spotmatic (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), shot directly under the noonday sun, circa 1976.
The Great Mosque of Djenné towers above an ancient labyrinth of traditional flat-roofed two-storey adobe houses and narrow backstreets, situated on the flood plain of the Niger River delta in central Mali. Noritsu Koki QSS-31 digital film scan, shot with an Asahi Pentax Spotmatic (SMC Pentax Zoom 45~125mm f/4), circa 1976.
The Great Mosque is the world’s largest adobe building and one of the greatest achievements of Sudano-Sahelian architecture, unique to the semi-arid Sahel zone that stretches across northern Africa just south of the Sahara.
A Peul (Fulani, Fulbe, Fula) herder wearing the iconic wide-brimmed fibre-and-leather conical hat can be seen on his way to Djenné's weekly Monday market in front of the Great Mosque where a colourful multi-ethnic gathering of traders converge from the surrounding regions.
Portrait of an Mbororo man at a Gerewol festival - Cameroon.
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