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Explore #12
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Foro Romano - Roma - Italia / Roman Forum - Rome - Italy
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de/from: Wikipedia
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es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foro_Romano
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Foro Romano
El Foro Romano (en latín, Forum Romanum, aunque los romanos se referían a él comúnmente como Forum Magnum o simplemente Forum) era el foro de la ciudad de Roma, es decir, la zona central —semejante a las plazas centrales en las ciudades actuales— donde se encuentran las instituciones de gobierno, de mercado y religiosas. Al igual que hoy en día, era donde tenían lugar el comercio, los negocios, la prostitución, la religión y la administración de justicia. En él se situaba el hogar comunal.
Series de restos de pavimento muestran que sedimentos erosionados desde las colinas circundantes ya estaban elevando el nivel del foro en la primera época de la República. Originalmente había sido un terreno pantanoso, que fue drenado por los Tarquinios mediante la Cloaca Máxima. Su pavimento de travertino definitivo, que aún puede verse, data del reinado de César Augusto.
Actualmente es famoso por sus restos, que muestran elocuentemente el uso de los espacios urbanos durante el Imperio romano. El Foro Romano incluye los siguientes monumentos, edificios y demás ruinas antiguas importantes:
Templo de Cástor y Pólux
Templo de Rómulo
Templo de Saturno
Templo de Vesta
Casa de las Vestales
Templo de Venus y Roma
Templo de César
Basílica Emilia
Basílica Julia
Arco de Septimio Severo
Arco de Tito
Rostra (plural de rostrum), la tribuna desde donde los políticos daban sus discursos a los ciudadanos romanos.
Curia Julia, sede del Senado.
Basílica de Majencio y Constantino
Tabulario
Templo de Antonino y Faustina
Regia
Templo de Vespasiano y Tito
Templo de la Concordia
Templo de Jano
Un camino procesional, la Vía Sacra, cruza el Foro Romano conectándolo con el Coliseo. Al final del Imperio perdió su uso cotidiano quedando como lugar sagrado.
El último monumento construido en el Foro fue la Columna de Focas. Durante la Edad Media, aunque la memoria del Foro Romano persistió, los edificios fueron en su mayor parte enterrados bajo escombros y su localización, la zona entre el monte Capitolino y el Coliseo, fue designada Campo Vaccinio o ‘campo bovino’. El regreso del papa Urbano V desde Aviñón en 1367 despertó un creciente interés por los monumentos antiguos, en parte por su lección moral y en parte como cantera para construir nuevos edificios. Se extrajo gran cantidad de mármol para construcciones papales (en el Vaticano principalmente) y para cocer en hornos creados en el mismo foro para hacer cal. Miguel Ángel expresó en muchas ocasiones su oposición a la destrucción de los restos. Artistas de finales del siglo XV dibujaron las ruinas del Foro, los anticuarios copiaron inscripciones desde el siglo XVI y se comenzó una excavación profesional a finales del siglo XVIII. Un cardenal tomó medidas para drenarlo de nuevo y construyó el barrio Alessadrine sobre él. No obstante, la excavación de Carlo Fea, quien empezó a retirar los escombros del Arco de Septimio Severo en 1803, y los arqueólogos del régimen napoleónico marcaron el comienzo de la limpieza del Foro, que no fue totalmente excavado hasta principios del siglo XX.
En su estado actual, se muestran juntos restos de varios siglos, debido a la práctica romana de construir sobre ruinas más antiguas.
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum
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The Roman Forum
The Roman Forum, also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum (Italian: Foro Romano), is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the Forum Magnum, or simply the Forum.
For centuries the Forum was the center of day-to-day life in Rome: the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs. Here statues and monuments commemorated the city's great men. The teeming heart of ancient Rome, it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history.Located in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills, the Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and intermittent archaeological excavations attracting 4.5 million or more sightseers yearly.
Many of the oldest and most important structures of the ancient city were located on or near the Forum. The Roman Kingdom's earliest shrines and temples were located on the southeastern edge. These included the ancient former royal residence, the Regia (8th century BC), and the Temple of Vesta (7th century BC), as well as the surrounding complex of the Vestal Virgins, all of which were rebuilt after the rise of imperial Rome.
Other archaic shrines to the northwest, such as the Umbilicus Urbis and the Vulcanal (Shrine of Vulcan), developed into the Republic's formal Comitium (assembly area). This is where the Senate—as well as Republican government itself—began. The Senate House, government offices, tribunals, temples, memorials and statues gradually cluttered the area.
Over time the archaic Comitium was replaced by the larger adjacent Forum and the focus of judicial activity moved to the new Basilica Aemilia (179 BC). Some 130 years later, Julius Caesar built the Basilica Julia, along with the new Curia Julia, refocusing both the judicial offices and the Senate itself. This new Forum, in what proved to be its final form, then served as a revitalized city square where the people of Rome could gather for commercial, political, judicial and religious pursuits in ever greater numbers.
Eventually much economic and judicial business would transfer away from the Forum Romanum to the larger and more extravagant structures (Trajan's Forum and the Basilica Ulpia) to the north. The reign of Constantine the Great saw the construction of the last major expansion of the Forum complex—the Basilica of Maxentius (312 AD). This returned the political center to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later.
The view of the setting sun across the Brecon Beacons/Bannau Brycheiniog from the Blorenge.
© www.stevetholephotography.com. All Rights Reserved
These desert flowers bloom abundantly here....so I'm going to keep after them with my camera until it's all over for this Spring. Again, presented with a nod to Georgia O'Keefe. Photographed in Sedona, Arizona. EXPLORE Worthy, Challenge 91 - Finally Spring! (Art from 2017)
• View from inside the Palais des Congrès de Montréal, a conference and exhibition center, located in Old Montreal, borough of Ville-Marie.
• Vue depuis l'intérieur du Palais des Congrès de Montréal, un centre de conférence et d'exposition situé dans le Vieux-Montréal, arrondissement de Ville-Marie.
• Vista desde el interior del Palais des Congrès de Montréal, un centro de conferencias y exposiciones, ubicado en el Viejo Montreal, municipio de Ville-Marie.
gerbera and rose in red - for Christmas and to cheer up the weather - taken from my bunch of birthday flowers
🔺many thanks for views, comments and favs - and I send you good wishes for a peaceful time🔻
This picture is part of a series I took on the From Ashes Roleplay sim. Thanks мαℓση ηιsнι for asking me!
Landmarks:
Hellscape Portal: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/From%20Ashes/150/31/1613
Glades:
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/From%20Ashes/102/88/805
Docks:
Shadow and I, enjoying the moment in this abandoned old house. Taiwan.
(thanks to my friend for the shot)
View from Magdeburg Cathedral
City Park and City Hall. (remodeling)
Stadtpark und Stadthalle im Umbau.
He made the moon to mark the seasons,
and the sun knows when to go down.
- Psalm 104, verse 19
(The consequence of Psalm 104 was discussed at length on Meditation on Light)
Several old sages from the first and second centuries pondered; how the sun knows when to rise and set? None of them could offered any relevant answer for over thousand years. Finally on the 13 century Rabbi David Kimhi was able to tackle the conundrum and to come up with a valid interpretation in which the sun, unlike the moon, has internal light source of its own. This akin to momentarily special moment(s) some of you were fortunate to be in - the moment the eye of a person flashed in unearthly colour and you just knew…
From the series "Plastic Planet"
"Everybody's plastic, but I love plastic. I want to be plastic". Andy Warhol.
Another from my day at Stonehenge. I've said before it was fascinating staying all day watching the stones change colour with the weather. A torrential downpour had just passed over causing everyone to run for cover. I was just about the only one prepared to stay put and get soaked. When the sun came out I had the site to myself. A magical place to be.
What are your associations when you hear the term "class struggle"? It is probably an educated guess that a lot of history will pop up, including that of the socialist and trade union movements and even that of Marxism and Communism. Can I invite you to widen the perspective and, as I would see it, to look at what goes really on in a lot of western societies, particularly that of the UK? What is happening here can indeed be described as class struggle, but it is not that coming from below. It is class struggle from above. It is the people of wealth who are using the political and legal systems of the modern state in order to gratify themselves and exclude the large majority from the benefits of their own work. Profits are invested wherever the most lucrative gains can be made, and this means that capital is being exported, not re-invested at home. Tax avoidance is another characteristic of class struggle from above, I probably don't need to go into details. You must also have noticed that over the last three decades work has become cheap. A generation ago, one earner (usually the husband) was able to sustain the life of a family, today, you would need two earners to do the same. And the jobs they would be having would be insecure too. In the UK, as in France as well, there is opposition to this process of continuously eroding the people's access to life's opportunities. In Britain, people are on strike for a very good reason. Fuji X-Pro3.
Nr. 70 Birgit Kinder: Test the rest
The East Side Gallery ( East-Side-Gallery) memorial in Berlin-Friedrichshain is a permanent open-air gallery on the longest surviving section of the Berlin Wall in Mühlenstraße between the Berlin Ostbahnhof and the Oberbaumbrücke along the Spree. It consists of a series of murals painted directly on a 1,316 m (4,318 ft) long remnant of the Berlin Wall, located near the centre of Berlin, on Mühlenstraße in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg.
In the spring of 1990, after the opening of the Berlin Wall, this section was painted by 118 artists from 21 countries. The artists commented on the political changes of 1989/90 in a good hundred paintings on the side of the Wall that was formerly facing East Berlin. Due to urban development measures, it is no longer completely preserved, and instead of the originals from then, only the replicas from 2009 exist today.
The actual border at this point was the Kreuzberg bank of the Spree. The gallery is located on the so-called hinterland wall, which closed off the border area to East Berlin. Mühlenstrasse, one of the main arterial roads to the south, ran along these border installations. Due to the spatial conditions, the previously usual concrete pipes were already installed here, so that the interior wall in this area was atypically optically, but somewhat elevated, resembling the outer wall.
The gallery has official status as a Denkmal, or heritage-protected landmark. According to the Künstlerinitiative East Side Gallery e.V., an association of the artists involved in the project, "The East Side Gallery is understood as a monument to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the peaceful negotiation of borders and conventions between societies and people", and has more than three million visitors per year.
Then from my heart will young petals diverge,
As rays of the sun from their focus;
I from the darkness of earth shall emerge,
A happy and beautiful Crocus! H.F. Gold
and upon this world i cast a great shadow.
And from that shadow i spread pain and misery for the world could know my suffering
Taken yesterday as we were about to return home from our 3 days at the seaside most local to us - after a full english breakfast at the beach cafe off course. I had hoped to catch up a little last night but events caught up with us so I couldn't - and today more stuff happening plus we fetch Leo from school too today. Comments are still turned off till I can peruse your wonderful inspirational photography. I checked my settings and comments are definitely set to off but thank you to those people who accidently circumvented it for your kindness in leaving those lovely comments....the weather was kind and the break was all the nicer for that but off course the news was and still is bad but words of optimism were spoken today so I hope things continue in that vein...Sue x
For personal reasons re a friend of mine ( not a Flickr member ) I shall be off Flickr a while, hopefully not too long if things go well with my friend who is awaiting a life saving operation in the very near future…Sue x
For the Macro Monday challenge "Wavy Lines" (July 18th 2022)
A small portion of a Japanese paper fan, partially open. Lit from the side, as there was no sunshine that morning.
A size guide shot is in the first comment field.
My 2022 MM set: Here
and previous years of the Macro Mondays challenge:
My 2021 set: Here
My 2020 set: Here
My 2019 set: Here
My 2018 set: Here
My 2017 set: Here
My 2016 set: Here
My 2015 set: Here
My 2014 set: Here
My 2013 set: Here
For 51 years I and my family have lived here in the forest 2 km. from the nearest neighbor. I've loved every minute.
Høvåg is a village in Lillesand municipality in Aust-Agder county, Norway. The village is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southwest of the town of Lillesand and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northeast of the city of Kristiansand. The village lies on the northern shore of the Kjerkekilen, a strait leading from the Blindleia to the Isefjorden. The village is the site of Høvåg Church and from 1865 until 1962, it was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Høvåg.