View allAll Photos Tagged Exterminator
The 27th of January is internationally recognized as the Holocaust rememberence day since the most infamous of all the extermination camps, Auschwitz-Birkenau, was liberated the 27th of January 1945 so I though this might be an appropriate photo.
this is the electrified barbed wire fence surrounding the original camp later known as "Auschwitz I" which entrance states the deceptive "Arbeit macht frei". It is located in the small polish city of Oświęcim but it is the german name Auschwitz which has immortalized the town.
The day we visited it was snowing constantly and the cold was biting which made photography somewhat difficult but gave some sense of what the hardships of the prisoners even though it is hard to comprehend the full scope of the hell they went through.
The site has been recognized as a UNESCO world heritage since 1974 but the inscribed name was recently clarified to "German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp". Unlike most world heritages Auschwitz isn't inscribed to celebrate the diversity of humanity - It is inscribed to help us remember because as the saying goes: He who does not know history is condemned to repeat it.
You should watch this Large On Black since that brings out much more details. My pictures aren't balanced for a white background and a lot of the finer details are lost in this small format.
The Aspang station in National Socialism
In contrast to Germany, where the Jewish population was deported from several cities, the central location for the deportations of the Jewish population of Vienna and Austria was Vienna's Aspang railway station in the 3rd district. In the course of the deportations, which departed from Vienna between February 1941 and October 1942, the majority of the Jewish population was deported from there to ghettos and extermination camps in the east. The station, which is a bit off the main train stations or main railway lines and therefore less frequented, was probably chosen deliberately for this purpose. At the same time, however, the station was located in the middle of the city, so that the sometimes weekly deportation of about a thousand Jews was not unnoticed, but followed before the eyes of the population. Between 1939 and 1945, a total of 48,953 Jews were deported from Vienna, 47,035 of them in 47 transports from Vienna's Aspangbahnhof.
Deportations from the Aspang station - transports and number of victims
The first two transports handled at Aspang Station were those from October 20 and 26, 1939, to Nisko on the river San, with which 1,584 Jewish men were deported from Vienna, who had previously been interned in the Gänsbacher alley transit camp. The bulk of the Jewish population was deported with the 1941 spring deportations and the major deportations between October 1941 and October 1942 - a total of 45,451 women, men and children in 45 transports, with each transport between 900 and over 1000 people. Among them were not only Viennese, but also Jews from the federal states, who had been expelled to Vienna in 1938/39. Politically persecuted, stateless Jews and other non-Jewish groups of victims, however, were sent in the years 1938/39 mainly from Westbahnhof (Western Railway Station) to Dachau and Buchenwald, and later also to Mauthausen. The Nordbahnhof (Norther Railway Station) only served as a deportation station for smaller and individual transports after the completion of the major deportations from 1943 to the end of the war. In the years 1943-1945 a total of 1,918 Jews were deported.
According to the calculations of the historian Jonny Moser, only a total of 1,734 Jews survived the deportation to the ghettos and extermination camps. Of the 45,451 in the years 1941 and 1942 deported from the Aspang station, the majority was murdered, 989 people survived, including the via Theresienstadt to Auschwitz deported later writer Ruth Klüger.
Destinations of the deportation trains
The destinations of the deportations were the "Generalgouvernement (the German administered part of Poland during World War II)" (Nisko, Opole, Kielce, Modliborczicze, Łagów / Opatów and Izbica), Łódź (Warthegau), Riga (Latvia), Minsk with Maly Trostinec (Belarus), Theresienstadt/Terezin ("Protectorate") and Auschwitz (Upper Silesia). The train journey lasted between two days and one week. About half of all deportees from Vienna came to Theresienstadt (15,122 people) and Minsk / Maly Trostinec (9,471 people). From Theresienstadt around half of the Jews from the former Austria were sent on between August 1942 and October 1944 to Auschwitz and other places of extermination, such as Treblinka, and murdered, including the sisters of Sigmund Freud.
Roma and Sinti
Most of the Austrian Roma and Sinti were deported from train stations in Burgenland and Styria, partly directly from the Lackenbach detention camp. Some of the Roma and Sinti living in Vienna, including the family of Ceija Stojka (1933-2013), were also deported from Vienna in 1943. Since at this time the Aspang station was no longer used for deportation transports, it can be assumed that Roma and Sinti were not deported from there.
The Aspang station in the years 1945-2002
After the Second World War, the Aspang station was used by the British occupation as a station for supplies. The passenger operation was maintained until 1971. This year, the rapid-transit railway station Rennweg was opened. The station building was demolished in the summer of 1977. The historic railway line, however, continued to exist and was later used by the airport express train (S7) and as a freight yard. The railway area was still used until 2001 as a freight yard. In 2002, the entire railway system of the Aspang Railway was broken off and a tunnel was built for the airport rapid transit railway. Furthermore, a crossing-free link was created with the rapid transit main line. As a result, traffic usage disappeared underground and was also the prelude to a high-quality urban development of the entire Aspang area.
Memorial stone and planned memorial
A commemorative plaque erected in 1983 with the call "Never forget!" recalls the Jews deported in the years 1939-1942 from the former Aspang station. In 1995, the city of Vienna renamed the forecourt into Place of the Victims of the Deportation.
On the grounds of the former Aspang station, the new district of Eurogate is under construction. The Leon Zelman Park located there was named after the founder of the "Jewish Welcome Service". An educational campus with kindergarten and schools will be named after Aron Menczer (1917-1943), head of the Zionist Youth Aliyah. Aron Menczer was deported to Theresienstadt on 24 September 1942 with one of the last major transports and murdered in Auschwitz in 1943. A memorial for the victims of the deportation is to be erected on the site until the summer of 2017.
Opening of the Aspangbahnhof Memorial September 7, 2017
The memorial at the Aspangbahnhof was on 7 September 2017 in the presence of City Councilor Andreas Mailath-Pokorny, Municipal Councilor for Housing, Housing and Urban Renewal Michael Ludwig, the Ambassador of the State of Israel Talya Lador-Fresher, the President of the Jewish Community Oskar Deutsch, and numerous Personalities of political and cultural life and representatives of the Jewish community opened. The memorial is located in the Leon Zelman Park, Vienna 3, Aspang grounds. The memorial was designed by the artist group PRINDpod as part of the project KÖR Kunst in the public space Vienna, which lives since 1984 as a team in Vienna. It recalls the 47,035 Jews who were deported from the Aspang Station to the ghettos and extermination camps in 47 transports in the years 1939 and 1941/1942, of which only 1073 survived. One of these survivors, Herbert Schrott, born in 1926, spoke as a witness at the opening. The memorial "with two concrete rails converging conically over a length of about 30 meters points to the railway tracks" of the former station. These rails come together in a concrete block and end in this. In this way, the visualization of the journey to death should be symbolized.
Der Aspangbahnhof im Nationalsozialismus
Im Unterschied zu Deutschland, wo die jüdische Bevölkerung aus mehreren Städten deportiert wurde, war der zentrale Ort für die Deportationen der jüdischen Bevölkerung Wiens und Österreichs der Wiener Aspangbahnhof im 3. Bezirk. Im Zuge der Deportationen, die zwischen Februar 1941 und Oktober 1942 von Wien abgingen, wurde der Großteil der jüdischen Bevölkerung von dort in Ghettos und Vernichtungslager im Osten deportiert. Der etwas abseits der großen Bahnhöfe bzw. Haupteisenbahnrouten liegende und daher weniger frequentierte Bahnhof wurde vermutlich bewusst für diesen Zweck ausgewählt. Gleichzeitig befand sich der Bahnhof jedoch mitten in der Stadt, sodass der zuweilen wöchentliche Abtransport von jeweils rund tausend Jüdinnen und Juden nicht unbemerkt, sondern vor den Augen der Bevölkerung erfolgte. Zwischen 1939 und 1945 wurden insgesamt 48.953 Jüdinnen und Juden aus Wien deportiert, davon 47.035 Personen in 47 Transporten vom Wiener Aspangbahnhof.
Deportationen vom Aspangbahnhof – Transporte und Opferzahlen
Die ersten beiden am Aspangbahnhof abgefertigten Transporte waren jene vom 20. und 26. Oktober 1939 nach Nisko am San, mit denen 1.584 jüdische Männer aus Wien deportiert wurden, die zuvor im Sammellager Gänsbachergasse interniert worden waren. Der Großteil der jüdischen Bevölkerung wurde mit den Frühjahrsdeportationen 1941 und den großen Deportationen zwischen Oktober 1941 und Oktober 1942 deportiert – insgesamt 45.451 Frauen, Männer und Kinder in 45 Transporten, wobei jeder Transport zwischen 900 und über 1000 Personen umfasste. Darunter waren nicht nur Wienerinnen und Wiener, sondern auch Jüdinnen und Juden aus den Bundesländern, die 1938/39 nach Wien vertrieben worden waren. Politische Verfolgte, staatenlose Juden sowie andere nichtjüdische Opfergruppen wurden hingegen in den Jahren 1938/39 vorwiegend vom Westbahnhof nach Dachau und Buchenwald, später auch nach Mauthausen verschickt. Der Nordbahnhof fungierte erst nach Abschluss der großen Deportationen von 1943 bis Kriegsende als Deportationsbahnhof für kleinere und Einzeltransporte. In den Jahren 1943-1945 wurden insgesamt 1.918 Jüdinnen und Juden deportiert.
Laut den Berechnungen des Historikers Jonny Moser überlebten nur insgesamt 1.734 Jüdinnen und Juden die Deportation in die Ghettos und Vernichtungslager. Von den 45.451 in den Jahren 1941 und 1942 vom Aspangbahnhof Deportierten wurde der Großteil ermordet, 989 Personen überlebten, darunter die über Theresienstadt nach Auschwitz deportierte spätere Schriftstellerin Ruth Klüger.
Zielorte der Deportationszüge
Die Zielorte der Deportationen waren das "Generalgouvernement" (Nisko, Opole, Kielce, Modliborczicze, Łagów/Opatów und Izbica), Łódź (Warthegau), Riga (Lettland), Minsk mit Maly Trostinec (Weißrussland), Theresienstadt ("Protektorat") und Auschwitz (Oberschlesien). Die Bahnfahrt dauerte zwischen zwei Tagen und einer Woche. Rund die Hälfte aller aus Wien Deportierten kam nach Theresienstadt (15.122 Personen) und Minsk / Maly Trostinec (9.471 Personen). Von Theresienstadt wurden rund die Hälfte der aus dem ehemaligen Österreich stammenden Jüdinnen und Juden zwischen August 1942 und Oktober 1944 nach Auschwitz und andere Vernichtungsorte wie Treblinka weiter verschickt und ermordet, darunter die Schwestern von Sigmund Freud.
Roma und Sinti
Der Großteil der österreichischen Roma und Sinti wurde von Bahnhöfen im Burgenland und in der Steiermark, zum Teil direkt vom Anhaltelager Lackenbach deportiert. Ein Teil der in Wien lebenden Roma und Sinti, darunter die Familie von Ceija Stojka (1933-2013), wurde ab 1943 auch von Wien aus deportiert. Da zu diesem Zeitpunkt der Aspangbahnhof nicht mehr für Deportationstransporte in Verwendung war, ist anzunehmen, dass Roma und Sinti nicht von dort deportiert wurden.
Der Aspangbahnhof in den Jahren 1945-2002
Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg diente der Aspangbahnhof der britischen Besatzung als Bahnhof für den Nachschub. Der Personenbetrieb wurde bis 1971 aufrechterhalten. In diesem Jahr eröffnete man die Schnellbahnstation Rennweg. Das Bahnhofsgebäude wurde im Sommer 1977 demoliert. Die historische Bahntrasse blieb jedoch weiterhin bestehen und wurde später durch die Flughafen-Schnellbahn (S7) sowie als Güterbahnhof genutzt. Das Bahnareal wurde noch bis 2001 als Güterbahnhof genutzt. Im Jahr 2002 wurde die gesamte Bahnanlage der Aspangbahn abgebrochen und ein Tunnel für die Flughafen-Schnellbahn errichtet. Ferner wurde eine kreuzungsfreie Verbindungsstrecke mit der Schnellbahn-Stammstrecke geschaffen. Damit verschwand die verkehrliche Nutzung unter die Erde und war zugleich der Auftakt für eine hochwertige städtebauliche Entwicklung der gesamten Aspanggründe.
Gedenkstein und geplantes Mahnmal
Eine 1983 errichtete Gedenktafel mit dem Aufruf "Niemals vergessen!" erinnert an die in den Jahren 1939-1942 vom ehemaligen Aspangbahnhof deportierten Jüdinnen und Juden. 1995 benennt die Stadt Wien den Vorplatz in Platz der Opfer der Deportation.
Auf dem Gelände des ehemaligen Aspangbahnhofs ist der neue Stadtteil Eurogate im Entstehen. Der dort befindliche Leon-Zelman-Park wurde nach dem Gründer des "Jewish Welcome Service" benannt. Ein Bildungscampus mit Kindergarten und Schulen wird den Namen von Aron Menczer (1917-1943), dem Leiter der zionistischen Jugendalijah, tragen. Aron Menczer wurde mit einem der letzten großen Transporte am 24. September 1942 nach Theresienstadt deportiert und 1943 in Auschwitz ermordet. Ein Mahnmal für die Opfer der Deportation soll bis Sommer 2017 auf dem Gelände errichtet werden.
Eröffnung des Mahnmals Aspangbahnhof 7. September 2017
Das Mahnmal am Aspangbahnhof wurde am 7. September 2017 unter Beisein von Kulturstadtrat Andreas Mailath-Pokorny, Amtsführendem Stadtrat für Wohnen, Wohnbau und Stadterneuerung Michael Ludwig, der Botschafterin des Staates Israel Talya Lador-Fresher, des Präsidenten der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Oskar Deutsch, sowie zahlreichen Persönlichkeiten des politischen und kulturellen Lebens und Vertretern der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde eröffnet. Das Mahnmal befindet sich im Leon-Zelman-Park, Wien 3, Aspanggründe. Das Mahnmal wurde im Rahmen des Projektes KÖR Kunst im öffentlichen Raum Wien von der Künstlergruppe PRINDpod entworden, die seit 1984 als Team in Wien lebt. Es erinnert an die 47.035 Juden und Jüdinnen, die vom Aspangbahnhof in 47 Transporten in den Jahren 1939 und 1941/1942 in die Ghettos und Vernichtungslager deportiert wurden und von denen nur 1073 überlebten. Einer dieser Überlebenden, der 1926 geborene Herbert Schrott, sprach als Zeitzeuge bei der Eröffnung. Das Mahnmal "verweist mit zwei über eine Länge von rund 30 Metern konisch zusammenlaufenden Betonschienen auf die Gleisanlagen" des ehemaligen Bahnhofs. Diese Bahnschienen laufen in einem Betonblock zusammen und enden in diesem. Auf diese Weise sollte die Visulisierung der Reise in den Tod symbolisiert werden.
Invitation to join our new group “Star Trek Forever” No Limits on uploads!
www.flickr.com/groups/2601080@N25/
Star Trek: Asterisk "Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home"
Written by Steve Beaudry
Release Date: November 26, 1986
Written by: Steve Meerson & Peter Krikes and Harve Bennett & Nicholas Meyer
Directed by: Leonard Nimoy
Review
Deep in the outer reaches of space, a monstrous space probe passes by the USS Saratoga and knocks its power out on the way to Earth. Meanwhile, on Earth, a Klingon ambassador accuses Kirk of murdering a ship full of Klingons in his quest to exterminate the Klingon race with the Genesis probe (that thing will just not go away). The Federation president says that Kirk will face nine violations of Starfleet regulations, the crew of the Enterprise has been stuck on Vulcan for three months, and on top of all that, a computer is trying to find out how Spock feels. There's nowhere to go from here but up.
Well, in The Search for Spock, Kirk and the crew of the Enterprise stole a starship, blew it up, visited a forbidden planet, and apparently six other naughty things, so now they're getting ready to go back to Earth on their stolen Klingon Bird-of-Prey and face the music. There's just one hitch in this plan: the probe. It has now reached earth, shut down main power to... everything... and caused a huge weather phenomenon that blocked out the sun. So, basically, humanity has however long it'll take for Earth to freeze from lack of sunlight to tell this thing to move out of the way.
"When this is over, I'm quitting Starfleet and starting a gumbo restaurant."
In their Klingon ship, Kirk and the crew approach Earth and pick up a distress call from the president with the manly gray beard saying that Earth is under attack, so they pick up the probe's transmissions and analyze it. Since the transmission appears to be directed at the oceans, Kirk has Uhura compensate for the density of the water. When the audio effects are all in, the probe's transmission ends up sounding a lot like whale song; specifically, the extinct humpback whale. There's only one way they can get a humpback whale to answer the probe: The Guardian of Forev-... er... wait, no, the highly dangerous and tricky slingshot time warp maneuver. So there are two ways. We'll go with the dangerous one for now.
When they arrive in 1986, they confirm the date by testing the pollution in the air. Then they go into cloak and land in the middle of a park in San Francisco. After scaring off a couple of trash guys, the crew sets out to downtown. Their mission: 1) find humpback whales 2) get them on board the Klingon ship 3) fix the ship's dilithium crystals so they can go home. They split up to achieve their separate goals. Spock and Kirk go for the whales, Bones and Scotty go to build a proper tank, Uhura and Chekov find some nuclear power to fix the crystals.
Spock would like to take this opportunity to learn karate.
Spock and Kirk easily find some whales after they see an advertisement for the local whale institute where they meet George, Gracie and Dr. Gillian Taylor. George and Gracie are the whales and Gillian is the nice lady who knows everything about them. So Spock and Kirk get to know about the whales in their own unique way: Spock mind melds with Gracie and Kirk seduces Gillian. Meanwhile, Bones and Scotty are having a time of their own getting some plexiglass to make a whale tank. Luckily, they have an ace up their sleeves. They meet with a guy who deals in plexiglass and trade the secret formula for transparent aluminum in exchange for their required plexiglass. Also, Sulu learns how to drive a helicopter so they can lift all that plexiglass to the ship.
Things are just about set to go; Kirk is ready to pick up the whales, the plexiglass is ready to be delivered, everything is running smoothly until Chekov screws things up. He finds the USS Enterprise, the aircraft carrier, and, with Uhura's help, steals some of its nuclear power. Well, the officers on board sense the power drain and go looking for him. He hands the power device over to Uhura who beams up to the Klingon ship. But there's not enough transporter power to get Chekov, too, and he's captured. After escaping by attempting and failing to stun his captors, he runs and jumps off a high platform and hospitalizes himself.
It's possible they just got too high.
Chekov arrives at Mercy Hospital, so now they have to go save him before taking off. But to make matters worse, Gillian decided she wants to help, so she wandered off into the park and ran into the cloaked ship. So they beam her aboard, explain a few things, and then run off to save Chekov. With Gillian's help, they sneak into the hospital and pretend to be doctors. Chekov, a suspected Russian spy, is being kept under guard, but Bones easily tricks them into believing they have an emergency. He has a bit of a fight with the attending surgeon and then Kirk locks the surgeon and his team in a small room. Bones heals Chekov, and they leave. The guards give chase once they see that Chekov is being kidnapped, but they beam up in the elevator and make a clean getaway.
Ok, so, Chekov is safe, the tank is built, the dilithium crystals are fixed, all they need now are the whales. Kirk gets their tracking frequency from Gillian and says his goodbyes. She can't, after all, go to the future with them. Right? Weellll... as soon as he starts transporting aboard the ship, Gillian hops on him and comes with. She's staying whether Kirk likes it or not. With Gillian aboard, they set out to find George and Gracie. They find them right in front of a whaling ship. Still cloaked, they head right over to them and just hover for a bit while the whaling ship takes aim. And then... the decloakening.
Klingons on the port bow, captain!
Successfully having scared off the whalers, Scotty beams up George and Gracie and they make their way to the future. In a great evolution of Spock's revived character, he makes his "best guess" with the calculations for time warp, and they head out. Back in the future, they crash into San Francisco Bay. While the rest of the crew abandons ship, Kirk releases the whales out of the cargo bay and into the ocean. Once they're out, Kirk joins his crew as the whales start talking to the probe. After a delightful reunion and conversation with its good buddies, George and Gracie, the Probe turns around, says "thank you!" and leaves the Sol system in peace. The day is saved! So, now it's time for Kirk to stand trial.
Oh, right, yeah, this was the whole reason they were coming back to Earth, wasn't it? The crew of the Enterprise all stand in front of the president to be judged. Because for some reason the president is the judge in the future. Ready to be taken out of Starfleet forever, they all, including Spock who "stands with his shipmates", they all hear the charges brought to them. And then the president says he's getting rid of all of them in light of them saving the entire Earth, and all. The only charge that sticks, disobeying a superior officer, is directed solely at Kirk and because of it, he is reduced in rank to Captain. Which is basically like grounding a nerd to his room with the Internet still on. And not only that, it wouldn't be Star Trek and Kirk wouldn't be Captain without the proper ship. They head out to the shipyard and find the brand spankin' new USS Enterprise NCC-1701-A. The only proper ship for them to go and "see what's out there."
Overall Thoughts
This had been my absolute favorite Star Trek movie for the longest time until my tastes matured and I learned to like The Wrath of Kahn just slightly better. I love a good comedy sci-fi, especially when that comedy sci-fi involves time travel! Every good Star Trek series needs a comedy relief. "The Trouble with Tribbles" was that for The Original Series and this movie is that for the movie series. And, in fact, this movie was so monstrously successful, that it was almost entirely responsible for green-lighting The Next Generation. Picard would take command almost a year after this movie was released and Trek would never be the same.
Christmas presents I made my friends. Read more on the blog: chronicallysiobhan.wordpress.com/2017/01/04/2016-christma...
Explored November 23rd.
Probably the most well known corner in Ginza. Doutor cafe on the ground floor, exactly the same coffee you get in regular Doutor except in a more fashionable cup and twice the price.
Brzezinka, Poland |
Camp fence and guard tower: unlike the Auschwitz I camp which was surrounded by two rows of barbed wire fence, the Birkenau camp had only one line and a ditch full of water inside the camp. The typical fence post was 3,3 m high and fitted with 24 ceramic insulators. There were concrete slabs underneath the fence to prevent prisoners from tunneling. Electricity for the fence was supplied by a high tension line from Siersza Wodna power plant to the main substation in Babice, from which two separate feeders ran to Auschwitz I and Birkenau, where it was connected to the fencing (400 volts at Auschwitz and 760 volts at Birkenau).
At the end of 1943, guard towers were replaced by new ones, fully walled and fitted with windows. Construction was completed in the spring of 1944.
Novak Djokovic extermination guarantees nothing
Ivan Lendl is a great homme to have on the gang when anticipation start to build around me because he’s been through the same complexity himself.
The year I won Wimbledon, I was seeded to meet Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarter-finals and...
dhumketo.com/2016/07/04/novak-djokovic-extermination-guar...
I don't know what these concrete things are, but they sure looked like Daleks to me. The multiple exposure was an accident; I think I was winding the film the wrong way, but instead of 3, there's an army of them. We need the Doctor!
Steiner Steinette, test
Fuji 400
Unicolor
Pakon F135
scottish widows is owned by lloyds bank is a partner with hbos bank is a rival of rbs bank...banks, all banks...
Bed Bugs Exterminator – Detecting A Home Infestation t.co/7oSkXxbLcR (via Twitter twitter.com/outstandingpest/status/771594861468233729)
The Auschwitz concentration camp (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' Final Solution to the Jewish Question.
After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939, the Schutzstaffel (SS) converted Auschwitz I, an army barracks, into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners. The first inmates, German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries, established the camp's reputation for sadism, beating, torturing, and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons. The first gassings—of Soviet and Polish prisoners—took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941. Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month, and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers. Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz, 1.1 million died. The death toll includes 960,000 Jews (865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival), 74,000 non-Jewish Poles, 21,000 Roma, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, and up to 15,000 other Europeans. Those not gassed died of starvation, exhaustion, disease, individual executions, or beatings. Others were killed during medical experiments.
At least 802 prisoners tried to escape, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units, consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers, launched an unsuccessful uprising. Only 789 staff (no more than 15 percent) ever stood trial; several, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss, were executed. The Allies' failure to act on early reports of atrocities in the camp by bombing it or its railways remains controversial.
As the Soviet Red Army approached Auschwitz in January 1945, toward the end of the war, the SS sent most of the camp's population west on a death march to camps inside Germany and Austria. Soviet troops entered the camp on 27 January 1945, a day commemorated since 2005 as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the decades after the war, survivors such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel wrote memoirs of their experiences, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947 Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Daleks about .. looks like they come in every colour of the rainbow ...Vote Yes or you will be exterminated !
LGBT : Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , Transgender ,
Leaves me wondering what gender these guys are .. Is there a Dr in the house !
Oz Comic - Con
Pop Culture
Brisbane
Who would have though that when the Robot Revolution came, it would be from a Christmas store window.
Based on this song by Chameleon Circuit who write songs about the TV show Doctor Who: www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcFgvKGchHY
Doctor Who+Music=awesome.
I'm a bit (understatement) of a doctor who geek, I love it.
For those who don't watch Doctor Who this picture is a represenation of when the Doctor regenerates (changes form), I'll put a picture in the comments later on how they've showed it in the show (my version is quite different).
My friend saw this picture and said it reminded her of Edward Cullen from Twilight with his sparkliness, so maybe this picture kills two birds with one stone haha
This picture is very different for me so I really enjoyed doing it and practicing my editing and trying to get better.
Bokeh brush from: www.obsidiandawn.com
Yes, you saw it first in Ratatouille but that window was based on a real shop not very far from the Louvre! And yes, those are real, once live, dead rats caught in 1925 in the great market of Les Halls! Reality is always better than fiction.
A scrapyard sentinel ready to defend its post. Don't let the zaftig figure fool you - it will take blood.
I always loved the painted sign on the side of their building, but I never realized in the 5 years that I lived in Columbus that they had a neon sign too. ...and this would be it. I took 15 shots of this earlier in the night, but the rain was so hard that they all looked out of focus. I was very disappointed. About an hour later though, it slowed to a sprinkle so I high tailed it from the far west side of town back here to get this shot. Right afterwards, the skies opened up again.
Ya gotta like a place who's phone number is 1-800-INSECTS.
Auschwitz concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Auschwitz, also KZ Auschwitz) was a network of German Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It consisted of Auschwitz I (the original camp), Auschwitz II–Birkenau (a combination concentration/extermination camp), Auschwitz III–Monowitz (a labor camp to staff an IG Farben factory), and 45 satellite camps.
Auschwitz I was first constructed to hold Polish political prisoners, who began to arrive in May 1940. The first extermination of prisoners took place in September 1941, and Auschwitz II–Birkenau went on to become a major site of the Nazi "Final Solution to the Jewish question". From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe, where they were killed with the pesticide Zyklon B. At least 1.1 million prisoners died at Auschwitz, around 90 percent of them Jewish; approximately 1 in 6 Jews killed in the Holocaust died at the camp. Others deported to Auschwitz included 150,000 Poles, 23,000 Romani and Sinti, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, 400 Jehovah's Witnesses, and tens of thousands of others of diverse nationalities, including an unknown number of homosexuals. Many of those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments.
In the course of the war, the camp was staffed by 7,000 members of the German Schutzstaffel (SS), approximately 12 percent of whom were later convicted of war crimes. Some, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss, were executed. The Allied Powers refused to believe early reports of the atrocities at the camp, and their failure to bomb the camp or its railways remains controversial. One hundred forty-four prisoners are known to have escaped from Auschwitz successfully, and on October 7, 1944, two Sonderkommando units—prisoners assigned to staff the gas chambers—launched a brief, unsuccessful uprising.
As Soviet troops approached Auschwitz in January 1945, most of its population was evacuated and sent on a death march. The prisoners remaining at the camp were liberated on January 27, 1945, a day now commemorated as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the following decades, survivors, such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel, wrote memoirs of their experiences in Auschwitz, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947, Poland founded a museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979, it was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum is a museum on the site of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Oświęcim Poland.
The site includes the main concentration camp at Auschwitz I and the remains of the concentration and extermination camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Both were developed and run by Nazi Germany during its occupation of Poland in 1939–1945. The Polish government has preserved the site as a research centre and in memory of the 1.1 million people who died there, including 960,000 Jews, during World War II and the Holocaust. It became a World Heritage Site in 1979. Piotr Cywiński is the museum's director.
The museum was created in April 1946 by Tadeusz Wąsowicz and other former Auschwitz prisoners, acting under the direction of Poland's Ministry of Culture and Art. It was formally founded on 2 July 1947 by an act of the Polish parliament. The site consists of 20 hectares in Auschwitz I and 171 hectares in Auschwitz II, which lies about three kilometres from the main camp. Over 25 million people have visited the museum. From 1955 to 1990, the museum was directed by one of its founders and former inmates, Kazimierz Smoleń.
In 2019, 2,320,000 people visited the site, including visitors from Poland (at least 396,000), United Kingdom (200,000), United States (120,000), Italy (104,000), Germany (73,000), Spain (70,000), France (67,000), Israel (59,000), Ireland (42,000), and Sweden (40,000)
The first exhibition in the barracks opened in 1947. In Stalinist Poland, on the seventh anniversary of the first deportation of Polish captives to Auschwitz, the exhibition was revised with the assistance of former inmates. The exhibition was influenced by the Cold War and next to pictures of Jewish ghettos, photos of slums in the US were presented. After Stalin's death, a new exhibition was planned in 1955. In 1959, every nation that had victims in Auschwitz received the right to present its own exhibition. However, victims like homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Sinti and Roma, and Yeniche people did not receive these rights. The state of Israel was also refused the allowance for its own exhibition as the murdered Jews in Auschwitz were not citizens of Israel. In April 1968, the Jewish exhibition, designed by Andrzej Szczypiorski, was opened. In 1979, Pope John Paul II held a mass in Birkenau and called the camp a "Golgotha of our times".
In 1962, a prevention zone around the museum in Birkenau (and in 1977, one around the museum in Auschwitz) was established to maintain the historical condition of the camp. These zones were confirmed by the Polish parliament in 1999. In 1967, the first big memorial monument was inaugurated and in the 1990s the first information boards were set up.
Since 1960, the so-called "national exhibitions" have been located in Auschwitz I. Most of them were renewed from time to time; for example, those of Belgium, France, Hungary, Netherlands, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and the former Soviet Union. The German exhibition, which was made by the former GDR, has not been renewed.
The first national exhibition of the Soviet Union was opened in 1961 and renewed in 1977 and 1985. In 2003, the Russian organizing committee suggested presenting a completely new exhibition. The Soviet part of the museum was closed, but the reopening was delayed as there were differences in the questions of the territorial situation of the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1941. The question of the territories annexed by the USSR during the war, i.e. the Baltic countries, eastern Poland, and Moldova could not be solved. Yugoslav pavilion and exhibition, which memorialized Auschwitz victims primarily through their antifascist struggle, was opened in 1963. In 2002, Croatia, as one of Yugoslav successor states, notified the Auschwitz Memorial Museum that it wanted the Yugoslav exhibition dismantled and demanded permission to establish its own national exhibition. The museum rejected the proposal and notified all Yugoslav successor states that only a renovated joint exhibit would be appropriate. Since they failed to create a joint exhibition, the Yugoslav exhibition was closed down in 2009 and its contents were sent the Museum of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, while Block 17, which hosted the exhibition, remains empty.
In 1978, Austria opened its own exhibition, presenting itself as a victim of National Socialism. This one-sided view motivated[9] the Austrian political scientist Andreas Maislinger to work in the museum within the Action Reconciliation Service for Peace in 1980/81. Later he founded the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service. The Austrian federal president Rudolf Kirchschläger had advised Maislinger that as a young Austrian he did not need to atone for anything in Auschwitz. Due to this disapproving attitude of the official Austrian representation, the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service could not be launched before September 1992.
The museum has allowed scenes for four films to be filmed on the site: Pasażerka (1963) by Polish director Andrzej Munk, Landscape After the Battle (1970) by Polish director Andrzej Wajda, and a television miniseries, War and Remembrance (1988), and Denial (2016). Although the Polish government permitted the construction of film sets on its grounds to shoot scenes for Schindler's List (1993), Steven Spielberg chose to build a "replica" camp entrance outside the infamous archway for the scene in which the train arrives carrying the women who were saved by Oskar Schindler.
In 1979, the newly elected Polish Pope John Paul II celebrated mass on the grounds of Auschwitz II to some 500,000 people, and announced that Edith Stein would be beatified. Some Catholics erected a cross near Bunker 2 of Auschwitz II where she had been gassed. A short while later, a Star of David appeared at the site, leading to a proliferation of religious symbols, which were eventually removed.
Carmelite nuns opened a convent near Auschwitz I in 1984. After some Jewish groups called for the removal of the convent, representatives of the Catholic Church agreed in 1987. One year later, the Carmelites erected an 8 m (26 ft) tall cross from the 1979 mass near their site, just outside Block 11 and barely visible from within the camp. This led to protests by Jewish groups, who said that mostly Jews were killed at Auschwitz and demanded that religious symbols be kept away from the site. The Catholic Church told the Carmelites to move by 1989, but they stayed on until 1993, leaving the cross behind. In 1998, after further calls to remove the cross, some 300 smaller crosses were erected by local activists near the large one, leading to further protests and heated exchanges. Following an agreement between the Polish Catholic Church and the Polish government, the smaller crosses were removed in 1999, but a large papal one remains.
The 50th anniversary of the liberation ceremony was held in Auschwitz I in 1995. About a thousand ex-prisoners attended it. In 1996, Germany made January 27, the day of the liberation of Auschwitz, the official day for the commemoration of the victims of National Socialism. Countries that have also adopted similar memorial days include Denmark (Auschwitz Day), Italy (Memorial Day), and Poland (Memorial Day for the Victims of Nazism). A commemoration was held for the 70th anniversary of the liberation in 2015.
The larger part of the exhibitions are in the area of the former camp at Auschwitz I. Guided tours take around three hours, but access is possible without guides from 16 to 18:00 (as of 2019). This part is situated short of 2 km south of the train station at Oświęcim. From there, shuttle buses go to Auschwitz II, originally called KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, situated around 2 km to the north-west of Auschwitz I. As of 2019, trains from Vienna to Kraków, and from Prague to Krakow, stop at Oświęcim, where local trains from Katowice (around every one to two hours) from Krakow end. Local trains take around 100 minutes from Kraków.
The Polish Foreign Ministry has voiced objections to the use of the expression "Polish death camp" in relation to Auschwitz, in case the phrase suggested that Poland rather than Germany had perpetrated the Holocaust. In June 2007, the United Nations World Heritage Committee changed its own name for the site from "Auschwitz Concentration Camp" to "Auschwitz Birkenau", with the subtitle "German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)".
Early in the morning on 18 December 2009, the Arbeit macht frei ("work makes you free") sign over the gate of Auschwitz I was stolen. Police found the sign hidden in a forest outside Gdańsk two days later. The theft was organised by a Swedish former neo-Nazi, Anders Högström, who reportedly hoped to use proceeds from the sale of the sign to a collector of Nazi memorabilia to finance a series of terror attacks aimed at influencing voters in upcoming Swedish parliamentary elections. Högström was convicted in Poland and sentenced to serve two years, eight months in a Swedish prison, and five Polish men who had acted on his behalf served prison time in Poland.
Högström and his accomplices badly damaged the sign during the theft, cutting it into three pieces. Conservationists restored the sign to its original condition, and it currently is in storage, awaiting eventual display inside the museum. A replica hangs in its original place.
In February 2006, Poland refused to grant visas to Iranian researchers who were planning to visit Auschwitz. Polish Foreign Minister Stefan Meller said his country should stop Iran from investigating the scale of the Holocaust, which Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has dismissed as a myth. Iran has recently tried to leave the Ahmadinejad rhetoric in the past, but President Rouhani has never refuted his predecessor's idea that the scale of the Holocaust is exaggerated. Holocaust denial is punishable in Poland by a prison sentence of up to three years.
Czechoslovakian Jew Dina Babbitt imprisoned at Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1943–1945 painted a dozen portraits of Romani inmates for the war criminal Josef Mengele during his medical experiments. Seven of the original 12 studies were discovered after the Holocaust and purchased by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in 1963 from an Auschwitz survivor. The museum asked Babbitt to return to Poland in 1973 to identify her work. She did so but also requested that the museum allow her to take her paintings home with her. Officials from the museum led by Rabbi Andrew Baker stated that the portraits belonged to the SS and Mengele, who died in Brazil in 1979. There was an initiative to have the museum return the portraits in 1999, headed by the U.S. government petitioned by Rafael Medoff and 450 American comic book artists. The museum rejected these claims as legally groundless.
Auschwitz concentration camp was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labour camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' Final Solution to the Jewish question.
After Germany initiated World War II by invading Poland in September 1939, the Schutzstaffel (SS) converted Auschwitz I, an army barracks, into a prisoner-of-war camp. The initial transport of political detainees to Auschwitz consisted almost solely of Poles (for whom the camp was initially established). For the first two years, the majority of inmates were Polish. In May 1940, German criminals brought to the camp as functionaries established the camp's reputation for sadism. Prisoners were beaten, tortured, and executed for the most trivial of reasons. The first gassings—of Soviet and Polish prisoners—took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941.
Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month, and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers. Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz, 1.1 million were murdered. The number of victims includes 960,000 Jews (865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival), 74,000 non-Jewish Poles, 21,000 Romani, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, and up to 15,000 others. Those not gassed were murdered via starvation, exhaustion, disease, individual executions, or beatings. Others were killed during medical experiments.
At least 802 prisoners tried to escape, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944, two Sonderkommando units, consisting of prisoners who operated the gas chambers, launched an unsuccessful uprising. After the Holocaust ended, only 789 Schutzstaffel personnel (no more than 15 percent) ever stood trial. Several were executed, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss. The Allies' failure to act on early reports of mass murder by bombing the camp or its railways remains controversial.
As the Soviet Red Army approached Auschwitz in January 1945, toward the end of the war, the SS sent most of the camp's population west on a death march to camps inside Germany and Austria. Soviet troops entered the camp on 27 January 1945, a day commemorated since 2005 as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the decades after the war, survivors such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel wrote memoirs of their experiences, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947, Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Oświęcim is a city in the Lesser Poland (Polish: Małopolska) province of southern Poland, situated 33 kilometres (21 mi) southeast of Katowice, near the confluence of the Vistula (Wisła) and Soła rivers. The city is known internationally for being the site of the German Nazi-built Auschwitz concentration camp (the camp is also known as KL or KZ Auschwitz Birkenau) during World War II, when Poland was occupied by Nazi Germany.
Oświęcim has a rich history, which dates back to the early days of Polish statehood. It is one of the oldest castellan gords in Poland. Following the Fragmentation of Poland in 1138, Duke Casimir II the Just attached the town to the Duchy of Opole in c. 1179 for his younger brother Mieszko I Tanglefoot, Duke of Opole and Racibórz. The town was destroyed in 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Poland. Around 1272 the newly rebuilt Oświęcim was granted a municipal charter modeled on those of Lwówek Śląski (a Polish variation of the Magdeburg Law). The charter was confirmed on 3 September 1291. In 1281, the Land of Oświęcim became part of the newly established Duchy of Cieszyn, and in c. 1315, an independent Duchy of Oświęcim was established. In 1327, John I, Duke of Oświęcim joined his Duchy with the Duchy of Zator and, soon afterwards, his state became a vassal of the Kingdom of Bohemia, where it remained for over a century. In 1445, the Duchy was divided into three separate entities – the Duchies of Oświęcim, Zator and Toszek. In 1457 Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon bought the rights to Oświęcim. On 25 February 1564, King Sigismund II Augustus issued a bill integrating the former Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator into the Kingdom of Poland. Both lands were attached to the Kraków Voivodeship, forming the Silesian County. Before 1564, Oświęcim was semi-independent in Poland and enjoyed an extensive degree of autonomy, similarly to Royal Prussia. The town later became one of the centers of Jewish culture in Poland.
Like other towns of Lesser Poland, Oświęcim prospered in the period known as Polish Golden Age. This period came to an abrupt end in 1655, during the catastrophic Swedish invasion of Poland. Oświęcim was burned and afterward, the town declined, and in 1772 (see Partitions of Poland), it was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, as part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, where it remained until late 1918. After the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the town was close to the borders of both Russian-controlled Congress Poland, and the Kingdom of Prussia. In the 1866 war between Austria and the Prussian-led North German Confederation, a cavalry skirmish was fought at the town, in which an Austrian force defeated a Prussian incursion.
In the second half of the 19th century, Oświęcim became an important rail junction. During the same period, the town burned in several fires, such as the fire of 23 August 1863, when two-thirds of Oświęcim burned, including the town hall and two synagogues; a new town hall was built between 1872 and 1875. In another fire in 1881, the parish church, a school, and a hospital burned down. In 1910, Oświęcim became the seat of a starosta, and in 1917–18 a new district, Nowe Miasto, was founded. In 1915, a high school was opened. After World War I, the town became part of the Second Polish Republic's Kraków Voivodeship (Województwo Krakowskie). Until 1932, Oświęcim was the seat of a county, but on 1 April 1932, the County of Oświęcim was divided between the County of Wadowice, and the County of Biała Krakowska.
There were approximately 8,000 Jews in the city on the eve of World War II, comprising less than half the population. The Nazis annexed the area to Germany in October 1939 in the Gau of Upper Silesia, which became part of the "second Ruhr" by 1944.
In 1940, Nazi Germany used forced labor to build a new subdivision to house Auschwitz guards and staff, and built a large chemical plant of IG Farben in 1941 on the eastern outskirts of the town. Polish residents of several districts were forced to abandon their houses, as the Germans wanted to keep the area empty around Auschwitz concentration camp. They planned a 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) buffer zone around the camp, and they expelled Polish residents in two stages in 1940 and 1941. All the residents of the Zasole district were forced to abandon their homes. In the Pławy and Harmęże districts, more than 90 percent of the buildings were destroyed and the residents of Pławy were transported to Gorlice to fend for themselves. Altogether, some 17,000 people in Oświęcim itself and surrounding villages were forced to leave their homes, eight villages were wiped off the map, and the population of Oświęcim shrank to 7,600 by April 1941.
The communist soviet Red Army re-invaded the town and liberated the camp on 27 January 1945, and then opened two of their own temporary camps for German prisoners of war in the complex of Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Auschwitz Soviet camp existed until autumn 1945, and the Birkenau camp lasted until spring 1946. Some 15,000 Germans were interned there. Furthermore, there was a camp of Communist secret police (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) near the rail station in the complex of former "Gemeinschaftslager". Its prisoners were members of the NSDAP, Hitlerjugend, and BDM, as well as German civilians, the Volksdeutsche, and Upper Silesians who were disloyal to Poland.
After World War II
After the territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II, new housing complexes in the town were developed with large buildings of rectangular and concrete constructions. The chemical industry became the main employer of the town and in later years, the service industry and trade were added. The many visits to the concentration camp memorial sites have become an important source of income for the town's businesses. After the end of communism, by the mid-1990s, employment at the chemical works (named Firma Chemiczna Dwory SA from 1997 to 2007, Synthos SA since then) had dropped from 10,000 in the communist era to only 1,500 people. In 1952, the County of Oświęcim was re-created, and the town until 1975 belonged to Kraków Voivodeship. In 1975–1999, it was part of Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship. In 1979, Oświęcim was visited by Pope John Paul II, and on 1 September 1980, a local Solidarity office was created at the chemical plant. On 28 May 2006, the town was visited by Pope Benedict XVI.
Poland officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative voivodeship provinces, covering an area of 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk.
Poland has a temperate transitional climate, and its territory traverses the Central European Plain, extending from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south. The longest Polish river is the Vistula, and Poland's highest point is Mount Rysy, situated in the Tatra mountain range of the Carpathians. The country is bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. It also shares maritime boundaries with Denmark and Sweden.
Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Glacial Period. Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity, in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by the tribal Polans, who gave Poland its name. The process of establishing proper statehood, which began in 966, coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity, under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791.
With the passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. Poland regained its independence in 1918 as the Second Polish Republic and successfully defended it in the Polish–Soviet War from 1919 to 1921. In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties. As a member of the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War, the Polish People's Republic was a founding signatory of the Warsaw Pact. Through the emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a democratic state in 1989.
Poland is a parliamentary republic, with its bicameral legislature comprising the Sejm and the Senate. It is a developed market and a high-income economy. Considered a middle power, Poland has the sixth-largest economy in the European Union by GDP (nominal) and the fifth-largest by GDP (PPP). It provides a very high standard of living, safety, and economic freedom, as well as free university education and a universal health care system. The country has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 15 of which are cultural. Poland is a founding member state of the United Nations, as well as a member of the World Trade Organization, OECD, NATO, and the European Union (including the Schengen Area).
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A pile of human ashes.
The Mausoleum erected in 1969 contains ashes and remains of cremated victims, collected into a mound.
German concentration camp WW2-Holocaust-Poland.
Location of Majdanek on the outskirts of Lublin in present day Poland. Known for Mass Murder during the Holocaust
Location Near Lublin, General Government (German-occupied Poland). Operated by SS-Totenkopfverbände
Original use: Forced labor
Operational: October 1, 1941 – July 22, 1944
Inmates: Jews, Poles
Killed Estimated 78,000
Liberated by Soviet Union, July 22, 1944
Majdanek, or KL Lublin, was a German concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. Although initially purposed for forced labor rather than extermination, the camp was used to kill people on an industrial scale during Operation Reinhard, the German plan to murder all Jews within their own General Government territory of Poland. The camp, which operated from October 1, 1941, until July 22, 1944, was captured nearly intact, because the rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during Operation Bagration prevented the SS from destroying most of its infrastructure, and the inept Deputy Camp Commandant Anton Thernes failed in his task of removing incriminating evidence of war crimes. Therefore, Majdanek became the first concentration camp discovered by Allied forces.[3] Also known to the SS as Konzentrationslager (KL) Lublin, Majdanek remains the best-preserved Nazi concentration camp of the Holocaust.