Archaeology & People
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Sargans Castle is a castle in the municipality of Sargans of the Canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
The castle was the seat of the counts of Werdenberg-Sargans in the 13th century. Since 1899, it has been run by the local church and now houses the Sarganserland museum.
Beginning in 982 the Sargans region was part of the lands of the Counts of Bregenz. In 1160, the male line of the Counts of Bregenz died out. Count palatine Hugo of Türbingen inherited most of their lands, through his wife Elisabeth.
His son, Hugo, inherited the Bregenz lands around Lake Constance, including Sargans. This Hugo, who adopted the name Montfort und Werdenberg built or expanded Sargans Castle before his death in 1228. Excavations around the oldest part of the castle show that there was an earlier fort or castle, but nothing is known about that building. Hugo built the large bergfried, expanded the walls to the west and may have built a palas on that side of the castle.
In the mid-13th century the Montfort und Werdenberg lands were divided between Hugo of Werdenberg-Heiligenberg and his brother Hartmann of Werdenberg-Sargans. Hartmann took up residence in the castle and probably expanded the palas. The castle was first mentioned in 1282. Over the following century the wealth and lands of the Counts of Werdenberg-Sargans were divided over and over again between descendants. By the last 14th century, Count Johann I ruled over a small and poor county under the Habsburgs. In the Battle of Näfels in 1388, the count commanded a wing of the Austrian army that was supposed to cross the Kerenzerberg Pass. However, when he saw the threatened destruction of the main Austrian army, he fled back over the pass. The cost of the war, as well as other expenses forced Johann I to sell the castle and village to Leopold of Austria.
A view of the loneliest part of Canyonlands- the Maze District, from Cleopatra's Chair sandwiched by the Henrys, across Turks Head with the Green River flowing around its White Rim cap, then south (left) past Ekker Butte and the Chocolate Drops barely visible on the far left. This view (from Green River Overlook) is one of my favorites off the Island in the Sky, though it is so massive and lacking of a main subject, it relies on the beauty of the gestalt to keep the eye entertained.
I will be out of Flickr action for about 3 weeks, though will hopefully be able to check in periodically- would hate to miss your wonderful posts!
I was photographing a pair of chickadees and was wondering why they were staying at a single tree for such a long amount of time. When the female flew into a cavity in this red alder, it all started to make sense. The female chickadee was considering this as a potential nesting site!
Chickadees are cavity nesters. They may excavate their own nests or use cavities previously excavated by woodpeckers. Nevertheless, it is habitual for them to remove wood shavings, even if the "cavity" is already complete (as in nest boxes). This female chickadee is doing just that.
I really hope this pair will settle down in this nesting. However, when I returned to the site later that evening, the chickadees were nowhere in sight. Perhaps they will return later after considering other nesting sites. Wherever they are, I hope they will raise a successful brood.
"Space Excavation"
Milky Way rising behind an excavator in a dirt field, middle of nowhere, South Dakota.
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Bonus secret santa for Yannick
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Based of some artwork Yanni made www.instagram.com/p/CMlCXmZJs7v/
ꒌ ОТКРИВЕН зимски брлог Ситроена у Црној Гори!
► █░▓ EXCITING MOMENT! Finally, after a lot of digging, we have reached the first actual part of the find. It seems that the early humans had a fair use of plastic materials too!
My car's winter den revealed on Durmitor mountain. The hydraulics have given way to the pressure from above and the vehicle sank almost to the ground (its the lowest position). But everything remained unharmed actually. Only after half a year the car won't survive a typhoon without injuries.
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A night capture of the ancient ruins of Hampi from 14th century. Archeological excavation unearthing the centuries old mysteries day by day ...
Archaeological excavations demonstrate a continuity of life in Calnic (judet Alba), starting with the Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements, the Dacian and Roman remains, or from the period of migration to the Middle Ages.
The name of the city, mentioned for the first time in 1269 (villa Kelnuk) is of Slavic-Romanian origin. The name of the place was taken over by the Saxons (Kelling) and the Hungarians (Kelnek).
The Romanesque fortress of Calnic is an old noble residence, which by its small size cannot compete with those of the big cities, but which is considered as very representative of a local civilization, transylvaine and a particular time.
The fortress consists of two rows of walls (enclosures) with an oval path, arranged concentric and reinforced with flanking elements: two towers and a bastion. The front door is defended by a fortified corridor. The belts protect the interior courtyard, at the heart of the fortress, where the chapel, the fountain and the dungeon are located. The latter dominates by its height (27m) and its massiveness (walls of 1m) the whole complex. During the romantic era, this impressive medieval vestige was nicknamed the Siegfried Tower.
The outer enclosure or zwinger has a maximum diameter of around 70 m with a height of 3 m. The inner enclosure is the most imposing with its 7m height. On the small diameter, it is fortified by two towers: the portal tower (NW) and a defense tower (SE). 24 m high, the portal tower is one of the vertical domes of the complex. There are four bells here, which is why the building is also called the bell tower.
Due to its preservation in good condition, in the middle of a locality bearing until now the imprint of the civilization of the German colonists established in Transylvania, the edifice was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List (1999).
If you look hard enough you may find one, too.
SEVENTY-SIX
“No one who, like me, conjures up the most evil of those half-tamed demons that inhabit the human beast, and seeks to wrestle with them, can expect to come through the struggle unscathed.”
Sigmund Freud
11 days to Halloween!
From December, 2008; four years before I joined Flickr.
This one is for Jason Hendricks, with thanks.
Sand flying from the hole as this sand martin digs into the cliff at Happisburgh, Norfolk. D500_83416.NEF
Salaspils is one of the oldest settlements in Latvia. Archaeological excavations of 1964-1975 (during the construction of Riga HES) in ancient settlements, burial grounds and castle mounds give evidence of very dense population of the region. At this time, the remains of 11,000-year-old reindeer hunters were found (the oldest known human settlement in all of Latvia) and 3500-year-old remains of Baltic hunters, buried in hollowed-out oak-tree trunks, were found as well. There is evidence that both Livs and Balts built hill forts in the region.
At the end of the 12th century, German merchants travelled up the Daugava, establishing missionaries among the Livonian settlements. One important centre of Daugava Livonians, the small island Mārtiņsala (German:Kircholm) had a Christian church as early as 1186. So began the Christianizing and gradual subjection of the local Livonian tribes. In 1206, in the early phases of the Livonian Crusade, the Livonian chieftain Ako organized the first revolt against the German crusaders but suffered defeat.
The name Salaspils mean "island castle".
In 1380 the Livonian Order built the castle (Neu Kircholm) on the mainland, with St George's church by it. The castle was an important support-point outside of Riga, and a small town grew up around it. Both the castle and village were destroyed in 1577 during the Livonian War.
In 1605 the village was a site of the Battle of Kircholm in which forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth defeated a much more numerous army of Sweden. This was the biggest battle of the Polish-Swedish War. The battle took place near St George's church and about 9000 Swedish soldiers were buried there. Two memorial stones in Salaspils commemorate of one of the biggest battles in Europe in the 17th century in memory of the victory of the Polish-Lithuanian forces. Up to the second part of the 20th century a magnificent 17th century military fortification near the Daugava - the Swedish rampart. The destroyed church was renovated in 1631, but later - in 1896 and 1923 - rebuilt.
In the 17th-19th century the surrounding area of Salaspils was governed by the Salaspils Estate which, was established near the destroyed Order's castle and was a part of Riga since 1630, and the Kurtes Estate which was situated in the territory of present Līvzemes street in Salaspils.
The Riga-Daugavpils railway opened in 1861, and the new center of the town developed near Salaspils
In the 17th-19th century the surrounding area of Salaspils was governed by the Salaspils Estate which, was established near the destroyed Order's castle and was a part of Riga since 1630, and the Kurtes Estate which was situated in the territory of present Līvzemes street in Salaspils.
The Riga-Daugavpils railway opened in 1861, and the new center of the town developed near Salaspils station just opposite the Kurtes Estate. In the second part of the 19th century, military summer camps were organized in the territory of Salaspils and an Orthodox church was built into a garrison. During the World War I, the front line was at Salaspils for two years, and many of the buildings and farmsteads, especially along the river, were destroyed.
In 1941, during World War II, German Nazi authorities established the largest civilian concentration camp in the Baltic states 2 km northwest of the town
This Red-headed Woodpecker is busy excavating a nest site. Likely the male, since they do most of the excavation. Our beautiful world, pass it on.
Located in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, Herculaneum (Italian: Ercolano) was an ancient Roman town destroyed by volcanic pyroclastic flows in 79 AD. Its ruins are located in the comune of Ercolano, Campania, Italy.
As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it is famous as one of the few ancient cities that can now be seen in much of its original splendour, as well as for having been lost, along with Pompeii, Stabiae, Oplontis and Boscoreale, in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 that buried it. Unlike Pompeii, the deep pyroclastic material which covered it preserved wooden and other organic-based objects such as roofs, beds, doors, food and even some 300 skeletons which were discovered in recent years along the seashore. It had been thought until then that the town had been evacuated by the inhabitants.
Herculaneum was a wealthier town than Pompeii, possessing an extraordinary density of fine houses with, for example, far more lavish use of coloured marble cladding.
After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, the town of Herculaneum was buried under approximately 20 metres (50–60 feet) of ash. It lay hidden and largely intact until discoveries from wells and underground tunnels became gradually more widely known, and notably following the Prince d'Elbeuf's explorations in the early 18th century.[2] Excavations continued sporadically up to the present and today many streets and buildings are visible, although over 75% of the town remains buried. Today, the Italian towns of Ercolano and Portici lie on the approximate site of Herculaneum. Until 1969 the town of Ercolano was called Resina. It changed its name to Ercolano, the Italian modernization of the ancient name in honour of the old city.
The inhabitants worshipped above all Hercules, who was believed to be the founder of both the town and Mount Vesuvius.
The catastrophic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius occurred on the afternoon of 24 August AD 79. Because Vesuvius had been dormant for approximately 800 years, it was no longer even recognized as a volcano.
Recent multidisciplinary research on the lethal effects of the pyroclastic surges in the Vesuvius area showed that in the vicinity of Pompeii and Herculaneum, heat was the main cause of the death of people who had previously been thought to have died by ash suffocation. This study shows that exposure to the surges, measuring at least 250 °C (482 °F) even at a distance of 10 kilometres from the vent, was sufficient to cause the instant death of all residents, even if they were sheltered within buildings.