View allAll Photos Tagged Event_Planning
Quickly Cafe
Arcadia, CA
11/3/2012
Whenever there isn't any event planned for the weekend (and school work is relatively low during the week), then Quickly Cafe is the place to be. People don't know your name, and they don't always give you the right amount of change back, but i'll be damned if their drinks aren't visually appealing.
Nikon D90
Nikkor 35mm f/1.8G
There were no major events planned for today so I expected a nice, relaxing day, sipping on a Spritz or two, and just watching the world go by. I should know better by now! I was out wandering and stumbled on several groups shooting and the photographers graciously let me join them (note - these photographers are excellent and great to shadow). I was also able to shoot with some new masks. I am always impressed by the creativity of so many people. Wow. Not a bad day after all.
I took these photos on 25.02.2022 in Venice, Italy.
Mayor Eric Adams and New York City Department of Small Business Services (SBS) Commissioner Kevin D. Kim kick off a grand celebration of National Small Business Week with five days of events planned in all five boroughs. 50 Pennsylvania Avenue, Brooklyn. Monday, May 02, 2022. Credit: Ed Reed/Mayoral Photography Office.
May 15th, 2013 - Jennifer Evans of Encore Events & Presentations hosted the seminar Event Marketing: How to Successfully Grow your Business Through Events at Nectar Tasting Room in downtown Spokane. This event instructed attendees on how a well planned and executed corporate event can help achieve sales and marketing goals, increase customer and employee retention and help define a brand.
To learn more about this event check out the full story on SpokaneFocus. Also follow us on Facebook and Twitter.
The Postcard
A Reliable Series postcard that was posted on Tuesday the 15th. August 1905 to:
Master Gordon Cant,
79, Furzehill Road,
Mutley,
Plymouth.
The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"I have sent Claude a card
& would not on any account
leave Gordon out.
Don't you think this is a
pretty picture?
Your mother will tell you the
story about the lady whose
monument is on the picture.
Much love from all,
A. B. M."
Flora MacDonald
Flora MacDonald, who was born in 1722 in Milton, South Uist, Scotland, was a member of Clan Macdonald of Sleat.
Flora is best known for helping Charles Edward Stuart evade government troops after the Battle of Culloden in April 1746. Her family generally backed the government during the 1745 Rising, and MacDonald later claimed to have assisted Charles out of sympathy for his situation.
Arrested and held in the Tower of London, Flora was released under a general amnesty in June 1747.
She later married Allan MacDonald, and the couple emigrated to North Carolina in 1773. However their support for the British government during the American War of Independence meant the loss of their American estates, and they returned to Scotland.
Flora died in Kingsburgh, Isle of Skye on the 5th. March 1790 at the age of 68.
Inverness
Inverness is a city in the Scottish Highlands, having been granted city status in 2000. It is the administrative centre for The Highland Council, and is regarded as the capital of the Highlands.
Inverness lies near two important battle sites: the 11th.-century battle of Blàr nam Fèinne against Norway which took place on the Aird, and the 18th. century Battle of Culloden which took place on Culloden Moor.
It is the northernmost city in the United Kingdom, and lies within the Great Glen (Gleann Mòr) at its northeastern extremity where the River Ness enters the Beauly Firth.
A settlement was established by the 6th. century with the first royal charter being granted by Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (King David I) in the 12th. century.
Inverness and Inverness-shire are closely linked to various influential clans, including Clan Mackintosh, Clan Fraser and Clan MacKenzie.
The population of Inverness grew from 40,969 in 2001 to 46,969 in 2012. In 2016, it had a population of 63,320.
Inverness is one of Europe's fastest growing cities, with a quarter of the Highland population living in or around it.
In 2008, Inverness was ranked fifth out of 189 British cities for its quality of life, the highest of any Scottish city.
Charles Digby Harrod
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, the 15th. August 1905 marked the death at the age of 64 of Charles Digby Harrod. Charles, who was born on the 25th. January 1841, was an English businessman who expanded Harrods in London into a department store after his father, Charles Henry Harrod had retired.
Harrods
Harrods Limited is a department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London. It is currently (2022) owned by the state of Qatar via its sovereign wealth fund, the Qatar Investment Authority.
The Harrods brand also applies to other enterprises undertaken by the Harrods group of companies, including Harrods Estates, Harrods Aviation and Air Harrods.
The store occupies a 5-acre (2 ha) site and has 330 departments covering 1.1 million sq ft (100,000 m2 or 25 acres) of retail space. It is one of the largest and most famous department stores in the world.
The Harrods motto is Omnia Omnibus Ubique, which is Latin for "All things for all people, everywhere".
-- Early History of Harrods
In 1824, at the age of 25, Charles Henry Harrod established a business at 228 Borough High Street in Southwark. During 1825, the business was listed as 'Harrod and Wicking, Linen Drapers, Retail', but this partnership was dissolved at the end of that year.
Charles then ran a business, variously listed as a draper, mercer, and a haberdasher, until at least 1831. His first grocery business was listed as 'Harrod & Co., Grocers' at 163 Upper Whitecross Street, Clerkenwell, E.C.1., in 1832.
In 1834 Charles established a wholesale grocery business in Stepney at 4 Cable Street with a special interest in tea. In 1849, in order to escape the vice of the East End and to capitalise on trade generated by the Great Exhibition of 1851 in nearby Hyde Park, Harrod took over a small shop in the district of Brompton, on the site of the current store.
Beginning in a single room employing two assistants and a messenger boy, Harrod's son Charles Digby Harrod built the business into a thriving retail operation selling medicines, perfumes, stationery, fruits and vegetables.
Harrods rapidly expanded, acquired the adjoining buildings, and employed one hundred people by 1881.
However, the store's booming fortunes were reversed in early December 1883, when it burnt to the ground. Remarkably, Charles Harrod fulfilled all of his commitments to his customers to make Christmas deliveries that year—and made a record profit in the process.
In short order, a new building was built on the same site, and soon Harrods extended credit for the first time to its best customers, among them Oscar Wilde, Lillie Langtry, Ellen Terry, Charlie Chaplin, Noël Coward, Gertrude Lawrence, Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh, Sigmund Freud, A. A. Milne, and many members of the British Royal Family.
In 1921, Milne bought an 18-inch Alpha Farnell teddy bear from the store for his son Christopher Robin Milne who would name it Edward, then Winnie, becoming the basis for Winnie-the-Pooh.
A chance meeting in London with businessman Edgar Cohen led Charles Harrod to sell his interest in the store for £120,000 (equivalent to £14,110,759 in 2021) via a stock market flotation in 1889.
The new company was called Harrod's Stores Limited. Sir Alfred James Newton became chairman and Richard Burbidge managing director. Financier William Mendel was appointed to the board in 1891, and he raised funding for many of the business expansion plans. Richard Burbidge was succeeded in 1917 by his son Woodman Burbidge, and he in turn by his son Richard in 1935.
On the 16th. November 1898, Harrods debuted England's first "moving staircase" (escalator) in their Brompton Road store; the device was actually a woven leather conveyor belt-like unit with a mahogany and "silver plate-glass" balustrade. Nervous customers were offered brandy at the top to revive them after their 'ordeal'.
The department store was acquired by House of Fraser in 1959, which in turn was purchased by the Fayed brothers in 1985. In 1994, Harrods was moved out of the House of Fraser Group to remain a private company prior to the group's relisting on the London Stock Exchange.
Following a denial that it was for sale, Harrods was sold to Qatar Holdings, the sovereign wealth fund of the State of Qatar in May 2010. A fortnight previously, chairman of Harrods since 1985, Mohamed Al-Fayed, had stated that:
"People approach us from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,
Qatar. Fair enough. But I put two fingers up to
them. It is not for sale. This is not Marks and
Spencer or Sainsbury's. It is a special place that
gives people pleasure. There is only one Mecca."
The sale was concluded in the early hours of the 8th. May 2010, when Qatari Prime Minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani came to London to finalise the deal, saying that the acquisition of Harrods would add "much value" to the investment portfolio of Qatar Holdings while his deputy, Hussain Ali Al-Abdulla, called it a "landmark transaction".
A spokesman for Mohamed Al-Fayed said:
"In reaching the decision to retire, Al-Fayed
wished to ensure that the legacy and traditions
that he has built up in Harrods would be
continued."
Al-Fayed later revealed in an interview that he had decided to sell Harrods following the difficulty in getting his dividend approved by the trustee of the Harrods pension fund. Al-Fayed said:
"I'm here every day, I can't take my profit because
I have to take a permission of those bloody idiots.
I say is this right? Is this logic? Somebody like me?
I run a business and I need to take the trustee's
permission to take my profit."
-- Significant Event Timeline for Harrods
1824: Charles Henry Harrod starts his first business as a draper, at 228, Borough High Street, Southwark, London.
1834: Charles Henry Harrod (1799–1885) founds a wholesale grocery in Stepney, East London.
1849: Harrods moves to the Knightsbridge area of London, near Hyde Park.
1861: Harrods undergoes a transformation when it was taken over by Harrod's son, Charles Digby Harrod (1841–1905).
1883: On the 6th. December, fire guts the shop buildings, giving the family the opportunity to rebuild on a grander scale.
1889: Charles Digby Harrod retires, and Harrods shares are floated on the London Stock Exchange under the name Harrod's Stores Limited.
1905: Begun in 1894, the present building is completed to the design of the architect Charles William Stephens.
1914: Harrods opened its first and only foreign branch in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It became independent of the British shop in the late 1940's, but continued to trade under the Harrods name.
1914: Harrods buys the Regent Street department store Dickins & Jones.
1914: Harrods Furniture Depository was built in Barnes, near Hammersmith Bridge.
1919: Harrods buys the Manchester department store, Kendals; it took on the Harrods name for a short time in the 1920's, but the name was changed back to Kendals following protests from staff and customers.
1920: Harrods buys London department store Swan & Edgar and Manchester retailer Walter Carter Ltd.
1923: Mah-Jongg (a lemur) was bought by Stephen Courtauld and Virginia Courtauld. Mah-Jongg lived with the Courtaulds for fifteen years, accompanying the couple on their travels and changes of residence, including Eltham Palace in the Royal Borough of Greenwich.
1928: Harrods buys London department store D H Evans.
1946: Harrods buys the Sheffield department store John Walsh.
1949: Harrods buys William Henderson & Co, a Liverpool department store.
1955: Harrods buys Birmingham department store Rackhams.
1959: The British department store holding company House of Fraser buys Harrods, fighting off competition from Debenhams and United Drapery Stores.
1969: Christian the lion was bought by John Rendall and Anthony 'Ace' Bourke. The lion was set free in Kenya after reaching maturity.
1983: A terrorist attack by the Provisional IRA outside the Brompton store kills six people.
1985: The Fayed brothers buy House of Fraser, including Harrods Store, for £615 million.
1986: The small town of Otorohanga in New Zealand briefly changes its name to Harrodsville in response to legal threats made by Mohamed Al-Fayed against a person with the surname of Harrod, who had used the name "Harrod's" for his shop.
1990: A Harrods shop opens on board the RMS Queen Mary in Long Beach, California, which was then owned by the Walt Disney Company.
1990: Harrods gives right to Duty Free International for a licence to operate a Harrods Signature Shop at Toronto Pearson International Airport's Terminal 3 (closed shortly after).
1993: An IRA terrorist attack injures four people.
1994: The relationship between House of Fraser and Harrods is severed. Harrods remains under the ownership of the Fayed family, and House of Fraser is floated on the stock exchange.
1997: An English court issued an injunction to restrain the Buenos Aires Harrods store from trading under the Harrods name, but the House of Lords in 1998 dismissed Fayed's lawsuit.
1998: The Harrods store in Buenos Aires closed after racking up large amounts of debt. There had been various offers to buy the store, but Atilio Gilbertoni the owner of Harrods in Buenos Aires, did not accept the offers as he wanted to keep his controlling stake in the brand.
2000: A Harrods shop opens on board the Queen Elizabeth 2, owned by the Cunard Line.
2006: The Harrods "102" shop opens opposite the main shop in Brompton Road; it features concessions like Krispy Kreme and Yo! Sushi, as well as florists, a herbalist, a masseur, and an oxygen spa. The store closed in 2013.
2006: Omar Fayed, Mohamed's youngest son, joins the Harrods board.
2010: Fayed announces he has sold Harrods to the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA). It has been reported that the QIA paid £1.5 billion for the Knightsbridge store.
2010: Harrods looked at the possibility of expanding to China and opening a new shop in Shanghai. Michael Ward, managing director of Harrods, said, "There are other areas of the world where we could operate profitably." The number of Chinese shoppers visiting Harrods was increasing, and the average spent by a Chinese shopper was three times that of any other nationality.
2012: The figurative sculptures that once adorned the Harrods food hall are consigned for sale at West Middlesex Auction Rooms. The two Mermaids supporting a giant Clam and the Stag and Boar sheltering under an English Oak are purchased by Greaves & Thomas for inclusion in an elaborate fountain for Ryde, Isle of Wight.
2017: Harrods Bank is sold to Tandem and rebranded to Tandem Bank, Harrods Bank had operated since 1893.
2020: after lockdowns and restriction during the covid pandemic, Harrods made a loss of £68 million in 2020, reduced staff numbers, paid no dividend to its owners and said that no dividend was likely for another two years, and faced a strike by dozens of restaurant workers.
-- Harrods' Products and Services
The shop's 330 departments offer a wide range of products and services. Products on offer include clothing for women, men, children and infants, electronics, jewellery, sporting gear, bridal trousseaux, pet accessories, toys (including Christmas and signature teddy bears), food and drink, health and beauty items, packaged gifts, stationery, housewares, home appliances, furniture, and much more.
Harrods has 23 restaurants, serving everything from high tea to tapas to pub food to haute cuisine; a personal shopping-assistance programme known as "By Appointment"; a watch repair service; a tailor; a dispensing pharmacy; a beauty spa and salon; a barbers shop; Ella Jade Bathroom Planning and Design Service; private events planning and catering; food delivery; a wine steward; bespoke picnic hampers and gift boxes; bespoke cakes; bespoke fragrance formulations; and Bespoke Arcades machines.
Up to 300,000 customers visit the shop on peak days, comprising the highest proportion of customers from non-English speaking countries of any department store in London. More than five thousand staff from over fifty different countries work at Harrods.
In October 2009, Harrods Bank started selling gold bars and coins that customers could buy "off the shelf". The gold products ranged from 1 g to 12.5 kg, and could be purchased within Harrods Bank. They also offered storage services, as well as the ability to sell back gold to Harrods in the future.
Harrods used to provide paid “luggage room” services for storing luggage. However post COVID they stopped providing this service.
-- Royal Warrants
Harrods was the holder of royal warrants from:
-- Queen Elizabeth II (Provisions and Household Goods)
-- The Duke of Edinburgh (Outfitters)
-- The Prince of Wales (Outfitters and Saddlers)
-- Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother (China and Glass)
In August 2010, in a letter to The Daily Telegraph, chairman Mohamed Al-Fayed revealed that he had burnt Harrods' royal warrants, after taking them down in 2000. Harrods had held the Royal warrants since 1910.
Describing the warrants as a "curse", Al-Fayed claimed that business had tripled since their removal.
The Duke of Edinburgh removed his warrant in January 2000. He had been banned from Harrods by Al-Fayed. The other warrants were removed from Harrods by Al-Fayed in December, pending their five-yearly review.
Film of the burning of the warrants in 2009 was shown in the final scene of Unlawful Killing, a film funded by Al-Fayed and directed by Keith Allen.
-- Memorials
Since the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed, Mohamed Al-Fayed's son, two memorials commissioned by Al-Fayed have been erected inside Harrods to the couple.
The first, located at the base of the Egyptian Escalator, was unveiled on the 12th. April 1998. It consists of photographs of the two behind a pyramid-shaped display that holds a wine glass smudged with lipstick from Diana's last dinner, as well as what is described as an engagement ring Dodi purchased the day before they died.
The second memorial, unveiled in 2005 and located by the escalator at door three is entitled Innocent Victims, a bronze statue of the two dancing on a beach beneath the wings of an albatross, a bird said to symbolise the "Holy Spirit".
The sculpture was created by William Mitchell, a close friend of Al-Fayed and artistic design advisor to Harrods for 40 years. Al-Fayed said he wanted to keep the pair's "spirit alive" through the statue.
After the death of Michael Jackson, Al-Fayed announced that they had already been discussing plans to build a memorial statue. This was unveiled in April 2011 at the rear of Craven Cottage football ground (Fulham F.C.) but removed in September 2013 on the orders of new club owner Shahid Khan.
-- Harrods' Dress Code
In 1989, Harrods introduced a dress code for customers. The store turns away people whose dress is not in compliance with the code.
Forbidden items include cycling shorts; high-cut shorts, Bermuda or beach shorts; swimwear; athletic singlets; flip flops or thong sandals; bare feet; bare midriff; or wearing dirty or unkempt clothing.
Patrons found not in compliance with the code and barred from entry include pop star Kylie Minogue, Jason Donovan, Luke Goss, a Scout troop, a woman with a Mohican hair cut, and the entire first team from FC Shakhtar Donetsk who were wearing tracksuits.
-- Size
The store has over one million square feet (90,000 m2) of selling space in over 330 departments, making it the biggest department store in Europe. The UK's second-biggest shop, Selfridges in Oxford Street, is a little over half the size, with 540,000 square feet (50,000 m2) of selling space.
-- Criticism
Harrods and Mohamed Al-Fayed were criticised for selling real animal fur, provoking regular protests organised outside the store. Harrods is the only department store in Britain that has continued to sell fur.
Harrods was sharply criticised in 2004 by the Hindu community for marketing a line of feminine underwear (designed by Roberto Cavalli) which featured images of Indian goddesses. The line was eventually withdrawn and formal apologies were made.
Harrods has been criticised by Guardian journalist Sali Hughes as "deeply sexist" for making female employees wear six kinds of makeup at all times without requiring this of male employees.
Harrods was criticised by members of the Black community after the Daily Telegraph reported that Harrods staff told a black woman that she would not be employed unless she chemically straightened her hair, stating that her natural hair style was "unprofessional".
Harrods' restaurants and cafes included a 12.5% discretionary service charge on customers' bills, but failed to share the full proceeds with kitchen and service staff. Several employees joined the UVW union, which claimed that 483 affected employees were losing up to £5,000 each in tips every year.
A surprise protest and roadblock organised by the union outside Harrods during the January sales of 2017 was followed by an announcement that 100% of service charges would be given to staff.
-- Litigation
In 1986, the town of Otorohanga, New Zealand, briefly changed its name to "Harrodsville". This was a protest in support of a restaurateur, Henry Harrod of Palmerston North, who was being forced to change the name of his restaurant following the threat of lawsuits from Mohamed Al Fayed, the then-owner of Harrods department store.
As a show of solidarity for Henry Harrod, and in anticipation of actions against other similar-sounding businesses, it was proposed that every business in Otorohanga change its name to "Harrods".
With the support of the District Council, Otorohanga temporarily changed the town's name to Harrodsville. After being lampooned in the British tabloids, Al Fayed dropped the legal action and Harrodsville and its shops reverted to their former names.
The town's response raised widespread media interest around the world, with the BBC World Service and newspapers in Greece, Saudi Arabia, Australia and Canada covering the story.
On 27 October 2008, in the case of Harrods Ltd v. Harrods Limousine Ltd, the Harrods store applied to the Company Names Tribunal for a change of name of Harrods Limousine Ltd, which had been registered at Companies House since the 14th. November 2007.
The application went un-defended by the respondent and the adjudicator ordered on the 16th. January 2009 that Harrods Limousine Ltd must change their name within one month.
Additionally the respondent was ordered not to cause or permit any steps to be taken to register another company with an offending name which could interfere, due to its similarity, with the goodwill of the applicant. Finally, Harrods Limousine Ltd. was ordered to pay Harrods' costs for the litigation.
-- Controversy
Asma al-Assad, the wife of the President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad, used an alias to shop at Harrods despite economic sanctions imposed by the European Union that froze funds belonging to her and her husband.
I thought today was going to be an easy day - no major events planned so I just wandered around the Castillo area and pretty soon ran into a bunch of models. What a great area to shoot in - not too crowded and plenty of settings.
I took these photos in mid-February 2020 in Venice, Italy.
There were no major events planned for today so I expected a nice, relaxing day, sipping on a Spritz or two, and just watching the world go by. I should know better by now! I was out wandering and stumbled on several groups shooting and the photographers graciously let me join them (note - these photographers are excellent and great to shadow). I was also able to shoot with some new masks. I am always impressed by the creativity of so many people. Wow. Not a bad day after all.
I took these photos on 25.02.2022 in Venice, Italy.
May 15th, 2013 - Attendees at Event Marketing: How to Successfully Grow your Business Through Events share details about event planning. This event was presented by Jennifer Evans of Encore Events & Presentations at Nectar Tasting Room in downtown Spokane. This event instructed attendees on how a well planned and executed corporate event can help achieve sales and marketing goals, increase customer and employee retention and help define a brand.
To learn more about this event check out the full story on SpokaneFocus. Also follow us on Facebook and Twitter.
There were no major events planned for today so I expected a nice, relaxing day, sipping on a Spritz or two, and just watching the world go by. I should know better by now! I was out wandering and stumbled on several groups shooting and the photographers graciously let me join them (note - these photographers are excellent and great to shadow). I was also able to shoot with some new masks. I am always impressed by the creativity of so many people. Wow. Not a bad day after all.
I took these photos on 25.02.2022 in Venice, Italy.
The economy still suffering, you may end up would go for a smaller budget while planning the next corporate event. The competitive corporate environment has no room for under performance. How will you manage organizing a successful event with a limited budget? Read on to discover some clever ways event management with limited funds
Among the events planned during the 58th MOROP Congress, FGC participated with the circulation of an heritage train, on Thursday, September 8, 2011, from Sant Vicenç de Castellet to Monistrol de Montserrat in the morning, and from Monistrol de Montserrato to Martorell in the afternoon. Since at that time none of the historic locomotives were in running state (not the steam locomotive Monistrol 209, nor the electric locomotive 304), the train was towed by a existing diesel Alsthom locomotive. With so many fatalities, FGC at least had the dignity of repainting this locomotive in the original colors of ancient CGFC, which the locomotive acquired a historical aspect.
Here we see the locomotive, the number 1003 (Alsthom 1956, labeled "MO" since it was originally allocated to the Manresa-Olvan railway), freshly painted, ready to start the day in front of the workshops diesel traction.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
De entre los actos previstos durante el 58 congreso del MOROP, FGC participó con la puesta en circulación de un tren de material histórico, el jueves 8 de septiembre de 2011, de Sant Vicenç de Castellet a Monistrol de Montserrat por la mañana, y de Monistrol de Montserrat a Martorell Enllaç por la tarde. Dado que en aquel momento ninguna de las locomotoras históricas estaban en estado de marcha (ni la locomotora de vapor Monistrol 209, ni la locomotora eléctrica 304), el tren lo remolcó una de las locomotoras diésel Alsthom existentes. Ante tantas fatalidades, FGC al menos tuvo la dignidad de repintar una de estas locomotoras en los colores originales de la antigua CGFC, con lo que la locomotora adquirió un aspecto histórico.
Aquí vemos a la locomotora, la número 1003 (Alsthom 1956, marcada como "MO" dado que fue originalmente asignada al ferrocarril de Manresa-Olvàn), recién pintada, a punto de comenzar la jornada delante de los talleres de tracción diésel.
Green Key Weekend includes an annual program of events planned by staff and students through the Collis Center for Student Involvement. The weekend features a variety of free outdoor concerts and many great ways to celebrate the arrival of spring. (Photo by Joshua Renaud '17)
Stay connected to Dartmouth:
There were no major events planned for today so I expected a nice, relaxing day, sipping on a Spritz or two, and just watching the world go by. I should know better by now! I was out wandering and stumbled on several groups shooting and the photographers graciously let me join them (note - these photographers are excellent and great to shadow). I was also able to shoot with some new masks. I am always impressed by the creativity of so many people. Wow. Not a bad day after all.
I took these photos on 25.02.2022 in Venice, Italy.
There were no major events planned for today so I expected a nice, relaxing day, sipping on a Spritz or two, and just watching the world go by. I should know better by now! I was out wandering and stumbled on several groups shooting and the photographers graciously let me join them (note - these photographers are excellent and great to shadow). I was also able to shoot with some new masks. I am always impressed by the creativity of so many people. Wow. Not a bad day after all.
I took these photos on 25.02.2022 in Venice, Italy.
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (Turkish pronunciation: [isˈmet ˈinœny]; 23 September 1886 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish army officer and statesman who served as the second president of Turkey from November 11, 1938, to May 22 1950, and as its prime minister three times: from 1923 to 1924, 1925 to 1937, and 1961 to 1965.
İnönü is acknowledged by many as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's right-hand man, with their friendship going back to the Caucasus campaign. In the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, he served as the first chief of the General Staff from 1922 to 1924 for the regular Turkish army, during which he commanded forces during the First and Second Battles of İnönü. Atatürk bestowed İsmet with the surname İnönü, the site of the battles, when the 1934 Surname Law was adopted. He was also chief negotiator in the Mudanya and Lausanne conferences for the Ankara government, successfully negotiating away the Sevre treaty for the Treaty of Lausanne. As his prime minister for most of his presidency, İnönü executed many of Atatürk's modernizing and nationalist reforms. İnönü gave the orders to carry out the Zilan Massacre.
İnönü succeeded Atatürk as president of Turkey after his death in 1938 and was granted the official title of Millî Şef ("National Chief" by the parliament. As president and chairman of the Republican People's Party (CHP), İnönü initially continued Turkey's one party state. Kemalist style programs continued to make great strides in education by supporting projects such as Village Institutes. His governments implemented notably heavy statist economic policies. The Hatay State was annexed in 1939, and Turkey was able to maintain an armed neutrality during World War II, joining the Allied powers only three months before the end of the European Theater. The Turkish Straits crisis prompted İnönü to build closer ties with the Western powers, with the country eventually joining NATO in 1952, though by then he was no longer president.
Factionalism between statists and liberals in the CHP led to the creation of the Democrat Party in 1946. İnönü held the first multiparty elections in the Republic's history that year, beginning Turkey's multiparty period. 1950 saw a peaceful transfer of power to the Democrats when the CHP suffered defeat in the elections. For ten years, İnönü served as the leader of the opposition before returning to power as prime minister following the 1961 election, held after the 1960 coup-d'état. The 1960s saw İnönü reinvent the CHP as a political party, which was "Left of Center" as a new party cadre led by Bülent Ecevit became more influential. İnönü remained leader of the CHP until 1972, when he was defeated by Ecevit in a leadership contest. He died on December 25, 1973, of a heart attack, at the age of 89. He is interred opposite to Atatürk's mausoleum at Anıtkabir in Ankara.
İsmet İnönü (born Mustafa İsmet) was born in 1886 in Smyrna (İzmir) in the Aidin Vilayet to Hacı Reşit and Cevriye (later Cevriye Temelli). Hacı Reşit was retired after serving as director of the First Examinant Department of the Legal Affairs Bureau of the War Ministry (Harbiye Nezareti Muhakemat Dairesi Birinci Mümeyyizliği). A member of the Kürümoğlu family of Bitlis, İnönü's father was born in Malatya. According to its members studying the ancestral background of the family, Kürümoğlus were of Turkish origin, while secondary sources refer to the family as of Kurdish descent. His mother was the daughter of Müderris Hasan Efendi, who belonged to the ulem and was a member of the Turkish family of Razgrad (present-day Bulgaria). In 1933 he visited Razgrad since the city's Turkish cemetery was attacked. İsmet was the family's second child; he had three brothers, including the family's first child, Ahmet Midhat, two younger brothers, Hasan Rıza and Hayri (Temelli), as well as a sister Seniha (Otakan). Due to his father's assignments, the family moved from one city to another.
İnönü completed his primary education in Sivas and graduated from Sivas Military Junior High School (Sivas Askerî Rüştiyesi) in 1894. He then studied at the Sivas School for Civil Servants (Sivas Mülkiye İdadisi) for a year. He graduated from the Imperial School of Military Engineering in 1904 as a lieutenant gunnery officer and entered the Military Academy to graduate as a first-rank staff captain on September 26, 1906. İnönü started his duty in the Second Army based in Adrianople (Edirne) on October 2, 1906, in the 3rd Battery Command of the 8th Field Artillery Regiment. As part of his platoon officer staff internship, he gave lessons in military strategy and artillery. Captain İsmet was also part of the Ottoman–Bulgarian commissions.
Through Ali Fethi (Okyar), he briefly joined the Committee of Union and Progress in 1907, which wished to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II. During the 31 March Incident, he was on the staff of the Second Cavalry Division, which was mobilized to join the Action Army and marched on Constantinople (İstanbul) to depose Abdul Hamid II. Returning to Adrianople following the suppression of the mutiny, İnönü left the committee in the summer of 1909.
He won his first military victory by suppressing Imam Yahya Muhammad Hamiddin's revolt in Yemen. İsmet eventually became chief of staff of the force sent to suppress the rebellion and personally negotiated with Imam Yahya in Kaffet-ül-Uzer to bring Yemen back into the empire. For this, he was promoted to the rank of major. He returned to Constantinople in March 1913 to defend the capital from Bulgarian attack during the First Balkan War. İnönü was part of the Turkish delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Constantinople with the Bulgarians as a military adviser. He held a close relationship with Enver Pasha and played an active role in the reformation of the army.
İnönü began climbing the ranks during World War I, becoming lieutenant colonel on November 29, 1914, and then being appointed as the First Branch Manager of the General Headquarters on December 2. He was appointed chief of staff of the Second Army on October 9, 1915, and was promoted to the rank of colonel on December 14 December 1915.
Inönü married Emine Mevhibe Hanim on April 13, 1917, when he was 31 and she was only 20 (for she was more than ten years his junior whilst he was more than ten years her senior), three weeks before he left for the front to return home only after the conclusion of the Armistice of Mudros on October 30, 1918.[13] Of which she later bore his three sons and one daughter. He began working with Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Pasha as a corps commander on the Caucasian Front. İnönü was appointed to the IV Corps Command on January 12, 1917, upon the recommendation of Atatürk. He was recalled to Constantinople after a while and returned to take part as a corps commander of the Seventh Army. On May 1, he was appointed to command XX Corps on the Palestine Front, and then III Corps on June 20. He once again came into contact with Atatürk when he assumed command of the Seventh Army. İnönü's forces received the brunt of Edmond Allenby's attack on Beersheba that ended the stalemate on the Sinai front. He was wounded in the Battle of Megiddo and was sent back to Constantinople, where he held various administrative positions in the War Ministry during the armistice period.
After the military occupation of Constantinople on March 16, 1920, İnönü decided to escape to Anatolia to join the Ankara government. He and his chief of staff, Major Saffet (Arıkan) escaped Maltepe in the evening of March 19 and arrived in Ankara on April 9. He joined the Grand National Assembly (GNA), which was opened on April 23, 1920, as a deputy of Edirne. Like many others in the Turkish National Movement, he was sentenced to death in absentia by the Ottoman government on June 6, 1920. In May 1920, he was appointed chief of the general staff. The next year, he was appointed commander of the Western Front of the Army of the GNA, a position in which he remained during the Turkish War of Independence. He was promoted to the rank of Mirliva (to that extent, Pasha) after winning the First and Second Battle of İnönü. When the 1934 Surname Law was adopted Atatürk bestowed İsmet Pasha with the surname İnönü, where the battles took place.
İnönü was replaced by Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak), who was also the prime minister and minister of defense at the time, as the chief of staff after the Turkish forces lost major battles against the advancing Greek Army in July 1921, as a result of which the cities of Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya and Eskişehir were temporarily lost. During the war, İnönü's infant son İzzet died before his victory in Sakarya and this news was only delivered to him in the spring of 1922. His wife, Emine Mevhibe hid the news and the severity of his son's sickness due to the intensity of the war. He participated as a staff officer (with the rank Brigadier General) in the later battles, including Dumlupınar.
Chief negotiator in Mudanya and Lausanne
See also: Armistice of Mudanya and Treaty of Lausanne
After the War of Independence was won, İnönü was appointed as the chief negotiator of the Turkish delegation, both for the Armistice of Mudanya and for the Treaty of Lausanne.
The Lausanne conference convened in late 1922 to settle the terms of a new treaty that would take the place of the Treaty of Sèvres. İnönü became famous for his stubborn resolve in determining the position of Ankara as the legitimate, sovereign government of Turkey. After delivering his position, İsmet turned off his hearing aid during the speeches of British foreign secretary Lord Curzon. When Curzon had finished, İnönü reiterated his position as if Curzon had never said a word.
İsmet İnönü served as the prime minister of Turkey throughout Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's presidency, stepping down as prime minister for three months during Fethi Okyar's premiership and in the last year of Atatürk's presidency when he was replaced by Celal Bayar. İnönü therefore helped to execute most of Atatürk's reformist programs. It was his suggestion to make Ankara the capital of Turkey, which was approved by the parliament. İnönü was also an important factor in the proclamation of the Republic and the abolition of the Caliphate and Evkaf Ministry. He resigned from the premiership for health reasons on November 22, 1924 for Fethi Okyar, but since Okyar lost a vote of confidence from parliament due to the Sheikh Said rebellion, İnönü returned to the prime ministry.
İnönü immediately banned all opposition parties (including the Progressive Republican Party) and the press. Independence Tribunals were reestablished to prosecute the Kurdish rebels. In 1926, it allegedly came out that former members of the CUP attempted to assassinate Atatürk in the İzmir plot, which resulted in the remaining CUP leaders being executed. İnönü retired his military command in 1927.
While dealing with the Sheikh Said revolt, İnönü proclaimed a Turkish nationalist policy and encouraged the Turkification of the non-Turkish population. Following the suppression of the Sheikh Said rebellion, he presided over the Reform Council for the East, which prepared the Report for Reform in the East, which recommended impede the establishment of a Kurdish elite, forbid non-Turkish languages, and create regional administrative units called Inspectorates-General, which were to be governed by martial law. He stated the following in regards to the Kurds; "We're frankly nationalists, and nationalism is our only factor of cohesion. Before the Turkish majority, other elements had no kind of influence. At any price, we must turkify the inhabitants of our land, and we will annihilate those who oppose." Following this report, three Inspectorates-General were established in the Kurdish areas, which comprise several provinces. On the direct order of İnönü, the Zilan massacre of thousands of Kurdish civilians was perpetrated by the Turkish Land Forces in the Zilan Valley of Van Province on July 12 and 13, 1930, during the Ararat rebellion. Nation building was codified into law when a new settlement regime was enacted in 1934, resettling Albanians, Abkhazians, Circassians, and Kurds in new areas in order to create a homogeneous Turkish state.
İnönü was responsible for most of the reformist legislation promulgated during Turkey's one party period. The Hat Law and the closure of Dervish lodges were enacted in 1925; in 1928, the Turkish alphabet switched to being written with Latin characters, and in 1934, titles such as Efendi, Bey, and Pasha were abolished; and certain articles of religious clothing were banned, though İnönü was and still is popularly known as İsmet Pasha. 1934 was also the year that the Surname Law was adopted, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk bestowing İsmet with the surname İnönü, the location where İsmet won the battles against the Greek army in 1921. He was also a proponent of replacing foreign loan words with "Pure Turkish" words.
İnönü managed the economy with heavy-handed government intervention, especially during the Great Depression, by implementing an economic plan inspired by the Five Year Plan of the Soviet Union. In doing so, he took much private property under government control. Due to his efforts, to this day, more than 70% of land in Turkey is still owned by the state.
Desiring a more liberal economic system, Atatürk dissolved the government of İnönü in 1937 and appointed Celâl Bayar, the founder of the first Turkish commercial bank, Türkiye İş Bankası, as prime minister, thus beginning a decades long rivalry between Bayar and İnönü.
After the death of Atatürk on November 10, 1938, İnönü was viewed as the most appropriate candidate to succeed him and was unanimously elected the second president of the Republic of Turkey and leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP). He attempted to build himself a cult of personality by receiving the official title of Millî Şef, i.e., "National Chief".
One of his first actions was to annex in 1939 the Hatay State, which declared independence from French Syria. İnönü also wished to move on from one-party rule by taking incremental steps to multiparty politics. He hoped to accomplish this by establishing the Independent Group as a force of opposition in the parliament, but they fell short of expectations under wartime conditions. İnönü dismissed Bayar's government because of differences between the two on economic policy in 1939. İnönü was an avowed statist, while Bayar wished for a more liberal economy. Turkey's early industrialization accelerated under İnönü but the onset of World War II disrupted economic growth.
Much reform in education was accomplished during İnönü's presidency through the efforts of Hasan Âli Yücel, who was minister of education throughout İnönü's governments. 1940 saw the establishment of the Village Institutes, in which well-performing students from the country were selected to train as teachers and return to their hometown to run community development programs.
World War II broke out in the first year of his presidency, and both the Allies and the Axis pressured İnönü to bring Turkey into the war on their side. The Germans sent Franz von Papen to Ankara in April 1939, while the British sent Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen and the French René Massigli. On April 23, 1939, Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu told Knatchbull-Hugessen of his nation's fears of Italian claims to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum and German control of the Balkans and suggested an Anglo-Soviet-Turkish alliance as the best way of countering the Axis. In May 1939, during the visit of Maxime Weygand to Turkey, İnönü told the French Ambassador René Massigli that he believed that the best way of stopping Germany was an alliance of Turkey, the Soviet Union, France and Britain; that if such an alliance came into being, the Turks would allow Soviet ground and air forces onto their soil; and that he wanted a major programme of French military aid to modernize the Turkish armed forces.
The signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact on August 23, 1939, drew Turkey away from the Allies; the Turks always believed that it was essential to have the Soviet Union as an ally to counter Germany, and thus the signing of the German-Soviet pact undercut completely the assumptions behind Turkish security policy. With the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, İnönü chose to be neutral in World War II as taking on Germany and the Soviet Union at the same time would be too much for Turkey, though he signed a tripartite treaty of alliance with Britain and France on October 19, 1939, obligating Turkey's entry into the war if fighting spread to the Mediterranean. However, with France's defeat in June 1940 İnönü abandoned the pro-Allied neutrality that he had followed since the beginning of the war. A major embarrassment for the Turks occurred in July 1940 when the Germans captured and published documents from the Quai d'Orsay in Paris showing the Turks were aware of Operation Pike—as the Anglo-French plan in the winter of 1939–40 to bomb the oil fields in the Soviet Union from Turkey was codenamed—which was intended by Berlin to worsen relations between Ankara and Moscow. In turn, worsening relations between the Soviet Union and Turkey were intended to drive Turkey into the arms of the Reich. After the publication of the French documents relating to Operation Pike, İnönü pulled out of the tripartide pact signed with Britain and France and signed the German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship and the Clodius Agreement, which placed Turkey within the German economic sphere of influence, but İnönü went no further towards the Axis.
In the first half of 1941, Germany, which was intent on invading the Soviet Union, went out of its way to improve relations with Turkey as the Reich hoped for benevolent Turkish neutrality when the German-Soviet war began. At the same time, the British had great hopes in the spring of 1941 when they dispatched an expeditionary force to Greece that İnönü could be persuaded to enter the war on the Allied side as the British leadership had high hopes of creating a Balkan front that would tie down German forces, which thus led to a major British diplomatic offensive with Foreign Secretary Sir Anthony Eden visiting Ankara several times to meet with İnönü. İnönü always told Eden that the Turks would not join the British forces in Greece, and the Turks would only enter the war if Germany attacked Turkey. For his part, Papen offered İnönü parts of Greece if Turkey were to enter the war on the Axis side, an offer İnönü declined. In May 1941 when the Germans dispatched an expeditionary force to Iraq to fight against the British, İnönü refused Papen's request that the German forces be allowed transit rights to Iraq. Another attempt by Hitler to woo Turkey came in February 1943, when Talaat Pasha's remains were returned to Turkey for a state burial.
Internal opposition to Turkish neutrality came from ultra-nationalist circles and factions of the military that wished to incorporate the Turkic-populated areas of the Soviet Union by allying with Germany. This almost erupted into a coup d'état against the government. Leading pan-Turkists including Alparslan Türkeş, Nihal Atsız, and Şaik Gökyay were arrested and sentenced time in prison in the Racism-Turanism trials.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill traveled to Ankara in January 1943 for a conference with President İnönu to urge Turkey's entry into the war on the allied side. Churchill met secretly with İnönü inside a railroad car at the Yenice Station near Adana. By 4–6 December 1943, İnönü felt confident enough about the outcome of the war that he met openly with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference. Until 1941, both Roosevelt and Churchill thought that Turkey's continued neutrality would serve the interests of the Allies by blocking the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the Middle East. But the early victories of the Axis up to the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies. Turkey had maintained a decently-sized army and air force throughout the war, and Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the Balkans. Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies.
İnönü knew very well the hardships that his country had suffered during decades of incessant war between 1908 and 1922 and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could. The young Turkish Republic was still re-building, recovering from the losses due to earlier wars, and lacked any modern weapons and the infrastructure to enter a war to be fought along and possibly within its borders. İnönü based his neutrality policy during the Second World War on the premise that Western Allies and the Soviet Union would sooner or later have a falling out after the war. Thus, İnönu wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the United States and the United Kingdom would stand beside Turkey in the event of a Soviet invasion of the Turkish Straits after the war. In August 1944, İnönü broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, and on January 5, 1945, İnönü severed diplomatic relations with Japan. Shortly afterwards, İnönü allowed Allied shipping to use the Turkish Straits to send supplies to the Soviet Union, and on February 25, 1945, he declared war on Germany and Japan. For this Turkey became a founding member of the United Nations.
The post-war tensions and arguments surrounding the Turkish Straits would come to be known as the Turkish Straits crisis. The fear of Soviet invasion and Joseph Stalin's unconcealed desire for Soviet military bases in the Turkish Straits eventually caused Turkey to give up its principle of neutrality in foreign relations and join NATO in February 1952.
Domestic policy
Maintaining an armed neutrality proved to be disruptive for the young republic. The country existed in a practical state of war throughout the Second World War: military production was prioritized at the expense of peacetime goods, rationing and curfews were implemented, and high taxes were put in place, causing severe economic hardship for many. One such tax was the Wealth Tax (Varlık Vergisi), a discriminatory tax that demanded very high one-time payments from Turkey's non-Muslim minorities. This tax is seen by many to be a continuation of the Jizya tax paid by dhimmis during Ottoman times, or Millî İktisat (National Economy) economic policy implemented by the Committee of Union and Progress regime three decades ago. It was only repealed in 1944 under American and British pressure.
A famous story of İnönü happened in a meeting in Bursa for the 1969 general elections. A young man yelled at him, "You let us go without food!" İnönü replied to him by saying, "Yes, I let you go without food, but I did not let you become fatherless," implying the death of millions of people from both sides of World War II.
For the Kemalists there was always a desire for Turkey to develop into a democracy. Before the Independent Group, Atatürk experimented with opposition through the Liberal Republican Party, which lasted three months before it had to be shut down when reactionaries threatened to hijack the party. In an opening speech to the Grand National Assembly on November 1, 1945, İnönü openly expressed the country's need for an opposition party. He welcomed Celal Bayar establishing the Democrat Party (DP), which separated from the CHP. However, due to the anti-Communist hysteria brought on by the new Soviet threat, new leftist parties were swiftly banned, and rural development initiatives such as the Village Institutes and People's Rooms were closed. Even with such pressure on the left, İnönü established the Ministry of Labour in 1945 and signed into law important protections for workers. Universities were given autonomy, and İnönü's title of "unchangeable chairman" of CHP was abolished.
İnönü allowed for Turkey's first multiparty elections to be held in 1946; however, the elections were infamously not free and fair; voting was carried out under the gaze of onlookers who could determine which voters had voted for which parties, and secrecy prevailed as to the subsequent counting of votes. Instead of inviting Şükrü Saraçoğlu to form another government, he assigned CHP hardliner Recep Peker to the task, who contributed to a polarizing atmosphere in the parliament. İnönü had to act as a mediator several times between Peker and Bayar, who threatened to have the DP walk from parliament if they didn't have some of their demands met, such as ensuring judicial review, secret ballots, and public counting for elections. On 12 July 1947 İsmet İnönü gave a speech broadcast on radio and in newspapers that he would stand equal distance from the government and opposition, prompting Peker's resignation.
Free and fair national elections had to wait until 1950, and on that occasion, İnönü's government was defeated. In the 1950 election campaign, the leading figures of the Democrat Party used the slogan "Geldi İsmet, kesildi kısmet" ("İsmet arrived, [our] fortune left"). CHP lost the election with 41% of the vote against DP's 55%, but due to the winner-takes-all electoral system, DP received 85% of the seats in parliament. İnönü presided over the peaceful transfer of power to the DP leaders, Bayar and Adnan Menderes. Bayar would serve as Turkey's third president, and Menderes would be its first prime minister not from the CHP.
For ten years, İnönü served as the leader of the opposition. In opposition, the CHP established its youth and women's branches. On June 22 June 1953, the establishment of trade unions and vocational chambers was proposed, and the right to strike for workers was added to the party program. The CHP formed an electoral alliance with the Republican Nation Party and Liberty party for the 1957 election, which was blocked by the DP government.
In the lead-up to the elections prepared for 1960, İnönü and CHP members faced regular harassment from the authorities and DP supporters, to the point where he was almost lynched several times. In 1958, the DP mayor of Zile declared martial law and mobilized the gendarmerie to prevent İnönü from conducting a rally in the city; a similar event happened in the city of Çankırı. In 1959, İnönü began a campaign tour that followed the same path he took thirty years ago as a Pasha from Uşak to İzmir and ended in victory for the Turkish nationalists. The DP minister of interior refused to promise protection to him. In Uşak, a crowd blocked İnönü from going to his podium, and he was hit in the head with a stone. Following his "Great Offensive," he flew to Istanbul, where he was almost lynched by a DP-organized mob on the way to Topkapı Palace. He was also banned from speaking in rallies in Kayseri and Yeşilhisar.
İnönü was banned from 12 sessions of parliament. This coincided an authoritarian turn of the Democrat Party, which culminated in a military coup.
The Turkish Armed Forces overthrew the government as a result of the military coup on 27 May 1960. After one year of junta rule in which the Democrat Party was banned and its top leaders executed in the Yassıada Trials, elections were held once the military returned to their barracks. İnönü returned to power as Prime Minister after the 1961 election, in which the CHP won the election. Right-wing parties have since continuously attacked İnönü and the CHP for their perceived involvement in the hanging of Prime minister Menderes, even though İnönü advocated for Menderes' pardoning.
İnönü's governments were defined by an effort to deescalate tensions between radical forces in the Turkish army wishing for extended junta rule and former Democrats that wished for amnesty. İnönü's CHP did not gain enough seats in the legislature to win a majority in the elections, so in an effort to create reconciliation, he formed coalition governments with the neo-Democrat Justice Party the New Turkey Party and the Republican Villagers Nation Party until 1965. Forming coalitions with DP successor parties, however, provoked radical officers into action. Colonel Talat Aydemir twice attempted to overthrow the government in 1962 and 1963 Turkish coup d'etat attempt. Aydemir was later executed for conducting both coups. Aydemir's 1962 coup had the most potential to succeed when İnönü, President Cemal Gürsel and Chief of Staff Cevdet Sunay were held up in Çankaya Mansion by the putschists. Aydemir decided to let the group go, which foiled the coup.
While in coalition with the far-right Republican Villagers Nation Party, İnönü renounced the Greco-Turkish Treaty of Friendship of 1930 and took actions against the Greek minority. The Turkish government also strictly enforced a long-overlooked law barring Greek nationals from 30 professions and occupations; for example, Greeks could not be doctors, nurses, architects, shoemakers, tailors, plumbers, cabaret singers, ironsmiths, cooks, tourist guides, etc., and 50,000 more Greeks were deported. These actions were taken because of the growing anti-Greek sentiment in Turkey after the ethnic conflict in Cyprus flared up again. With an invasion of the island imminent, American President Lyndon Johnson sent a memorandum to İnönü, effectively vetoing Turkish intervention. A subsequent meeting at the White House between İnönü and Johnson on June 22, 1964, meant Cyprus' status quo continued for another ten years. An event a couple years earlier also strained the otherwise amicable relationship İnönü held with Washington, namely the withdrawal of the nuclear-armed PGM-19 Jupiter MRBMs briefly stationed in Turkey, which was undertaken in the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis. While Washington withdrew the MRBMs, some B61 nuclear bombs are still stored in İncirlik Air Base.
İnönü's governments established the National Security Council, Turkish Statistical Institute, and Turkey's leading research institute, TÜBİTAK. Turkey signed the Ankara agreement, the first treaty of cooperation with the European Economic Community, and also increased ties with Iran and Pakistan. The army was modernized, and the National Intelligence Organization was founded. İnönü was instrumental in establishing CHP as "Left of Center" on the political spectrum as a new left-wing party cadre led by his protégé Bülent Ecevit became more influential. İnönü survived an assassination attempt from a Menderes supporter in 1964.
İnönü returned to the opposition after losing both the 1965 and 1969 general elections to a much younger man, Justice Party leader Süleyman Demirel. He remained leader of the CHP until 1972, when an interparty crisis over his endorsement of the 1971 military memorandum led to his defeat by Ecevit in the 5th extraordinary CHP convention. This was the first overthrow of a party leader in a leadership contest in the Republic's history. İnönü left his party and resigned his parliamentarianship afterward. Being a former president he was a member of the Senate in the last year of his life.
On December 25, 1973, İsmet İnönü died of a heart attack at the age of 87. The parliament declared national mourning until his burial. He was interred at Anıtkabir opposite Atatürk's mausoleum, on December 28. Following the 1980 coup, Kenan Evren transferred twelve graves from Anıtkabir, but kept İnönü's in place. İnönü's tomb took its present shape in January 1997.
Sinta (Greek: Σίντα; Turkish: İnönü or Sinde) is a village in the Famagusta District of Cyprus. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus. The village was recorded as early as the early 13th century in papal documents.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis". Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
Kent George, director of the Broward County Aviation Department, and his team during the final planning stages of the event that will mark the official runway opening on September 18th 2014.
There were no major events planned for today so I expected a nice, relaxing day, sipping on a Spritz or two, and just watching the world go by. I should know better by now! I was out wandering and stumbled on several groups shooting and the photographers graciously let me join them (note - these photographers are excellent and great to shadow). I was also able to shoot with some new masks. I am always impressed by the creativity of so many people. Wow. Not a bad day after all.
I took these photos on 25.02.2022 in Venice, Italy.
Keys legend Captain Tony Tarracino dies at 92
Key West's colorful legend and former Mayor Anthony 'Captain Tony' Tarracino loved to tell stories. He died at 92.
Key West legend Anthony Tarracino created them as a passionate gambler, shrimper, charter boat captain, gunrunner, mayor, romantic and father of 13 children, now age 22 to 72.
He told his stories with great zeal, especially to the ladies, at his bar, Captain Tony's Saloon, where bras hang from the ceiling and Jimmy Buffett used to sing for a few bucks and Budweisers.
On Saturday, the stories flowed from Tarracino's wife of 38 years, Marty, and eight of his children who gathered at his bedside at the Lower Keys Medical Center during the hours before his death at 2:15 p.m.
''We laughed and we cried,'' Marty Tarracino said Sunday. ``I know for a fact he heard us. It was great closure for him, and for us, too.''
Tarracino spent his last week in the hospital for continuing heart and lung problems, missing several events planned in Key West for the unveiling of a book called Life Lessons of a Legend. Brad Menard, a school superintendent from Iowa, wrote it after he met Captain Tony and became enchanted with him.
But for most of his nine-plus decades, Captain Tony didn't miss out on much.
''He had not one regret,'' said Marty Tarracino, who met him at his bar. ``He really lived his life. It was a great ride.''
Tarracino was born in the tough town of Elizabeth, N.J., where his father was a bootlegger. He became a gambler and got involved with a mob, whose shady dealings led to at least one near-death beating.
''He was little in stature, only about five-four, but he was wiry and tough from when he fought his way up from the ghettos of New Jersey,'' said Wendy Tucker, a former Miami Herald reporter who is ghostwriting his autobiography, tentatively titled The Breaks.
In 1948, with $18 in his pocket, Tarracino moved to Key West, where he did his part to put the island city on the world map.
''Every journalist or writer who came to Key West wanted to talk to Captain Tony because he was such a colorful character,'' Tucker said. ``He was even in papers from Japan.''
Marty Tarracino said a highlight of his life came in 1989, when he was elected mayor of Key West.
''He says the hookers put him over the top, but I'm not going there,'' Tucker said with a laugh. ``I think people voted for him because of his love of Key West and wanting to try to keep Key West the way it had been. He fought to save the sunset [festival] and tried to keep development from encroaching.''
LOVING WOMEN
Captain Tony, who had four wives over the decades, loved the company of women. He was quick with a compliment and with an invitation to Las Vegas. He was playfully hitting on women, even during the last years of his life while breathing from oxygen tanks. He fathered the last of his 13 children at age 70.
''I always asked my mother why he waited until 70 to name a kid after him,'' said Tony Tarracino Jr., nicknamed TJ. ``TJ stands for Tony Jr. I guess he knew No. 13 was coming, and waited for the last one.''
That reminded TJ of a story his father told women in his older years about being born the same year as the Model T Ford.
'He'd say, `You know, ladies, I'm like the Model T. My tires are worn out, my headlights don't work, my horn doesn't work, But ladies, my clutch is still working,' '' TJ recalled.
TJ said that instead of playing catch, their father-son bonding time involved Sunday trips to Key Largo to gamble on a cruise boat.
''We'd bring enough [oxygen] tanks for him to make the round trip and stop for pizza on the way back,'' TJ said.
Even in his 90s, Captain Tony loved to go to his former saloon to tell stories -- and to ''sign body parts'' for adoring female fans.
''He needed to see the public and the public needed to see him,'' Marty Tarracino said. ``I think making people happy was his greatest goal.''
MADE INTO A MOVIE
His tales included running guns for Cuban mercenaries during the Bay of Pigs invasion. His role was captured in a 1991 B movie called Cuba Crossing that starred Stuart Whitman as Captain Tony.
TJ said his father's best quality was his compassion, whether it was helping out a struggling singer like Buffett or simply making everyone feel important.
Buffett's 1985 song Last Mango in Paris tells the story of Captain Tony's larger-than-life exploits.
The chorus: ``He said I ate the last mango in Paris/Took the last plane out of Saigon/Took the first fast boat to China/And Jimmy, there's still so much to be done.''
The song goes on: ``Our lives change like the weather/But a legend never dies.''
''My dad said in his last couple of days that life is nothing but memories,'' TJ said. ``I'm sure he's up there playing blackjack, doubling down on a jack and king and getting an ace -- calling it the breaks. He'll live on through the stories.''
A public viewing is scheduled from 4 to 8 p.m. Friday at the Dean Lopez Funeral Home on Simonton Street in Key West.
The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas Twin Towers are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. According to the CTBUH's official definition and ranking, they were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 until surpassed by Taipei 101, but they remain the tallest twin building in the world. The buildings are the landmark of Kuala Lumpur with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower.
The towers were designed by Argentine architect Aryan Kamboj. They chose a distinctive postmodern style to create a 21st-century icon for Kuala Lumpur. Planning on the Petronas Towers started on 1 January 1992 and included rigorous tests and simulations of wind and structural loads on the design. Seven years of construction followed at the former site of the original Selangor Turf Club, beginning on 1 March 1993 with excavation, which involved moving 500 truckloads of earth every night to dig down 30 metres below the surface.
The towers feature a double decker skybridge connecting the two towers on the 41st and 42nd floors, which is the highest 2-story bridge in the world. It is not attached to the main structure, but is instead designed to slide in and out of the towers to prevent it from breaking, as the towers sway several feet in towards and away from each other during high winds. It also provides some structural support to the towers in these occasions. The bridge is 170 m above the ground and 58 m long, weighing 750 tons. The same floor is also known as the podium, since visitors going to higher levels have to change elevators here.
The skybridge is open to all visitors, but tickets are limited to about 1000 people per day, and must be obtained on a first-come, first-served basis. Initially, the visit was free but in 2010, the tickets started being sold by Petronas. Visitors can choose to opt for package one which is just a visit to the skybridge or go for package two to go to the skybridge and all the way to level 86. Visitors are only allowed on the 41st floor as the 42nd floor can only be used by the tenants of the building.
The skybridge also acts as a safety device, so that in the event of a fire or other emergency in one tower, tenants can evacuate by crossing the skybridge to the other tower. The total evacuation triggered by a bomb hoax on 12 September 2001 (the day after the September 11 attacks destroyed the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City) showed that the bridge would not be useful if both towers need to be emptied simultaneously, as the capacity of the staircases was insufficient for such an event. Plans thus call for the lifts to be used if both towers need to be evacuated, and a successful drill following the revised plan was conducted in 2005. en.wikipedia.org
Among the events planned during the 58th MOROP Congress, FGC participated with the circulation of an heritage train, on Thursday, September 8, 2011, from Sant Vicenç de Castellet to Monistrol de Montserrat in the morning, and from Monistrol de Montserrato to Martorell in the afternoon. Since at that time none of the historic locomotives were in running state (not the steam locomotive Monistrol 209, nor the electric locomotive 304), the train was towed by a existing diesel Alsthom locomotive. With so many fatalities, FGC at least had the dignity of repainting this locomotive in the original colors of ancient CGFC, which the locomotive acquired a historical aspect.
Here we see the locomotive, the number 1003 (Alsthom 1956, labeled "MO" since it was originally allocated to the Manresa-Olvan railway), heading the heritage train during his journey as empty stock between Martorell Enllaç and Sant Vicenç de Castellet, stopped at the block signal that protects access to the single track.
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De entre los actos previstos durante el 58 congreso del MOROP, FGC participó con la puesta en circulación de un tren de material histórico, el jueves 8 de septiembre de 2011, de Sant Vicenç de Castellet a Monistrol de Montserrat por la mañana, y de Monistrol de Montserrat a Martorell Enllaç por la tarde. Dado que en aquel momento ninguna de las locomotoras históricas estaban en estado de marcha (ni la locomotora de vapor Monistrol 209, ni la locomotora eléctrica 304), el tren lo remolcó una de las locomotoras diésel Alsthom existentes. Ante tantas fatalidades, FGC al menos tuvo la dignidad de repintar una de estas locomotoras en los colores originales de la antigua CGFC, con lo que la locomotora adquirió un aspecto histórico.
Aquí vemos a la locomotora, la número 1003 (Alsthom 1956, marcada como "MO" dado que fue originalmente asignada al ferrocarril de Manresa-Olvàn), encabezando el tren histórico durante su viaje como material vacío entre Martorell Enllaç y Sant Vicenç de Castellet, detenida ante la señal que protege el acceso a la vía única.
Satisfy all of your business meeting needs in Bexleyheath with one of our Bexleyheath meeting rooms. Visit Marriott.com to learn more about all of our Bexleyheath meeting rooms, including the Applegarth Suite that can seat up to 250 people.
Zohar Productions, an award winning event company, specializes in Moroccan and 1001 Arabian Nights Theme Party Ideas, Event Planning, Moroccan Party Decorations and Entertainment for Birthday Parties, Corporate Events, Weddings, Sweet 16 and Fundraisers.
The Mysteries of Morocco Fundraiser was held for the preservation of Hempstead House in Sands Point, NY (Long Island). Hempstead House is a 60 room castle built in 1912, then owned for decades by the Guggenheim family. The magnificent castle was the perfect backdrop for the Moroccan themed event. Décor, entertainment, lighting, casino games and exotic animals were provided by Zohar Productions.
www.ZoharProductions.com provides creative party planning theme ideas nationwide, specializing in Moroccan, Arabian Nights, Indian and Ancient Egyptian theme parties for corporate and private functions. We offer a wide selection of décor, entertainment, exotic animals and backdrops.
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Photo by: David Heinlein Studio, NYC www.davidheinlein.com
There were no major events planned for today so I expected a nice, relaxing day, sipping on a Spritz or two, and just watching the world go by. I should know better by now! I was out wandering and stumbled on several groups shooting and the photographers graciously let me join them (note - these photographers are excellent and great to shadow). I was also able to shoot with some new masks. I am always impressed by the creativity of so many people. Wow. Not a bad day after all.
I took these photos on 25.02.2022 in Venice, Italy.
May 15th, 2013 - Jennifer Evans of Encore Events & Presentations hosted the seminar Event Marketing: How to Successfully Grow your Business Through Events at Nectar Tasting Room in downtown Spokane. This event instructed attendees on how a well planned and executed corporate event can help achieve sales and marketing goals, increase customer and employee retention and help define a brand.
To learn more about this event check out the full story on SpokaneFocus. Also follow us on Facebook and Twitter.
Rev. Candy Holmes brings to MCC rich perspectives and insights stemming from her spiritually diverse and musical life experience. From her Baptist, Pentecostal, and Interfaith background, she has honed gifts and skills of musical direction, healing, preaching, diversity work, event planning, and program administration. In addition, Candy has been a leader in weaving these same abilities with social justice and ecumenical endeavors in the local community and nationally.
While enjoying an information technology management career within the Federal Government with the Government Accountability Office, Rev. Holmes passionately pursues a multi-faceted ministry and has been part of the Metropolitan Community Churches (MCC) for over 21 years. She is both an ordained Interfaith minister (graduate of The New Seminary, New York, NY) and MCC clergy. She is currently pursuing her Masters of Divinity degree (Episcopal School of Divinity).
In light of her role as a Federal employee and someone who is passionately concerned with equality in the work place, in 2009 Rev. Holmes was called upon to witness the signing of a Presidential Memorandum by President Obama that extended some benefits to the same-gender domestic partners of Federal employees. She was also invited to testify before Congress on the merits and need for legislation (Domestic Partners Benefits and Obligations Act 2009) that would extend full benefits to same-gender domestic partners of Federal employees.
Rev. Holmes’ passions include ecumenical and diversity work, healing ministry, conference planning, organizing liturgical/worship efforts at local, denominational, and interfaith levels; and serving on the MCC People of African Descent Advisory Council. She has participated in successfully organizing various MCC and ecumenical conferences. One of Candy’s passions is participating in the People of African Descent Conference and she has served in varying leadership roles with the Conference for over 10 years. It has been her honor to be the Chair for the MCC People of African Descent Conference (PAD) for two successive sessions.
Rev. Holmes’ ministry also includes healing through music. When called upon musically, Candy guest directs, conducts music clinics and assists churches to enhance their music ministries/programs. She has guest conducted choirs for the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) Capital Campaign Dinner with President Bill Clinton, the HRC Millennium March Equality Rocks Concert, Janet Reno at the World Aids Day Memorial (U.S. Justice Department), the Mothers Against Drunk Driving International Conference, National Cathedral Concerts, MCC World Jubilees, MCC Regional and mini conferences, MCC People of African Descent Conferences, The Fellowship, and various MCC churches. She has also worked along side such music notables as Chaka Khan, Roberta Flack, George Michael, Randa McNamara, Bishop Yvette Flunder, Bishop Carlton Pearson, Phoenix Metropolitan Men’s Chorus; and MCC music notables, such as Rev. Delores Berry, Marsha Stevens, and Jason and deMarco. In light of her wide breadth of skill and abilities, Rev. Holmes has served as Worship Coordinator and Music Director for various MCC conferences and ecumenical events.
Rev. Holmes has been involved with healing as a ministry for most of her adult life. Because of her passion for healing she is frequently called upon to lead healing prayer services, and to discuss healing in a broader perspective and as a way of life.
Regardless of the aspect of ministry, Rev. Candy is engaged, energized, and excited with doing what the Divine has placed within her hands to do. Whether planning a conference event, conducting a workshop, preaching, leading a healing service, or supporting a local church’s music ministry; you will find Candy happily working out her mission and motto – “Be the change you want to see.” She has been a part of MCC since 1987. Candy is a native Washingtonian, currently residing in Laurel, Maryland and is a member of New Covenant, MCC. Her life-partner is the Rev. Darlene Garner.
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Manama. Wednesday, 6 November 2013: His Excellency the British Ambassador, Iain Lindsay OBE and Khalid Al Zayani, Chairman of the Bahrain British Business Forum, today hosted a media conference at the British Embassy in Manama to launch GREAT British Week. Under the Patronage of His Majesty, King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, the GREAT British Week will run from 15th to 22nd January 2014. Hosted in conjunction with the third international Bahrain Air Show, the GREAT British Week is an important part of the build-up to mark the 200th anniversary of bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and Bahrain.
The GREAT British Week is designed to emphasise the friendship and strong bilateral relationship between the United Kingdom and Bahrain, while exhibiting Britain's tradition of world-class engineering and technology skills. Events planned for the week will showcase the long-standing business links between the two countries with conferences and events being organised within the British and Bahraini communities.
Speaking at Wednesday’s announcement, HE British Ambassador Iain Lindsay said, "This is the first celebration of British business and innovation in Bahrain in a generation and we are very excited at the prospect of putting on and supporting a whole range of events that showcase the wide-ranging, longstanding and close relationship between our two countries. I can think of no better way of highlighting this relationship than by linking the "week" to the Bahrain Air Show. Now in its third year, the show has grown in stature and is attracting an international audience with a strong presence from UK companies, particularly those from the aerospace and technology industries. Leading industrial nations and global economies will be represented at the show and this will perfectly compliment and heighten interest in the GREAT British Week."
Commenting on the Bahrain Economic Development Board’s (EDB) sponsorship of the Advanced Engineering & Innovation Conference, taking place during GREAT British Week, HE Kamal bin Ahmed, Minister of Transportation and Acting Chief Executive of the EDB said: “We are delighted to be supporting this important event to further highlight the strong relations between our two countries, and the significant contribution made by UK companies in advancing key sectors such as engineering, automotive, aerospace and advanced technologies.
There are already many leading UK companies based in Bahrain, such as McLaren Automotive, Ernst & Young and Standard Chartered, taking advantage of the Kingdom’s skilled local workforce, competitive tax rates and tried and tested regulations. Bahrain is an ideal platform from which international businesses can access the $1.5 trillion Gulf market. We look forward to welcoming more British companies to Bahrain and are committed to doing what we can to help them to establish their regional operations in the Kingdom.”
Three anchor activities comprise the programme of events which is organised by the British Embassy, the BBBF and the British Council. The first of these is the “Knowledge” conference supported by Brunel and Ahlia Universities. The event, which is open to the general public, will highlight the strong and longstanding relationship between Bahraini and British Universities. The Knowledge event will promote the many areas of collaboration including scientific research & development, design, innovation and the growth of post-graduate courses.
The historical link to fast moving technology, especially in Formula One, is the backdrop to the week's second event, the “Advanced Engineering & Innovation” Conference being held at the Bahrain International Circuit, and staged on the final day of the Air Show. The event, sponsored by the EDB will see over 200 delegates and exhibitors participate with support coming from leading British companies such as Rolls Royce (Aero), BAE Systems and McLaren Automotive. Seminars featuring McLaren Automotive, McLaren Applied Technologies and Rolls Royce will encourage business-to-business and networking opportunities while exhibits from many leading technology companies will underpin the value of the event to the business community. McLaren Automotive will use the BIC event to demonstrate its recently launched ground-breaking supercar, the McLaren P1, and delegates will be given the chance to experience the Formula One track from the seat of the company's McLaren 12C.
Commenting on the importance of the week to the Bahrain and British business communities, BBBF Chairman Khalid Al Zayani said, "The relationship between Bahrain and Britain goes back many, many years and the strong business links between our two countries are what make the promotion of this week so important. Of particular significance is the chance to demonstrate the friendship and historical ties that have made the Kingdom of Bahrain such an important trading partner with Great Britain over the years. I am delighted to see so many events taking place and in particular the enthusiasm with which they are being organised. I would like to thank His Excellency the Ambassador and his team at the British Embassy, together with the many people who are involved in this event. The Ambassador’s vision in creating such a vibrant platform on which to promote such a special relationship should be highly commended".
The final event of the GREAT British Week will be a Celebration Dinner. The dinner will showcase other formidable British exports; notably fashion and cooking. Sponsors of this event include a range of great British high street brands operated by Alshaya Trading Co, including Debenhams, Mothercare, River Island, Topshop, Dorothy Perkins, Miss Selfrdige, Evans, Wallis, Coast, Oasis, Warehouse and The Body Shop. A high street fashion show will entertain dinner guests while they are treated to the traditional tastes of Britain.
The week will be brought to its conclusion with a trip through Britain’s celebrated music history with a montage of hit songs from the long list of British bands that have headed the charts around the world and across generations.
Many companies from across the Bahrain-British business community as well as international brands see the GREAT British Week as a robust platform on which to demonstrate the commercial importance of the UK and Bahrain as trading partners and Bahrain as a solid place to do business. The list of sponsors and partners includes the Bahrain Economic Development Board, McLaren Automotive, Rolls Royce (Aro) BAE Systems, Atkins, Euro Motors with all their iconic British brands – Rolls Royce, Mini, Jaguar and Land Rover, URS, Brunel and Ahlia Universities and Ordnance Survey.
In closing, the British Ambassador called on the broader community to become involved in the event. “British companies, their families and individuals have enjoyed a long relationship with the Kingdom and have, over the years, made a significant contribution to the global awareness of Bahrain, not only as a trading nation, but as a friendly and hospitable place to live. GREAT British Week is a fabulous platform on which the two countries can demonstrate their friendship, commercial and solid business activities. The GREAT British Week is not just about promoting business but is a genuine opportunity for the whole community to get involved in celebrating everything British. I am delighted that we are seeing so many British clubs, sporting associations, retailers and families becoming involved. I know of many events that are being organised throughout the period and I am sure this will be a tremendously successful event and one which people will benefit from and talk about for many years to come".
May 15th, 2013 - Attendees at Event Marketing: How to Successfully Grow your Business Through Events share details about event planning. This event was presented by Jennifer Evans of Encore Events & Presentations at Nectar Tasting Room in downtown Spokane. This event instructed attendees on how a well planned and executed corporate event can help achieve sales and marketing goals, increase customer and employee retention and help define a brand.
To learn more about this event check out the full story on SpokaneFocus. Also follow us on Facebook and Twitter.
If I'm gonna help with event planning for a place, it's pretty likely I'm gonna wind up planning a rave or two. :)
This one should be pretty wicked, especially if you like drum & bass and/or house music. I've gathered some of the best DJs on the grid, and we're gonna have a blast!
Here's your taxi to the event space:
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Union%20Passage/232/217/1
See you on July 13th at 12 PM SLT! :D
No major events planned in Venice on this day so I spent the day wandering around the Piazza di San Marco. Great people watching and a lot of cool costumes. What a great experience!
I took these photos on the 4th day of the 2011 Carnevale, Wednesday, 2 March 2011.
The Simply Consistent team creates, develops and/ or expands concierge medical services, addiction services, spa's, operations and offices that reflect our doctors individual and/or business needs, their personal and/or practice style and overall patient care.
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The goal of this Beverly Hills Medical office design project was to create an office environment that allowed the customer to have a place to exhale and relax. The waiting room designed by Simply Consistent exhibits that feeling.
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Zohar Productions, an award winning event company, specializes in Moroccan and 1001 Arabian Nights Theme Party Ideas, Event Planning, Moroccan Party Decorations and Entertainment for Birthday Parties, Corporate Events, Weddings, Sweet 16 and Fundraisers.
The Mysteries of Morocco Fundraiser was held for the preservation of Hempstead House in Sands Point, NY (Long Island). Hempstead House is a 60 room castle built in 1912, then owned for decades by the Guggenheim family. The magnificent castle was the perfect backdrop for the Moroccan themed event. Décor, entertainment, lighting, casino games and exotic animals were provided by Zohar Productions.
www.ZoharProductions.com provides creative party planning theme ideas nationwide, specializing in Moroccan, Arabian Nights, Indian and Ancient Egyptian theme parties for corporate and private functions. We offer a wide selection of décor, entertainment, exotic animals and backdrops.
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