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Kyoto ou Kyōto Prononciation du titre dans sa version originale Écouter (京都市, Kyōto-shi?, littéralement « ville capitale ») est une ville japonaise de la région du Kansai, au centre de Honshū. Elle fut de 794 à 1868 la capitale impériale du Japon, sous le nom de Heian-kyō ("Capitale de la paix et de la tranquillité"). Elle est aujourd'hui la capitale de la préfecture de Kyoto ainsi que l'une des grandes villes de la zone métropolitaine Keihanshin (Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto). Sa population est de 1,47 million d'habitants (estimations 2015).
Bien que des preuves archéologiques permettent d'affirmer que les premiers hommes, présents sur les îles du Japon, il y a plus de 50 000 ans comme chasseurs-cueilleurs, furent ensuite parmi les premiers potiers du monde dès le XVe millénaire av. J.-C., la région de Kyoto ne fut peuplée qu'à partir du VIIe siècle par le clan Hata venu de Corée. Au cours du VIIIe siècle, voulant s'éloigner de l'influence du clergé bouddhiste au sein du gouvernement impérial, l'Empereur prit la décision de déplacer la capitale depuis l'actuelle Nara vers une région éloignée de cette influence.
La nouvelle ville, Heiankyō (lit. « la capitale de la Paix ») devint le siège de la cour impériale en 794. Plus tard, la ville fut rebaptisée Kyoto (« la ville capitale »). Elle développa deux quartiers spécifiques : le quartier sud où se situait le palais impérial et la cour ; le quartier où le Shogun Yoshimitsu Ashikaga plaça en 1378 sa résidence dans le 'Hana no Gosho' (ou Muromachi-dono, Karasumaru-dono) du quartier de Muromachi. Cela donnera par ailleurs le nom de la Période Muromachi de l'histoire de l'archipel. Le shogun se fit également construire le Pavillon d'Or Kinkaku-ji dans le nord de la ville. Par la suite, la ville fut véritablement dévastée par les armées lors de la guerre d'Onin, abandonnée en grande partie par ses habitants et livrée au pillage de 1467 à 1477. En 1489, le shogun Yoshimasa Ashikaga se fit construire l'une des merveilles architecturales du Japon : le Pavillon d'Argent (Ginkaku-ji) qui voulait rivaliser avec le Pavillon d'Or construit par son grand-père Yoshimitsu Ashikaga.
L'avènement du shogunat Tokugawa en 1600 fit perdre à Kyoto son rôle de centre politique et administratif au profit d'Edo, lieu de résidence des shoguns. Toutefois, Kyoto resta la capitale impériale du Japon jusqu'au transfert de la résidence de l'Empereur à Edo en 1868, lors de la restauration de Meiji. Après qu'Edo fut rebaptisée Tokyo (signifiant « la capitale de l'Est »), Kyoto fut connue peu de temps sous le nom de Saikyō (« la capitale de l'Ouest »).
Epargnée par les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Kyoto échappa de peu à la destruction atomique, car la ville figurait en tête des cibles désignées par le comité des objectifs américain. La ville fut finalement rejetée à la suite de l'intervention du secrétaire de la Guerre des États-Unis Henry Lewis Stimson et de conseillers, dont le Français Serge Elisseeff, qui connaissaient la richesse culturelle de la ville, et estimèrent que sa destruction serait un obstacle grave à une réconciliation ultérieure avec le Japon.
Les monuments historiques de l'ancienne Kyoto (villes de Kyoto, Uji et Ōtsu) ont été inscrits au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco en 1994. En 1997, Kyoto accueillit la conférence qui donna naissance au Protocole de Kyoto.
Kyoto (京都市 Kyōto-shi, pronounced [kʲoːꜜto] (About this sound listen), pronounced [kʲoːtoꜜɕi] (About this sound listen); UK: /kɪˈoʊtoʊ/, US: /kiˈoʊ-/, or /ˈkjoʊ]) is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the Imperial capital of Japan for more than one thousand years, it is now the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture located in the Kansai region, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area. Kyoto is also known as the thousand-year capital.
This is one of the activities that was done in the seeds/agricultural class I'm teaching to homeschool children.
Each child received a plate with some fruit on it. They cut open their fruit after they estimated how many seeds would be in each piece.
They counted the seeds and then put the number of seeds on a chart and then compare their estimates to the actual count of seeds.
After they were done, they enjoyed their fruit snacks.
Not authorised action on the Lubjansky area in Moscow, on December, 15th,2012, Russia. By different estimations, has gathered from 700 to five-seven thousand persons, they have assigned flowers to the Solovetsky stone in memory to victims of reprisals as representatives of opposition and the city mayoralty did not manage to co-ordinate a route of "freedom March", planned for December, 15th.
Несанкционированная акция на Лубянской площади в Москве, 15 декабря 2012 года. По разным оценкам, собралось от 700 до пяти-семи тысяч человек, они возложили цветы к Соловецкому камню в память жертвам репрессий, поскольку представителям оппозиции и мэрии города не удалось согласовать маршрут "Марша свободы", запланированного на 15 декабря.
Kyoto ou Kyōto Prononciation du titre dans sa version originale Écouter (京都市, Kyōto-shi?, littéralement « ville capitale ») est une ville japonaise de la région du Kansai, au centre de Honshū. Elle fut de 794 à 1868 la capitale impériale du Japon, sous le nom de Heian-kyō ("Capitale de la paix et de la tranquillité"). Elle est aujourd'hui la capitale de la préfecture de Kyoto ainsi que l'une des grandes villes de la zone métropolitaine Keihanshin (Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto). Sa population est de 1,47 million d'habitants (estimations 2015).
Bien que des preuves archéologiques permettent d'affirmer que les premiers hommes, présents sur les îles du Japon, il y a plus de 50 000 ans comme chasseurs-cueilleurs, furent ensuite parmi les premiers potiers du monde dès le XVe millénaire av. J.-C., la région de Kyoto ne fut peuplée qu'à partir du VIIe siècle par le clan Hata venu de Corée. Au cours du VIIIe siècle, voulant s'éloigner de l'influence du clergé bouddhiste au sein du gouvernement impérial, l'Empereur prit la décision de déplacer la capitale depuis l'actuelle Nara vers une région éloignée de cette influence.
La nouvelle ville, Heiankyō (lit. « la capitale de la Paix ») devint le siège de la cour impériale en 794. Plus tard, la ville fut rebaptisée Kyoto (« la ville capitale »). Elle développa deux quartiers spécifiques : le quartier sud où se situait le palais impérial et la cour ; le quartier où le Shogun Yoshimitsu Ashikaga plaça en 1378 sa résidence dans le 'Hana no Gosho' (ou Muromachi-dono, Karasumaru-dono) du quartier de Muromachi. Cela donnera par ailleurs le nom de la Période Muromachi de l'histoire de l'archipel. Le shogun se fit également construire le Pavillon d'Or Kinkaku-ji dans le nord de la ville. Par la suite, la ville fut véritablement dévastée par les armées lors de la guerre d'Onin, abandonnée en grande partie par ses habitants et livrée au pillage de 1467 à 1477. En 1489, le shogun Yoshimasa Ashikaga se fit construire l'une des merveilles architecturales du Japon : le Pavillon d'Argent (Ginkaku-ji) qui voulait rivaliser avec le Pavillon d'Or construit par son grand-père Yoshimitsu Ashikaga.
L'avènement du shogunat Tokugawa en 1600 fit perdre à Kyoto son rôle de centre politique et administratif au profit d'Edo, lieu de résidence des shoguns. Toutefois, Kyoto resta la capitale impériale du Japon jusqu'au transfert de la résidence de l'Empereur à Edo en 1868, lors de la restauration de Meiji. Après qu'Edo fut rebaptisée Tokyo (signifiant « la capitale de l'Est »), Kyoto fut connue peu de temps sous le nom de Saikyō (« la capitale de l'Ouest »).
Epargnée par les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Kyoto échappa de peu à la destruction atomique, car la ville figurait en tête des cibles désignées par le comité des objectifs américain. La ville fut finalement rejetée à la suite de l'intervention du secrétaire de la Guerre des États-Unis Henry Lewis Stimson et de conseillers, dont le Français Serge Elisseeff, qui connaissaient la richesse culturelle de la ville, et estimèrent que sa destruction serait un obstacle grave à une réconciliation ultérieure avec le Japon.
Les monuments historiques de l'ancienne Kyoto (villes de Kyoto, Uji et Ōtsu) ont été inscrits au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco en 1994. En 1997, Kyoto accueillit la conférence qui donna naissance au Protocole de Kyoto.
Kyoto (京都市 Kyōto-shi, pronounced [kʲoːꜜto] (About this sound listen), pronounced [kʲoːtoꜜɕi] (About this sound listen); UK: /kɪˈoʊtoʊ/, US: /kiˈoʊ-/, or /ˈkjoʊ]) is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the Imperial capital of Japan for more than one thousand years, it is now the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture located in the Kansai region, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area. Kyoto is also known as the thousand-year capital.
27th – 31st January, FAO HQ
Editorial use only. Copyright ©FAO
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/Roberto Cenciarelli
SPARK (1969) CITY THAT NEVER SLEEPS 2008 Aérosol sur toile SBG 245 x 160 cm
Estimation : 4 000 € - 4 500 €
27th – 31st January, FAO HQ
Editorial use only. Copyright ©FAO
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/Roberto Cenciarelli
Population
Dubai’s population stands at an estimation of 1.5 million, with three quarters of the population being male. The city of Dubai is made up of a multicultural society; with only 5% of local Emiratis, the rest are expatriates from all over the world. The expatriate population comprises of mostly Indians supplying the city with cheap labour as well as filling professional positions, other nationalities are from various Arabic countries. There is also a significant amount of Iranians, especially after the Islamic revolution in 1979 where more wealthy and educated Iranians settled in Dubai. Furthermore, because of the high demand in workers primarily in the tourism sector, many people from the Philippines, China, Indonesia and Malaysia have become residents in the city.
Dubai’s population has been growing by around 7% a year and the city is set to have a population of 2 million by 2010
彼の名前はゴリーザ。推定15歳を越えるオスの虎猫だ。今日の横浜は特別に暑く、体温調節の苦手な猫にとってはつらい１日だった。特に彼は、年寄りなので体力がないから、暑さでダウン寸前。まるでバターのように溶けていた。
His name Goriza. It is a tabby male with more than 15 years of age estimation. Yokohama Today's hot and special, it was hard day for a poor cat of thermoregulation. Because there is no physical strength he is so old, especially down in the verge of heat. I was melt like butter at all.
Kyoto ou Kyōto Prononciation du titre dans sa version originale Écouter (京都市, Kyōto-shi?, littéralement « ville capitale ») est une ville japonaise de la région du Kansai, au centre de Honshū. Elle fut de 794 à 1868 la capitale impériale du Japon, sous le nom de Heian-kyō ("Capitale de la paix et de la tranquillité"). Elle est aujourd'hui la capitale de la préfecture de Kyoto ainsi que l'une des grandes villes de la zone métropolitaine Keihanshin (Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto). Sa population est de 1,47 million d'habitants (estimations 2015).
Bien que des preuves archéologiques permettent d'affirmer que les premiers hommes, présents sur les îles du Japon, il y a plus de 50 000 ans comme chasseurs-cueilleurs, furent ensuite parmi les premiers potiers du monde dès le XVe millénaire av. J.-C., la région de Kyoto ne fut peuplée qu'à partir du VIIe siècle par le clan Hata venu de Corée. Au cours du VIIIe siècle, voulant s'éloigner de l'influence du clergé bouddhiste au sein du gouvernement impérial, l'Empereur prit la décision de déplacer la capitale depuis l'actuelle Nara vers une région éloignée de cette influence.
La nouvelle ville, Heiankyō (lit. « la capitale de la Paix ») devint le siège de la cour impériale en 794. Plus tard, la ville fut rebaptisée Kyoto (« la ville capitale »). Elle développa deux quartiers spécifiques : le quartier sud où se situait le palais impérial et la cour ; le quartier où le Shogun Yoshimitsu Ashikaga plaça en 1378 sa résidence dans le 'Hana no Gosho' (ou Muromachi-dono, Karasumaru-dono) du quartier de Muromachi. Cela donnera par ailleurs le nom de la Période Muromachi de l'histoire de l'archipel. Le shogun se fit également construire le Pavillon d'Or Kinkaku-ji dans le nord de la ville. Par la suite, la ville fut véritablement dévastée par les armées lors de la guerre d'Onin, abandonnée en grande partie par ses habitants et livrée au pillage de 1467 à 1477. En 1489, le shogun Yoshimasa Ashikaga se fit construire l'une des merveilles architecturales du Japon : le Pavillon d'Argent (Ginkaku-ji) qui voulait rivaliser avec le Pavillon d'Or construit par son grand-père Yoshimitsu Ashikaga.
L'avènement du shogunat Tokugawa en 1600 fit perdre à Kyoto son rôle de centre politique et administratif au profit d'Edo, lieu de résidence des shoguns. Toutefois, Kyoto resta la capitale impériale du Japon jusqu'au transfert de la résidence de l'Empereur à Edo en 1868, lors de la restauration de Meiji. Après qu'Edo fut rebaptisée Tokyo (signifiant « la capitale de l'Est »), Kyoto fut connue peu de temps sous le nom de Saikyō (« la capitale de l'Ouest »).
Epargnée par les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Kyoto échappa de peu à la destruction atomique, car la ville figurait en tête des cibles désignées par le comité des objectifs américain. La ville fut finalement rejetée à la suite de l'intervention du secrétaire de la Guerre des États-Unis Henry Lewis Stimson et de conseillers, dont le Français Serge Elisseeff, qui connaissaient la richesse culturelle de la ville, et estimèrent que sa destruction serait un obstacle grave à une réconciliation ultérieure avec le Japon.
Les monuments historiques de l'ancienne Kyoto (villes de Kyoto, Uji et Ōtsu) ont été inscrits au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco en 1994. En 1997, Kyoto accueillit la conférence qui donna naissance au Protocole de Kyoto.
Kyoto (京都市 Kyōto-shi, pronounced [kʲoːꜜto] (About this sound listen), pronounced [kʲoːtoꜜɕi] (About this sound listen); UK: /kɪˈoʊtoʊ/, US: /kiˈoʊ-/, or /ˈkjoʊ]) is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the Imperial capital of Japan for more than one thousand years, it is now the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture located in the Kansai region, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area. Kyoto is also known as the thousand-year capital.
The TOTE board displayed information gained by the Atomic Weapons Detection Recognition and Estimation of Yield (A.W.D.R.E.Y) was a desk mounted detection system fitted at ROC Group headquarters.
The estimations of damage done by the hurricane are, at present, incomplete.
2016 © UN Environment
For more information on what UN Environment has been doing in the aftermath of the disaster go to www.unep.org/haiti/
27th – 31st January, FAO HQ
Editorial use only. Copyright ©FAO
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/Roberto Cenciarelli
Now I just had the dessert that ties in my estimation, my reigning favorite at Seven...the black and white creme brulee. Actually, I'm not sure which one I enjoy more - this delicious pineapple upsidedown cake which came with a scoop of homemade sour cherry ice cream, or the black and white creme brulee which just calls you sinner when you take a bite!
Ha ha ha...I think I'll have to taste test some more since the verdict is out! LOL.
Kyoto ou Kyōto Prononciation du titre dans sa version originale Écouter (京都市, Kyōto-shi?, littéralement « ville capitale ») est une ville japonaise de la région du Kansai, au centre de Honshū. Elle fut de 794 à 1868 la capitale impériale du Japon, sous le nom de Heian-kyō ("Capitale de la paix et de la tranquillité"). Elle est aujourd'hui la capitale de la préfecture de Kyoto ainsi que l'une des grandes villes de la zone métropolitaine Keihanshin (Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto). Sa population est de 1,47 million d'habitants (estimations 2015).
Bien que des preuves archéologiques permettent d'affirmer que les premiers hommes, présents sur les îles du Japon, il y a plus de 50 000 ans comme chasseurs-cueilleurs, furent ensuite parmi les premiers potiers du monde dès le XVe millénaire av. J.-C., la région de Kyoto ne fut peuplée qu'à partir du VIIe siècle par le clan Hata venu de Corée. Au cours du VIIIe siècle, voulant s'éloigner de l'influence du clergé bouddhiste au sein du gouvernement impérial, l'Empereur prit la décision de déplacer la capitale depuis l'actuelle Nara vers une région éloignée de cette influence.
La nouvelle ville, Heiankyō (lit. « la capitale de la Paix ») devint le siège de la cour impériale en 794. Plus tard, la ville fut rebaptisée Kyoto (« la ville capitale »). Elle développa deux quartiers spécifiques : le quartier sud où se situait le palais impérial et la cour ; le quartier où le Shogun Yoshimitsu Ashikaga plaça en 1378 sa résidence dans le 'Hana no Gosho' (ou Muromachi-dono, Karasumaru-dono) du quartier de Muromachi. Cela donnera par ailleurs le nom de la Période Muromachi de l'histoire de l'archipel. Le shogun se fit également construire le Pavillon d'Or Kinkaku-ji dans le nord de la ville. Par la suite, la ville fut véritablement dévastée par les armées lors de la guerre d'Onin, abandonnée en grande partie par ses habitants et livrée au pillage de 1467 à 1477. En 1489, le shogun Yoshimasa Ashikaga se fit construire l'une des merveilles architecturales du Japon : le Pavillon d'Argent (Ginkaku-ji) qui voulait rivaliser avec le Pavillon d'Or construit par son grand-père Yoshimitsu Ashikaga.
L'avènement du shogunat Tokugawa en 1600 fit perdre à Kyoto son rôle de centre politique et administratif au profit d'Edo, lieu de résidence des shoguns. Toutefois, Kyoto resta la capitale impériale du Japon jusqu'au transfert de la résidence de l'Empereur à Edo en 1868, lors de la restauration de Meiji. Après qu'Edo fut rebaptisée Tokyo (signifiant « la capitale de l'Est »), Kyoto fut connue peu de temps sous le nom de Saikyō (« la capitale de l'Ouest »).
Epargnée par les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Kyoto échappa de peu à la destruction atomique, car la ville figurait en tête des cibles désignées par le comité des objectifs américain. La ville fut finalement rejetée à la suite de l'intervention du secrétaire de la Guerre des États-Unis Henry Lewis Stimson et de conseillers, dont le Français Serge Elisseeff, qui connaissaient la richesse culturelle de la ville, et estimèrent que sa destruction serait un obstacle grave à une réconciliation ultérieure avec le Japon.
Les monuments historiques de l'ancienne Kyoto (villes de Kyoto, Uji et Ōtsu) ont été inscrits au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco en 1994. En 1997, Kyoto accueillit la conférence qui donna naissance au Protocole de Kyoto.
Kyoto (京都市 Kyōto-shi, pronounced [kʲoːꜜto] (About this sound listen), pronounced [kʲoːtoꜜɕi] (About this sound listen); UK: /kɪˈoʊtoʊ/, US: /kiˈoʊ-/, or /ˈkjoʊ]) is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the Imperial capital of Japan for more than one thousand years, it is now the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture located in the Kansai region, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area. Kyoto is also known as the thousand-year capital.
let's not forget what it's all about.
a late night on tour, baltimore.
"three friends stumble through a rough estimation of their situation."
Atomic Weapon Detection Recognition & Estimation of Yield (i.e. that bomb was How Big??!)
Kelvedon Hatch nuclear bunker.
"Acrocorinth (Greek: Ακροκόρινθος), 'Upper Corinth', the acropolis of ancient Corinth, is a monolithic rock overseeing the ancient city of Corinth, Greece. 'It is the most impressive of the acropoleis of mainland Greece,' in the estimation of George Forrest. Acrocorinth was continuously occupied from archaic times to the early 19th century. Along with Demetrias and Chalcis, the Acrocorinth during the Hellenistic period formed one of the so-called 'Fetters of Greece' – three fortresses garrisoned by the Macedonians to secure their control of the Greek city-states. The city's archaic acropolis, already an easily defensible position due to its geomorphology, was further heavily fortified during the Byzantine Empire as it became the seat of the strategos of the thema of Hellas and later of the Peloponnese. It was defended against the Crusaders for three years by Leo Sgouros.
"Afterwards it became a fortress of the Frankish Principality of Achaea, the Venetians and the Ottoman Turks. With its secure water supply, Acrocorinth's fortress was used as the last line of defence in southern Greece because it commanded the Isthmus of Corinth, repelling foes from entry into the Peloponnese peninsula. Three circuit walls formed the man-made defence of the hill. The highest peak on the site was home to a temple to Aphrodite which was converted to a church, and then became a mosque. The American School's Corinth Excavations began excavations on it in 1929. Currently, Acrocorinth is one of the most important medieval castle sites of Greece.
"In a Corinthian myth related in the 2nd century CE to Pausanias, Briareus, one of the Hecatonchires, was the arbitrator in a dispute between Poseidon and Helios, between the sea and the sun: his verdict was that the Isthmus of Corinth belonged to Poseidon and the acropolis of Corinth (Acrocorinth) to Helios."
Source: Wikipedia
Paulo Somaini (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) reaches to make a point during a presentation of "Identification and Estimation in Manipulable Assignment Mechanisms."
More info: bfi.uchicago.edu/events/interactions-bringing-together-ec...
Hasselblad XPan | Schneider Kreuznach PA Curtagon 35mm f4 | Kodak TMax 100 push to ISO400 | Camera set to 24x36 format | Pull develop 2 stop with 8 mintues with TMax developer.
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Didn't set the camera format to panoramic because this 35mm tilt lens is a 135 format and will have very bad dark corner. quite a challenge to use this lens as I can only set the lens using distance estimation and as according to the aperture.
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest living cat species and a member of the genus Panthera. It is most recognisable for its black stripes on orange fur with a white underside. An apex predator, it primarily preys on ungulates, such as deer and wild boar. It is territorial and generally a solitary but social predator, requiring large contiguous areas of habitat to support its requirements for prey and rearing of its offspring. Tiger cubs stay with their mother for about two years and then become independent, leaving their mother's home range to establish their own.
The tiger was first scientifically described in 1758. It once ranged widely from the Eastern Anatolia Region in the west to the Amur River basin in the east, and in the south from the foothills of the Himalayas to Bali in the Sunda Islands. Since the early 20th century, tiger populations have lost at least 93% of their historic range and have been extirpated from Western and Central Asia, the islands of Java and Bali, and in large areas of Southeast and South Asia and China. What remains of the range where tigers still roam free is fragmented, stretching in spots from Siberian temperate forests to subtropical and tropical forests on the Indian subcontinent, Indochina and a single Indonesian island, Sumatra.
The tiger is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. India hosts the largest tiger population. Major reasons for population decline are habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching. Tigers are also victims of human–wildlife conflict, due to encroachment in countries with a high human population density.
The tiger is among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. It featured prominently in the ancient mythology and folklore of cultures throughout its historic range and continues to be depicted in modern films and literature, appearing on many flags, coats of arms and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and South Korea.
Etymology
The Middle English tigre and Old English tigras derive from Old French tigre, from Latin tigris. This was a borrowing of Classical Greek τίγρις 'tigris', a foreign borrowing of unknown origin meaning 'tiger' and the river Tigris. The generic name Panthera is derived from the Latin word panthera and the Ancient Greek word πάνθηρ pánthēr.
Taxonomy
In 1758, Carl Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema Naturae and gave it the scientific name Felis tigris. In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genus Panthera using the scientific name Panthera tigris.
Subspecies
Following Linnaeus's first descriptions of the species, several tiger zoological specimens were described and proposed as subspecies. The validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on the basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size, hence characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely P. t. tigris in mainland Asia, and P. t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands. Mainland tigers are described as being larger in size with generally lighter fur and fewer stripes, while island tigers are smaller due to insular dwarfism, with darker coats and more numerous stripes. The stripes of island tigers may break up into spotted patterns.
This two-subspecies proposal was reaffirmed in 2015 by a comprehensive analysis of morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies using a combined approach. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies, namely P. t. tigris comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South Chinese, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations of continental Asia, and P. t. sondaica comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger populations of the Sunda Islands. The continental nominate subspecies P. t. tigris constitutes two clades: a northern clade composed of the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and a southern clade composed of all other mainland populations. The authors noted that this two-subspecies reclassification will impact tiger conservation management. It would make captive breeding programs and future re-wilding of zoo-born tigers easier, as one tiger population could then be used to reinforce another. However, there is the risk that the loss of subspecies uniqueness could lead to less protection efforts for specific populations.
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy in accordance with the two-subspecies proposal of the comprehensive 2015 study, and recognized the tiger populations in continental Asia as P. t. tigris, and those in the Sunda Islands as P. t. sondaica. This two-subspecies view is still disputed by researchers, since the currently recognized six living subspecies can be distinguished genetically. Results of a 2018 whole-genome sequencing of 32 samples support six monophyletic tiger clades corresponding with the six living subspecies and indicate they descended from a common ancestor around 110,000 years ago.[14] Studies in 2021 and 2023 also affirmed the genetic distinctiveness and separation of these tigers.
The tiger's closest living relatives were previously thought to be the Panthera species lion, leopard and jaguar. Results of genetic analysis indicate that about 2.88 million years ago, the tiger and the snow leopard lineages diverged from the other Panthera species, and that both may be more closely related to each other than to the lion, leopard and jaguar.
The fossil species Panthera palaeosinensis of early Pleistocene northern China was described as a possible tiger ancestor when it was discovered in 1924, but modern cladistics place it as basal to modern Panthera.Panthera zdanskyi, which lived around the same time and place, was suggested to be a sister taxon of the modern tiger when it was examined in 2014. However, as of 2023, at least two recent studies considered P. zdanskyi likely to be a synonym of P. palaeosinensis, noting that its proposed differences from that species fell within the range of individual variation. The earliest appearance of the modern tiger species in the fossil record are jaw fragments from Lantion in China that are dated to the early Pleistocene. Middle to late Pleistocene tiger fossils were found throughout China, Sumatra and Java. Prehistoric subspecies include Panthera tigris trinilensis and P. t. soloensis of Java and Sumatra, and P. t. acutidens of China; late Pleistocene and early Holocene fossils of tigers were also found in Borneo and Palawan, Philippines.
Results of a phylogeographic study indicate that all living tigers had a common ancestor 108,000 to 72,000 years ago.[27] A 2022 paleogenomic study of a Pleistocene tiger basal to living tigers concluded that modern tiger populations spread across Asia no earlier than 94,000 years ago. There is evidence of interbreeding between the lineage of modern mainland tigers and these ancient tigers. The potential tiger range during the late Pleistocene and Holocene was predicted applying ecological niche modelling based on more than 500 tiger locality records combined with bioclimatic data. The resulting model shows a contiguous tiger range at the Last Glacial Maximum, indicating gene flow between tiger populations in mainland Asia. The tiger populations on the Sunda Islands and mainland Asia were possibly separated during interglacial periods.
The tiger's full genome sequence was published in 2013. It was found to have repeat compositions much as other cat genomes and "an appreciably conserved synteny".
Hybrids
Captive tigers were bred with lions to create hybrids called liger and tigon. The former born to a female tiger and male lion and the latter the result of a male tiger and female lion. They share physical and behavioural qualities of both parent species. Because the lion sire passes on a growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the female tiger is absent, ligers grow far larger than either parent species. By contrast, the male tiger does not pass on a growth-promoting gene and the lioness passes on a growth inhibiting gene, hence tigons are around the same size as either species. Breeding hybrids is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conservation.
Characteristics
The tiger has a typical felid morphology. It has a muscular body with strong forelimbs, a large head and a tail that is about half the length of the rest of its body. There are five digits on the front feet and four on the back, all of which have retractable claws which are compact and curved. The ears are rounded, while the eyes have a round pupil. The tiger's skull is large and robust, with a constricted front region, proportionally small, elliptical orbits, long nasal bones, and a lengthened cranium with a large sagittal crest. It is similar to a lion's skull; with the structure of the lower jaw and length of the nasals being the most reliable indicators for species identification. The tiger has fairly robust teeth and its somewhat curved canines are the longest in the cat family at 6.4–7.6 cm (2.5–3.0 in). It has an average bite force at the canine tips of 1234.3 Newton.
Size
The tiger is considered to be the largest living felid species. However, there is some debate over averages compared to the lion. Since tiger populations vary greatly in size, the "average" size for a tiger may be less than a lion, while the biggest tigers are bigger than their lion counterparts. The Siberian and Bengal tigers, along with the extinct Caspian are considered to be the largest of the species while the island tigers are the smallest. The Sumatran tiger is the smallest living tiger while the extinct Bali tiger was even smaller. It has been hypothesised that body size of different tiger populations may be correlated with climate and be explained by thermoregulation and Bergmann's rule. Male tigers are larger than females.
Tiger fur tends to be short, except in the northern-living Siberian tiger. It has a mane-like heavy growth of fur around the neck and jaws and long whiskers, especially in males. Its colouration is generally orange, but can vary from light yellow to dark red. White fur covers the ventral surface, along with parts of the face. It also has a prominent white spot on the back of their ears which are surrounded by black. The tiger is marked with distinctive black or dark brown stripes; the patterns of which are unique in each individual, The stripes are mostly vertical, but those on the limbs and forehead are horizonal. They are more concentrated towards the posterior and those on the trunk may or may not reach under the belly. The tips of stripes are generally sharp and some have gaps within them. Tail stripes are thick bands and a black tip marks the end.
Stripes are likely advantageous for camouflage in vegetation with vertical patterns of light and shade, such as trees and long grass. This is supported by a 1987 Fourier analysis study which concluded that the spatial frequencies of tiger stripes line up with their environment. The tiger is one of only a few striped cat species; it is not known why spotted patterns and rosettes are the more common camouflage pattern among felids. The orange colour may also aid in concealment as the tiger's prey are dichromats, and thus may perceive the cat as green and blended in with the vegetation. The white dots on the ear may play a role in communication.
Three colour variants – white, golden and nearly stripeless snow white are now virtually non-existent in the wild due to the reduction of wild tiger populations, but continue in captive populations. The white tiger has a white background colour with sepia-brown stripes. The golden tiger is pale golden with reddish-brown stripes. The snow white tiger is a morph with extremely faint stripes and a pale reddish-brown ringed tail. White and golden morphs are the result of an autosomal recessive trait with a white locus and a wideband locus respectively. The snow white variation is caused by polygenes with both the white and wideband loci. The breeding of white tigers is controversial, as they have no use for conservation. Only 0.001% of wild tigers have the genes for this colour morph, and the overrepresentation of white tigers in captivity is the result of inbreeding. Hence their continued breeding will risk both inbreeding depression and loss of genetic variability in captive tigers.
Pseudo-melanistic tigers with thick, merged stripes have been recorded in Simlipal National Park and three Indian zoos; population genetic analysis of Indian tiger samples revealed that this phenotype is caused by a mutation of a transmembrane aminopeptidase gene. Around 37% of the Simlipal tiger population has this feature, which has been linked to genetic isolation.
The tiger historically ranged from eastern Pakistan to Indochina, and from southeastern Siberia to Sumatra, Java and Bali. The Caspian tiger lived from eastern Turkey and the South Caucasus to northern Afghanistan and western China. The Tibetan Plateau and the Alborz acted as barriers to the species distribution. As of 2022, it inhabits less than 7% of its historical distribution, and has a scattered range that includes the Indian subcontinent, the Indochinese Peninsula, Sumatra, the Russian Far East and northeastern China.
The tiger mainly lives in forest habitats and is highly adaptable. Records in Central Asia indicate that it occurred foremost in Tugay riverine forests and inhabited hilly and lowland forests in the Caucasus. In the Amur-Ussuri region, it inhabits Korean pine and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, where riparian forests provide food and water, and serve as dispersal corridors for both tiger and ungulates. On the Indian subcontinent, it inhabits mainly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, alluvial plains and the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans. In the Eastern Himalayas, tigers were documented in temperate forest up to an elevation of 4,200 m (13,800 ft) in Bhutan and of 3,630 m (11,910 ft) in the Mishmi Hills. In Thailand, it lives in deciduous and evergreen forests. In Sumatra, tigers range from lowland peat swamp forests to rugged montane forests.
Camera trap data show that tigers in Chitwan National Park avoided locations frequented by people and were more active at night than by day. In Sundarbans National Park, six radio-collared tigers were most active in the early morning with a peak around dawn and moved an average distance of 4.6 km (2.9 mi) per day. A three-year long camera trap survey in Shuklaphanta National Park revealed that tigers were most active from dusk until midnight. In northeastern China, tigers were crepuscular and active at night with activity peaking at dawn and at dusk; they exhibited a high temporal overlap with ungulate species.
As with other felid species, tigers groom themselves, maintaining their coats by licking them and spreading oil from their sebaceous glands. It will take to water, particularly on hot days. It is a powerful swimmer and easily transverses across rivers as wide as 8 km (5.0 mi). Adults only occasionally climbs trees, but have been recorded climbing 10 m (33 ft) up a smooth pipal tree. In general, tigers are less capable tree climbers than many other cats due to their size, but cubs under 16 months old may routinely do so.
Adult tigers lead largely solitary lives. They establish and maintain home ranges, the size of which mainly depends on prey abundance, geographic area and sex of the individual. Males and females defend their home ranges from those of the same sex, and the home range of a male encompasses that of multiple females. Two females in the Sundarbans had home ranges of 10.6 and 14.1 km2 (4.1 and 5.4 sq mi). In Panna Tiger Reserve, the home ranges of five reintroduced females varied from 53–67 km2 (20–26 sq mi) in winter to 55–60 km2 (21–23 sq mi) in summer and to 46–94 km2 (18–36 sq mi) during monsoon; three males had 84–147 km2 (32–57 sq mi) large home ranges in winter, 82–98 km2 (32–38 sq mi) in summer and 81–118 km2 (31–46 sq mi) during monsoon seasons. In Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, seven resident females had home ranges of 44.1–122.3 km2 (17.0–47.2 sq mi) and four resident males of 174.8–417.5 km2 (67.5–161.2 sq mi). Four male problem tigers in Sumatra were translocated to national parks and needed 6–17 weeks to establish new home ranges of 37.5–188.1 km2 (14.5–72.6 sq mi). Ten solitary females in Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve had home ranges of 413.5 ± 77.6 km2 (159.7 ± 30.0 sq mi); when they had cubs of up to 4 months of age, their home ranges declined to 177.3 ± 53.5 km2 (68.5 ± 20.7 sq mi) and steadily grew to 403.3 ± 105.1 km2 (155.7 ± 40.6 sq mi) until the cubs were 13–18 months old.
The tiger is a long-ranging species, and individuals disperse over distances of up to 650 km (400 mi) to reach tiger populations in other areas. Young tigresses establish their first territories close to their mother's. Males, however, migrate further than their female counterparts and set out at a younger age to mark out their own area. Four radio-collared females in Chitwan dispersed between 0 and 43.2 km (0.0 and 26.8 mi), and 10 males between 9.5 and 65.7 km (5.9 and 40.8 mi). A young male may have to live as a transient in another male's territory until he is older and strong enough to challenge the resident male. Young males thus have an annual mortality rate of up to 35%. By contrast, young female tigers die at a rate of only around 5%. Tigers mark their territories by spraying urine on vegetation and rocks, clawing or scent rubbing trees, and marking trails with feces, anal gland secretions and ground scrapings.Scent markings also allow an individual to pick up information on another's identity. A tigress in oestrus will signal her availability by scent marking more frequently and increasing her vocalisations. Unclaimed territories, particularly those that belonged to a decreased individual, can be taken over in days or weeks.
Male tigers are generally less tolerant of other males within their territories than females are of other females. Territory disputes are usually solved by intimidation rather than outright violence. Once dominance has been established, a male may tolerate a subordinate within his range, as long as they do not live in too close quarters. The most serious disputes tend to occur between two males competing for a female in oestrus. Though tigers mostly live alone, relationships between individuals can be complex. Tigers are particularly social at kills, and a male tiger will share a carcass with the females and cubs within this territory and unlike male lions, will allow them to feed on the kill before he is finished with it. Though the female and male act amicably, females are more tense towards each other at a kill.
Communication
During friendly encounters and bonding, tigers rub against each others' bodies. Facial expressions include the "defense threat", which involves a wrinkled face, bared teeth, pulled-back ears, and widened pupils. Both males and females show a flehmen response, a characteristic grimace, when sniffing urine markings. Males also use the flehman to detect the markings made by tigresses in oestrus. Tigers also use their tails to signal their mood. To show cordiality, the tail sticks up and sways slowly, while an apprehensive tiger lowers its tail or wags it side-to-side. When calm, the tail hangs low.
Tigers are normally silent but can produce numerous vocalisations. They roar to signal their presence to other individuals over long distances. This vocalisation is forced through an open mouth as it closes and can be heard 3 km (1.9 mi) away. A tiger may roar three or four times in a row, and others may respond in kind. Tigers also roar during mating, and a mother will roar to call her cubs to her. When tense, tigers will moan, a sound similar to a roar but softer and made when the mouth is at least partially closed. Moaning can be heard 400 m (1,300 ft) away.
Aggressive encounters involve growling, snarling and hissing. An explosive "coughing roar" or "coughing snarl" is emitted through an open mouth and exposed teeth. Chuffing—soft, low-frequency snorting similar to purring in smaller cats—is heard in more friendly situations. Mother tigers communicate with their cubs by grunting, while cubs call back with miaows. A "woof" sound is produced when the animal is startled. It has also been recording emitting a deer-like "pok" sound for unknown reasons, but most often at kills.
Hunting and diet
The tiger is a carnivore and an apex predator feeding mainly on ungulates, with a particular preference for sambar deer, Manchurian wapiti, barasingha and wild boar. Tigers kill large prey like gaur, but opportunistically kill much smaller prey like monkeys, peafowl and other ground-based birds, porcupines and fish. Tiger attacks on adult Asian elephants and Indian rhinoceros have also been reported. More often, tigers take the more vulnerable small calves. When in close proximity to humans, tigers sometimes prey on domestic livestock and dogs. Tigers occasionally consume vegetation, fruit and minerals for dietary fibre.
Tigers learn to hunt from their mothers, which is important but not necessary for their success. They usually hunt alone, but families hunt together when cubs are old enough. A tiger travels up to 19.3 km (12.0 mi) per day in search of prey, using vision and hearing to find a target. It also waits at a watering hole for prey to come by, particularly during hot summer days. It is an ambush predator and when approaching potential prey, the tiger crouches, with head lowered, and hides in foliage. The tiger switches between creeping forward and staying still. Tigers have been recorded dozing off while in still mode, and can stay in the same spot for as long as a day waiting for prey and launches an attack, when the prey is close enough. It can sprint 56 km/h (35 mph) and leap 10 m (33 ft).
Tiger Reserve
The tiger attacks from behind or at the sides and tries to knock the target off balance. It latches onto prey with its forelimbs, twisting and turning during the struggle. The tiger generally applies a bite to the throat until its target dies of strangulation. Holding onto the throat puts the cat out of reach of the horns, antlers, tusks and hooves. Tigers are adaptable killers and may use other methods, including ripping the throat or breaking the neck. Large prey may be disabled by a bite to the back of the hock, severing the tendon. Swipes from the large paws are capable of stunning or breaking to skull of a water buffalo. They kill small prey with a bite to the back of the neck or skull. Estimates of the success rate for hunting tigers ranges from a low 5% to a high of 50%.
The tiger typically drags its kill for 183–549 m (600–1,801 ft) to a hidden, usually vegetated spot before eating. The tiger has the strength to drag the carcass of a fully grown buffalo for some distance, a feat three men struggle with. It rests for a while before eating and can consume as much as 50 kg (110 lb) of meat in one session, but feeds on a carcass for several days, leaving very little for scavengers.
Enemies and competitors
Tigers may kill and even prey on other predators they coexist with. In much of their range, tigers share habitat with leopards and dholes. They typically dominate both of them, though large packs of dholes can drive away a tiger, or even kill it. Tigers appear to inhabit the deep parts of a forest while these smaller predators are pushed closer to the fringes. The three predators coexist by hunting different prey. In one study, tigers were found to have killed prey that weighed an average of 91.5 kg (202 lb), in contrast to 37.6 kg (83 lb) for the leopard and 43.4 kg (96 lb) for the dhole. Leopards can live successfully in tiger habitat when there is abundant food and vegetation cover, and there is no evidence of competitive exclusion common to the African savanna, where the leopard lives beside the lion. Nevertheless, leopards avoid areas were tigers roam and are less common where tigers are numerous.
Tigers tend to be wary of sloth bears, with their sharp claws, quickness and ability to stand on two legs. Tiger do sometimes prey on sloth bears by ambushing them when they are feeding at termite mounds. Siberian tigers may attack, kill and prey on Ussuri brown and Ussuri black bears. In turn, some studies show that brown bears frequently track down tigers to usurp their kills, with occasional fatal outcomes for the tiger.
Reproduction and life cycle
The tiger mates all year round, but most cubs are born between March and June, with another peak in September. A tigress is in oestrus for three to six days, inbetween three to nine week intervals. A resident male mates with all the females within his territory, who signal their receptiveness by roaring and marking. Younger, transient males are also attracted, leading to a fight in which the more dominant male drives the usurper off. During courtship, the male is cautious with the female as he waits for her to show signs she is ready to mate. She signals to him by positioning herself in lordosis with their tail to the side. Copulation is generally 20 to 25 seconds long, with the male biting the female by the scruff of her neck. After it is finished, the male quickly pulls away as the female may turn and slap him. Tiger pairs may stay together for up to four days and mate multiple times. Gestation ranges from 93 to 114 days, with an average of 103 to 105 days.
A tigress gives birth in a secluded location, be it in dense vegetation, in a cave or under a rocky shelter. Litters consist of as many seven cubs, but two or three are more typical. Newborn cubs weigh 785–1,610 g (27.7–56.8 oz), and are blind and altricial. The mother licks and cleans her cubs, suckles them and viscously defends them from any potential threat. She will only leave them alone to hunt, and even then does not travel far. When a mother suspects an area is no longer safe, she moves her cubs to a new spot, transporting them one by one by grabbing them by the scruff of the neck with her mouth. The mortality rate for tiger cubs can reach 50% during these early months, causes of death include predators like dholes, leopards and pythons. Young are able to see in a week, can leave the denning site in two months and around the same time they start eating meat.
After around two months, the cubs are able to follow their mother. They still hide in vegetation when she goes hunting, and she will guide them to the kill. Cubs bond though play fighting and practice stalking. A hierarchy develops in the litter, with the biggest cub, often a male, being the most dominant and the first to eat its fill at a kill. Around the age of six months, cubs are fully weaned and have more freedom to explore their environment. Between eight and ten months, they accompany their mother on hunts. A cub can make a kill as early as 11 months, and reach independence around 18 to 24 months of age, males becoming independent earlier than females. Radio-collared tigers in Chitwan started dispersing from their natal areas earliest at the age of 19 months. Young females are sexual mature at three to four years, whereas males are at four to five years. Tigers may live up to 26 years.
Tiger fathers play no role in raising the young, but he may encounter and interact with them. Resident males appear to visit the female-cub families within his territory. They have when observed swimming with females and their cubs and even sharing kills with them. One male was recorded looking after cubs whose mother had died. By defending his territory, the male is also protecting the females and cubs from harassment by other males. When a new male takes over a territory, cubs under a year old are at risk of being killed, as the male would want to sire his own young with the females. Older female cubs are tolerated but males may be treated as potential competitors.
Threats
Major threats to the tiger include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching for fur and body parts, which have simultaneously greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. In India, only 11% of the historical tiger habitat remains due to habitat fragmentation. Demand for tiger parts for use in traditional Chinese medicine has also been cited as a major threat to tiger populations.
In China, tigers became the target of large-scale 'anti-pest' campaigns in the early 1950s, where suitable habitats were fragmented following deforestation and resettlement of people to rural areas, who hunted tigers and prey species. Though tiger hunting was prohibited in 1977, the population continued to decline and is considered extinct in southern China since 2001.
In Bangladesh, tiger body parts like skins, bones, teeth and hair are consumed locally by wealthy Bangladeshis and are illegally trafficked to 15 countries including India, China, Malaysia, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Japan and the United Kingdom via land borders, airports and seaports.
Conservation
Internationally, the tiger is protected under CITES Appendix I, banning trade of live tigers and their body parts.[1] In India, it has been protected since 1972 under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. In 1973, Project Tiger was founded to gain public support for tiger conservation, and 53 tiger reserves covering an area of 75,796 km2 (29,265 sq mi) have been established in the country until 2022. In Nepal, it has been protected since 1973 under the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973. In Bhutan, it has been protected since 1969; the first Tiger Action Plan implemented during 2006–2015 revolved around habitat conservation, human–wildlife conflict management, education and awareness; the second Action Plan aimed at increasing the country’s tiger population by 20% until 2023 compared to 2015. In Bangladesh, it has been protected since 1973 under the Wildlife (Preservation) Act and the Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012. In 2009, the Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan was initiated to stabilize the country's tiger population, maintain habitat and a sufficient prey base, improve law enforcement and cooperation between governmental agencies responsible for tiger conservation. Myanmar’s national tiger conservation strategy developed in 2003 comprises management tasks such as restoration of degraded habitats, increasing the extent of protected areas and wildlife corridors, protecting tiger prey species, thwarting of tiger killing and illegal trade of its body parts, and promoting public awareness through wildlife education programs.
Global wild tiger population
CountryYearEstimate
India India20233682–3925
Russia Russia2020480–540
Indonesia Indonesia2016400–600
Bangladesh Bangladesh2014300–500
Nepal Nepal2022355
Thailand Thailand2023189
Bhutan Bhutan2023131
Malaysia Malaysia2022<150
China China201855
Myanmar Myanmar201822
Total5,764–6,467
In the 1990s, a new approach to tiger conservation was developed: Tiger Conservation Units (TCUs), which are blocks of habitat that have the potential to host tiger populations in 15 habitat types within five bioregions. Altogether 143 TCUs were identified and prioritized based on size and integrity of habitat, poaching pressure and population status. They range in size from 33 to 155,829 km2 (13 to 60,166 sq mi).
In 2016, an estimate of a global wild tiger population of approximately 3,890 individuals was presented during the Third Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation. The WWF subsequently declared that the world's count of wild tigers had risen for the first time in a century.
Some estimates suggest that there are fewer than 2,500 mature breeding individuals, with no subpopulation containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals. India is home to the world's largest population of wild tigers. A 2014 census estimated a population of 2,226, a 30% increase since 2011. On International Tiger Day 2019, the 'Tiger Estimation Report 2018' was released by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The report estimates a population of 2967 tigers in India with 25% increase since 2014. Modi said "India is one of the safest habitats for tigers as it has achieved the target of doubling the tiger population from 1411 in 2011 to 2967 in 2019". As of 2022, India accounts for 75 percent of global tiger population. The Tiger Census of 2023 reports tiger population in India at 3167.
In the 1940s, the Siberian tiger was on the brink of extinction with only about 40 animals remaining in the wild in Russia. As a result, anti-poaching controls were put in place by the Soviet Union and a network of protected zones (zapovedniks) were instituted, leading to a rise in the population to several hundred. Poaching again became a problem in the 1990s, when the economy of Russia collapsed. The major obstacle in preserving the species is the enormous territory individual tigers require, up to 450 km (280 mi) needed by a single female and more for a single male. Current conservation efforts are led by local governments and NGO's in concert with international organisations, such as the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Wildlife Conservation Society. The competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters to tolerate the big cats. Tigers have less impact on ungulate populations than do wolves, and are effective in controlling the latter's numbers. In 2005, there were thought to be about 360 animals in Russia, though these exhibited little genetic diversity. However, in a decade later, the Siberian tiger census was estimated from 480 to 540 individuals.
Having earlier rejected the Western-led environmentalist movement, China changed its stance in the 1980s and became a party to the CITES treaty. By 1993 it had banned the trade in tiger parts, and this diminished the use of tiger bones in traditional Chinese medicine. The Tibetan people's trade in tiger skins has also been a threat to tigers. The pelts were used in clothing, tiger-skin chuba being worn as fashion. In 2006 the 14th Dalai Lama was persuaded to take up the issue. Since then there has been a change of attitude, with some Tibetans publicly burning their chubas.
In 1994, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy addressed the potential crisis that tigers faced in Sumatra. The Sumatran Tiger Project (STP) was initiated in June 1995 in and around the Way Kambas National Park to ensure the long-term viability of wild Sumatran tigers and to accumulate data on tiger life-history characteristics vital for the management of wild populations. By August 1999, the teams of the STP had evaluated 52 sites of potential tiger habitat in Lampung Province, of which only 15 these were intact enough to contain tigers. In the framework of the STP a community-based conservation program was initiated to document the tiger-human dimension in the park to enable conservation authorities to resolve tiger-human conflicts based on a comprehensive database rather than anecdotes and opinions.
The Wildlife Conservation Society and Panthera Corporation formed the collaboration Tigers Forever, with field sites including the world's largest tiger reserve, the 21,756 km2 (8,400 sq mi) Hukaung Valley in Myanmar. Other reserves were in the Western Ghats in India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, the Russian Far East covering in total about 260,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).
Tigers have been studied in the wild using a variety of techniques. Tiger population have been estimated using plaster casts of their pugmarks, although this method was criticized as being inaccurate. More recent techniques include the use of camera traps and studies of DNA from tiger scat, while radio-collaring has been used to track tigers in the wild. Tiger spray has been found to be just as good, or better, as a source of DNA than scat.
Relationship with humans
A tiger hunt is painted on the Bhimbetka rock shelters in India and dated to 5,000–6,000 years ago. Thousands of years later, Emperor Samudragupta was depicted slaying tigers on coins. Tiger hunting became an established sport under the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. The cats were chased on horseback and killed with spears. Emperor Akbar participated in such activities and one of his hunts is the subject of a painting from the Akbarnama. Following Akbar, Emperor Jahangir will introduce musket to tiger hunts and eventually, elephant would be ridden. The British East India Company would pay for bounties on tigers as early as 1757 and tiger hunting would continue under British Raj. Tiger killings were particularly high in the 19th and early 20th centuries; as an estimated 80,000 cats were killed between 1875 and 1925. King George V on his visit to Colonial India in 1911 killed 39 tigers in a matter of 10 days.
Historically, tigers have been hunted at a large scale so their famous striped skins could be collected. The trade in tiger skins peaked in the 1960s, just before international conservation efforts took effect. By 1977, a tiger skin in an English market was considered to be worth US$4,250.
Body part use
Tiger parts are commonly used as amulets in South and Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, the fossils in Palawan were found besides stone tools. This, besides the evidence for cuts on the bones, and the use of fire, suggests that early humans had accumulated the bones. and the condition of the tiger subfossils, dated to approximately 12,000 to 9,000 years ago, differed from other fossils in the assemblage, dated to the Upper Paleolithic. The tiger subfossils showed longitudinal fracture of the cortical bone due to weathering, which suggests that they had post-mortem been exposed to light and air. Tiger canines were found in Ambangan sites dating to the 10th to 12th centuries in Butuan, Mindanao.
Many people in China and other parts of Asia have a belief that various tiger parts have medicinal properties, including as pain killers and aphrodisiacs. There is no scientific evidence to support these beliefs. The use of tiger parts in pharmaceutical drugs in China is already banned, and the government has made some offences in connection with tiger poaching punishable by death. Furthermore, all trade in tiger parts is illegal under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and a domestic trade ban has been in place in China since 1993.
However, the trading of tiger parts in Asia has become a major black market industry and governmental and conservation attempts to stop it have been ineffective to date. Almost all black marketers engaged in the trade are based in China and have either been shipped and sold within their own country or into Taiwan, South Korea or Japan. The Chinese subspecies was almost completely decimated by killing for commerce due to both the parts and skin trades in the 1950s through the 1970s. Contributing to the illegal trade, there are a number of tiger farms in the country specialising in breeding them for profit. It is estimated that between 5,000 and 10,000 captive-bred, semi-tame animals live in these farms today. However, many tigers for traditional medicine black market are wild ones shot or snared by poachers and may be caught anywhere in the tiger's remaining range (from Siberia to India to the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra). In the Asian black market, a tiger penis can be worth the equivalent of around $300 U.S. dollars. In the years of 1990 through 1992, 27 million products with tiger derivatives were found. In July 2014 at an international convention on endangered species in Geneva, Switzerland, a Chinese representative admitted for the first time his government was aware trading in tiger skins was occurring in China.
Attacks
Tigers are said to have directly killed more people than any other wild mammal. In most areas, the big cats typically avoid humans, but attacks are a risk wherever people coexist with them. Dangerous encounters are more likely to occur in edge habitats, between wild and agricultural areas.[196] Most attacks on humans are defensive, including protection of young. However, tiger do sometimes see people as potential prey. Tigers hunt people the same way they hunt other prey, by ambush and with a killing bite to the neck. A tiger inflicted wound also carries the risk of infection. Man-eating tigers tend to be old and disabled. Those they have been driven from their home ranges and territories are also at risk of turning to man-eating.
The Champawat Tiger was responsible for an estimated 434 human deaths in Nepal and India before she was shot by famed hunter Jim Corbett. Corbett recorded that the tigress suffered from broken teeth and thus unable to kill normal prey. Modern authors speculate that feeding on meagre human flesh forced the cat to kill more and more. Tiger attacks were particularly high in Singapore during the mid-19th century, when plantations expanded into the animal's habitat. The number of deaths ranged from 200 to 300 annually in the 1840s.
Tiger predation on humans is highest in the Sundarbans. An estimated 129 people were killed between 1969 and 1971. In the 10 years prior to that period, about 100 attacks per year in the Sundarbans. Victims of tigers attacks are local villagers who enter the tiger's domain to collect resources like wood and honey. Fishermen have been particularly common targets. Methods to counter tiger attacks have included face-masks (worn backwards), protective clothes, sticks and carefully stationed electric dummies. These tools have been credited with reducing tiger attacks to only 22 per year in the 1980s. Because of rapid habitat loss attributed to climate change, tiger attacks have increased in the Sundarbans in the 21 century.
In captivity
Tigers have been kept in captivity since ancient times. In ancient Rome, tigers were displayed in amphitheaters; they were slaughtered in hunts and used for public executions of criminals. Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan is reported to have kept tigers in the 13th century. Starting in the Middle Ages, tigers were being kept in European menageries. In 1830, two tigers and a lion were accidentally put in the same exhibit at the Tower of London. This lead to a fight between them and, after they were separated, the lion died of its wounds. Tigers and other exotic animals were mainly used for the entertainment of elites but from the 19th century onward, they were exhibited more to the public. Tigers were particularly big attractions, and their captive population soared.
Tigers have played prominent roles in circuses and other live performances. Ringling Bros included many tiger trainers in the 20th century including Mabel Stark, who became a big draw and had a long career. She was well known for being able to control the big cats despite being a small woman; using "manly" tools like whips and guns. Another trainer was Clyde Beatty, who used chairs, whips and guns to provoke tigers and other beasts into acting fierce and allowed him to appear courageous. He would perform with as many as 40 tigers and lions in one act. From the 1960s onward trainers like Gunther Gebel-Williams would use gentler methods to control their animals. Tiger trainer Sara Houckle was dubbed "the Tiger Whisperer", as she trained the cats to obey her by whispering to them. Siegfried & Roy became famous for performing with white tigers in Las Vegas. The act ended in 2003 when a tiger named Mantacore attacked Roy during a performance. The use of tigers and other animals in shows would eventually decline in many countries due to pressure from animal rights groups and greater desires from the public to see them in more natural settings. Several countries would restrict or ban such acts.
Tigers have become popular in the exotic pet trade, particularly in the United States. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) estimated that in the US, 5,000 tigers were kept in captivity in 2020, with only 6% of them being in zoos and other facilities approved by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The WWF argues that private collectors are ill-equipped to provide proper care for tigers, which compromises their welfare. They can also threaten public safety by allowing people to interact with them. The keeping of tigers and other big cats by private individuals was banned in the US in 2022 under the Big Cat Public Safety Act. Those who owned big cats at the time of the signing were expected to register with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service before 18 June 2023. The WWF also estimated in 2020 that 7,000–8,000 tigers were held in "tiger farm" facilities in China and Southeast Asia. These tigers are bred to be used for traditional medicine and appear to pose a threat to wild populations by rising demand for tiger parts.
Cultural significance
Tiger-shaped bronze from Zhou-era China, (c. 900 bc)
The tiger is among the most famous of charismatic megafauna. It has been labelled as "a rare combination of courage, ferocity and brilliant colour". In a 2004 online poll conducted by cable television channel Animal Planet, involving more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries, the tiger was voted the world's favourite animal with 21% of the vote, narrowly beating the dog. Likewise, a 2018 study found the tiger to be the most popular wild animal based on surveys, and appearances on websites of major zoos and posters of some animated movies.
While the lion represented royalty and power in Western culture, the tiger filled such a role in Asia. In ancient China, the tiger was seen as the "king of the forest" and symbolised the power of the emperor. In Chinese astrology, the tiger is the third out of 12 symbols in the zodiac and controls the period of the day between 3 am and 5 am. The Year of the Tiger is thought to bring "dramatic and extreme events". The White Tiger is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations, representing the west along with the yin and the season of autumn. It is the counterpart to the Azure Dragon, which conversely symbolises the east, yang and springtime. The tiger is one of the animals displayed on the Pashupati seal of the Indus Valley civilisation. The big cat was depicted on seals and coins during the Chola Dynasty of southern India, as it was the official emblem.
Tigers have had religious significance, even being worshiped. In Buddhism, the tiger, monkey and deer are Three Senseless Creatures, the tiger symbolising anger. In Bhutan, the tiger is venerated as one of the four powerful animals called the "four dignities", and a tigress is believed to have carried Padmasambhava from Singye Dzong to the Paro Taktsang monastery in the late 8th century. In Korean mythology, tigers are messengers of the Mountain Gods. In Hinduism, the tiger is the vehicle for the goddess of feminine power and peace, Durga, whom the gods created to fight demons. Similarly, in the Greco-Roman world, the tiger was depicted being ridden by the god Dionysus. The Warli of western India worship the tiger-like god Waghoba. The Warli believe that shrines and sacrifices to the deity will lead to better coexistence with the local big cats, both tigers and leopards, and that Waghoba will protect them when they enter the forests. In both Chinese and Korean culture, tigers are seen as a protectors against evil spirits, and their image was used to decorate homes and tombs.
In the folklore of Malaysia and Indonesia, "tiger shamans" heal the sick by evoking the big cat. People turning into tigers and the inverse has also been widespread, in particular weretigers are people who could change into tigers and back again. The Mnong people of Indochina believed that tigers could transform into humans. Among some indigenous peoples of Siberia, it was believed that men could have sex with women after transforming into tigers.
The tiger's cultural reputation is generally that of a fierce and powerful animal. William Blake's 1794 poem "The Tyger" portrays the animal as the duality of beauty and ferocity. It is the sister poem to "The Lamb" in Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Experience and he ponders why God would create such different creatures. The tiger is featured in the medieval Chinese novel Water Margin, where the cat battles and is slain by the bandit Wu Song, while the tiger Shere Khan in Rudyard Kipling's 1894 The Jungle Book is the mortal enemy of the human protagonist Mowgli. The image of the friendly tame tiger has also existed in culture, notably Tigger, the Winnie-the-Pooh character and Tony the Tiger, the Kellogg's cereal mascot.
27th – 31st January, FAO HQ
Editorial use only. Copyright ©FAO
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/Roberto Cenciarelli
27th – 31st January, FAO HQ
Editorial use only. Copyright ©FAO
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/Roberto Cenciarelli
Bayesian phylogenetic results, with divergence time estimations.This is a fossil-calibrated chronogram of a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, which was constructed from mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences, with a relaxed molecular clock. Branch length indicates the time of divergence. Node bars indicate the 95% credible interval for node ages. Numbers above branches indicate the posterior probabilities supporting each node. Letters below the branch nodes indicate the node numbers correlated with Table 4. The four main clades are shaded with different colors (clades A to D). Red stars indicate fossil-calibrated nodes. The green star indicates the calibration for Chimarrogale living in China. Correlated Epochs and ages are shown. Current and recommended taxonomic statuses are also shown.
Company G, 90th Pennsylvania Infantry
History of Cowley County, Kansas (1901)
KIRK BROWN-Among the many highly respected and influential citizens of Winfield, there are none who stand higher in the estimation of the people generally, than our worthy townsman, whose name heads this article. He is one of the hustling, rustling energetic business men of Winfield. He was born in Lancaster county, Penn., July 22, 1845, at which place he received his education. He was married to Miss Emaline Haines, June 8, 1869. They have six children, one girl and five boys. Mr. Brown enlisted, November 29, 1861, in Company G, 90th Penn. Vol. Inft., as a private and was discharged , November 26, 1864, having been wounded in the shoulder and leg at the battle of Bull Run. He organized Capt. Snow Post No. 461 G. A. R. Dept. Penn., and was its first commander. In 1884 he immigrated to Missouri, locating at Waco, joining Stanton Post No. 16, of Carthage, Mo. He remained in this locality five years as a farmer. In 1890 he came to Kansas and located on a farm fifteen miles east of Winfield, where he remained for seven years, when he received his appointment of superintendent of the County Poor Farm. Turning his farm over to his son, he entered upon his new duties, which position he held for three years. He then moved to Winfield where he accepted the position as salesman for the McCormick Machine Co., where he remained until a few months ago. He expects, however to make a contract with his old company about Feb. 1. When Mr. Brown came to Winfield, the first thing he did was to join Siverd Post No. 85 G. A. R. He has proven himself to be an active, hard-working member. He was one of the delegates to the National G. A. R. Encampment, held in Philadelphia, Penn., in 1899. Mr. Brown is one of those genial, obliging gentlemen striving to do the right thing by all his fellowmen, ever ready to accommodate and assist when in his power. We believe that it is no longer a secret that his friends are urging him and working zealously for his nomination as candidate for sheriff at the coming Republican County Nominating Convention. A nomination on the Republican ticket, is considered equivalent to election in this county. From what we know of the gentleman, we believe no better selection could be made than that of Kirk Brown.
Here is where his tombstone photo is: www.flickr.com/photos/civilwar_veterans_tombstones/105012...
Kyoto ou Kyōto Prononciation du titre dans sa version originale Écouter (京都市, Kyōto-shi?, littéralement « ville capitale ») est une ville japonaise de la région du Kansai, au centre de Honshū. Elle fut de 794 à 1868 la capitale impériale du Japon, sous le nom de Heian-kyō ("Capitale de la paix et de la tranquillité"). Elle est aujourd'hui la capitale de la préfecture de Kyoto ainsi que l'une des grandes villes de la zone métropolitaine Keihanshin (Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto). Sa population est de 1,47 million d'habitants (estimations 2015).
Bien que des preuves archéologiques permettent d'affirmer que les premiers hommes, présents sur les îles du Japon, il y a plus de 50 000 ans comme chasseurs-cueilleurs, furent ensuite parmi les premiers potiers du monde dès le XVe millénaire av. J.-C., la région de Kyoto ne fut peuplée qu'à partir du VIIe siècle par le clan Hata venu de Corée. Au cours du VIIIe siècle, voulant s'éloigner de l'influence du clergé bouddhiste au sein du gouvernement impérial, l'Empereur prit la décision de déplacer la capitale depuis l'actuelle Nara vers une région éloignée de cette influence.
La nouvelle ville, Heiankyō (lit. « la capitale de la Paix ») devint le siège de la cour impériale en 794. Plus tard, la ville fut rebaptisée Kyoto (« la ville capitale »). Elle développa deux quartiers spécifiques : le quartier sud où se situait le palais impérial et la cour ; le quartier où le Shogun Yoshimitsu Ashikaga plaça en 1378 sa résidence dans le 'Hana no Gosho' (ou Muromachi-dono, Karasumaru-dono) du quartier de Muromachi. Cela donnera par ailleurs le nom de la Période Muromachi de l'histoire de l'archipel. Le shogun se fit également construire le Pavillon d'Or Kinkaku-ji dans le nord de la ville. Par la suite, la ville fut véritablement dévastée par les armées lors de la guerre d'Onin, abandonnée en grande partie par ses habitants et livrée au pillage de 1467 à 1477. En 1489, le shogun Yoshimasa Ashikaga se fit construire l'une des merveilles architecturales du Japon : le Pavillon d'Argent (Ginkaku-ji) qui voulait rivaliser avec le Pavillon d'Or construit par son grand-père Yoshimitsu Ashikaga.
L'avènement du shogunat Tokugawa en 1600 fit perdre à Kyoto son rôle de centre politique et administratif au profit d'Edo, lieu de résidence des shoguns. Toutefois, Kyoto resta la capitale impériale du Japon jusqu'au transfert de la résidence de l'Empereur à Edo en 1868, lors de la restauration de Meiji. Après qu'Edo fut rebaptisée Tokyo (signifiant « la capitale de l'Est »), Kyoto fut connue peu de temps sous le nom de Saikyō (« la capitale de l'Ouest »).
Epargnée par les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Kyoto échappa de peu à la destruction atomique, car la ville figurait en tête des cibles désignées par le comité des objectifs américain. La ville fut finalement rejetée à la suite de l'intervention du secrétaire de la Guerre des États-Unis Henry Lewis Stimson et de conseillers, dont le Français Serge Elisseeff, qui connaissaient la richesse culturelle de la ville, et estimèrent que sa destruction serait un obstacle grave à une réconciliation ultérieure avec le Japon.
Les monuments historiques de l'ancienne Kyoto (villes de Kyoto, Uji et Ōtsu) ont été inscrits au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco en 1994. En 1997, Kyoto accueillit la conférence qui donna naissance au Protocole de Kyoto.
Kyoto (京都市 Kyōto-shi, pronounced [kʲoːꜜto] (About this sound listen), pronounced [kʲoːtoꜜɕi] (About this sound listen); UK: /kɪˈoʊtoʊ/, US: /kiˈoʊ-/, or /ˈkjoʊ]) is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the Imperial capital of Japan for more than one thousand years, it is now the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture located in the Kansai region, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area. Kyoto is also known as the thousand-year capital.
彼の名前は、ゴリーザ。捨てられたネコなので年齢はわからないが、推定15歳は越えている。おとなしくて優しい性格で、三毛猫のホームズの面倒をよくみる。年寄りで歯がなく、いつも寝ている。二匹の猫は、東名高速横浜青葉インター近くにある、畑の小屋で仲良く暮らしている。
His name, Goriza. I do not know age because it is cat abandoned, but it is over 15 years of age estimation. Personality and gentle quiet, I take good care of Holmes calico cat. There is no teeth in old, I'm sleeping all the time. In the Tomei Expressway near Yokohama Aoba Inter, two cats are living happily in the cabin of the field.
His name, Goriza. I do not know age because it is cat abandoned, but it is over 15 years of age estimation. Personality and gentle quiet, I take good care of Holmes calico cat. There is no teeth in old, I'm sleeping all the time. In the Tomei Expressway near Yokohama Aoba Inter, two cats are living happily in the cabin of the field.
27th – 31st January, FAO HQ
Editorial use only. Copyright ©FAO
Photo credit must be given: ©FAO/Roberto Cenciarelli
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ESTIMATION EXPERIMENT
POST GROWTH
Exhibition at Le 3bisF, Aix en Provence.
Chroniques Festival 2020-2021
Luminosity Before the Energy, Westerunie & Westerliefde Amsterdam 18-02-2011. Showcasing my set from Luminosity - Before the Energy here!
In deze set een selectie van de beste 90 foto's van de totale shoot van 220 foto's. Staat je foto in deze set er niet tussen? Je vindt jouw foto zeker terug in de set @ Dancegids.nl (www.dancegids.nl/). Wanneer je je foto niet terugvindt op Dancegids.nl, dan is die buiten de selectie gevallen, helaas! Better luck next time :)
Line-up: partyflock.nl/party/188286:Luminosity.html
Check ook mijn Party Report van Luminosity - Before the Energy @ Dancegids.nl!
Check ook eens mijn eigen showgallery: www.dutchphotogallery.net/ (online soon, estimation: April 2011). En ook mijn YouTube Channel: www.youtube.com/user/dutchpartypics
Foto's nabestellen:
Foto's in high res nabestellen? Leuk voor gebruik voor allerlei creatieve doeleinden. Denk aan een speciaal kado voor een speciaal iemand (bijvoorbeeld je geliefde), zoals het afdrukken van jouw/jullie foto op Canvas, Mokken, Muismat etc. Wat je je maar kunt voorstellen! Maar ook een kwalitatieve afdruk op een printer thuis of bij een fotozaak kan natuurlijk met je nabestelling. Voor maar 2,50 Euro stuur ik je de high res. foto(s) toe. Geef het betreffende fotonummer(s) door, of stuur mij de link van de betreffende foto(s) op Dancegids.nl, wanneer die hier op Flickr er niet tussen staat. Stuur deze info (fotonummer(s) en/of link) naar: dutchpartypics@yahoo.com. Alvast hartelijk dank! Cya @ the dancefloor next party! Korsjan.
© Dutchpartypics | Korsjan Punt 2010. Powered by Nikon D50/D80/D3000 DSLR; Lenses @ fl range 10 - 300 mm: Nikon AF 50 mm, f 1.8; Nikon AF-S 18 - 55 mm, f 3.5 - 5.6; Nikon AF-S 18 - 105 mm VR, f: 3.5 - 5.6; Nikon AF-S 55 - 200 mm VR, f 4.0 - 5.6; Nikon AF 70 - 300 mm, f 4.0 - 5.6; Tamron SP XR DiII 17 - 50 mm, f 2.8; Tamron XR Di 28 - 75 mm, f: 2.8; Sigma Super Wide II 24 mm, f 2.8; Sigma EX DC-HSM 10 - 20 mm, f 4.0 - 5.6 and Sigma EX DC Macro 105 mm, f 2.8. Flash: Nikon Speedlight SB600 (Nikon D80) | Sunpak PZ42X (Nikon D3000) | Sunpak PF30X (Nikon D50), all including Stofen omnibounce. Compact: Nikon Coolpix L110 and Panasonic Lumix FX500. Flash Full HD Video: Kodak Zi8.
NIKON: At the heart of the image! & DUTCHPARTYPICS: Power of Imagination, for Pounding, Vivid Pictures! Make your photos come alive! And... ! Relive your most intense moments, over again!
Love the comments on reading! These are the words of my dad, in his memoirs that I requested he write. This a bestseller in my estimation!
彼の名前は、ゴリーザ。捨てられたネコなので年齢はわからないが、推定15歳は越えている。おとなしくて優しい性格で、三毛猫のホームズの面倒をよくみる。年寄りで歯がなく、いつも寝ている。二匹の猫は、東名高速横浜青葉インター近くにある、畑の小屋で仲良く暮らしている。
His name, Goriza. I do not know age because it is cat abandoned, but it is over 15 years of age estimation. Personality and gentle quiet, I take good care of Holmes calico cat. There is no teeth in old, I'm sleeping all the time. In the Tomei Expressway near Yokohama Aoba Inter, two cats are living happily in the cabin of the field.