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Language not only communicates, it defines culture, nature, history, humanity, and ancestry. The indigenous languages of the Arctic have been formed and shaped in close contact with their environment. They are a valuable source of information and a wealth of knowledge on human interactions with nature is encoded in these languages. If a language is lost, a world is lost. This deep knowledge and interconnections is expressed in Arctic song, subsistence practices, and other cultural expressions but especially in place names across the Arctic. Place names of the indigenous peoples reflect subsistence practices, stories, dwelling sites, spawning sites, migratory routes of animals, and links to the sacred realms of the indigenous peoples of the north. This map presents the original languages of the respective indigenous peoples, even if they do not speak their languages today. Notes: Overlapping populations are not shown. The map does not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic populations, are not shown (Danes in Greenland, Russians in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North America).
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This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Hugo Ahlenius
3 minute exposure on this one using the B&W (10 stop) Neutral Density filter.
Two exposures were created using the single raw file (one for the sky and one for the foreground). The two files were blended together in Photoshop using layer masks and adjustments made with the curves, hue/saturation and sharpening tools.
Quick-Look Hill-shaded Colour Relief Image of 2014 1m LIDAR Composite Digital Terrain Model (DTM).
Data supplied by Environment Agency under the Open Government License agreement. For details please go to: www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/v...
For full raster dataset go to: environment.data.gov.uk/ds/survey
1 Sqn RAF Regiment practicing vehicle drills, section and individual attacks as well as dismounting drills with the Foxhound Vehicle.
The training was prior to the commencement of their live firing element of Exercise Saif Sareea. The training was located in RAFO Air base in Thumrait.
Exercise Saif Sareea 3 brought 5,500 UK armed forces (900 personnel from the RAF) together with over 60,000 Omani troops, utilising Air, Sea and Land assets in the Bilateral training exercise in the Omani Desert.
HDR. AEB +/-3 total of 7 exposures processed with Photomatix. Colors adjusted in PSE.
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.
Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range
Tone mapping
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include
Adobe Photoshop
Aurora HDR
Dynamic Photo HDR
HDR Efex Pro
HDR PhotoStudio
Luminance HDR
MagicRaw
Oloneo PhotoEngine
Photomatix Pro
PTGui
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History of HDR photography
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.
Mid 20th century
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.
Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.
With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
Late 20th century
Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.
In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.
In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.
Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.
In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.
Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.
On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.
21st century
In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.
On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.
HDR sensors
Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.
Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.
Sampling boat at location close to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station.
IAEA experts visited Japan from 8 to 14 September 2014 and -- together with staff from NRA and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- collected water samples from the sea at five locations near TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station,
The water samples were shared both between the IAEA Environmental Laboratories and the Japanese Laboratories to e=be analyzed independently.
Photo Credit: NRA
UNIFIL marked World Environment Day, that is celebrated yearly on 5 June at an event held in Naqoura, south Lebanon. Naqoura, 27 June 2019. Photo by Pasqual Gorriz/UN
Earle Peterson gives a tour of Greenwoods Conservancy, his 1,200-acre property in Burlington, N.Y., that is protected through a conservation easement with the Otsego Land Trust, on May 23, 2015. (Photo by Will Parson/Chesapeake Bay Program)
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Series of Photographs for my University project of 'Environments'. I've chosen to look at the natural human body, with aspects of a natural landscape brought into the photos.
Gloria Sylvia, an access control monitor for Jacobs Technology at the Kennedy Space Center was recently presented NASA's Catch an Environmentalist Award for her efforts in planting a small garden at the gate to the Vehicle Assembly Building. Participating in the presentation were, front row, from the left, Bonnie Hughes, Jacobs Human Resources and Security Group manager, Mike Barber, Jacobs Test and Operations Support Contract Safety and Health, Sylvia, Robert Williams, Jacobs area integrator, Jim Bolton, NASA Vehicle Assembly Building Operations manager and Gary Casteel, Jacobs Asset Management director. Back row, from the left, Frank Kline, NASA's Sustainability Program technical lead, Mike Parrish, Jacobs Project manager-Vehicle Operations, Andrew Allen, Jacobs Technology Vice President and general manager of the Test and Operations Support Contract Group. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitrios Gerondidakis
Part of a Set / Slideshow of images of an installation called Dispersing Fashion by Stephanie Lawrence.
Dispersing Fashion
"Witness a time-based process of destruction that explores environmental issues."
An art installation comprising dresses made from a water dissolving material. Water slowly drips from bladders suspend above the dresses, and collects in shallow trays / pools.
By Stephanie Lawrence
BA (Hons.)
Performance and Visual Art: Dance
"My work is a manifestation of environmental politics; an expression of my concerns about deforestation that initiated from an inspirational trip to Malaysia / Borneo. One concern is the reluctance people have to use water efficiently, which
contributes to global warming and other environmental problems such as; the droughts we are experiencing in the UK.
Three dresses within the work act as a metaphor for the gradual destruction of the world we live in. The dripping taps we leave on in everyday life is represented through the three shower heads, which slowly destroy each dress revealing the damaging effects our everyday actions contribute to.
Over the two hour duration of the work you are encourage to revisit this steadily shifting environment.
The water used within this project will be recycled into the university pond after use."
This image / video is available under the indicated creative commons licence - subject to the approval of the artist(s) featured - and also subject to any additional conditions that the artist(s) may wish to apply.
ACT’s Freres Biochar CO2 Removal Project was selected by Microsoft for its 2022 Carbon Removal Program. Freres Engineered Wood is certified as a Carbon Removal Supplier through the Puro.earth marketplace for its biochar product, which stores carbon and has a half-life of thousands of years.
ACT helps organizations around the world reduce their carbon footprint by backing high-impact climate projects that generate renewable certificates and carbon credits. As part of its path to its carbon negative goal by 2030, Microsoft will purchase biochar-based carbon removal credits from Freres, via ACT.
This collection presents a breathtaking journey through diverse terrestrial biomes, reimagining the raw beauty of our planet through a synthetic lens. From the ethereal golden mists of a waking forest and the crystalline clarity of alpine rivers to the jagged, volcanic scars of primordial lands and the vibrant, sun-drenched cathedrals of coral reefs. Each environment is a study in light, texture, and atmospheric depth, blending hyper-realistic detail with a touch of the sublime. These landscapes explore the intersection of classical nature photography aesthetics and the boundless possibilities of modern generative tools, offering a contemplative look at worlds both familiar and imagined.
These images have been generated by Artificial Intelligence.
A contest has been organised for student presentations of the actions taken by oil and gas companies regarding the reduction of their impacts on biodiversity, and the applicability of these actions in Uzbekistan.
Learn more about energy and environment in Europe and Central Asia
Rocky planets may be able to form in harsher environments than we thought. Webb detected key building blocks of planets, including water and carbon dioxide, in a rocky planet-forming zone being hit by extreme amounts of ultraviolet radiation.
Planets are formed from disks of gas, dust and rock surrounding stars. The specific disk Webb observed, XUE 1, is near several massive stars. These stars emit high levels of ultraviolet radiation, which scientists expected would disperse gas and break apart chemical molecules.
To the team’s surprise, Webb found partially crystalline silicate dust, plus various molecules (water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, acetylene) that can form rocky planets. It’s the first time such molecules have been detected under these extreme conditions.
Learn more: www.nasa.gov/missions/webb/webb-study-reveals-rocky-plane...
This image: This is an artist’s impression of a young star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk in which planets are forming. Credit: ESO/L. Calçada
Image description: This artist concept is dominated by a dusty disk extending from upper left to lower right and tilted toward the viewer. It resembles patchy clouds with small rocky bits scattered throughout. At 4 o’clock and 11 o’clock are two small, embedded planets. The outer edges of the disk are reddish, the middle orange, and the inner region yellow-white. At the center is a gap within which is a bright white star. In the top right corner is a label that reads “artist concept.”
Gloria Sylvia, an access control monitor for Jacobs Technology at the Kennedy Space Center was recently presented NASA's Catch an Environmentalist Award for her efforts in planting a small garden at the gate to the Vehicle Assembly Building. Participating in the presentation were, front row, from the left, Bonnie Hughes, Jacobs Human Resources and Security Group manager, Mike Barber, Jacobs Test and Operations Support Contract Safety and Health, Sylvia, Robert Williams, Jacobs area integrator, Jim Bolton, NASA Vehicle Assembly Building Operations manager and Gary Casteel, Jacobs Asset Management director. Back row, from the left, Frank Kline, NASA's Sustainability Program technical lead, Mike Parrish, Jacobs Project manager-Vehicle Operations, Andrew Allen, Jacobs Technology Vice President and general manager of the Test and Operations Support Contract Group. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitrios Gerondidakis
Stewart Stevenson, Environment and Climate Change MSP, received a suitcase of hope from Stop Climate Chaos Scotland (SCCS) ahead of the Conference Of Parties 17 climate talks in Durban.
This piece started out as a piece of discarded nail art. It would have hung on the wall vertically, and there would have been a little vase underneath the "flowers". I made an environment for a Fisher Price spaceman (or hazmat tech) and a fat little bee - they live in a world of rocks and flowers.
Sheila Malcolmson, Parliamentary Secretary for Environment, announces that British Columbia’s central coast, including the Great Bear Rainforest, is the focus of a unique partnership to rid the shoreline of marine debris.
Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020ENV0045-001613
Quick-Look Hill-shaded Colour Relief Image of 2014 1m LIDAR Composite Digital Surface Model (DSM).
Data supplied by Environment Agency under the Open Government License agreement. For details please go to: www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/v...
For full raster dataset go to: environment.data.gov.uk/ds/survey
The Global Learning and Observation to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) program is a worldwide hands-on, primary and secondary school-based science and education program. Field Training Sessions took place at the Goddard Space Flight Center during The 17th GLOBE Annual Partner Meeting
Credit: NASA/Goddard/Bill Hrybyk
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission.
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Quick-Look Hill-shaded Colour Relief Image of 2014 25cm LIDAR Composite Digital Surface Model (DSM).
Data supplied by Environment Agency under the Open Government License agreement. For details please go to: www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/v...
For full raster dataset go to: environment.data.gov.uk/ds/survey
I made this photo of a mother walking through the Garden for the Environment on May 6, 2018 during San Francisco Parks Alliance Membership Appreciation day. Never too early to become accustomed to gardens and gardening. I shot this using my Canon Powershot SX50.
26-27 November 2019
2019 Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum - GGSD
OECD Headquarters, Paris, France
Photo: OECD/Andrew Wheeler
Features of this house:
Features of this house:
It uses the same space as a regular house
It capture solar energy from its roof
It captures wind energy from its wind turbine
This house will provide its own electric power
It produces fruit trees giving the occupants a small source of income plus year long fruits and vegetables to supplement their pantry also the threes are good for the environment
It has plenty of windows so it can capture even the smallest breeze to cool the house, save energy and provide it with plenty of natural light
It could have goats to provide, milk, meat and a free grass cutting system eliminating the emissions of the lawn mowing equipment
The roof captures rain water for a tilapia or catfish fish farm and also to be used as an irrigation system year long
All water, other that toilet water, can be captured for irrigation, the use of environmentally friendly detergents is recommended so strong Chemicals don't contaminate or kill the trees and plants
It also can hold a half a dozen chicken's providing chicken, eggs and a wake up call in the morning
It uses a compost pile to turn organic matter into fertilizer for the trees and plants
(New Technology) A system could be develop to capture methane from the compost pile to provide the house with heating and cooking gas
Most if not all plastic aluminum, and glass, containers used will be recycled
(New Technology) Surplus electricity could be used to power air compressors to provide a car with environmentally friendly zero emissions power
Only wind and solar energy could be considered truly passive energy efficient gathering devises. Only electric or compressed air power cars can be environmentally friendly and that if the power used to energize them did not came from a nuclear or coal power plant. Working close to home and the development of local grown foods like farmer's markets will reduce carbon imprints huge amounts.
Sheila Malcolmson, Parliamentary Secretary for Environment, announces that British Columbia’s central coast, including the Great Bear Rainforest, is the focus of a unique partnership to rid the shoreline of marine debris.
Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2020ENV0045-001613