Parasitic Wasps
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“In the right light, at the right time, everything is extraordinary.” – ~Aaron Rose
p.p. done with a texture by Tota!
Thank you so much my dear!
These flies mainly occur in meadows and spruce forest edges.
Acidia cognata is a relatively large species, the body length reaching 6.5–7.0 millimetres (0.26–0.28 in), while the wing length reaches 4.9–6.9 millimetres (0.19–0.27 in). It has a golden orange-brown body. The head is pale yellow-white, with bright red eyes and a dull stripe on the forehead. The wings are markedly colored and shows five dark grey or brownish bands, which are interconnected. The first bandage begins at the base of the wings, while the fifth band lies on the wing tip.
Adults flies from May until early October. Larvae are oligophagous leaf miners of a variety of plants in the family Asteraceae, mainly feeding from August until October on Arctium lappa, Petasites fragrans, Petasites albus, Petasites hybridus, Petasites paradoxus, Petasites spurius, Homogyne alpine and Tussilago farfara. Pupation occurs externally, in the soil.
Portrait of an egg laden adult female McCoy's Skink (Anepischetosia maccoyi). A secretive, diminutive species found in a damp gully in alpine snow gum/heathland habitat on the slopes of Mt Buller in NE Victoria. Australia.
Image taken with a Canon EOS 5D DSLR coupled to a vintage 60/2.8 1:2 C/Y Carl Zeiss makro planar for Contax from the 1980's. Lit with 3 externally mounted speedlites.
The constituents of nasturtium, such as mustard oil, are effective against certain viruses, bacteria, and yeasts, among other things. Applied externally, they stimulate circulation. Nasturtium can be used to relieve pain, improve wound healing, treat acne, and indigestion, and, when combined with horseradish, can be used to treat cystitis and upper respiratory tract infections.
HLcoF !!!
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Ο Ιερός.Ναός. Υπαπαντής του Χριστού Ύδρας είναι από τους ιστορικότερους στο νησί.
Οικοδομήθηκε το 1780 από τον Λάζαρο Δημητρίου Κοκκίνη (παππούς της Μπουμπουλίνας και των Κουντουριώτηδων).
Εξωτερικά ξεχωρίζει από το κοκκινωπό χρώμα της που οφείλεται σε τοπικό δομικό υλικό, ενώ εσωτερικά ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει το ξυλόγλυπτο τέμπλο της. Ο ναός ανήκει στον Καθεδρικό Ναό της Ύδρας.
Βρίσκεται δίπλα στο αρχοντικό του Λ. Κουντουριώτη και στον περίβολό του βρίσκονται οι τάφοι των Γ. Κουντουριώτη και Σαχτούρη.
Προσφάτως ανακαινίσθηκε εκ βάθρων και πλέον λειτουργεί ανελλιπώς ως ενοριακός ναός.
Έχει κηρυχθεί ως διατηρητέο μνημείο από το Υπουργείο πολιτισμού.
The Holy Church of the Presentation of Christ Hydra is one of the most historic on the island.
It was built in 1780 by Lazaros Dimitrios Kokkini (grandfather of Bouboulina and Kountouriotis familly ).
Externally, it is distinguished by its reddish color due to local building materials, while internally interesting is its wood-carved iconostasis. The temple belongs to the Cathedral of Hydra.
It is next to the mansion of L. Kountouriotis and surrounded by the tombs of G. Kountouriotis and Shaktouris.
Recently was totaly renovated and now functions as a parish church.
It has been declared as a preservable monument by the Ministry of Civilisation.
Ἀπολυτίκιον Υπαπαντής
Ἦχος α’.
Χαῖρε Κεχαριτωμένη Θεοτόκε Παρθένε, ἐκ σοῦ γὰρ ἀνέτειλεν ὁ Ἥλιος τῆς δικαιοσύνης, Χριστὸς ὁ Θεὸς ἠμῶν, φωτίζων τοὺς ἐν σκότει. Εὐφραίνου καὶ σὺ Πρεσβῦτα δίκαιε, δεξάμενος ἐν ἀγκάλαις τὸν ἐλευθερωτὴν τῶν ψυχῶν ἠμῶν, χαριζόμενον ἠμὶν καὶ τὴν Ἀνάστασιν.
Κοντάκιον Υπαπαντής
Ἦχος α’.
Ὁ μήτραν παρθενικὴν ἁγιάσας τῷ τόκῳ σου, καὶ χεῖρας τοῦ Συμεὼν εὐλογήσας ὡς ἔπρεπε, προφθάσας καὶ νῦν ἔσωσας ἠμᾶς Χριστὲ ὁ Θεός. Ἀλλ' εἰρήνευσον ἐν πολέμοις τὸ πολίτευμα, καὶ κραταίωσον Βασιλεῖς οὖς ἠγάπησας, ὁ μόνος φιλάνθρωπος.
above is macro of stained glass window at church. Being pretty is not all life is about. Many are so beautiful inside though externally not so. Do you turn from LIFE's real beauties due to transparency of mere outside appearances? Pray with me: Let us mature and understand YOUR ways. Thanks for this sage moment where I glimpse YOUR wisdom fine.
________________
"They indeed may build, but I will tear down,
And they shall be called the land of guilt.
the people with whom the Lord is angry forever."
Malachi 1:4
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Today, I joined a group and read RULE ONE:
If you cannot say anything nice, do not say anything at all or I will be forced to take you outside and push you down!
I might even laugh at you a bit for landing in poop, because then you would smell.
If you can not find it in you to make positive, constructive comments on the pictures in the group, then this is not the place for you.
Let us keep this fun and friendly!
___________________________
Thanks for all the constructive and NICE visitors who come here. I hope you leave better than you arrived. So much from and on the earth to enjoy and grow from.
Thanks for all your ART as you enjoy my growing amongst BEAUTY.
Woodbridge Tide Mill is a rare example of a tide mill whose water wheel still turns and is capable of grinding a wholemeal flour. The mill is a Grade I listed building. It is a three-storey building constructed from wood; externally it is clad in white Suffolk boarding and has a Gambrel roof. Its machinery reflects the skills and achievements of the early Industrial Revolution. It has been preserved and is open to the public. The reservoir constructed for demonstration purposes is roughly half an acre in extent, the original 7-acre (28,000 m2) one is now a marina.
The first recording of a tide mill on this site was a medieval mill in 1170; it is unknown how many mills have stood here, but probably three. The mill, which was operated by the local Augustinian priory in the Middle Ages, was acquired by Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536. It is possible that the Augustinians rebuilt the mill shortly before the dissolution. This mill and the former Woodbridge Priory was granted to Thomas Seckford by Elizabeth I. That mill passed through the hands of various private owners until it was rebuilt in the seventeenth century. This is the mill preserved today.
By the outbreak of World War II the mill was one of only a handful still operating. In 1957 it closed as the last commercially operating tide mill in Britain. In 1968 the derelict mill was purchased by Mrs Jean Gardner and a restoration programme was launched. It was opened to the public five years later in 1973. It is now managed by a charitable trust (Woodbridge Tide Mill Trust) staffed by volunteers, and in 2011 the trust undertook a further and more complete restoration and modernisation project, including a new water wheel and fully restored machinery, which allowed milling to begin again. It re-opened in 2012 and is now the only tide mill in the UK that can regularly grind wheat grain producing wholemeal flour for resale.
During the late summer and early fall breeding season, male Eastern Hellbenders will choose a large rock that is excavated from below to form a cavity. They will defend this shelter vigorously against rival males but will accept a female. While in this cavity, the female will lay several hundred eggs that are then externally fertilized by the male who will stay with, and guard, the nest until they hatch and even for a short period while the larvae grow.
I found this green-yellow meadow not far from my home :)
Smile on Saturday - theme: "Meadows and fields :)
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant of the aster family with yellow, button-like flowers, native to temperate Europe and Asia. The leaves and flowers are toxic if consumed in large quantities; the volatile oil contains toxic compounds including thujone, which can cause convulsions and liver and brain damage. Tansy was a popular strewing herb in times past because it's clean, camphorous scent repelled flies and other pests. It is still a good custom to plant tansy outside the kitchen door and around the garden for the same reasons. Although tansy is useful as a vermifuge, and can be used externally as poultice to treat skin infections.
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Małe żółte słoneczka na osiedlowej łące :)
Wrotycz pospolity (Tanacetum vulgare) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny astrowatych. Występuje w całej Europie i na obszarach Azji o umiarkowanym klimacie. Rozprzestrzenił się także gdzieniegdzie poza tym obszarem. W Polsce jest gatunkiem pospolitym. Występuje przy drogach, na łąkach i miedzach. Kwitnie od czerwca do sierpnia. Cała roślina jest toksyczna. Wrotycz posiada też wlaściwiości lecznicze. Stosowany jest do zwalczania kleszczy, komarów oraz innych owadów. Zastosowanie znajduje też w terapii dolegliwości takich jak wszawica i świerzb.
Don't forget to tell yourself positive things daily! You must love yourself internally to glow externally.
Hannah Bronfman
Right after the sun escapes over the horizon the shadows become more nuanced. But the tube in the center of the flower (the style I believe) appears to be glowing - as though it was releasing the light it captured during the direct sunlight. That's the way it looked to me - and Lightroom!
The unedited version available for viewing for those designated as friends. If you would like to see it let me know and I'll designate you as a friend!
www.flickr.com/photos/143140233@N06/29559594478/in/datepo...
Construction date: 1886-1898 (built in stages) - Architect: Benjamin Mountfort - Architectural style: Carpenter Gothic
"St Mary's Cathedral Church, also known as St Mary's Church, is the former Cathedral Church of the Anglican Diocese of Auckland. Located in Parnell, it replaced the earlier Old St Mary's. This wooden Gothic Revival church was designed by the prominent Christchurch architect Benjamin Mountfort and completed in 1897. The building served as the Cathedral Church and principal Anglican church of Auckland until 1973 when the Chancel of Holy Trinity Cathedral, for which the foundation stone was laid in 1957, came into use. In 1982 St Mary's Church was moved across Parnell Road to its present site beside the Cathedral.
Old St Mary's, as it came to be known, was replaced by a large wooden church, for which the Foundation Stone was laid in 1886. At more than 50 metres long, it is the largest wooden Gothic church in the world. Its English born architect Benjamin Mountfort had become one of New Zealand's most eminent architects, responsible for many of the Gothic Revival buildings in Christchurch. St Mary's is the most impressive of his wooden church designs.
The original intention had been to build the church in stone, but the plan had been rejected as too expensive. Mountfort seems to have ignored the perishable and limited qualities of wood, and built a vast church worthy of the finest stone. St Mary's covers an area of 9,000 square feet (840 m2) and has architectural features normally associated only with the great medieval cathedrals of Europe.
Bishop William Cowie instigated the decision to make St Mary's the Cathedral Church during 1887, and the first part of the church, consisting of the Chancel and three bays of the Nave was consecrated and used from 1888.
The church was completed to its present state by the addition of the four final bays and consecrated in 1898. It was Mountfort's final large scale work.
Externally the most noticeable architectural features of the long rectangular building are the numerous gables of the mostly single story structure. The gables, often placed above lancet shaped windows, serve to accentuate the Gothic motifs. This is particularly evident on the exterior of the altar tribune where three tall narrow windows rise up into the gables themselves, the tribune itself is three sided, the wooden construction making the traditional Romanesque curve in stone impossible.
The opposing end of the church containing the principal entrance, displays the full height of the building with one large gable, containing not only ground floor windows but two levels of clerestory windows above. The gable here slopes at two angles. The architect's reasoning for this was to increase the height of the gable at the façade's centre, rather than allow it to rise uniformly according to the width of the building. This central steeper roof pitch increased the ceiling height to the central aisle, as would be found over the central aisle of a true Gothic cathedral. However, the resultant effect has been to create a gable which to European eyes appears as though designed to bear the weight of heavy snow falls. In an area where snow does not occur this gives the façade, with its protruding decorated architrave above the first clerestory, an almost whimsical Swiss chalet atmosphere, which adds greatly to the building's individuality. Almost a hundred years later this feature was subtly suggested in the corresponding roof-line of the new Cathedral Nave.
In 1982 St Mary's Church was moved into the precinct of the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, a major feat of engineering when the church was transported across the road and turned through 90° onto its present site."
Extract sourced from Wikipedia: St Mary's Cathedral Church (10th June 2013)
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. If you wish to use this image, please, contact me through flickrmail or at vicenc.feliu@gmail.com. © All rights reserved...
The first documentary reference to Santa Maria del Mar is in a text from the year 998. The construction of the present building was promoted by the canon Bernat Llull, who was appointed archdean of Santa Maria in 1324. Construction work started on 25 March 1329, when the foundation stone was laid by king Alfons the Magnanimous, as commemorated by a tablet in Latin and Catalan on the façade that gives onto the Fossar de les Moreres. This basilica is the work of the architects Berenguer de Montagut and Ramon Despuig. The first stone was laid to commemorate the conquest of Sardinia, which completed the Catalan domination in the Mediterranean initiated ten years earlier with the conquest of Mallorca, and which reached its fullest extent with the entry of Sicily and Greece into the domains of the House of Barcelona. The walls, the side chapels and the façades were finished by 1350. In 1379 there was a fire that damaged important parts of the works. On the 3rd of November 1383 the last stone was added and on 15th of August 1384 the first mass was celebrated. On the 19th of July 1936 angry mobs set fire to the basilica which burned for eleven days straight, destroying the Baroque Altar, all the images, the organ, and a large part of the archives. Only the walls and columns were left standing.
Externally, it is the only perfectly-finished Catalan Gothic church. Its outer walls display the features which differentiate Catalan Gothic from European.
In the Catalan style, there is a predominance of horizontal lines, of solid panels over empty spaces, of flat terraces without roofs, and a preference for large bare surfaces. The buttresses are flying buttresses as in the European Gothic cathedrals, and the towers are octagonal and flat-topped.
Tempio di Atena Pronaia - Tholos.
Esternamente, venti colonne doriche sostenevano un fregio con triglifi e metope.
La parete circolare della cella, la camera centrale dell'edificio, è stata anche coronata da un fregio, metope e triglifi simili ma in misura minore.
All'interno, una panchina di pietra era posizionata su cui si ergevano dieci pilastri in stile corinzio, tutti attaccati alla superficie concava del muro.
La combinazione multipla e la fusione di vari stili architettonici nello stesso edificio è stata completata attraverso un naturale effetto policromatico, derivante dall'uso di diversi materiali.
I materiali utilizzati includevano lastre sottili di Eleusino (chiamate "titanolithos") e marmo pentelico nella sovrastruttura e calcare sulla piattaforma.
Anche il tetto a otto archi dell'edificio era costruito in marmo ed era decorato rispettivamente da otto statue femminili scolpite in un movimento netto e vivace.
Temple of Athena Pronaia - Tholos.
Externally, twenty Doric columns supported a frieze with triglyphs and metopes.
The circular wall of the cella, the central chamber of the building, was also crowned with a similar but to a lesser extent frieze, metopes and triglyphs.
Inside, a stone bench was positioned on which stood ten Corinthian-style pillars, all attached to the concave surface of the wall.
The multiple combination and fusion of various architectural styles in the same building was completed through a natural polychromatic effect, resulting from the use of different materials.
The materials used included thin Eleusinian slabs (called "titanolithos") and Pentelic marble in the superstructure and limestone on the platform.
The eight-arched roof of the building was also constructed of marble and was respectively decorated with eight female statues carved in a sharp and lively movement.
_MG_3782m
“A mandala is a spiritual and ritual symbol in Asian cultures. It can be understood in two different ways: externally as a visual representation of the universe or internally as a guide for several practices that take place in many Asian traditions, including meditation. In Hinduism and Buddhism, the belief is that by entering the mandala and proceeding towards its center, you are guided through the cosmic process of transforming the universe from one of suffering into one of joy and happiness”
25322 "Tamworth Castle" stands at the sand loading bunker at Oakamoor Sidings having been externally restored for a series of EMRPS charters .....This one taking place on 3rd Jan 09....Despite being affectively a preservation scene, all railway activity has been swepted away at this location with the loading bunker demolished and the sidings and branch from Froghall lifted by the Churnet Valley in 2014....a strange decision as it was this sand traffic that saved the churnet routes in the first place and this bunker was a unique feature of a preserved line....looking on a recent Trekking Exploration video only the banana van on the right survives in the wilderness at this site
Best viewed large.
Lake Country, BC.
My first decent shot of a magpie. I know they are corvids, but this bill confirms it for me.
Also known as the American magpie.
The black-billed magpie is a bird in the crow family that inhabits the western half of North America, from southern coastal Alaska to northern California, northern Nevada, northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, central Kansas, and Nebraska. It is one of only four North American songbirds whose tail makes up half or more of the total body length (the others being the yellow-billed magpie, the scissor-tailed flycatcher, and the fork-tailed flycatcher).
The black-billed magpie is one of the few North American birds that build a domed nest.
Externally, The black-billed magpie is almost identical with the European magpie, Pica pica, and is considered conspecific by many sources. The American Ornithologists' Union, however, splits it as a separate species, Pica hudsonia, on the grounds that its mtDNA sequence is closer to that of California's yellow-billed magpie, Pica nuttalli, than to the European magpie.
It appears that after the ancestral magpie spread over Eurasia, the Korean population became isolated, at which point the species crossed the Bering Land Bridge and colonized North America, where the two American magpies then differentiated. Fossil evidence indicates that the ancestral North American magpie had arrived in its current range around the mid-Pliocene (3–4 mya) and that the yellow-billed magpie lineage split off rather soon thereafter due to the Sierra Nevada uplift and the beginning ice ages.
Corvids are considered the most intelligent of the birds, and among the most intelligent of all animals, having demonstrated self-awareness in mirror tests (European magpies) and tool-making ability (crows, rooks)—skills until recently regarded as solely the province of humans and a few other higher mammals. Their total brain-to-body mass ratio is equal to that of great apes and cetaceans, and only slightly lower than in humans.
Corvids are derived from Australasian ancestors and from there spread throughout the world.
Wikipedia.
Todas estas imágenes creo que pertenecen a la misma especie. Al igual que el grupo de Aricia montensis que subí ayer, hoy toca este grupo de Polyommatus icarus/celina, la mayoría antes de amanecer durmiendo en un prado de alta montaña a unos 2200 metros de altura. Estas dos especies son externamente idénticas y no se pueden distinguir sin estudiar genitalia, por lo que hay que dejarlo como que puede ser cualquiera de las dos.
All these images I think belong to the same species. Like the group of Aricia montensis that I uploaded yesterday, today it is the turn of this group of Polyommatus icarus / celina, most before dawn sleeping in a high mountain meadow at about 2200 meters high. These two species are externally identical and can not be distinguished without studying genitalia, so we have to leave them as it can be either.
Sierra Nevada Granada España
Julio 2018
The Mk IX was the second most numerous of any Spitfire version manufactured after the Mk V.
It was rushed into production over the slightly better Mk VIII as a short-term counter to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, which was superior in most ways to then current Spitfire Mk V.
Externally, the Mk IX can be differentiated from earlier Spitfire versions by having a four-bladed propeller, and unlike the Mk VIII, does not have a retractable tail wheel. This particular Spitfire dates from 1944 and has a supercharger optimized for lower level performance, making it an 'LF' model. It is fitted with the 'e' wing which eliminated the four outer machine gun positions. This machine only has two of the remaining four inner positions fitted with either cannons or heavy machine guns. Despite being painted in large red letters, the squadron codes of QJ are surprisingly hard to make out!
To view more of my images, of Beningbrough Hall, please click "here" !
Please, do not insert images, and/or group invites; thank you!
Beningbrough Hall is a large Georgian mansion near the village of Beningbrough, North Yorkshire, England, and overlooks the River Ouse. It has baroque interiors, cantilevered stairs, wood carving and central corridors which run the length of the house. Externally the house is a red-brick Georgian mansion with a grand drive running to the main frontage and a walled garden, The house is home to over 100 portraits on loan from the National Portrait Gallery. It has a restaurant, shop and garden shop, and was shortlisted in 2010 for the Guardian Family Friendly Museum Award. The Hall is set in extensive grounds and is separated from them by an example of a ha-ha (a sunken wall) to prevent sheep and cattle entering the Hall's gardens or the Hall itself. The Hall, situated 8 miles north of York, was built in 1716 by a York landowner, John Bourchier III to replace his family's modest Elizabethan manor, which had been built in 1556 by Sir Ralph Bourchier on his inheritance to the estate. Local builder William Thornton oversaw the construction, but Beningbrough's designer remains a mystery; possibly it was Thomas Archer. Bourchier was High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1719-1721 and died in 1736 at the age of 52. John Bourchier (1710-1759) followed his father as owner of Beningbrough Hall and was High Sheriff in 1749. It then passed to Dr. Ralph Bourchier, a 71 year old physician and from him to his daughter, Margaret, who lived there for 70 years. Today a Bourchier knot is cut into a lawn adjoining the house. After over 100 years in the Bourchiers' possession, the estate passed in 1827 to the Rev. William Henry Dawnay, the future 6th Viscount Downe, a distant relative. He died in 1846 and left the house to his second son, Payan, who was High Sheriff for 1851. The house was neglected, prompting fears that it might have to be demolished. In 1916 however, a wealthy heiress, Enid Scudamore-Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield, bought it and immediately set about its restoration, filling it with furnishings and paintings from her ancestral home, Holme Lacy. During the Second World War the hall was occupied by the Royal Air Force. Lady Chesterfield died in 1957 and in June 1958 the estate was acquired by the National Trust after it had been accepted by the government in lieu of death duties at a cost of £29,250. In partnership with the National Portrait Gallery the hall exhibits more than 100 18th-century portraits and has seven new interpretation galleries called 'Making Faces: 18th century Style'. Outside the main building there is a Victorian laundry and a walled garden with vegetable planting, the produce from which is used by the walled garden restaurant. Beningbrough Hall includes a wilderness play area, community orchard, an Italianate border and garden shop. It hosts events, activity days, family art workshops, and an annual food and craft festival which in 2010 was a Big Green Festival.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Morris Minor 1000 (Ser.III) (1956-62) Engine 948cc S4 OHV Production 850,000 (Both Minor 1000's)
Registration Number HGL 443 (Bath)
MORRIS SET
www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/sets/72157623690377489...
The Minor 1000 (1956-62) was a direct descendant of the earlier Minor series II with a 948cc S4 OHV engine it had a revised front grille, a curved one piece windscreen, larger rear window, dished steering wheel, and painted 14inch wheels, flashing direction indicators replaced semaphore trafficators.
The (1962-71) version had a larger 1098cc S4 OHV engine boosting output to 48bhp and a top speed of 77 mph bracket. Differences were however slight a new dashboard layout with a lidded glove box on the passenger side and open cubby hole in front of the driver, and a different heater, externally the new car gained a new larger tail flasher and front side/flasher lights
Diolch am 78,149,073 o olygfeydd anhygoel, mae pob un yn cael ei werthfawrogi'n fawr.
Thanks for 78,149,073 amazing views, every one is greatly appreciated.
Shot 06.10.2019 at Bicester Scramble, Bicester, Oxon. 143-1344
40004 looks externally in good condition complete with red buffer beams as it soaks up the sun stabled at Hereford station on August 6th 1983
A rather shabby looking G523 leads 8155 down Bell Post Hill, away from Moorabool, as 7720V loaded grain train from Dimboola GrainFlow to Geelong for unloading.
G523 has just re-entered traffic, after being stored at Port Kembla for several years. However the harsh sea air had deteriorated the exterior, requiring the engine to have body work done before it came back into service. This end of G523 has noticeably had work done, however the other end is immaculate.
Sunday 26th March 2017
Sadly we see DB-Cargo locos often looking rather faded externally more often in recent visits- a sign of the times I guess
Santa Maria dei Miracoli presso San Celso is a church and a sanctuary. The construction was begun by Gian Giacomo Dolcebuono and Giovanni Battagio in 1493, to house a miraculous icon of the Madonna, initially on the central plan. The first part to be built was the octagonal dome, covered externally by a tambour with a loggia and arcades decorated by twelve brickwork statues by Agostino De Fondulis, designed in Lombard style by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo (1494-1498). In 1506 to the original edifice a complex with nave and two aisles was added, the former covered by a monumental barrel vault also by Amadeo; the presbytery received a polygonal ambulatory inspired to that in the Duomo. In the 16th century also the square portico in classical style was added, perhaps designed by Cesare Cesariano or Cristoforo Lombardo (il Lombardino). The massive eclectic and Mannerist style façade was designed by Galeazzo Alessi in the late 16th century and was realized by Martino Bassi; it is decorated by numerous statues and reliefs by Stoldo Lorenzi and Annibale Fontana.
Комплекс Санта-Мария дей Мираколи состоит из церкви Св. Цельсия (chiesa di San Celso) и храма Санта-Мария прессо Сан-Челсо (Santa Maria presso San Celso). Первая церковь, восходящая к древним временам, была перестроена в 996 году рядом с бенедиктинским монастырем, при реконструкции в XI веке она была перестроена в романском стиле: трехнефная базилика с единой абсидой. Нынешний фасад, продвинутый назад, по сравнению с оригинальным, является результатом стилистической реконструкции, осуществленной Луиджи Каноника (1851-54). Справа возвышается мощная колокольня в романо-ломбардском стиле, являющаяся одной из старейших в городе. Сантуарий был выполнен после 1490 года и заменил небольшую капеллу поздней готики (1429-39), которая уже не вмещала большого количества паломников, приходивших поклониться чудодейственному образу Девы Марии, хранившемуся там. Строительство купола (украшенного статуями из терракоты Агостина де Фонтутиса) и тибуриума было поручено Джованни Антонио Амадео и Джан Джакомо Дольчебуоно в 1497 году. В 1505 году Кристофоро Солари начинает строительство тройного портика перед фасадом, который стал первым миланским образцом зрелого классицизма; внутри открытая кладка кирпича с отдельными коринфскими бронзовыми капителями, снаружи отделан белым мрамором. Позднее церковь быда расширена под руководством Чезаре Чезариано (с 1513 года) и Кристофоро Ломбардо (с 1528 г.) путем строительства крытой галереи и боковых нефов. В 1563 году начались работы на фасаде, по проекту Галеаццо Алесси, позднее дополненные Мартино Басси.
Today the Cow Tower stands in the north-east corner of Norwich like a lost red brick Roman 'Pharos' or lighthouse, yet it has two possible claims to fame. Firstly it may be Britain's oldest 'pillbox' or defensive bunker for the firing guns, secondly it represents one of the first extensive uses of structural brick in Britain. Externally it resembles a Martello Tower or a Pictish broch; it even has the same tapering sides as both types of buildings. Yet other features, such as the cross-shaped gun loops, place it firmly in the Medieval period.
www.flickr.com/photos/barryslemmings/albums/7215766430910... to see the full set.
The Cow Tower was built between 1398 and 1399. Norwich was a prosperous city in the late 14th century, with a population of around 5,000 involved in key medieval industries and forming a centre for international trade. Between 1297 and 1350 the city had erected a semi-circle of defensive stone walls and ditches which assisted with collecting taxes, advertised the status of Norwich as a great city and also defended it against invasion or civil disorder. Remember that the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was within living memory when Cow Tower was built and Norwich had suffered during that.
Gunpowder weapons had begun to be introduced into England in the early 14th century, initially being used as battlefield or siege weapons but rapidly being adapted for defensive purposes from the 1360s. Although they were expensive, by the 1380s their potential value in defending castles and city walls was well understood and specialised features had begun to be built. By 1385 Norwich had fifty artillery pieces for use along its walls. In Kent, at Bodiam, Cooling and the West Gate at Canterbury, gun loops had been added to new buildings between 1380 to 1385. Firearms were here to stay. Cow Tower is a logical development. A free-standing tower just for gunpowder weapons.
The stone walls of Norwich describe a rough letter 'C' with a bend in the River Wensum covering the north-east gap in the 'C'. The tower stands in the middle of this gap. When first built Cow Tower was called the Dungeon (from Donjon) but was then called the "tower in the Hospital meadows", as the surrounding land was then part of St Giles' Hospital. It was intended to function as a specialised artillery and handgun tower, housing gunpowder weaponry capable of suppressing attackers on the far side of the river and disrupting any assault river crossing.
There are fragmentary references to an earlier tower in the area, responsible for collecting tolls and acting as a prison. This prison function could be the origin of the 'Dungeon' name but it is unclear if this was on the same site as the Cow Tower or merely refers to a different tower in the general area. Although the Cow Tower was not directly attached to the city walls, a protective timber palisade did link the tower with the city wall to the north-west, and ran south to meet Bishop Bridge. With the eye of faith today it is still just possible to see an raised bank fringing the river to the south of Cow Tower which was either the earth revetment to this palisade or else a simple earth bank to prevent flooding. It may even have functioned as both. The present footpath runs along the top of it and is about seven feet above the adjacent former meadow, now a sports field.
The city's accounts show details of payments for the construction of the tower between 1398 and 1399, including charges for 36,850 bricks, stone, sand, lime, a hoist and various equipment. One reason for the tower's height is that it stands on low-lying meadow facing a steep rise about 300 metres away on the other side of the Wensum. The city fathers may have feared that an attacker would set up camp on this rise and use artillery to bombard the city. In 1549 Robert Kett exploited this very weakness when he led an uprising in Norfolk. His army camped on the north-east side of the river, overlooking Cow Tower. Two rebel attacks were then made across the river into the hospital meadows, in an attempt to take nearby Bishop Bridge. Kett had brought artillery, which he turned on the Cow Tower, damaging the latter's parapets. The rebellion failed and the tower does not seem to have required extensive repairs. The hill opposite is now called Kett's Hill.
Cow Tower is a three-storey circular building with a protruding stair turret at the rear, the main building being 11.2 metres across and 14.6 metres tall, tapering towards the top. The walls, 1.8 metres thick at the base, are made of a core of flint rubble stone, faced on the inside and outside with brick. Various putlog holes can still be seen in the walls.
The brickwork, particularly on the stairwell, is well executed. Archaeologist T. P. Smith considers the tower to feature some "of the finest medieval brickwork" in England. It is the earliest known use of brick in an external load-bearing capacity in Norwich. The use of brick in this sort of fortification was both prestigious and practical, as brick absorbed the impact of artillery fire better than stone.
The quatrefoil gunports in the lower levels could have been used for both handgonnes and crossbows with some overlapping fields of fire. The roof was reinforced with large timber joists and could have supported heavier bombards; the tower's considerable height would allowed these bombards to reach across the river to the higher ground (Kett's Hill) which overlooks the city.
The parapet was crenellated with nine wide splayed embrasures and those embrasures facing out across the river were constructed flush with the floor of the roof, giving the bombards plenty of room to fire and the ability to depress to hit the river in front of the tower itself. Cow Tower has a simple ground floor entrance next to the stairwell turret and – while this is relatively poorly defended – objects could have been dropped from the roof on to anyone trying to force these doors. This is not a castle, it was a local defence 'hard point' capable of proving a severe nuisance to an attacker… and thus my analogy to a modern pillbox in the opening paragraph.
The interior has fireplaces and toilets. The ground floor may have formed a dining area with the floors above being used for military purposes and sleeping. The walls of the ground floor have curious diagonal chasing and sockets cut into them. These may have contained timbers to support brickwork that in turn supported the first floor or they are the remains of a magazine retrofitted in the tower in the 16th century.
Cow Tower is managed by English Heritage and Norwich City Council. The tower is now only a shell as the floors and the roof have been lost. The interior is visible through an iron gate. The riverside walk goes past and around it.
From Wikipedia;
Chichester Cathedral, formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester. It is located in Chichester, in Sussex, England. It was founded as a cathedral in 1075, when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey.
Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles, and has been called by the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner "the most typical English Cathedral". Despite this, Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England's medieval cathedrals—a free-standing medieval bell tower (or campanile) and double aisles.The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures, and many modern art works including tapestries, stained glass and sculpture, many of these commissioned by Dean Hussey.
The city of Chichester, though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans, has always been small enough for the city's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once, causing Daniel Defoe to comment:
I cannot say much of Chichester, in which, if six or seven good families were removed, there would not be much conversation, except what is to be found among the canons, and the dignitaries of the cathedral.
The spire of Chichester Cathedral, rising above its green copper roof, can be seen for many miles across the flat meadows of West Sussex and is a landmark for sailors, Chichester being the only medieval English cathedral which is visible from the sea.
Chichester Cathedral was built to replace the cathedral founded in 681 by St. Wilfrid for the South Saxons at Selsey. The seat of the bishop was transferred in 1075. It was consecrated in 1108 under Bishop Ralph de Luffa. In 1187 a fire which burnt out the cathedral and destroyed much of the town necessitated a substantial rebuilding, which included refacing the nave and replacing the destroyed wooden ceiling with the present stone vault, possibly by Walter of Coventry. The cathedral was reconsecrated in 1199.
In the 13th century, the central tower was completed, the Norman apsidal eastern end rebuilt with a Lady chapel and a row of chapels added on each side of the nave, forming double aisles such as are found on many French cathedrals. The spire was completed about 1402 and a free-standing bell tower constructed to the north of the west end.
In 1262, Richard de la Wyche, who was bishop from 1245 to 1253, was canonised as Saint Richard of Chichester. His shrine made the cathedral a place of pilgrimage. The shrine was ordered to be destroyed in 1538 during the first stages of the English Reformation. In 1642 the cathedral came under siege by Parliamentary troops.
The towers at Chichester have had a particularly unfortunate history because of subsidence, which explains the positioning of the 15th-century bell tower at some distance from the cathedral. The south-west tower of the façade collapsed in 1210 and was rebuilt. The north-west tower collapsed in 1635 and was not rebuilt until 1901. The masonry spire was built in the 14th century and was repaired in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. It survived a lightning strike in 1721 and stood for 450 years before it telescoped in on itself on 21 February 1861, fortunately without loss of life. A fund was set up to raise the £48,000 needed for the rebuilding, and the contributors included Queen Victoria. It was rebuilt, a few feet taller, by Sir George Gilbert Scott and completed in five years. It now rises to a height of 82 metres. The rubble from the original spire was used to construct West Ashling Chapel.
Typically for English cathedrals, Chichester has had a long and varied building history marked by a number of disasters. The architectural history of the building is revealed in its fabric because the builders of different periods constructed in different styles and with changing technology. Both inside and outside portions of the original Norman cathedral can be distinguished from the later Gothic work by the massive construction and round-topped windows. Different Gothic styles from the late 12th century through to the 15th can also be identified.
The plan of Chichester is in the shape of a cross, with an aisled nave and choir, crossed by a transept (see below). In typically English manner, the eastern end of the building is long by comparison with the nave, is square ended and has a projecting Lady chapel. Also typically English is the arrangement of paired towers on the western front, and a taller central tower over the crossing. Its plan is unusual for England in having double aisles. Chichester has a cloister on the south side of the building.
Chichester is small for a Norman cathedral when compared to Winchester, Ely and Peterborough. Much of the original Norman construction remains in the nave, transept, crossing and adjacent bays of the choir. The elevation rises in the usual three stages of arcade, gallery and clerestory. It is similar to remaining Norman work at Winchester, where the arcade is proportionally low, and rests on solid piers rather than columns. In the gallery above, each wide space is divided into two by a colonnettes in a manner typical of Romanesque architecture.
After the fire of 1187, the clerestory was rebuilt and the entire building given a ribbed vault. The eastern end was extended from the round ambulatory to form a square retrochoir or presbytery with lancet windows in a style that is transitional between Norman and Gothic. The newer arcades and the clerestory maintain the round arches of the earlier Norman architecture. The vault is in the Early English Gothic style, supported externally by flying buttresses and large terminal pinnacles at the eastern end. At this time the entire interior was refurbished, much of it being refaced with ashlar masonry. Each pier was decorated with delicate shafts of dark Purbeck marble with foliate capitals, contrasting with the squat cushion capitals of the limestone shafts. The entire program of work was probably directed by Walter of Coventry. The nave was later divided from the choir by an elegant Perpendicular screen or pulpitum with three arched openings, called the Arundel Screen, which was removed in the mid 19th century but reinstated in 1961.
The design of the central tower, faithfully reproduced by George Gilbert Scott, was of the Early English style, having on each side two tall pairs of openings, surrounded by deep mouldings.
Plan of Chichester Cathedral
The original spire, which also was of masonry rather than of sheathed wood, was built in the late 14th century, by John Mason (died ca 1403), who also built the Vicars' Hall. The style and construction of the spire are obviously based on that of Salisbury Cathedral but it is not as ambitiously tall, probably because of the problem of subsidence. The Lady chapel, constructed to the east of the retro-choir, is a long narrow space, with large windows in the Decorated Gothic style of the late 13th century.
The other buildings related to the cathedral are the free-standing bell-tower of the early 15th century, probably the work of William Wynford who also designed the cloisters, with openings in the Perpendicular style. St Mary's Almshouses in Chichester, which are linked to the cathedral, are a Christian charity dating from the 13th century. The medieval Hospital, associated with the Alms House, is one of only two such buildings in the world, the other being in Germany.
The cathedral has many treasures and artworks, the most precious being two carved reliefs dating from the 12th century which are of exceptional rarity among English sculpture. Other ancient treasures include the remains of a Roman mosaic pavement, which can be viewed through a glass window, and a set of thirty eight medieval misericords, dating from 1330, which remain beneath the seats of the choir, despite the fact other parts of the choir stalls being largely a Victorian reconstruction.
Among the famous graves are those of the composer Gustav Holst and the Gothic "Arundel tomb", showing the recumbent Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel (1313–1376), holding hands with his second wife, Eleanor of Lancaster (1318–1372). The tomb was celebrated in the poem "An Arundel Tomb" by Philip Larkin. Leonard Bernstein composed Chichester Psalms for Chichester Cathedral.
The cathedral contains many modern works of art, including tapestries by John Piper and Ursula Benker-Schirmer, a window by Marc Chagall, a painting by Graham Sutherland (Noli me Tangere), a sculpture and a font by John Skelton and a reredos for the St John the Baptist's Chapel by Patrick Procktor. Outside the cathedral stands a bronze statue of St Richard of Chichester by Philip Jackson.
The Cathedral also contains a pennant presented to the Cathedral by Sir Francis Chichester, which hung on his ship when he circumnavigated the globe.
Produced alongside the F-101B interceptor was the F-101F operational and conversion trainer. These trainers were externally identical to the F-101B and the two aircraft could only be distinguished from each other via their serial numbers. These 79 aircraft were equipped with dual controls but carried the same armament as the F-101B and were fully combat-capable. Most of these F-variants were retrofitted with infrared sensors and improved fire-control systems as part of Project Bold Journey.
Dual-control F-101F aircraft were widespread throughout the F-101 interceptor fleet. However, a sizable proportion of them were concentrated in the training units with only a handful being assigned to each operational F-101B interceptor units. Reconnaissance Voodoo units were also assigned a few F-101Fs to assist with their conversion training.
The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) received ten F-101F two-set operational trainers in parallel with the acquisition of its 56 F-101B interceptors. During the 1970-71 exchange, known as Operation Peach Wings, the first batch of 56 CF-101B and ten CF-101F aircraft were exchanged for upgraded and lower-time aircraft. In this image, a CF-101F Voodoo from the No. 409 Squadron shows off its unique, pre-retirement “Hawk One Canada” paint scheme. In 1984, each squadron still flying the Voodoo painted a special “show” aircraft to commemorate its service with the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF).
A new version of my Y Class. Doesn't look too different externally, but the internal changes should make it more stable when running.
St Mary's, Wellingborough is the masterpiece of Sir Ninian Comper built between 1908-1930, a no expense spared exercise in ecclesiastical sumptuousness.
Located to the east of the town centre, this grand edifice appears impressive externally, an essay in Neo-Perpendicular in deeply coloured ironstone with lighter dressings, but doesn't fully prepare one for the richness within.
Stepping into this church for the first time is an unforgettable experience, The structure itself echoes late medieval forms but the details take it a step further, most noticeably in the gorgeous vaulted ceiling that extends the full length of the building and is a riot of ornament in its snowflake-like bosses. Comper's original intention was to have the entire ceiling coloured and gilded, the eastern half adorned with blue whilst the western half would have been a more restrained gold on white, but in the end only the bay over the choir screen and those at either end of the church received their coloured treatment and give a hint of what the full effect might have been.
The eye is drawn down the nave to the richly gilded rood screen above which is the Crucifixion group and a strikingly youthful Christ in Majesty (Comper often favoured using the image of a beardless Christ) surrounded by a radiance suspended from the ceiling. Beyond this screen the chancel is an enclosed area surrounded by further screens and features a similarly ornate gilded baldachino over the high altar (which interrupts the view of Comper's glass in the east window, but its design allows for this).
There are further chapels flanking the east end, that on the north side being the richer space and the burial place of Comper's wife. On the south side is the much simpler space used as a day chapel finished mainly in white.
The church is furnished throughout with elaborate fittings and furnishings all to Comper's design (the font was completed by his son). This includes the stained glass, though it is used sparingly here in the main east windows and side chapel with just one memorial window in the nave (presumably a full scheme was envisaged by Comper but never realised).
St Mary's is normally kept locked and may require a prior arrangements to get inside: Two keyholders are listed in the courtyard next to the church, but one was out when I called and the other just about to leave and thus reluctant to part with the key. In the end I resorted to calling the churchwarden for help and she very kindly appeared at short notice and opened the church for me. She was delightful company and her time and clear enthusiasm for the church were hugely appreciated.
- modern road race disc geometry
- fully integrated COLUMBUS Trittico cockpit
- oversized externally and internally butted headtube
- oversized double butted downtube
- integrated seatpost with a support on toptube/seatstays cross section
- shallow hydroformed seatstays
- Illuminati brake bridge
- hydroformed chainstays
- fully integrated brake cable routing
- T47 bottom bracket
- flat disc mount
- made in USA PARAGON dropouts compatible with both DT Swiss 142 x 12mm and SHIMANO 142 x 12mm hangers
- DT Swiss 142 x 12mm thru axle removable alu hanger
- hand brushed finish
- custom anodizing
- ti headbadge
Frame: Deva (Grade 9 Ti)
Fork: COLUMBUS Futura Trefoil Integrated 1.5" (carbon)
Groupset: SRAM Red AXS Powermeter 12speed
Headset: COLUMBUS Compass 1.5”
Stem: COLUMBUS Trittico 100mm (carbon)
Handlebar: COLUMBUS Trittico 440mm (carbon)
Handlebar tape: CICLOVATION Seitex (silver)
Seatmast: WITTSON (grade 9 ti)
Saddle: BERK Lupina (carbon)
Front wheel: BEAST RX40 x DT Swiss 240 (carbon/tubeless)
Rear wheel: BEAST RX60 x DT Swiss 240 (carbon/tubeless)
Tyres: PIRELLI P Zero TLR 32mm (black)
Accessories:
COLUMBUS Trittico bottle cage (carbon)
Size: Medium
Finish: hand brushed titanium
Decals: bronze anodized
Weight: 7.9 kg
Warranty: Lifetime warranty
An Alkit Roe Daimler Fleetline, ex Doncaster Transport.
Aluminium kit, adapted and air brushed into the 1979-80 Doncaster's Arndale livery.
Near side view.
All transfers were home made on the computer.
All glazing is done externally, each pane individually cut out and glued into place.
Class 483 EMU 483 004 is one of a number of these units that have operated on the Island Line since 1990 and is now the oldest unit still in service. Externally the until requires some attention although was fitted with replacement running gear a couple of years ago so is reliable in this respect.
In May 2017 the unit is seen heading for Shanklin dropping down into Ryde Tunnel. This tunnel has always been the pinch point of the railway system on the Island, regularly flooding due to it's proximity to the sea and the fact it is below sea level. The track was raised in 1967 which reduced the already tight loading gauge meaning only tube sized stock could be accommodated. Under plans submitted by SWR in 2018 this track level may be lowered again in order to accommodate full sized rolling stock however this will of course increase the possibilities of flooding once again.
It can be seen here that there seems to be a habit among certain staff on the Island Line to place their Bardic lamps in the cab window although whether this is due to a specific rule or just personal choice I don't know, although I have seen it on a number of occasions. The unit's handbrake can also be seen on the rear wall of the cab.
And on the second weekend of the year, I take my two camera bodies out for a bit of churchcrawling.
Wingham is a substantial town/village between Dover and Canterbury, and was once the terminus of a branch of the East Kent Light Railway, though the nearby mine failed to produce any coal.
It is an attractive place, but is blighted by the main road that cuts the town in half, and it is a busy road too. On the road there are three pubs, and many fine and ancient houses.
St Mary sits beside the road, and it skirts the churchyard to the south and east, and despite being on a grand scale, mature trees in the churchyard do well to hide it from view.
I did come here many years ago back in the early days of the Kent Church project, and took no more than a handful of shots, I thought I could do better that that this time.
It is a church full of grand tombs, memorials and other features that I am looking forward to share with you, most curious of which is a curved passageway that leads from the northeast corner of the Oxenden chapel to the chancel.
I was met inside by one of the wardens, cleaning up with a large soft broom, after a while he came over to see what I was doing, so i explained about the project, and also said what a fine church it was (such comments always go down well I find) and that the memorials on display look fabulous, but I could see two more hidden away behind the organ in what is now the vestry, but was once the north chapel, or the Palmer family chapel. He got out his keys and unlocked the vestry door, allowing me to photograph the one memorial still visible.
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An enormous church, picturesquely set at an angle of the village street. It owes its size to the fact that it supported a college of priests in the Middle Ages. During the sixteenth century it was substantially rebuilt, but the north aisle was not replaced, reducing the church to the odd shape we see today. The unusual pillars which divide the nave from the south aisle are of timber, not stone as a result of lack of money. At the end of the south aisle is the Oxenden chapel, which contains that family's excellent bull's head monument. The contemporary metalwork screens and black and white pavements add great dignity to this part of the building. By going through a curved passage from the chapel you can emerge in the chancel, which is dominated by a stone reredos of fifteenth-century date. This French construction was a gift to the church in the 1930s and while it is not good quality carving, is an unusual find in a Kent church.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Wingham
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hortly after 1280AD Archbishop Peckham of Canterbury established a college of priests at Wingham, with a provost and six canons. From 1286 the priests lived in the attractive timber-framed house opposite St Mary's church. The college accounts for the size of the church, which seems enormous considering the present size of Wingham itself.
There was a cruciform church here before the college was established, but that building was remodelled around 1290, leaving us several excellent Geometric Gothic windows. A south porch and tower were added around 1400. The porch is curious in that there are two stories externally, but internally only one. There are many reminders of the church's past, however; the arch between the south transept and south nave aisle is late Norman, as is a blocked arch on the west wall of the north transept.
By the early 16th century the nave was in poor condition. A local brewer named George Ffogarde of Canterbury was granted a license to raise money for its repair. Having a considerable sum of money for church repair, the unscrupulous brewer absconded with the funds, embezzling £224, a huge sum for the time. The missing funds may explain why the nave was rebuilt using cheaper timber posts to support the arcades, rather than more costly stone.
The octagonal timber posts are of chestnut wood, topped by a crown-post timber roof. Sometime before the mid-19th century the timbers were encased in plaster to resemble Doric columns, but thankfully the plaster has been stripped off and we can appreciate the timber! The nave was rebuilt in the late 16th century, diminishing its footprint and leaving behind some rather odd features, like an external piscina on what was originally the easternmost pier of the nave arcade. Another odd touch is provided by the north transept, remodelled with wood frames in the Georgian period. I'm not sure I can call to mind another essentially medieval church with wooden-framed windows!
In the chancel is a lovely 14th century triple-seat sedilia and piscina. The chancel and nave are separated by a 15th century screen, now truncated, with blank panels which must have once boasted painted figures of saints. But the real treasure in the chancel is a series of ten 14th century misericords. Six of the misericord carvings are simply decorative, with floral or foliage designs. Two show animals; one appears to be a horse, another a donkey. The final two carvings are the most interesting; one shows a woman in a wimple, the other a Green Man peering out from a screen of foliage.
Behind the altar is a lovely 15th century reredos, brought here from Troyes in France. The reredos is in two sections, the upper section depicting the Passion of Christ, the lower showing the Last Supper and the Adoration of the Kings. There are small fragments of rather attractive 14th century grisailles glass in the chancel windows, and near the font are a number of surviving medieval floor tiles.
The interior is full of monuments to the Oxenden and Palmer families. The finest of these are to be found in the north transept chapel. On the east wall of the chapel is a memorial to Sir Nicholas Palmer (d. 1624). The memorial was designed by Nicholas Stone and shows effigies of Palmer and his wife under Corinthian columns and an open pediment. On the north wall is the monument to a later Thomas Palmer (d. 1656) with a bust of the deceased, now somewhat the worse for wear. A tablet to Streynsham Master (d. 1718) is on the south chapel wall, and has a fairly typical pair of skulls at the base of the tablet, wreathed in olive branches.
The most extravagant and eye-catching memorial in the church, however, is to be found in the north transept chapel, which is guarded by ornate wrought-iron screens. In the centre of the chapel is an ebullient obelisk, dated 1682, commemorating the Oxenden family. This free-standing obelisk, possibly designed by Arnold Quellin, is of white stone, with exquisite fruit and flowers cascading down each side, with large black ox heads at each angle of the base. The base is embellished with four putti (cherubic 'infants'). The effect is quite extraordinary; most people will either love it or hate it (I loved it). Also in the south transept is a wall tablet to Charles Tripp (d. 1624).
Other monuments worth mentioning include a 14th century tomb recess in the south aisle wall and a number of 15th century indents in the chancel floor which once contained memorial brasses to canons.
The church is set within a large walled enclosure, dating to the 16th and 17th centuries. Unusually, the churchyard wall has been listed Grade-II by the Department of the Environment for its historical interest.
www.britainexpress.com/counties/kent/churches/wingham.htm
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WINGHAM
IS the next adjoining parish south-westward from Ash, situated for the most part in the upper half hundred of the same name, and having in it the boroughs of Wingham-street, Deane, Twitham, and Wenderton, which latter is in the lower half hundred of Wingham.
WINGHAM is situated in a healthy pleasant country, the greatest part of it is open uninclosed arable lands, the soil of which, though chalky, is far from being unfertile. The village, or town of Wingham, is nearly in the middle of the parish, having the church and college at the south-west part of it; behind the latter is a field, still called the Vineyard. The village contains about fifty houses, one of which is the court-lodge, and is built on the road leading from Canterbury to Sandwich, at the west end of it runs the stream, called the Wingham river, which having turned a corn-mill here, goes on and joins the Lesser Stour, about two miles below; on each side the stream is a moist tract of meadow land. Near the south boundary of the parish is the mansion of Dene, situated in the bottom, a dry, though dull and gloomy habitation; and at the opposite side, next to Staple, the ruinated mansion of Brook, in a far more open and pleasant situation. To the northward the parish extends a considerable way, almost as far as the churches of Preston and Elmstone. The market, granted anno 36 king Henry III. as mentioned hereafter, if it ever was held, has been disused for a number of years past; though the market-house seems yet remaining. There are two fairs held yearly here, on May 12, and November 12, for cattle and pedlary.
In 1710 there was found on the court-lodge farm, by the plough striking against it, a chest or coffin, of large thick stones, joined together, and covered with a single one at the top. At the bottom were some black ashes, but nothing else in it. The ground round about was searched, but nothing else was sound.
Henry de Wengham, a person of great note and extraordinary parts, and much in favour with Henry III. was born here, who in 1255 made him lord chancellor. In 1259, he was elected bishop of Winchester, which he resused, but towards the latter end of the same year he was chosen bishop of London, being still chancellor, and was consecrated the beginning of the year following. He died in 1262, and was buried in his own cathedral. He bore for his arms, Gules, a heart between two wings, displayed, or.
WILLIAM COWPER, ESQ. eldest son of Sir William Cowper, bart. of Ratling-court, in Nonington, having been made lord-keeper of the great seal in 1705, was afterwards by letters patent, dated Dec. 14, 1706, created lord Cowper, baron Cowper of Wingham; and in 1709, was declared lord chancellor. After which, anno 4 George I. he was created earl Cowper and viscount Fordwich, in whose descendants these titles have continued down to the right hon. Peter-Lewis-Francis Cowper, the fifth and present earl Cowper, viscount Fordwich and baron of Wingham. (fn. 1)
The MANOR OF WINGHAM was part of the antient possessions of the see of Canterbury, given to it in the early period of the Saxon heptarchy, but being torn from it during the troubles of those times, it was restored to the church in the year 941, by king Edmund, his brother Eadred, and Edwin that king's son. (fn. 2) Accordingly it is thus entered, under the general title of the archbishop's possessions, taken in the survey of Domesday:
In the lath of Estrei, in Wingeham hundred, the archbishop himself holds Wingeham in demesne. It was taxed at forty sulings in the time of king Edward the Consessor, and now for thirty-five. The arable land is . . . . . . In demesne there are eight carucates, and four times twenty and five villeins, with twenty borderers having fifty-seven carucates. There are eight servants, and two mills of thirty-four sulings. Wood for the pannage of five hogs, and two small woods for fencing. In its whole value, in the time of king Edward the Consessor, it was worth seventy-seven pounds, when he received it the like, and now one hundred pounds. Of this manor William de Arcis holds one suling in Fletes, and there be has in demesne one carucate, and four villeins, and one knight with one carucate, and one fisbery, with a saltpit of thirty pence. The whole value is forty shillings. Of this ma nor five of the archbishop's men hold five sulings and an half and three yokes, and there they have in demesne eight carucates, and twenty-two borderers, and eight servants. In the whole they are worth twenty-one pounds.
In the 36th year of king Henry III. archbishop Boniface obtained the grant of a market at this place. The archbishops had a good house on this manor, in which they frequently resided. Archbishop Baldwin, in king Henry II.'s reign, staid at his house here for some time during his contention with the monks of Christ-church, concerning his college at Hackington. Archbishop Winchelsea entertained king Edward I. here in his 23d year, as did archbishop Walter Reynolds king Edward II. in his 18th year. And king Edward III. in his 5th year, having landed at Dover, with many lords and nobles in his train, came to Wingham, where he was lodged and entertained by archbishop Meopham. And this manor continued part of the see of Canterbury till archbishop Cranmer, in the 29th year of king Henry VIII. exchanged it with the king for other premises. After which it continued in the crown till king Charles I. in his 5th year, granted the scite, called Wingham court, with the demesne lands of the manor, to trustees, for the use of the city of London. From whom, by the direction of the mayor and commonalty, it was conveyed, at the latter end of that reign, to Sir William Cowper, knight and baronet, in whose descendants it has continued down to the right hon. Peter-Francis Cowper, earl Cowper, who is the present owner of it. (fn. 3)
BUT THE MANOR ITSELF, with the royalties, profits of courts, &c. remained still in the crown. Since which, the bailiwic of it, containing the rents and pro fits of the courts, with the fines, amerciaments, reliess, &c. and the privilege of holding the courts of it, by the bailiff of it, have been granted to the family of Oxenden, and Sir Henry Oxenden, bart. of Brome, is now in possession of the bailiwic of it. A court leet and court baron is held for this manor.
TRAPHAM is a mansion in this parish, which was formerly in the possession of a family of the same name, who resided at it, but after they were extinct it passed into that of Trippe, who bore for their arms, Gules, a chevron, or, between three borses heads erased, sable, bridled, collared and crined of the second; (fn. 4) and John Tripp, esq. resided here in queen Elizabeth's reign, as did his grandson Charles, who seems to have alienated it to Sir Christopher Harflete, of St. Stephen's, whose son Tho. Harflete, esq. left an only daughter and heir Afra, who carried it in marriage to John St. Leger, esq. of Doneraile, in Ireland, descended from Sir Anthony St. Leger, lord deputy of Ireland in Henry VIII.'s reign, and they joined in the alienation of it to Brook Bridges, esq of the adjoining parish of Goodneston, whose descendant Sir Brook Wm. Bridges, bart. of that place, is the present owner of it.
The MANOR OF DENE, situated in the valley, at the southern boundary of this parish, was antiently the inheritance of a family who took their surname from it, and held it by knight's service of the archbishop, in king Edward I's reign, but they seem to have been extinct here in that of king Edward III. After which it passed into the family of Hussey, who bore for their arms, Per chevron, argent and vert, three birds counterchanged; and then to Wood, before it came by sale into the family of Oxenden, who appear to have been possessed of it at the latter end of Henry VI.'s reign, about which time they had become by marriage, owners of Brook and other estates in this parish. The family of Oxenden have been resident in this county from the reign of king Edward III. Solomon Oxenden, being the first mentioned in the several pedigrees of it, whose near relation Richard Oxenden was prior of Christchurch, Canterbury, in that reign; in this name and family of Oxenden, whose arms were Argent, a chevron, gules, between three oxen, sable, armed, or; which coat was confirmed to the family by Gyan, king at arms, anno 24 Henry VI. this manor and seat continued down to Sir Henry Oxenden, of Dene, who was on May 8, 1678, created a baronet, whose youngest grandson Sir George Oxenden, bart. succeeding at length to the title on the death of his eldest brother Sir Henry, resided at Dene, where he died in 1775, having served in parliament for Sandwich, and been employed in high offices in administration, and leaving behind him the character of a compleat gentleman. He married Elizabeth, one of the daughters and coheirs of Edward Dunck, esq. of Little Wittenham, in Berkshire, by whom he had two sons, of whom George, the second, was made by will heir to the estate of Sir Basil Dixwell, bart. of Brome, on his death, s. p. and changed his name to Dixwell as enjoined by it, but died soon afterwards likewise, s. p. and that estate came at length to his eldest brother Henry, who succeeded his father in the title of Baronet. He married Margaret, daughter and coheir of Sir George Chudleigh, bart. of Devonshire, since deceased, by whom he has issue Henry Oxenden, esq. of Madekyn, in Barham, who married Mary, one of the daughters of Col. Graham, of St. Laurence, near Canterbury, by whom he has issue. Sir Henry Oxenden, bart. now resides at Brome, and is the present possessor of this manor and seat, as well as the rest of his father's estates in this parish. (fn. 5) Lady Hales, widow of Sir Thomas Pym Hales, bart. of Bekesborne, now resides in it.
TWITHAM, now usually called Twittam, is a hamlet in this parish, adjoining to Goodneston, the principal estate in which once belonged to a family of that name, one of whom Alanus de Twitham is recorded as having been with king Richard I. at the siege of Acon, in Palestine, who bore for his arms, Semee of crosscroslets, and three cinquesoils, argent, and held this estate in Twitham, of the archbishop, and they appear to have continued possessed of it in the 3d year of king Richard II. Some time after which it came into the possession of Fineux, and William Fineux sold it anno 33 Henry VIII. to Ingram Wollet, whose heirs passed it away to one of the family of Oxenden, of Wingham, in whose descendants it has continued down to Sir Henry Oxenden, bart. of Brome, the present possessor of it.
On the foundation of the college of Wingham, archbishop Peckham, in 1286, endowed the first diaconal prebend in it, which he distinguished by the name of the prebend of Twitham, with the tithes of the lands of Alanus de Twitham, which he freely held of the archbishop there in Goodwynestone, at Twytham. (fn. 6)
BROOK is an estate in this parish, situated northward from Twitham, which was formerly the estate of the Wendertons, of Wenderton, in this parish, in which it remained till by a female heir Jane, it went in marriage to Richard Oxenden, gent. of Wingham, who died in 1440, and was buried in Wingham church, in whose name and family it continued down to Henry Oxenden, of Brook, who left two daughters and coheirs, of whom Mary married Richard Oxenden, of Grays Inn, barrister-at-law, fourth son of Sir Henry Oxenden, bart, who afterwards, on his wife's becoming sole heiress of Brook, possessed it, and resided here. He left Elizabeth his sole daughter and heir, who carried it in marriage to Streynsham Master, esq. a captain in the royal navy, the eldest surviving son of James Master, esq. of East Langdon, who died some few days after his marriage; upon which she became again possessed of it in her own right, and dying in 1759, s. p. gave it by will to Henry Oxenden, esq. now Sir Henry Oxenden, bart. of Brome, and he is the present owner of it.
WENDERTON is a manor and antient seat, situated northward from Wingham church, eminent, says Philipott, for its excellent air, situation, and prospect, which for many successive generations had owners of that surname, one of whom, John de Wenderton, is mentioned in Fox's Martyrology, as one among other tenants of the manor of Wingham, on whom archbishop Courtnay, in 1390, imposed a penance for neglecting to perform some services due from that manor. In his descendants this seat continued till John Wenderton, of Wenderton, in the 1st year of Henry VIII. passed it away to archbishop Warham, who at his decease in 1533, gave it to his youngest brother John Warham, whose great-grandson John, by his will in 1609, ordered this manor to be sold, which it accordingly soon afterwards was to Manwood, from which name it was alienated, about the middle of the next reign of king Charles I. to Vincent Denne, gent. who resided here, and died in 1642, s. p. whose four nieces afterwards became by will possessed of it, and on the partition of their estates, the manor and mansion, with part of the lands since called Great Wenderton, was allotted to Mary, the youngest of them, who afterwards married Vincent Denne, sergeant-at-law, and the remaining part of it, which adjoins to them, since called Little Wenderton, to Dorothy, the third sister, afterwards married to Roger Lukin, gent. of London, who soon afterwards sold his share to Richard Oxenden, esq. of Brook, from one of which family it was sold to Underdown, by a female heir of which name, Frances, it went in marriage to John Carter, esq. of Deal, the present owner of it.
BUT GREAT WENDERTON continued in the possession of Sergeant Denne, till his death in 1693, when Dorothy, his eldest daughter and coheir, carried it in marriage to Mr. Thomas Ginder, who bore Argent, on a pale, sable, a cross fuchee, or, impaling azure, three lions heads, or; as they are on his monument. He resided at it till his death in 1716, as did his widow till her decease in 1736, when it came to her nephew Mr. Thomas Hatley, who left two daughters his coheirs, the eldest surviving of whom, Anne, carried it in marriage, first to Richard Nicholas, esq. and then successively to Mr. Smith and Mr. James Corneck, of London, and Mrs. Corneck, the widow of the latter, is the present possessor of it.
At the boundary of this parish, adjoining to Preston and Ash, lies THE MANOR OF WALMESTONE, usually called Wamston, which was antiently part of the possessions of the family of Septvans, one of whom, Robert de Septvans, held it in king Edward II.'s reign, of the archbishop; whose descendant Sir William de Septvans died possessed of it in the 25th year of that reign. (fn. 7) How long it continued in this name I have not found; but at the beginning of king Edward IV.'s reign it was become the property of William Bonington, of Canterbury, who died in 1463, and directed it by his will to be sold. After which it became, about the latter end of king Henry VIII.'s reign, the property of Walter Hendley, esq. the king's attorney-general, who left three daughters his coheirs, and they joined in the sale of it to Alday, who alienated it to Benedict Barnham, esq. alderman of London, one of whose daughters and coheirs, Elizabeth, carried it in marriage to Mervin Touchet, earl of Castlehaven, who being convicted of high crimes and misdemeanors, was executed anno 7 Charles I. Soon after which this manor seems to have been divided, and one part of it, since called Little Walmestone, in which was included the manor and part of the demesne lands, passed from his heirs to the Rev. John Smith, rector of Wickham Breaus, who having founded a scholarship at Oxford, out of the lands of it, presently afterwards sold it to Solly, of Pedding, in which name it continued till Stephen Solly, gent. of Pedding, and his two sons, John and Stephen, in 1653, joined in the conveyance of it to Thomas Winter, yeoman, of Wingham, in which name it remained for some time. At length, after some intermediate owners, it was sold to Sympson, and John Sympson, esq. of Canterbury, died possessed of it in 1748, leaving his wife surviving, who held it at her decease, upon which it came to her husband's heir-atlaw, and it is now accordingly in the possession of Mr. Richard Simpson.
BUT GREAT WALMESTONE, consisting of the mansion-house, with a greater part of the demesne lands of the manor, was passed away by the heirs of the earl of Castlehaven to Brigham, and Mr. Charles Brigham, of London, in the year 1653, sold it to William Rutland, of London, who left two daughters his coheirs, of whom Mary married John Ketch, by whom she had a sole daughter Anne, who afterwards at length became possessed of it, and carried it in marriage to Samuel Starling, gent. of Worcestershire, who in 1718, conveyed it, his only son Samuel joining in it, to Thomas Willys, esq. of London, afterwards created a baronet. After which it passed in the same manner, and in the like interests and shares, as the manor of Dargate, in Hernehill, down to Matthew, Robert and Thomas Mitchell, the trustees for the several uses to which this, among other estates belonging to the Willis's, had been limited; and they joined in the sale of it, in 1789, to Mr. William East, whose son, Mr. John East, of Wingham, is the present owner of it.
ARCHBISHOP KILWARBY intended to found a college in this church of Wingham, but resigning his archbishopric before he could put his design in practice, archbishop Peckham, his successor, in the year 1286, perfected his predecessor's design, and founded A COLLEGE in this church, for a provost, whose portion, among other premises, was the profits of this church and the vicarage of it, and six secular canons; the prebends of which he distinguished by the names of the several places from whence their respective portions arose, viz. Chilton, Pedding, Twitham, Bonnington, Ratling, and Wimlingswold. The provost's lodge, which appears by the foundation charter to have before been the parsonage, was situated adjoining to the church-yard; and the houses of the canons, at this time called Canon-row, opposite to it. These latter houses are, with their gardens and appurtenances, esteemed to be within the liberty of the town and port of Hastings, and jurisdiction of the cinque ports. This college was suppressed in the 1st year of king Edward VI. among others of the like sort, when the whole revenue of it was valued at 208l. 14s. 3½d. per annum, and 193l. 2s. 1d. clear; but Leland says, it was able to dispend at the suppression only eighty-four pounds per annum. Edward Cranmer, the last master, had at the dissolution a pension of twenty pounds per annum, which he enjoyed in 1553. (fn. 8)
After the dissolution of the college, the capital mansion, late belonging to the provost, remained in the crown till king Edward VI. in his 7th year, granted the scite of it, with the church appropriate of Wingham, and all tithes whatsoever arising within the parish, and one acre of glebe-land in it, to Sir Henry Palmer, subject to a payment of twenty pounds annually to the curate or vicar of it.
The Palmers of Wingham were descended from a very antient one at Angmerin, in Suffex, who bore for their arms, Or, two bars, gules, each charged with three tresoils of the field, in chief, a greyhound, currant, sable. In the seventh descent from Ralph Palmer, esq. of that place, in king Edward II.'s reign, was descended Sir Edward Palmer, of Angmerin, who left three sons, born on three successive Sundays, of whom John, the eldest, was of Sussex, which branch became extinct in queen Elizabeth's reign; Sir Henry, the second son, was of Wingham; and Sir Thomas, the youngest, was beheaded in queen Mary's reign. Sir Henry Palmer, the second son, having purchased the grant of the college of Wingham, as before-mentioned, made it the seat of his residence, as did his son Sir Thomas Palmer, who was sheriff anno 37 Elizabeth, and created a baronet in 1621. He so constantly resided at Wingham, that he is said to have kept sixty Christmases, without intermission, in this mansion, with great hospitality. He had three sons, each of whom were knighted. From the youngest of whom, Sir James, descended the Palmers, of Dauney, in Buckinghamshire, who upon the eldest branch becoming extinct, have succeeded to the title of baronet; and by his second wife he had Roger Palmer, earl of Castlemain. Sir Thomas Palmer, the eldest of the three brothers, died in his father's life-time, and left Sir Thomas Palmer, bart. of Wingham, heir to his grandfather; in whose descendants, baronets, of this place, this mansion, with the parsonage of Wingham appropriate, continued down to Sir Thomas Palmer, bart. of Wingham, who died possessed of it in 1723, having had three wives; by the first he had four daughters; by the second he had a son Herbert, born before marriage, and afterwards a daughter Frances; the third was Mrs. Markham, by whom he had no issue; and she afterwards married Thomas Hey, esq. whom she likewise survived. Sir Thomas Palmer, by his will, gave this seat, with the parsonage appropriate and tithes of Wingham, inter alia, after his widow's decease, to his natural son Herbert Palmer, esq. above-mentioned, who married Bethia, fourth daughter of Sir Thomas D'Aeth, bart. of Knolton. He died in 1760, s. p. and by will devised his interest in the reversion of this seat, with the parsonage, to his wife Bethia, for her life, and afterwards to his sister Mrs. Frances Palmer, in tail. But he never had possession of it, for lady Palmer furvived him, on whose death in 1763, Mrs. Bethia Palmer, his widow, became entitled to it, and afterwards married John Cosnan, esq. who died in 1773. She survived him, and resided here till her death in 1789. In the intermediate time, Mrs. Frances Palmer having barred the entail made by her natural brother Herbett above-mentioned, died, having devised the see of this estate, by her will in 1770, to the Rev. Thomas Hey, rector of Wickhambreaux, and his heirs, being the eldest son of the last lady Palmer by her last husband. Mr. Hey accordingly, on the death of Mrs. Cosnan, who died s. p. succeeded to this seat and estate. He married first Ethelreda, eldest daughter and coheir of dean Lynch, since deceased, by whom he has no surviving issue; and secondly, Mrs. Pugett, widow of Mr. Puget, of London. He now resides in this seat of Wingham college, having been created D. D. and promoted to a prebend of the church of Rochester.
Charities.
JOHN CHURCH, yeoman, of this parish, in 1604, gave 1cl. to the poor, to distribute yearly at Easter, 10s. to the poor for the interest of it.
HECTOR DU MONT, a Frenchman, born in 1632, gave the silver cup and patten for the holy communion.
SIR GEORGE OXENDEN, president for the East-India Company at Surat, in 1660, gave the velvet cushion and pulpitcloth.
JOHN RUSHBEACHER, gent. of this parish, in 1663, gave five acres of land in Woodnesborough, the rents to be annually distributed to ten of the meaner sort of people of Wingham, not receiving alms of the parish, now of the yearly value of 4l.
SIR GEORGE OXENDEN, above-mentioned, in 1682, gave 500l. for the repairing and beautifying this church, and the Dene chancel.
SIR JAMES OXENDEN, knight and baronet, of Dene, founded and endowed a school in this parish with 16l. per annum for ever, for teaching twenty poor children reading and writing, now in the patronage of Sir Henry Oxenden, bart.
RICHARD OXENDEN, esq. of Brook, in 1701, gave an annuity of 4l. for ever, to the minister, for the reading of divine service and preaching a sermon, in this church, on every Wednesday in Lent, and on Good Friday; and he at the same time gave 20s. yearly for ever, to be distributed, with the consent of the heirs of the Brook estate, to eight poor people, who should be at divine service on Easter-day, to be paid out of the lands of Brook, now vested in Sir Henry Oxenden, bart.
THOMAS PALMER, esq. of St. Dunstan's in the East, London, gave 300l for the repairing, adorning and beautifying the great chancel of this church.
MRS. ELIZABETH MASTER, esq. relict of Strensham Master, of Brook, in 1728, gave the large silver flaggon; and MRS. SYBILLA OXENDEN, spinster, of Brook, at the same time gave a large silver patten for the communion.
Besides the above benefactions, there have been several lesser ones given at different times in money, both to the poor and for the church. All which are recorded in a very handsome table in the church, on which are likewise painted the arms of the several benefactors
There are about forty poor constantly relieved, and casually twenty.
THIS PARISH is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.
The church, which is exempt from the archdeacon, is dedicated to St. Mary. It is a handsome building, consisting of two isles and three chancels, having a slim spire steeple at the west end, in which is a peal of eight bells and a clock. The church consists of two isles and three chancels. The former appear to have been built since the reformation; the latter are much more antient. It is handsome and well built; the pillars between the isles, now cased with wood, are slender and well proportioned. The outside is remarkably beautiful in the flint-work, and the windows throughout it, were regular and handsomely disposed, superior to other churches, till later repairs destroyed their uniformity. The windows were formerly richly ornamented with painted glass, the remains of which are but small. In the south window, in old English letters, is Edward Warham, gentill . . . . of making this window . . . . and underneath the arms of Warham. In the north isle is a brass tablet for Christopher Harris, curate here, and rector of Stourmouth, obt. Nov. 24, 1719. Over the entrance from this isle into the high chancel, is carved on the partition, the Prince of Wales's badge and motto. In the south wall is a circular arch, plain, seemingly over a tomb. A monument for T. Ginder, gent. obt. 1716. In the south east window the arms of Warham. A memorial for Vincent Denne, gent. of Wenderton, obt. 1642. In the high chancel are seven stalls on each side. On the pavement are several stones, robbed of their brasses, over the provosts and religious of the college. A stone, coffin-shaped, and two crosses pomelle, with an inscription round in old French capitals, for master John de Sarestone, rector, ob. XII Kal. May MCCLXXI. Several monuments and memorials for the family of Palmer. The south chancel is called the Dene chancel, belonging to that seat, under which is a vault, in which the family of Oxenden, owners of it, are deposited. In the middle, on the pavement, is a very costly monument, having at the corners four large black oxens beads, in allusion to their name and arms. It was erected in 1682. On the four tablets on the base is an account of the family of Oxenden, beginning with Henry, who built Denehouse, and ending with Dr. Oxenden, dean of the arches, who died in 1704. There are monuments in it likewise for the Trippes. The north chancel is called the Brook chancel, as belonging to that seat, in which are monuments for the Oxendens and Masters's of this seat. This chancel is shut out from the church, and is made use of as a school-room, by which means the monuments are much desaced, and the gravestones, from the filth in it, have become wholly obliterated. On one of these stones was a brass plate, now gone, for Henry Oxenden, esq. who built Dene, obt. 1597.
Elizabeth, daughter of the marquis of Juliers, and widow of John, son of Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, after being solemnly veiled a nun, quitted her prosession, and was clandestinely married to Sir Eustace de Danbrichescourt, in a chapel of the mansion-house of Robert de Brome, a canon of this collegiate church, in 1360; for which she and her husband were enjoined different kinds of penance during their lives, which is well worth the reading, for the uncommon superstitious mockery of them. (fn. 9)
At the time of the reformation, the church was partly collegiate, and partly parochial. The high chancel, separated from the rest of the church by a partition, served for the members of the college to perform their quire service in. The two isles of the church were for the parishioners, who from thence could hear the quire service; and in the north isle was a roodlost, where one of the vicars went up and read the gospel to the people. At which time, I find mention of a parish chancel likewise.
The church of Wingham formerly comprehended not only this parish, but those likewise of Ash, Goodnestone, Nonington, and Wimlingswold; but archbishop Peckham, in 1282, divided them into four distinct parochial churches, and afterwards appropriated them to his new-founded college of Wingham, with a saving to them of certain portions which the vicars of them were accustomed to receive. The profits of this church and the vicarage of it, together with the parsonage-house, being thus appropriated and allotted to the provost, as part of his portion and maintenance, the archbishop, in order that the church should be duly served, by his foundation charter, ordered, that the provost and canons should each of them keep a vicar who should constantly serve in it. In which state it continued till the suppression of the college, in the 1st year of king Edward VI. when it came, among the rest of the revenues of the college, into the hands of the crown, where this parsonage appropriate, to which was annexed, the nomination of the perpetual curate serving in this church, remained till it was granted by king Edward VI. in his 7th year, to Sir Thomas Palmer, bart. Since which it has continued in like manner, together with the scite of the college, as has been already mentioned, to the Rev. Dr. Hey, who is the present possessor of this parsonage, together with the patronage of the perpetual curacy of the church of Wingham.
In 1640 the communicants here were three hundred and sixty-one.
¶The curacy is endowed with a stipend of twenty pounds per annum, paid by the owner of the parsonage, and reserved to the curate in the original grant of the college by king Edward VI. and with four pounds per annum, being the Oxenden gift before mentioned; besides which, the stipend of the resident curate, and his successors, was increased in 1797, by a liberal benefaction made by the Rev. Dr. Hey, of one hundred pounds per annum, clear of all deductions, to be paid out of the parsonage, and of a house, garden, and piece of pasture land adjoining, for the curate's use, both which were settled by him on trustees for that purpose.
• Tillasurp: One of the larger free-swimming marine predators out there, this particular beast reigns supreme among all other fish and assorted sea-dwellers within the waters of planet Dexwhupra, of which the Tillasurp is also the most massive native creature overall, as well as the most physically adept. Leaner and less bulbous in shape, and thus far more agile, compared to other aquatic animals of similar and/or greater caliber, such as the Wresher, Tillasurps propel themselves through water primarily through high-energy stroking of their powerful fins, whose front and hind pairs are curiously rather analogous in their proportional respective lengths to the arms and legs of many a typical humanoid race. This resemblance is further reinforced by the uniquely upright posture in which they do most of their long-distance swimming. Locomotion-wise, Tillasurps are renowned for both their raw speed capacity and their immense stamina, being able to maintain the former across miles and miles of ocean by virtue of the latter, and with them being simple-mindedly ravenous beings that spend nearly their entire lives pursuing food, this high aptitude for mobility makes most of their existences very undemanding, at the expense of the assorted smaller marine critters that compose their predominantly carnivorous diet. The Tillasurp's highly-complex and equally-efficient system of oral structures, including a wide and tall-opening jaw, an intensely powerful bite, externally-embedded extra teeth for drawing in matter that might otherwise escape its chomping maw and a long, adhesively-gripping tongue, additionally make things even easier for itself, and likewise harder for its prey. Furthermore, the thorny protrusions at the bottoms of a Tillasurp's rear/lower fin-limbs bear a form of venom that can be delivered into enemies via a lashing, stabbing-esque attack. Instances of this specialized attack's necessity are seldom, however, and the venom it administers, while lethal to most other forms of aquatic life present on Dexwhupra, is generally non-deadly to any humanoid explorer who might come into hostile contact with a Tillasurp, in which event said explorer should be far more concerned about being bitten in half or even swallowed whole by its previously-described jaws. Tillasurps, though, are usually unaggressive towards any non-provoking humanoids they come across, and face-to-face encounters with them by Rekadolays are uncommon, the latter Dexwhupran natives rarely venturing into their homeworld's major water-bodies. Strangely, it has nevertheless been verifiably noted that the vast majority of violent altercations between Tillasurps and Rekadolays, ostensibly explainable on their own as freak accidents, have historically involved the young, ethically-impartial forms of the humanoids, as opposed to either of their race's transformed states, as the victims.
The raw flesh of the Tillasurp is not particularly resilient against piercing and other forms of physical trauma, but any and all such shortcomings that the animal might suffer from in terms of sturdiness are more-than-compensated for by its possession of blood that coagulates very quickly, even in water, plus a selective handful of redundant "backup" organs, ensuring that the creature's effective toughness is up-to-par with that of other comparably-sized organisms; its average durability value range is calculated at 2,200-2,800. Ultimately, the only real inherent weakness of the Tillasurp species is one that affects not the individual specimen, but rather the reproductive sustainability of its race: the majority of matings do not yield viable offspring, multiple births from a single coupling are nigh-unheard of, and freshly-born Tillasurps take several cycles' worth to properly develop in size and physical aptitude, during which time they must fend for themselves, and frequently end up failing to do so. These procreative limitations are largely necessary to keep the otherwise-overly-fit beasts from becoming too numerous for the good of the natural ecosystem.
• Abinocker: Being a machine-esque angelic entity composed of extra-corporeal material (and one of many varieties that can be accurately described as such), the Abinocker is a fairly rare angel, fewer in number than most other Heavenly creatures of comparable complexity and caliber, whose population originates and mainly dwells inside and around the Super-Supernal Spire, the many-tiered structure acting as a bridge between the central peak of Paradise, where Bestamiak resides and presides, and the Temple of Infinity. Primarily acting as guardians and stewards of this location, Abinockers are also occasionally deployed to other sites throughout the Heavenly Realms and, more rarely, in the mortal realm, per the volition of Bestamiak and/or Vaynmizs, both of whom jointly hold command over them as their breed's patron Heavenly Lord(s) and share this role without any discernible conflict or disagreements between them, surely by virtue of their high-order divine nature.
Standing roughly four feet in height while weighing several times as much as any likewise-sized mortal being, the Abinocker's most defining features are the extremities of its two arms, only one of which can even loosely be called a "hand", as well as its primary means of locomotion. The aforementioned extremity of the angel that one could reasonably argue qualifies as a hand, and which may interchangeably reside upon either of its arms, right or left, from specimen to specimen, consists of multiple sets of specialized digits with which the Abinocker comes equipped for the purpose of being able to perform a wide variety of manual tasks, ranging from both simple and complex gripping to such functions as twisting screws in (or out), manually picking locks and even precision welding with a miniature heat-ray. The decided non-hand opposite, meanwhile, consists in its entirety of a large mounted cannon that, despite possessing only a single barrel and lacking any perceivable indicators of function-shifting capabilities, can indeed discharge a great number of different plasma-like materials and energies whose application the Abinocker is able to switch between so seamlessly that doing so while firing continuously will produce no visible disruption in the stream being emitted beyond a smooth shift in color hue. The Abinocker's all-in-one arsenal includes, but is not limited to, volatile Rainbow Energy blasts, standard ballistic fire, lava-like molten energy, controlled application of heat-force for welding on large structures, a freezing beam of ice, a nonlethal "sleep-ray", and even beams that benefit their targets through healing or generating shields of kinetic energy.
Although possessing basic legs, Abinockers, while on the move, rely much more heavily on their singular, large treaded wheels whose traction not only allows for movement across all solid surfaces but additionally defies gravity for all intents and purposes, enabling the angels to move up walls at ninety-degree angles (and all other angles, for that matter) and even upside-down across ceilings. In the exceedingly unlikely event that an Abinocker does end up falling from any considerable height, it will automatically land right-side up, wheel-first, sustaining no damage whatsoever regardless of the distance fallen; this has been best-demonstrated through assorted incidents wherein Abinockers have literally fallen from Paradise (or higher) down to the lowermost planes of Neo-Skyhold and immediately resumed unfazed movement back towards their stations without delay thereafter.
The headpiece of an Abinocker resembles a triangular prism and features a single eyeball with multiple, clustered pupils in addition to a small mouth that exists strictly for speech purposes but rarely vocalizes much of interest. Encircling this head is a physically-attached ringlike structure, which is counted as a halo by some. Abinockers are very sturdy beings for their size even by the standards of other angels, with an almost exact durability value of 3,000 for nearly all individuals.
• Sumnewto: Reputed as a fiend of particularly nightmarish repugnance even by the standards of most other Underworld-spawned beings, this animalistic and masterless demon is best-known for its habitual inclination to appear and proceed to make itself at home within elaborate tombs, temples and other sites of veneration vainly dedicated to famous mortals by their peers, a pattern of behavior that has earned it the popular nickname of the "Defiler". Liable to spontaneous formation from coagulations of dark energies that sporadically occur throughout the Gomorran Desert Plane, the Cycian Deadlands and the Sea of Sludge, Sumnewtos instinctively drift upward towards and into the mortal realm in sub-corporeal energy form subsequent to their "birth", and as such are encountered almost exclusively across various worlds of the Prime Galaxy as opposed to within the Underworld. They are considered among the rarer, scarcer-in-number demonic varieties altogether, with the race's total current population estimated at between 3,000 and 5,000, although this number is believed to be slowly increasing as more new specimens come into being than those that are killed over time.
The form in which the Sumnewto is most commonly seen and consequently envisioned in popular consciousness amounts to a towering, brutishly bulky, stout and large-fisted humanoid figure externally composed of largely metallic and stone-like textures and bearing an upwards-protruding, long-necked and tiny-skulled head structure of squishier composition than any other readily visible part of the monster's body and generally resembling a worm and/or maggot. This lumpen core, which extends considerably further downward into its shell past the "neck-hole", is in actuality representative of the Sumnewto's entire fundamental being in the sense that the rest of the demon's active physical form is made to take shape around it through a channeling of Dark Magic energy, and in the event of its destruction, the central entity, provided it remains intact, survives and maintains the ability to form a new body for itself. This rarely matters in practice, though, since almost every instance of a Sumnewto's bodily destruction is due to someone or something else actively setting out to kill it, and once exposed, the wormlike core by itself is nigh-defenseless. The official, rounded durability value calculation for a standard fully-formed Sumnewto is 2,500, while the durability of the demon's "true" body by itself is less than one fifth of said value.
Once having situated itself into a mortal-made site of dedication to one or more deceased figures of perceived special importance, a Sumnewto will wordlessly decree the location in question to now be its personal abode and its abode alone, aggressively attacking any and all others who come inside or, in some cases, even near its claimed home. It will never leave until/unless killed or otherwise removed through force, and in the meantime will almost invariably make an utter mess of the place and those contents of it which are held as sacred, subjecting important objects, including the bodies of the site's venerated themselves, to mutilation, consumption, soiling and worse. Some sects of divine worship have suggested Sumnewtos to be intended as part of a natural order rather than being strictly aberrant monsters, believing the demons to serve as a means of deterring and punishing vain worship and idolatry of mortal men and women that is perceived to interfere with the true way of God. It should be noted, however, that no Sumnewto has ever been known to associate itself with sites related to the much more obvious form of such "interference" that is Primal worship.
• Umptydon: An omnivorous six-limbed animal of contested classification regarding the basic zoological categories, the Umptydon is an indigenous yet somewhat uncommon denizen of Namyufefe, where its presence can be felt most strongly in and around the world's less-developed territories inhabited by the Hernolalls as opposed to near large Yunstoxan cities and other settlements, towards which it seldom ventures. Generally viewed as a pest - mostly incapable of causing serious harm yet still distinctly troublesome and with its existence in the local ecosystem lacking in beneficial effects to other beings - the Umptydon can be characterized as, above all else, an exceptionally avaricious creature. This holds not only in terms of gluttony but also, and indeed more-so, in its habitual and seemingly pointless collection and hoarding of anything and everything it comes across that it sees value, warranted or otherwise (usually the latter), in. This typically includes, but is far from limited to, mortal-made tools and crafts, rare mineral ores and gems identifiable to an Umptydon for their "sparkly" quality, random (as far as anyone else can tell or is concerned) rocks, leaves and twigs, and even such filth as other animals' waste matter and small critters' carcasses. All these objects in addition to whatever others the Umptydon finds, picks up and decides to keep are then stored inside an organic pouch that is mounted upon the beast's back and is roughly as deep as its torso (which includes its face, the organism lacking a distinct and separate cranium) is tall, and stay there indefinitely until their new owner either is felled or reaches the point where its pouch is filled to capacity. In the event of the latter occurrence, the overburdened Umptydon will deposit the contents of its collected load at a remote personal caching site, usually never to revisit any of it again except to dump even more clutter onto the pile after filling its bag to the brim once more. Curiously and in spite of the Umptydon's elsewhere-evident irrationality and low intelligence, these sites tend to be very well-hidden, to the point that their stumbling-upon by other beings, accidental or otherwise, is quite rare.
Umptydons are notorious among Hernolalls for their thieving tendencies, with the creatures commonly wandering into the primitive humanoids' villages and stealing random items, potentially (and, given the tendency of the objects in question to be visibly striking by design, frequently) including crafted idols and other relics of designated importance. Though they are lacking in stealth as well as in basic discretion over when it is ideal to strike, often doing so in broad daylight when dozens of Hernolalls are around to hinder them, Umptydon thieves remain tricky intruders to stop from making off with things of value thanks primarily to their strongly-built legs and consequent natural fleet-footedness. This includes the ability, eerily similar to - and surpassing, speed-wise - a Hernolall's capacity to sprint on all-fours, to fall down forward onto all-sixes for even faster movement carried by every one of its limbs, all while keeping the main body arched upward at such an angle that little-to-nothing is spilled from its mounted pouch as it scurries in this position. Vision, however, is severely impaired while doing this, and large tree trunks and the like have time-and-time-again foiled various unlucky Umptydons' attempts to escape in this fashion from hostile situations of their own provocation. The active hunting of Umptydons, meanwhile, is widely considered to represent more trouble than it's worth, due to both the beast's aforementioned swiftness which is generally unaffected by the load it carries as well as
the infrequency of anything significantly valuable being salvageable from their back-bags compared to how much debris, junk, garbage and worse must invariably be searched through in search of any such treasure. Furthermore, no natural part of the Umptydon's body is of any worthwhile use to Hernolalls or anyone else, which is also why the strange pests have no natural predators on Namyufefe. Considering this, it thusly stands as fortunate that these animals have little instinctive drive to mate, whether for reproductive purposes or otherwise, and as a result are far less numerous than they would be were they more sexually active.
An Umptydon's only real method of attack consists of jabbing with its upper pair of arms which each bear a single spiked talon, and when threatened, it is much more liable to run away than to stand and fight in this manner. Umptydon durability values range from just above 600 to just below 900.
• Fangazzik: The largest and strongest naturally-occurring avian being in the whole of the Prime Galaxy, the Fangazzik boasts a legendary reputation with historians and animal enthusiasts for being the only creature among Ultavnah's native array of naturally-oversized inhabitants that still freely exists elsewhere in the galaxy following its home planet's forcibly-induced isolation and can be met and interacted with to this day.
Standing between twenty-five feet and ten meters tall in default, upright standing position, Fangazziks possess very broad and heavy-built central torsos that connect and support limbs and craniums of only marginally lesser proportional mass. Many of their prominent features can be described as considerably upscale versions of ones characteristic of more common birds, including sharp and strong-gripping talons, ruffly masses of variously-colored feathers and, perhaps most pronouncedly of all in the Fangazziks' specific case, large, beaked mouths which here not only are particularly tremendous even relative to the rest of their bodies, but are more often than not held open, revealing the beasts' gaping, toothy maws to palpably intimidating effect. Most notable among of all the Fangazzik's physical attributes, however, are its immense and majestic wings, which represent one of nature's prime candidates for the largest such structures to be found on any mortal animal, with the strength to match. This brings us back to the above-mentioned matter of the Fangazzik species' ultimate escape from the curse that has effectively rendered all other forms of life unique to Ultavnah as lost to the rest of the rest of the universe, which was indeed made possible by the great avians' mighty wings and consequent capacity for free-flight on top of their related ability to store excess oxygen inside a special "third lung"-resembling sack within their bodies and subsequently release it into their respiratory systems at will, effectively allowing them to breathe in zero-atmosphere space for limited periods of time. This combination of abilities, found in nary any other mortal animal, amounts to the Fangazzik being capable of interplanetary travel without the aid of any sort of vehicular apparatus, an endeavor in which the colossal birds have engaged freely and regularly ever since first coming into being, with some individuals even managing within their lifetimes (approximately sixty years, which is actually known to be the shortest natural lifespan of any Ultavnahn creature) to visit all eight octants of the Prime Galaxy; such a feat is otherwise unheard of for non-humanoids. When Ultavnah was sealed off by Lord Reson's magic, thousands of Fangazziks were out and about on, or traveling between, other worlds, and in the present day, a similar number remain active throughout the Prime Galaxy; most live alone, roosting up in remote and secluded locations, but several small, settled herds of Fangazziks, evidently formed for the purpose of maintaining steady reproduction in light of the species population's otherwise scattered and sparse state, are also known to exist.
Virtually all known Ultavnahn organisms have been noted to be very physically and environmentally resilient even relative to their great size, and the Fangazzik is no exception; in fact, it could even be argued as a particular standout among the others (based on what remains known about them) in this regard, with most specimens having durability values of well over 4,000, and the strongest individuals frequently surpassing 5,000 or even approaching (though never outright reaching) 6,000. One visible factor that contributes to this toughness is the presence of armored scales on select parts of the Fangazzik's body, which also serves to give the beast somewhat of a "reptilian" vibe to its overall appearance.
• Malroquo: Amphibious arthropods found plentifully throughout most regions of Nonfialy's map, Malroquo are widely acknowledged as said planet's apex predatory animals not by the virtues of individual brute force and toughness, in which respects they are hardly special, but rather by those of terrain-versatility and strength in numbers, including group-coordination thereof. A quadrupedal beast standing just-about-evenly with the average Ojohkey height-wise but being considerably more massive than its humanoid peers with girth and density accounted, much of the Malroquo's external body is prominently lined with visibly-striated muscle tissue that is tempered from its typical form to effectively serve as a moderately-durable, leathery natural hide. The Malroquo additionally possesses a jagged, bluish crystal-like shell upon its upper-posterior, covering from its waistline to its shoulders (or the equivalents thereof, in any case) and representing, as one might easily deduce from appearances, another form of built-in protection for the animal: the crystalline structure is on par with many forms of bone damage-absorption-wise, but its usefulness is limited by how little of the overall body it covers. Rather peculiarly, though, the creature's tenderly fleshy head is among its only parts to bear no protective features of note whatsoever, a weakness for which the Malroquo's toughness elsewhere may very well have been developed to compensate… or vice versa. All in all as trauma-resistance goes, the durability values of varying Malroquo specimens start around 800 and peak near 1,200.
As for means of attacking prey and/or actively defending itself, a Malroquo generally has two forms of physical aggression at its disposal, the first and arguably primary of these being its large and powerful hands which boast both surprisingly well-formed and articulate sets of fingers and jagged, spiny formations upon their knuckles and wrists, which effectively enhance punching ability while also aiding in the breaking-through of miscellaneous surfaces for other purposes outside of hostile engagement. The beast's other, less-frequently-practical method of attack lies in its feet and the functional, reflex-activated pincers mounted in the fronts of their bases, which are often made use of in conjunction with the simultaneous kicking of two of the Malroquo's legs; the intended result of this maneuver is akin to a pinning tackle, although it has been demonstrated in numerous cases to be a less-than-reliable attack, particularly against sufficiently fast-reflexed humanoids including Ojohkeys.
The greatest assets of the Malroquo species, however, lie not in their physical statistics as combatants but in the less-obviously-visible fields of adaptability, with the creatures being more-than-reasonably able to survive and thrive in a very wide range of environment types, including just about all of planet Nonfialy's naturally-occurring biome variations, and communication among others of their own kind to cooperative ends, which is especially impressive considering that Malroquo do not operate in packs by default. Rather, they simply possess the situational discretion and cooperativeness among each other to converge into groups whenever a task is perceived to be worth undertaking yet too monumental for any one of them to individually accomplish. The most recurrent of Malroquo group undertakings has been observed to be the construction of communal nesting grounds, which is often preceded by the mass-clearing-out of debris and/or rival creatures from the sites chosen to serve as such. Also common is the raiding of food stocks from supply-bases belonging to local Ojohkeys, who usually respond to incidents of this nature by going out in armed groups and slaughtering Malroquo on an almost military scale before quickly and inevitably growing bored of this, declaring their vengeance to be exacted and returning home.