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Establishing Dominance
Desert Bighorn Lambs
Valley of Fire State Park
Nevada
April 2024
Bighorn sheep lambs engage in playful headbutting, a lively display that marks the beginning of their journey to establish hierarchy within their group.
Now an established bird here in the UK with it's stronghold being in the Western fringes of London, it's natural range is Asia and Africa. Several other populations of this and other species of parakeet have also become established in the wild across Europe. While the male has a black chin and dark neck ring with red on the nape the females are plain green. Sometimes also known as the Rose,Ringed Parakeet. Seen here feeding on Cherry blossom.
Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, May 21, 2015.
The lines on the log are from the emerald ash borer that eventually kills the ash tree.
Thamnophis saurita septentrionalis,
The emerald ash borer is an invasive insect that was first discovered in Ontario in June 2002.
The beetle likely crossed into Ontario at Windsor after establishing in the Detroit area, where it probably arrived in wood packaging or pallets.
BN established a Intermodel facility in Green Bay in the mid-80's and contracted GB&W to provide the connection from East Winona to serve the container yard in Green Bay. This put double stacks behind the red Alco's in there last years rolling across Wisconsin. It always seemed so out of place to me. RS3u 307 has pulled the BN facility and now is heading back to Norwood with some westbound stacks that will be leaving soon on train 1. August 23, 1993.
Always the first to raise their young, these Egyptian Geese although not native to the UK have become established and are now a recognised breeding species.
Eurasian Sparrowhawk (accipiter nisus) flight_w_1958
If there's one thing that defines the Eurasian Sparrowhawk, apart from its skills and dexterity during flight, it's its loyalty to its partner throughout its life.
The Eurasian sparrowhawk may not be a 100% monogamous bird. Sometimes in the life of the sparrowhawk there may be situations where one member of the pair disappears, for whatever reason.
According to studies, every year, established sparrowhawk pairs remain steady, as long as the richness of their territory is maintained. If the prey is scarce, both partners look for a new territory nearby in which to settle together and build the nest.
The main reason why a pair of hawks separates is because of the lack of offspring. First, when a pair fails to have chicks, the first thing they do is change territory.
If the following year the couple also fails to conceive, it’s usually the female that goes in search of a new territory and a new partner. The male tends to stay in the old territory and look for a new female to reproduce with there.
The Eurasian sparrowhawk isn’t one of the fastest birds of prey, as it’s outpaced by birds such as the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), which can travel at up to 240 miles per hour. However, the 75 miles per hour that sparrowhawks can reach are nothing to laugh at.
Like all birds of the Falconidae family, these animals are extremely fast and agile in flight. Their capacity makes them skillful predators of small, fast prey.
And here's something else:
We know that weaker and sicker animals are easier prey in nature. If a mammal limps, a bird flies poorly or demonstrates changes in its behavior that expose it more to predation, it’s very likely that it’ll be hunted rather than a healthy and strong animal. However, this isn’t always the case, as healthy animals are also often preyed upon.
Sparrowhawks feed mainly on passerines or songbirds. In addition, there’s a marked difference in the diet of the female and male Eurasian sparrowhawk. They hunt birds that weigh between 1.4 to 1.8 ounces. At most, they may hunt birds weighing up to 4.25 ounces. Their favorite prey are finches, sparrows, and great tits.
On the other hand, females have a predilection for larger prey. In general, the average weight of the birds hunted by a female sparrowhawk is between 1.75 and 2.5 ounces, but they’re able to capture animals weighing up to a little over a pound.
The most interesting thing about this is that, according to one study, these birds are able to select prey infected with blood parasites, such as Leucocytozoon or malaria. Infected birds are 16 to 25% more likely to be caught than those that aren’t.
South Rim - Tunnel Overlook
Canyon de Chelly National Monument (/dəˈʃeɪ/ də·shā′) was established on April 1, 1931 as a unit of the National Park Service. It is located in northeastern Arizona within the boundaries of the Navajo Nation. Reflecting one of the longest continuously inhabited landscapes of North America, it preserves ruins of the early indigenous tribes that lived in the area, including the Ancient Pueblo Peoples (also called Anasazi) and Navajo. The monument covers 83,840 acres (131.0 sq mi; 339.3 km2) and encompasses the floors and rims of the three major canyons: de Chelly, del Muerto, and Monument. These canyons were cut by streams with headwaters in the Chuska mountains just to the east of the monument. None of the land is federally owned. In 2009 Canyon de Chelly National Monument was recognized as one of the most-visited national monuments in the United States.
(Wikipedia)
Der Canyon de Chelly [ˈkɛnjən dəˈʃeɪ], Navajo: Tséyi’ [tséɣiʔ] (deutsch: Felscanyon) liegt im Gebiet der Navajo-Nation im Nordosten des US-Bundesstaates Arizona. Die nächstgelegene Ortschaft am Westende des Canyons ist Chinle.
1931 wurde der Canyon de Chelly National Monument und trägt seither den Namen Canyon de Chelly National Monument. Es steht unter der Verwaltung des National Park Service, das Land gehört jedoch nicht ihm, sondern den Navajo. Der Name „de Chelly“ ist abgeleitet von „Tséyi’“, was in der Navajo-Sprache „Felsschlucht“ bedeutet.
Das Canyon de Chelly National Monument umfasst eine Gesamtfläche von rund 340 km2. Die drei Haupt-Canyons sind der Canyon de Chelly mit etwa 43 km, der Canyon del Muerto mit 29 km und der Monument Canyon mit 16 km Länge
In den Canyons befinden sich zahlreiche Zeugnisse menschlicher Siedlungen, die auf eine erste Besiedlung bereits vor etwa 4500 Jahren hinweisen.
(Wikipedia)
Free Tibet Campaign, established in 1987, is an independent membership organisation. All of our funding comes from individual supporters.
It should be noted that Free Tibet is not a charity, though we are a non-profit, non-governmental organisation. Due to the current laws in UK we are unable to apply for charity status, due to what is deemed to be the political nature of our work (the same applies for organisations like Amnesty International and Greenpeace).
As of November 2006 Free Tibet had more than 19,000 supporters. Supporters are able to become further involved by joining our Urgent Campaign Scheme, participating in actions and events and getting involved with their local group. -- www.freetibet.org/
14th Street, Union Square
New York, New York
Established in 1880, the Taiping Lake Garden is one of the oldest garden in Malaysia. The huge lake was formerly a tin mine but was since transformed into a beautiful well used and well maintained park where flowers, birds, insects, animals and lush greenery thrive.
Church of the Annunciation, Nazareth, Israel
"The church was established at the site where, according to Roman Catholic tradition, the Annunciation took place. Greek Orthodox tradition holds that this event occurred while Mary was drawing water from a local spring in Nazareth, and the Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation was erected at that alternate site.
The current church is a two-story building constructed in 1969 over the site of an earlier Byzantine-era and then Crusader-era church. Inside, the lower level contains the Grotto of the Annunciation, believed by many Christians to be the remains of the original childhood home of Mary. Under Roman Catholic canon law, the church enjoys the status of a minor basilica.[1] A historically significant site, considered sacred within some circles of Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the basilica attracts many Catholic, Anglican, and Eastern Orthodox Christian visitors every year."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Annunciation
The church has a very beautiful and inspired interior and it is known for its mosaics from around the world.
AIMG_4543
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has established an extraordinary new benchmark: detecting the light of a star that existed within the first billion years after the Universe’s birth in the Big Bang (at a redshift of 6.2) — the most distant individual star ever seen. This sets up a major target for the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope in its first year
This find is a huge leap back in time compared to the previous single-star record holder; detected by Hubble in 2018. That star existed when the universe was about 4 billion years old, or 30 percent of its current age, at a time that astronomers refer to as “redshift 1.5.” Scientists use the word “redshift” because as the Universe expands, light from distant objects is stretched or “shifted” to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels toward us.
But the newly detected star is so far away that its light has taken 12.9 billion years to reach Earth, appearing to us as it did when the universe was only 7 percent of its current age, at redshift 6.2. The smallest objects previously seen at such a great distance are clusters of stars, embedded inside early galaxies.
Thanks to the rare alignment with the magnifying galaxy cluster, the star Earendel appears directly on, or extremely close to, a ripple in the fabric of space. This ripple, which is known in optics as a “caustic,” provides maximum magnification and brightening. The effect is analogous to the rippled surface of a swimming pool creating patterns of bright light on the bottom of the pool on a sunny day. The ripples on the surface act as lenses and focus sunlight to maximum brightness on the pool floor.
This caustic causes the star Earendel to pop out from the general glow of its home galaxy. Its brightness is magnified a thousandfold or more. At this point astronomers are not able to determine whether Earendel is a binary star, but most massive stars do have at least one smaller companion star.
Astronomers expect that Earendel will remain highly magnified for years to come. It will be observed by the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope later in 2022. Webb’s high sensitivity to infrared light is needed to learn more about Earendel, because its light is stretched (redshifted) to longer infrared wavelengths by the expansion of the Universe.
Check the annotated version of this image here.
Credits: NASA, ESA, B. Welch (JHU), D. Coe (STScI), A. Pagan (STScI); CC BY 4.0
اللَّهُ الَّذِي رَفَعَ السَّمَاوَاتِ بِغَيْرِ عَمَدٍ تَرَوْنَهَا ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى عَلَى الْعَرْشِ وَسَخَّرَ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ كُلٌّ يَجْرِي لِأَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى يُدَبِّرُ الْأَمْرَ يُفَصِّلُ الْآيَاتِ لَعَلَّكُمْ بِلِقَاءِ رَبِّكُمْ تُوقِنُونَ (الرعد 2)
Allah is He Who raised the heavens without any pillars that ye can see; then He established Himself on the Throne (of Authority); He has subjected the sun and the moon (to His Law)! Each one runs (its course) for a term appointed. He doth regulate all affairs, explaining the Signs in detail, that ye may believe with certainty in the meeting with your Lord (quran 13:2)
Established since 1954, situated at central of town known as Hua Du Cinema ( 华都 ) It used to be the best place for hang out and dating during my parent generation. Today totally abandoned.
Established in 1848 as the first municipal library in the country.In 1986 National Park Services designated the building a National Historic Landmark.
Feeding time would be spread continually throughout the day if Ray and Kaiser had their way . Once they establish themselves it's very hard to shift them . Ray usually eats very fast so he can finish off Kaiser's food , but it's Kaiser who is the heavyweight surprisingly
Established proper to 1872
Land given by John H. Krause to the Methodist Episcopal Church South, known as the Hopewell Church.
Original trustees: Edward F. Graft, Cettis A. Henderson and J.E.Dye
A crossing of the Purgatoire River on the outskirts of Trinidad. Temp was 2F. Still, there was Eastern and Mountain Bluebird and 2 WT Sparrows present. A month earlier, there were also Evening Grosbeaks and a Brown Thrasher!
First established as a parish in 1823, St. Paul's has known three buildings at three different locations in its history. The third structure was built in 1902, following a fire that destroyed the church and much of Mayville's business district. The current church building is unique for its fortress-like style architecture, popular at the turn of the nineteenth century, the aim of which was to remind the faithful that the Church is a bulwark and protection against the assaults of the world. The bell tower especially captures this spirit in its resemblance to a castle battlement.
St. Paul's Episcopal Church is located in the historic region of western New York state. Home to the Seneca nation from earliest times, and settled by Europeans in the late eighteenth centruy, the area around Mayville was home to farmers and tradesmen who helped supply the commercial traffic between Chautauqua Lake and Lake Erie, it being situated along an important portage route. Later a major ice industry developed with Chautauqua Lake the principal supplier of ice for homes and businesses.
Enchanted Hills Camp was established 67 years ago on Mt. Veeder in Napa County, Northern California. It is the West Coast’s oldest camp for people who are blind and visually impaired. The Camp found itself in the middle of multiple advancing fires in October 2017 and had to be evacuated. More than a dozen structures, which housed hundreds of campers each summer, were laid to waste by uncontrolled flames.
“The silver lining,” says Enchanted Hills Camp director Tony Fletcher, “is though the student and staff housing is largely gone, Enchanted Hills’ core, its historic gathering spaces, remain largely intact. Because of our commitment to a fire abatement plan and all the help we’ve received enacting it over the past decade, many of these beloved buildings were spared.”
lighthouse-sf.org/2017/10/17/enchanted-hills-camp-and-ret...
The Camp is re-opening. I had the opportunity to participate in a volunteer day to help get the Camp ready for guests this year, and took the opportunity to arrive early to get a few photographs. I observed this truck moving out with burned trees, removed as part of the recovery process.
At 120 pictures in 2020 category 68/120 is “Lorries, trucks or tankers.”
The Kings Park Psychiatric Center was established in 1885 by Kings County in nearby Suffolk County, adjoining the Society of St. Johnland established by William Augustus Muhlenberg, prior to the consolidation of Kings County with Queens, Manhattan, Staten Island and the Bronx, to form modern New York City. The official name of the hospital in its first 10 years was the Kings County Asylum, taken from the name of the county that Brooklyn occupied. The hospital was revolutionary at the time in the sense that it was a departure from the asylums of folklore, which were overcrowded places where gross human rights abuses often occurred. The asylum, built by Brooklyn to alleviate overcrowding in its own asylums, was a "farm colony" asylum, where patients worked in a variety of farm-related activities, such as feeding livestock and growing food, as this was considered to be a form of therapy.
Eventually, the Kings County Asylum began to suffer from the very thing that it attempted to relieve—overcrowding. New York State responded to the problem in 1895, when control of the asylum passed into state hands, and it was renamed the Kings Park State Hospital. The surrounding community, which used to be known as Indian Head, adopted the name "Kings Park," by which it is still known today. The state eventually built the hospital into a self-sufficient community that not only grew its own food, but also generated its own heat and electricity, had its own Long Island Rail Road spur and housed its staff on-site.
As patient populations grew throughout the early part of the 20th century, the hospital continued to expand. By the late 1930s, the state began to build upward instead of outward. During this period, the famous 13-story Building 93 was constructed. Designed by state architect William E. Haugaard and funded with Works Progress Administration money, the building, often dubbed "the most famous asylum building on Long Island," was completed in 1939. It was used as an infirmary for the facility's geriatric patients, as well as for patients with chronic physical ailments.
After World War II, patient populations at Kings Park and the other Long Island asylums increased markedly. In 1954, the patient census at Kings Park topped 9,303, but would begin a steady decline afterward. By the time Kings Park reached its peak patient population, the old "rest and relaxation" philosophy surrounding farming had been succeeded by more invasive techniques of pre-frontal lobotomies and electroshock therapy. However, those methods were soon abandoned after 1955, following the introduction of Thorazine, the first widely used drug in the treatment of mental illness. As medication made it possible for patients to live normal lives outside of a mental institution, the need for large facilities such as Kings Park diminished, and the patient population began to decrease. In addition, activists worked in legal suits through the 1970s to reduce the patient population in major institutions, arguing that people could better be supported in smaller community centers.
By the early 1990s, the Kings Park Psychiatric Center, as it came to be known, was much reduced. Many of the buildings were shut down or reduced in usage. This included the massive Building 93. By the early 1990s, only the first few floors of the building were in use. While many patients were de-institutionalized and large facilities were closed, there was a shortage of small community centers, which were never developed in the number needed. This resulted in many more mentally ill people being caught up and retained in jails and prisons because of difficulties in dealing with the world. Many of the homeless in urban areas are mentally ill, people with chronic illnesses who have difficulty keeping up with medication regimes or resist them.
In response to the declining patient population, the New York State Office of Mental Health developed plans to close Kings Park as well as another Long Island asylum, the Central Islip Psychiatric Center, in the early 1990s. The plans called for Kings Park and Central Islip to close, and the remaining patients from both facilities to be transferred to the still-operational Pilgrim Psychiatric Center, or be discharged. In the fall of 1996, the plans were implemented. The few remaining patients from Kings Park and Central Islip were transferred to Pilgrim, ending Kings Park's 111-year run.
The Kunstkamera (or Kunstkammer) is the first museum established by Peter the Great and completed in 1727, the Kunstkammer Building hosts the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, with a collection of almost 2,000,000 items. It is located on the Universitetskaya Embankment in Saint Petersburg, facing the Winter Palace.
The Kunstkamera was established by Peter the Great on the Neva Riverfront. The turreted Petrine Baroque building of the Kunstkamera designed by Prussian architect Georg Johann Mattarnovy was completed in 1727. The foundation stone was laid in 1719. The name Kunstkamera is derived from German Kunstkammer, literally meaning "Art chamber".
Palace Bridge (Dvortsoviy Most), a road- and foot-traffic bascule bridge, spans the Neva River in Saint Petersburg between Palace Square and Vasilievsky Island. Like every other Neva bridge (except for Big Obukhovsky Bridge), it is drawn by night, making foot travel between various parts of the city virtually impossible. The bascule span was designed by an American firm, the Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge Company, and built by the French firm Société de Construction des Batignolles between 1912 and 1916.
The total length of Palace Bridge is 260.1 metres, width is 27.8 metres. It is actually composed of five spans, the southernmost joining Palace Embankment between the Winter Palace and the Admiralty and leading to Palace Square.
The engine which opens up 700 ton of each bridge flights consists of motors, huge gears (some of which are still the original ones) and thousand-ton counterweights. The mechanism works reliably, but sometimes small incidents occur. In October 2002 one of the gear teeth broke off: consequently the drawing was halted in the middle, and ship passage was delayed.
In medieval times, long before the naval base at Devonport was established, the English fleet would be moored in Cawsand Bay, which is part of Plymouth Sound. In 1596 the Spanish mounted a raid on Cawsand but were beaten off by the local militia, and a small fort was constructed on the knoll where the congregational church now stands.
The requirement for further defences in and around Cawsand Bay became clear in 1779 when the English fleet was absent and a 66-strong Franco-Spanish fleet anchored here intending to land 30,000 soldiers ashore. The invaders had planned to seize the high ground and bombard Plymouth. It would have served as a foothold on English soil. But as with the earlier Armada, the plans were disrupted by stormy weather.
A battery was then constructed above Cawsand and when a renewed threat from the French was perceived in the 1860s a series of large new forts were built to protect Plymouth (and Portsmouth) from attack by sea. It included the one above Cawsand (pictured) which was built on the site of the 18th century battery. These forts were to become known as Palmerston's Follies.
It was constructed with nine guns facing to seaward, covering Cawsand Bay itself, and a further 14 guns to protect the fort from a landward attack. But improved longer range weaponry on other forts in Plymouth Sound meant the coastal defence role of Cawsand had ceased by 1903. The fort remained garrisoned throughout WWI however and was released by the military in 1926. It is said that the guns were only fired once, causing houses in Cawsand village to fall down. After many years lying derelict it was converted into residences. It is now a Grade II-listed building.
Sources: www.castlesfortsbattles.co.uk/south_west/cawsand_fort.html, britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101329146-cawsand-battery-ma...
Flowering plant is Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Plicatum, 'Lanarth' Doublefile Viburnum. The Japanese garden, Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens in Hobart.
The Japanese garden was designed by Kanjiro Harada, Japanese Garden landscape architect from Yaizu, Japan, Hobart's sister city.
The botanical gardens, which cover an area of approximately 14 hectares (34.6 acres), were established in Hobart in 1818 and are located within the Queens Domain. The Gardens hold historic plant collections and a large number of significant trees, many dating back to the nineteenth century.
Gowdall is a charming village and civil parish located in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies approximately one mile west of Snaith and just south of the River Aire. The village's name originates from Old English, translating to "nook of land where marigolds grow," derived from the elements "golde" (marigold) and "halh" (nook of land).
Historically, Gowdall was part of the Goole Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974, then became part of Boothferry district in Humberside until 1996. The village has faced significant flooding events, notably in 2000 and again in February 2020 when the River Aire overflowed. Gowdall once hosted an annual Scarecrow and Pumpkin Festival, which ceased permanently in 2017.
The village covers an area of approximately 1,100 acres and is home to 356 residents as of the 2011 Census. It has a rich agricultural history, with crops like wheat, barley, potatoes, and peas being cultivated. Gowdall also has historical ties to the Wesleyan community, with a chapel established in the area.
Excerpt from webapp.driftscape.com/map/62fd1ffe-db0e-11eb-8000-bc1c5a8...:
Barren Ground Caribou
Spadina Station
In 1977 artist Joyce Wieland travelled to Kinngait (Cape Dorset) for the first time, to the West Baffin Eskimo Co-op, by then a well-known print-making studio. She had already, in 1971, established a firm reputation as an artist, being the first living woman to have a solo exhibit at the National Gallery of Canada. So when she was invited to create a piece for the new Spadina subway line, she declared that she wanted to bring the Arctic tundra to the city, but in a surprising and feminine way. She says, “I think of Canada as female.”
This large 8' by 30' quilt features a herd of seventeen barren ground caribou on a low rise. Barren-ground caribou are a species of reindeer that comprise about half the caribou in Canada and since 1937 have appeared on Canadian quarters. Both males and females have antlers. The colours and textures of the Arctic tundra are reproduced in swaths of bright fabric which complement the pale blue Arctic sky above and the muted tones of the caribou which, coincidentally, mirror the brown tiles of the station floor. Perspective is created through horizontal bands in the blue quilted sky which become progressively narrower as the sky approaches the horizon. The animals face us, observing us, as if we are interlopers in their land, not the other way around.
This quilt was sewn over a period of eight months by Joyce and a team of six quilters. It was created ten years after Joyce Weiland's famous 1968 quilt “Reason over Passion” where she subverted a statement by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau by passionately illustrating his quote with quilted hearts.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Minster
The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York, commonly known as York Minster, is the cathedral of York, England, and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe. The minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England, and is the cathedral for the Diocese of York. It is run by a dean and chapter, under the Dean of York. The title "minster" is attributed to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches, and serves now as an honorific title.[1] Services in the minster are sometimes regarded as on the High Church or Anglo-Catholic end of the Anglican continuum.[2]
The minster has a very wide Decorated Gothic nave and chapter house, a Perpendicular Gothic Quire and east end and Early English North and South transepts. The nave contains the West Window, constructed in 1338, and over the Lady Chapel in the east end is the Great East Window, (finished in 1408), the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world. In the north transept is the Five Sisters Window, each lancet being over 52 feet (16 m) high.[citation needed] The south transept contains a rose window, while the West Window contains a heart-shaped design colloquially known as 'The Heart of Yorkshire'.
History
York has had a verifiable Christian presence from the 4th century. However, there is circumstantial evidence pointing to much earlier Christian involvement. According to Bede, missionaries were sent from Rome by Eleutherius at the request of the chieftain Lucius of Britain in AD 180 to settle controverted points of differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials which were disturbing the church. Tradition speaks of 28 British bishops, one for each of the greater British cities, over whom presided the Archbishops of London, York and Caerleon-on-Usk.
The first recorded church on the site was a wooden structure built hurriedly in 627 to provide a place to baptise Edwin, King of Northumbria. Moves toward a more substantial building began in the decade of the 630s. A stone structure was completed in 637 by Oswald and was dedicated to Saint Peter. The church soon fell into disrepair and was dilapidated by 670 when Saint Wilfrid ascended to the See of York. He repaired and renewed the structure. The attached school and library were established and by the 8th century were some of the most substantial in Northern Europe.[citation needed][3]
In 741 the church was destroyed in a fire. It was rebuilt as a more impressive structure containing thirty altars. The church and the entire area then passed through the hands of numerous invaders, and its history is obscure until the 10th century. There was a series of Benedictine archbishops, including Saint Oswald of Worcester, Wulfstan and Ealdred, who travelled to Westminster to crown William in 1066. Ealdred died in 1069 and was buried in the church.[4]
The church was damaged in 1069 during William the Conqueror's harrying of the North, but the first Norman archbishop, Thomas of Bayeux, arriving in 1070, organised repairs. The Danes destroyed the church in 1075, but it was again rebuilt from 1080. Built in the Norman style, it was 111 m (364.173 ft) long and rendered in white and red lines. The new structure was damaged by fire in 1137 but was soon repaired. The choir and crypt were remodelled in 1154, and a new chapel was built, all in the Norman style.
The Gothic style in cathedrals had arrived in the mid 12th century. Walter de Gray was made archbishop in 1215 and ordered the construction of a Gothic structure to compare to Canterbury; building began in 1220. The north and south transepts were the first new structures; completed in the 1250s, both were built in the Early English Gothic style but had markedly different wall elevations. A substantial central tower was also completed, with a wooden spire. Building continued into the 15th century.
The Chapter House was begun in the 1260s and was completed before 1296. The wide nave was constructed from the 1280s on the Norman foundations. The outer roof was completed in the 1330s, but the vaulting was not finished until 1360. Construction then moved on to the eastern arm and chapels, with the last Norman structure, the choir, being demolished in the 1390s. Work here finished around 1405. In 1407 the central tower collapsed; the piers were then reinforced, and a new tower was built from 1420. The western towers were added between 1433 and 1472. The cathedral was declared complete and consecrated in 1472.[5]
The nave of York Minster
The English Reformation led to the looting of much of the cathedral's treasures and the loss of much of the church lands. Under Elizabeth I there was a concerted effort to remove all traces of Roman Catholicism from the cathedral; there was much destruction of tombs, windows and altars. In the English Civil War the city was besieged and fell to the forces of Cromwell in 1644, but Thomas Fairfax prevented any further damage to the cathedral.
Following the easing of religious tensions there was some work to restore the cathedral. From 1730 to 1736 the whole floor of the minster was relaid in patterned marble and from 1802 there was a major restoration. However, on 2 February 1829, an arson attack by a non-conformist, Jonathan Martin,[6] inflicted heavy damage on the east arm. An accidental fire in 1840 left the nave, south west tower and south aisle roofless and blackened shells. The cathedral slumped deeply into debt and in the 1850s services were suspended. From 1858 Augustus Duncombe worked successfully to revive the cathedral.
During the 20th century there was more concerted preservation work, especially following a 1967 survey that revealed the building, in particular the central tower, was close to collapse. £2,000,000 was raised and spent by 1972 to reinforce and strengthen the building foundations and roof. During the excavations that were carried out, remains of the north corner of the Roman Principia (headquarters of the Roman fort, Eboracum) were found under the south transept. This area, as well as remains of the Norman cathedral, re-opened to the public in spring 2013 as part of the new exhibition exploring the history of the building of York Minster.[7]
On 9 July 1984, a fire believed to have been caused by a lightning strike[8] destroyed the roof in the south transept, and around £2.5 million was spent on repairs. The fire was photographed from just south of the minster in the early hours by Bettison photographers. This picture was subsequently published showing the South transept alight with a list of North Yorkshire firefighters attending. The stations attending ranged from Scarborough to Harrogate. Huge amounts of water were needed to provide jets at great height to hit the roof timbers and protect the Rose Window. Most of the water was pumped from the Ouse nearby because the water supplies around the minster were inadequate. Fire crews from the main York fire station in Clifford Street worked hard to protect the Rose Window and stop the fire spreading into the tower and organ. Many crews worked for hours and some were on high levels of the minster at the time when the South transept roof fell in. Luckily, those few firefighters inside when the roof crashed down were not directly beneath. But what they saw after the ventilation released the smoke, was a pile of timber covering the whole of the south transept floor to a height of at least six feet. When daylight came the whole scene was occupied by media. At about 8am an officer was approached by two ladies looking for information. "Have you an account for The Times"? They said. The officer replied, "Actually, I spoke to the London and New York Times at about four thirty" The ladies then announced that they were from the Church Times. Reports of the fire travelled across both hemispheres. The Restoration work was completed in 1988, and included new roof bosses to designs which had won a competition organised by BBC Television's Blue Peter programme. In 2007 renovation began on the east front, including the Great East Window, at an estimated cost of £23 million.[9][10]
In 2000, the Dean and Chapter allowed the York Mystery Plays to be performed for the first time inside the Minster, directed by Greg Doran.[11]
Architecture of the present building
York Minster is the second largest Gothic cathedral of Northern Europe and clearly charts the development of English Gothic architecture from Early English through to the Perpendicular Period. The present building was begun in about 1230 and completed in 1472. It has a cruciform plan with an octagonal chapter house attached to the north transept, a central tower and two towers at the west front. The stone used for the building is magnesian limestone, a creamy-white coloured rock that was quarried in nearby Tadcaster. The Minster is 173 yards (158 m) long[citation needed] and the central tower has a height of 230 feet (70 m) high.[citation needed] The choir has an interior height of 102 feet (31 m).[citation needed]
The north and south transepts were the first parts of the new church to be built. They have simple lancet windows, including the Five Sisters in the north transept. These are five lancets, each 52 feet (16 m) high[citation needed] and glazed with grey (grisaille) glass, rather than narrative scenes or symbolic motifs that are usually seen in medieval stained glass windows. In the south transept is a rose window whose glass dates from about 1500 and commemorates the union of the royal houses of York and Lancaster. The roofs of the transepts are of wood, that of the south transept was burnt in the fire of 1984 and was replaced in the restoration work which was completed in 1988. New designs were used for the bosses, five of which were designed by winners of a competition organised by the BBC's Blue Peter television programme.
The chapter house.
Work began on the chapter house and its vestibule that links it to the north transept after the transepts were completed. The style of the chapter house is of the early Decorated Period where geometric patterns were used in the tracery of the windows, which were wider than those of early styles. However, the work was completed before the appearance of the ogee curve, an S-shaped double curve which was extensively used at the end of this period. The windows cover almost all of the upper wall space, filling the chapter house with light. The chapter house is octagonal, as is the case in many cathedrals, but is notable in that it has no central column supporting the roof. The wooden roof, which was of an innovative design, is light enough to be able to be supported by the buttressed walls. The chapter house has many sculptured heads above the canopies, representing some of the finest Gothic sculpture in the country. There are human heads, no two alike, and some pulling faces; angels; animals and grotesques. Unique to the transepts and chapter house is the use of Purbeck marble to adorn the piers, adding to the richness of decoration.
The Kings Screen and organ.
The nave was built between 1291 and c. 1350 and is also in the decorated Gothic style. It is the widest Gothic nave in England and has a wooden roof (painted so as to appear like stone) and the aisles have vaulted stone roofs. At its west end is the Great West Window, known as the 'Heart of Yorkshire' which features flowing tracery of the later decorated gothic period.
The east end of the Minster was built between 1361 and 1405 in the Perpendicular Gothic style. Despite the change in style, noticeable in details such as the tracery and capitals, the eastern arm preserves the pattern of the nave. The east end contains a four bay choir; a second set of transepts, projecting only above half-height; and the Lady Chapel. The transepts are in line with the high altar and serve to throw light onto it. Behind the high altar is the Great East Window, the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world, which is currently undergoing a massive conservation project, due to be completed in 2015–16. Below the Great East Window currently sits the Orb, a stainless steel dome which opened at the end of October 2012, containing five of the conserved panels from the window, one of which is changed each month. The Orb enables visitors to see the work of renowned medieval artist, John Thornton, up close, revealing the remarkable detail in each panel.
The sparsely decorated Central Tower was built between 1407 and 1472 and is also in the Perpendicular style. Below this, separating the choir from the crossing and nave is the striking 15th century choir screen. It contains sculptures of the kings of England from William the Conqueror to Henry VI with stone and gilded canopies set against a red background. Above the screen is the organ, which dates from 1832. The West Towers, in contrast with the Central Tower, are heavily decorated and are topped with battlements and eight pinnacles each, again in the Perpendicular style.
English Heritage has recently made publicly available a monograph[12] on the architectural history of York Minster. The book charts the construction and development of the minster based on the architectural recording of the building from the 1970s. The full report can be downloaded from the Archaeology Data Service website.
Stained glass
York as a whole, and particularly the minster, have a long tradition of creating beautiful stained glass. Some of the stained glass in York Minster dates back to the 12th century. The Minster's records show that much of the glass (white or coloured) came from Germany.[13] Upon arrival at York, it was intricately painted, fired, then glazed together with lead strips into the windows. The 76-foot (23 m)[citation needed] tall Great East Window, created by John Thornton in the early 15th century, is the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world. Other windows in the minster include an ornate rose window and the 50-foot (15 m)[citation needed] tall Five Sisters window. Because of the extended time periods during which the glass was installed, different types of glazing and painting techniques which evolved over hundreds of years are visible in the different windows. Approximately two million individual pieces of glass make up the cathedral's 128 stained glass windows. Much of the glass was removed before and pieced back together after the First and Second World Wars, and the windows are constantly being cleaned and conserved to keep their beauty intact.
In 2008 a major conservation project of the Great East Window commenced, involving the removal, repainting and re-leading of each individual panel.[14] While the window was in storage in the minster's stonemasons' yard, a fire broke out in some adjoining offices, due to an electrical fault, on 30 December 2009.[15] The window's 311 panes, stored in a neighbouring room, were undamaged and were successfully moved to safety.[16][17] In September 2015 Phase One of the renovation project of the East Front of the Minster was completed.[18]
Towers and bells
The two west towers of the minster hold bells, clock chimes and a concert carillon. The north-west tower contains Great Peter (216 cwt or 10.8 tons) and the six clock bells (the largest weighing just over 60 cwt or 3 tons). The south-west tower holds 14 bells (tenor 59 cwt or 3 tons) hung and rung for change ringing and 22 carillon bells (tenor 23 cwt or 1.2 tons) which are played from a baton keyboard in the ringing chamber (all together 35 bells.)
The clock bells ring every quarter of an hour during the daytime and Great Peter strikes the hour. The change ringing bells are rung regularly on Sundays before church services and at other occasions, the ringers practise on Tuesday evenings. York Minster became the first cathedral in England to have a carillon of bells with the arrival of a further twenty-four small bells on 4 April 2008. These are added to the existing "Nelson Chime" which is chimed to announce Evensong around 5.00 pm each day, giving a carillon of 35 bells in total (three chromatic octaves). The new bells were cast at the Loughborough Bell Foundry of Taylors, Eayre & Smith, where all of the existing minster bells were cast. The new carillon is a gift to the minster. It will be the first new carillon in the British Isles for 40 years and first hand played carillon in an English cathedral. Before Evensong each evening, hymn tunes are played on a baton keyboard connected with the bells, but occasionally anything from Beethoven to the Beatles may be heard.[19]
Shrines
When Thomas Becket was murdered and subsequently enshrined at Canterbury, York found itself with a rival major draw for pilgrims. More specifically, pilgrims spent money and would leave gifts for the support of the cathedral. Hence Walter de Gray, supported by the King, petitioned the Pope. On 18 March 1226, Pope Honorius issued a letter to the effect that the name of William (Fitzherbert), formerly Archbishop of York, was "inscribed in the catalogue of the Saints of the Church Militant." Thus there was now St William of York (whose name is perhaps more often associated with the adjacent St William's College). York had its saint but it took until 1279, when William de Wickwane (William de Wykewayne) was elected archbishop, for the remains of the canonised William to be transferred to a shrine prepared for them behind the high altar.[20] This was placed on a platform raised upon the arches of the crypt removed to this position for that purpose. On 29 December King Edward I himself, together with the bishops who were present, carried on their shoulder the chest or feretory containing the relics to their new resting-place and Anthony Beck, consecrated the same day as Bishop of Durham, paid all the expenses.
The tomb of Walter de Gray was erected in the south transept. His remains were interred on "the vigil of Pentecost, 1255"[20] under his effigy "in full canonicals" carved in Purbeck marble under a canopy resting on ten light pillars. It was subsequently somewhat hidden behind a screen of ironwork erected by Archbishop William Markham in the early 19th century.
Organ
The choir
The fire of 1829 destroyed the organ and the basis of the present organ dates from 1832, when Elliot and Hill constructed a new instrument. This organ was reconstructed in 1859 by William Hill and Sons. The case remained intact, but the organ was mechanically new, retaining the largest pipes of the former instrument.
In 1903, J.W. Walker and Sons built a new instrument in the same case. They retained several registers from the previous instrument.
Some work was undertaken in 1918 by Harrison & Harrison when the Tuba Mirabilis was added and the Great chorus revised. The same firm rebuilt this Walker-Harrison instrument in 1931 when a new console and electro-pneumatic action were added together with four new stops. The smaller solo tubas were enclosed in the solo box. In 1960, J.W. Walker & Sons restored the actions, lowered wind pressures and introduced mutations and higher chorus work in the spirit of the neo-classical movement. They cleaned the organ in 1982.
The fire of 1984 affected the organ but not irreparably; the damage hastened the time for a major restoration, which was begun in 1991 and finished two years later by Principal Pipe Organs of York, under the direction of their founder, Geoffrey Coffin, who had at one time been assistant organist at the Minster.[21]
Organists
The organists of York Minster have had several official titles, the job description roughly equates to that of Organist and Master of the Choristers. The current Organist and Director of Music of the minster is Robert Sharpe. There is also an assistant director of music, David Pipe, and an organ scholar.
Among the notable organists of York Minster are four members of the Camidge family, who served as the cathedral's organists for over 100 years, and a number of composers including John Naylor, T. Tertius Noble, Edward Bairstow, Francis Jackson, and Philip Moore.
Dean and chapter
Dean: The Very Revd Vivienne Faull (since 1 December 2012 installation[22])
Precentor: The Revd Canon Peter Moger (since 12 September 2010 installation[23])
Pastor: The Reverend Michael Smith
Chancellor: The Reverend Canon Christopher Collingwood
Archdeacon: The Reverend Canon David Butterfield
Burials
Bosa of York, Bishop of York and Saint (died c. 705)
Eanbald I, Archbishop (780–796)
Osbald, King of Northumbria (died 799)
Ealdred (archbishop of York) (1061–1069)
Thomas of Bayeux, Archbishop (1070–1100)
Gerard, Archbishop (1100–1108)
Thomas II of York, Archbishop (1108–1114)
William of York, Archbishop (1141–1147, 1153–1154)
Henry Murdac, Archbishop (1147–1153)
Roger de Pont L'Eveque, Archbishop {1154–1181}
Walter de Gray, Archbishop (1216–1255)
Sewal de Bovil, Dean and Archbishop (1256–1258)
Godfrey Ludham, Archbishop (1258–1265)
William Langton, Archbishop (1265)
Walter Giffard, Archbishop (1266–1279)
John le Romeyn, Archbishop (1286–1296)
Henry of Newark, Archbishop (1296–1299)
William Greenfield, Archbishop (1306–1315)
Prince William of Hatfield, Infant son of Edward III (1337)
William Melton, Archbishop (1317–1340)
William Zouche, Archbishop (1342–1352)
Henry Percy, soldier (1364–1403)
Richard le Scrope, Archbishop (1398–1405)
Henry Bowet, Archbishop (1407–1423)
Thomas Savage, Archbishop (1501–1507)
Hugh Ashton, Archdeacon of York (died 1522)
John Piers, Archbishop (1589–1594)
George Meriton, Dean of York (1579–1624)
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, (1730-1782)
John Farr Abbott, barrister (1756–1794)
Astronomical clock
The astronomical clock was installed in the North Transept of York Minster in 1955. The clock is a memorial to the airmen operating from bases in Yorkshire, County Durham and Northumberland who were killed in action during the Second World War.[24]
Illuminations
In November 2002, York Minster was illuminated in colour, devised by York-born Mark Brayshaw, for the first time in its history. The occasion was televised live on the BBC1 Look North programme. Similar illuminations have been projected over the Christmas period in subsequent years.
York Minster was also artistically illuminated on 5 November 2005, celebrating the 400th anniversary of the foiling of York-born Guy Fawkes' gunpowder plot. This was done by Patrice Warrener using his unique "chromolithe" technique with which he 'paints' with light, picking out sculpted architectural details.
In October 2010, York Minster's south transept was selected for "Rose", a son et lumiere created by international artists Ross Ashton and Karen Monid which lit up the entire exterior of the south transept of the minster and illuminated the Rose Window. There were also satellite illuminate events in Dean's Park.
Photographed taken in Killarney National Park in Ireland in 2013. My favorite part of this image is all of the boulders covered in moss.
Killarney National Park is located beside the town of Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland. It was the first national park established in Ireland, created when Muckross Estate was donated to the Irish state in 1932. The park encompasses over 102.89 km (25,425 acres) of diverse ecology, including the Lakes of Killarney, Oak and Yew woodlands of international importance, and mountain peaks. It has Ireland's only native herd of Red Deer and the most extensive covering of native forest remaining in Ireland.
I help aspiring and established photographers get noticed so they can earn an income from photography or increase sales. My blog, Photographer’s Business Notebook is a wealth of information as is my Mark Paulda’s YouTube Channel. I also offer a variety of books, mentor services and online classes at Mark Paulda Photography Mentor
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The town was established in 1908 as a station stop on the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, then under construction across Montana. The railway used Vananda as a water stop for its steam locomotives and built a small reservoir near the townsite to ensure an adequate water supply.
Although the land around Vananda attracted numerous homesteaders during the decade following the railroad's completion, the region proved to be far too arid and inhospitable for intensive agricultural use, and by the 1920s, the town was in decline. The railroad through the area was abandoned in 1980, and Vananda is now a ghost town.
Vyšehrad is the oldest seat of Czech princes; in fact, the local settlement was established in the mid-10 th century. Situated on a rocky promontory above the Vltava River, it offers stunning views of the city, and the park area holds hidden architectural treasures including the rare Romanesque Rotunda of St Martin, the neo-Gothic Church of Sts Peter and Paul, the national cemetery Slavín, and the underground casements housing the some of the original Baroque statues from the Charles Bridge.
The Bates Manufacturing Company was established in Lewiston, Maine in 1850 by Benjamin Bates. It quickly became one of the largest textile manufacturers in New England and transformed Lewiston from a struggling agricultural town into a booming industrial city. By 1857, the Bates Mill in Lewiston ran 36,000 spindles, employed 1,000 hands, and annually turned out 5.7 million yards of the best quality of cotton goods. Even after winning multiple achievements and awards for his textiles, including “Best Pantaloon Stuffs” and “Best Plain and Fancy Cotton Fabrics”, Bates wanted more. Accordingly, in 1858 the Bates Manufacturing Company wove the first Bates bedspread.
Upon the start of the Civil War, most New England mills started selling their cotton stock, assuming that the war would only last 90 days. Instead, Benjamin Bates bought as much cotton as he could find (despite the skyrocketing prices) and became the main supplier of Union textiles during the 4 year war. Even afterward, despite post-war depression, the Bates Manufacturing Company prospered and continued to expand. It was at this time that the French-Canadian population began to immigrate to Lewiston for work; even today the city of Lewiston continues to have a great French-Canadian influence (and many of the current mill workers have French-Canadian ancestors that began their American lives as mill workers).[Company website].
Lewiston is also the home of Bates College co-founded by Benjamin Bates.
Small gypsy-esque firedancing troupe, comprised of many international members, which travels around the country piggy-backing other outdoor performances, targeting already-established crowds in order to perform for tips... and the occasional healthy helping of ego stroking.
Excerpt from the plaque:
St. Andre Church: The Roman Catholic parish in Sutton was established in 1858, nearly 20 years after the arrival of the first French Canadian settlers. However, it was not until 1866 that the parish had its own resident priest. To accommodate the growing number of parishioners, the Saint Andre Church overlooking the village was built in 1872, replacing a chapel erected 14 years earlier when the parish was formed.
In 1930s, a 420-pipe Casavant organ was installed in the church, and the interior frescoes were repainted by one of the Sisters of the Presentation of Mary.
The St. Andre Church was built in the Gothic tradition, which is typified by the ogival arched windows, the buttresses on the façade and the slender silhouette of the spire.
Fort Lauderdale is a city in the U.S. state of Florida, 25 miles (40 km) north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County. As of the 2019 census, the city has an estimated population of 182,437. Fort Lauderdale is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018.
The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F (24.2 °C) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, including 2.8 million international visitors. The city and county in 2012 collected $43.9 million from the 5% hotel tax it charges, after hotels in the area recorded an occupancy rate for the year of 72.7 percent and an average daily rate of $114.48. The district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012. Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants, 63 golf courses, 12 shopping malls, 16 museums, 132 nightclubs, 278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts.
Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War. The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale (1782–1838), younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort. However, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. Three forts named "Fort Lauderdale" were constructed; the first was at the fork of the New River, the second at Tarpon Bend on the New River between the Colee Hammock and Rio Vista neighborhoods, and the third near the site of the Bahia Mar Marina.
The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more than two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. Contact with Spanish explorers in the 16th century proved disastrous for the Tequesta, as the Europeans unwittingly brought with them diseases, such as smallpox, to which the native populations possessed no resistance. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, contributed greatly to their decline over the next two centuries. By 1763, there were only a few Tequesta left in Florida, and most of them were evacuated to Cuba when the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War. Although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century.
The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the "New River Settlement" before the 20th century. In the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6, 1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a wrecked ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children, and the children's tutor. The other farms in the settlement were not attacked, but all the white residents in the area abandoned the settlement, fleeing first to the Cape Florida Lighthouse on Key Biscayne, and then to Key West.
The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, and subsequently was a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. The fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. It was not until Frank Stranahan arrived in the area in 1893 to operate a ferry across the New River, and the Florida East Coast Railroad's completion of a route through the area in 1896, that any organized development began. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County.
Fort Lauderdale's first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a great deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a white woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob. A group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery. His body was riddled with some twenty bullets. The murder was subsequently used by the press in Nazi Germany to discredit US critiques of its own persecution of Jews, Communists, and Catholics.
When World War II began, Fort Lauderdale became a major US base, with a Naval Air Station to train pilots, radar operators, and fire control, operators. A Coast Guard base at Port Everglades was also established.
On July 4, 1961, African Americans started a series of protests, wade-ins, at beaches that were off-limits to them, to protest "the failure of the county to build a road to the Negro beach". On July 11, 1962, a verdict by Ted Cabot went against the city's policy of racial segregation of public beaches.
Today, Fort Lauderdale is a major yachting center, one of the nation's largest tourist destinations, and the center of a metropolitan division with 1.8 million people.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
The Kings Park Psychiatric Center was established in 1885 by Kings County in nearby Suffolk County, adjoining the Society of St. Johnland established by William Augustus Muhlenberg, prior to the consolidation of Kings County with Queens, Manhattan, Staten Island and the Bronx, to form modern New York City. The official name of the hospital in its first 10 years was the Kings County Asylum, taken from the name of the county that Brooklyn occupied. The hospital was revolutionary at the time in the sense that it was a departure from the asylums of folklore, which were overcrowded places where gross human rights abuses often occurred. The asylum, built by Brooklyn to alleviate overcrowding in its own asylums, was a "farm colony" asylum, where patients worked in a variety of farm-related activities, such as feeding livestock and growing food, as this was considered to be a form of therapy.
Eventually, the Kings County Asylum began to suffer from the very thing that it attempted to relieve—overcrowding. New York State responded to the problem in 1895, when control of the asylum passed into state hands, and it was renamed the Kings Park State Hospital. The surrounding community, which used to be known as Indian Head, adopted the name "Kings Park," by which it is still known today. The state eventually built the hospital into a self-sufficient community that not only grew its own food, but also generated its own heat and electricity, had its own Long Island Rail Road spur and housed its staff on-site.
As patient populations grew throughout the early part of the 20th century, the hospital continued to expand. By the late 1930s, the state began to build upward instead of outward. During this period, the famous 13-story Building 93 was constructed. Designed by state architect William E. Haugaard and funded with Works Progress Administration money, the building, often dubbed "the most famous asylum building on Long Island," was completed in 1939. It was used as an infirmary for the facility's geriatric patients, as well as for patients with chronic physical ailments.
After World War II, patient populations at Kings Park and the other Long Island asylums increased markedly. In 1954, the patient census at Kings Park topped 9,303, but would begin a steady decline afterward. By the time Kings Park reached its peak patient population, the old "rest and relaxation" philosophy surrounding farming had been succeeded by more invasive techniques of pre-frontal lobotomies and electroshock therapy. However, those methods were soon abandoned after 1955, following the introduction of Thorazine, the first widely used drug in the treatment of mental illness. As medication made it possible for patients to live normal lives outside of a mental institution, the need for large facilities such as Kings Park diminished, and the patient population began to decrease. In addition, activists worked in legal suits through the 1970s to reduce the patient population in major institutions, arguing that people could better be supported in smaller community centers.
By the early 1990s, the Kings Park Psychiatric Center, as it came to be known, was much reduced. Many of the buildings were shut down or reduced in usage. This included the massive Building 93. By the early 1990s, only the first few floors of the building were in use. While many patients were de-institutionalized and large facilities were closed, there was a shortage of small community centers, which were never developed in the number needed. This resulted in many more mentally ill people being caught up and retained in jails and prisons because of difficulties in dealing with the world. Many of the homeless in urban areas are mentally ill, people with chronic illnesses who have difficulty keeping up with medication regimes or resist them.
In response to the declining patient population, the New York State Office of Mental Health developed plans to close Kings Park as well as another Long Island asylum, the Central Islip Psychiatric Center, in the early 1990s. The plans called for Kings Park and Central Islip to close, and the remaining patients from both facilities to be transferred to the still-operational Pilgrim Psychiatric Center, or be discharged. In the fall of 1996, the plans were implemented. The few remaining patients from Kings Park and Central Islip were transferred to Pilgrim, ending Kings Park's 111-year run.
Samburu National Reserve
Kenya
East Africa
Two male giraffes fighting down by the Ewaso Ng'iro River. They sometimes swing their heads under the body to try to knock their opponent off their feet.
Male giraffes use their necks as weapons in combat, a behavior known as "necking". Necking is used to establish dominance and males that win necking bouts have greater reproductive success. This behavior occurs at low or high intensity.
In low intensity necking, the combatants rub and lean against each other. The male that can hold itself more erect wins the bout. In high intensity necking, the combatants will spread their front legs and swing their necks at each other, attempting to land blows with their ossicones. The contestants will try to dodge each other's blows and then get ready to counter. The power of a blow depends on the weight of the skull and the arc of the swing.
A necking duel can last more than half an hour, depending on how well matched the combatants are. Although most fights do not lead to serious injury, there have been records of broken jaws, broken necks, and even deaths.
After a duel, it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court each other, leading up to mounting and climax. Such interactions between males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual coupling. In one study, up to 94 percent of observed mounting incidents took place between males. The proportion of same-sex activities varied from 30–75 percent. Only one percent of same-sex mounting incidents occurred between females.
It is believed that the town of Ait-Ben-Haddou was established in 757 and its founder, Ben-Haddou, still lies buried in his tomb behind this spectacular city. Most of the original inhabitants of the Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou have moved across the river to more modern homes
Taken @Ait-Ben-Haddou, Morocco, North Africa
Liberty Grove Baptist Church was established in 1844 and is one of the oldest Baptist churches in Madison County. The oldest minutes recorded from the church are from 1909 when services were held monthly on Saturday afternoons. The church worshipped in a one room frame structure for 43 years until 1964 when the center portion of the church building above was constructed. In the 70's and 80's, Liberty Grove expanded by adding a fellowship hall on the right & nursery/classroom space on the left (as seen above) to the size & shape of the building it continues to use today.
This is the church where I first attended with my 'to-be' wife as we were dating, where we were married in 1994 and where we were attending during the birth of both of our children. It holds a special place in our lives that cannot be replaced...
This photo was taken in 2013 during my previous Project 365…please visit my album for this “REMASTERED” Project 365 as I revisit each day of 2013 for additional photos to share!!
Three bracketed photos were taken with a handheld Nikon D5200 and combined with Photomatix Pro to create this HDR image. Additional adjustments were made in Photoshop CS6.
"For I know the plans I have for you", declares the LORD, "plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future." ~Jeremiah 29:11
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Moûtiers, Savoie, Auvernia-Ródano-Alpes, France.
Moûtiers, históricamente también llamada Tarentaise, es una comuna en el departamento de Saboya en la región de Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes en el sureste de Francia.
Moûtiers se encuentra en las profundidades del valle de Tarentaise. Es su capital geográfica, entre Albertville y Bourg-Saint-Maurice. Varias estaciones de esquí francesas populares se encuentran en sus alrededores. El Isère atraviesa la ciudad.
Moûtiers fue la capital de los Ceutrones, una tribu celta de la Galia. Su nombre antiguo, Darantasia, aparece en un antiguo mapa de carreteras romano conocido como Tabula Peutingeriana. En un texto medieval que data de 996, Moûtiers fue llamado Monasterium (raíz de la palabra "monasterio") de donde se derivaron sus nombres posteriores, Moustiers y finalmente Moûtiers.
Moûtiers era la sede episcopal de la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Tarentaise. La arquidiócesis se disolvió en 1801 y se restableció como la Diócesis de Tarentaise. Esta diócesis se unió con la diócesis de Chambéry y la diócesis de St-Jean-de-Maurienne para formar la diócesis de Chambéry, Maurienne y Tarentaise.
Hoy, la ciudad tiene un pequeño centro histórico con calles estrechas que rodean la catedral de Saint-Pierre.
Moûtiers, historically also called Tarentaise, is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
Moûtiers is located deep in the Tarentaise Valley. It is its geographic capital, between Albertville and Bourg-Saint-Maurice. Several popular French ski resorts are located in its vicinity. The Isère flows through the town.
Moûtiers was the capital of the Ceutrones, a Celtic tribe of Gaul. Its antique name, Darantasia, appears on a surviving ancient Roman road map known as the Tabula Peutingeriana. In a medieval text dating from 996, Moûtiers was called Monasterium (root of the word "monastery") from which its later names, Moustiers and finally Moûtiers, were derived.
Moûtiers was the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tarentaise. The archdiocese was disbanded in 1801, and re-established as the Diocese of Tarentaise. This diocese was united with the diocese of Chambéry and diocese of St-Jean-de-Maurienne to form the diocese of Chambéry, Maurienne and Tarentaise.
Today, the town has a small historic center with narrow streets surrounding Saint-Pierre cathedral.
Established around A.D. 972, Esztergom has always played an important role in Hungary's history. It was the birth and coronation place of the first Hungarian king, St. Stephen, as well as the capital of Hungary until the 13th century. Esztergom is the seat of the Hungarian Catholic Church and home to the Basilica of Esztergom, a masterpiece of Classicism and the third largest church in Europe.
Locke, California, is a small and historically rich town located in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, about 20 miles south of Sacramento. It’s one of the few remaining towns in the United States that retains its roots in Chinese-American history. Established in 1915, Locke was originally founded by Chinese immigrants, many of whom were laborers working in the region’s agriculture and farming industries.
Established in 1839, Hahndorf is Australia's oldest surviving German settlement, located in the Adelaide Hills 28km south east of Adelaide.
Hahndorf's pioneer settlers were refugees from religious persecution in Prussia (north-eastern Germany). 38 Lutheran families settled the area after arriving at Port Adelaide in 1838 aboard the Zebra, captained by Dirk Hahn. To thank the Captain for his assistance they named the town Hahndorf, after him.
Hahndorf's layout is unique, combining characteristics of both the farmlet (Hufendorf) and street village (Strassendorf) patterns of historical Prussian planning. The state heritage area is centred on Main and Victoria Streets, and encompasses this hybrid plan and features early 19th century buildings showing a distinctive German influence.
Slowenien / Nationalpark Triglav - Auf dem Weg zum Krn
Triglav National Park (TNP; Slovene: Triglavski narodni park, TNP) is the only national park in Slovenia. It was established in its modern form in 1981 and is located in the northwestern part of the country, respectively the southeastern part of the Alpine massif. Mount Triglav, the highest peak of the Julian Alps, stands almost in the middle of the national park. From there the valleys spread out radially, supplying water to two large river systems with their sources in the Julian Alps: the Soča and the Sava, flowing to the Adriatic and Black Sea, respectively.
History
The proposal for the protection of the Triglav Lakes Valley area was first put forward by the seismologist Albin Belar in 1906 or 1908. However, the proposal was not accepted, as there was no legal base for it and the laws of the time prohibited any restriction of pasture. The strategic basis for the protection of the area, titled The Memorandum (Spomenica), and which explicitly mentioned the proposal of Belar, was submitted to the Provincial Government for Slovenia in 1920. The idea was finally implemented in 1924. Then, at an initiative by the Nature Protection Section of the Slovene Museum Society together with the Slovene Mountaineering Society, a twenty-year lease was taken out on the Triglav Lakes Valley area, some 14 km². It was destined to become an Alpine Conservation Park; however, permanent conservation was not possible at that time. The name Triglavski narodni park was first used in 1926 by Fran Jesenko.
In 1961, after many years of effort, the protection was renewed (this time on a permanent basis) and somewhat enlarged, embracing around 20 km². The protected area was officially designated as Triglav National Park. It was named after Mount Triglav, a symbol of Slovenia and of Slovene character. However, all objectives of a true national park were not attained and for that reason over the next two decades new proposals for expanding and modifying this protection were put forward.
Finally, in 1981, Triglav National Park was officially established in the modern form. A rearrangement was achieved and the park was given a new concept and expanded to 838 km². In 2010, the park expanded to include the settlement Kneške Ravne (Tolmin), according to wishes of its inhabitants, thus the new park area amounts to 880 km², which is 4% of the area of Slovenia.
Biodiversity
Flora
Systematic surveys of plants, especially of ethnobotanically useful species, in Triglav National Park have been carried out by Chandra Prakash Kala and Petra Ratajc covering various microhabitats, elevations, aspects, and terrain types. The park has over fifty-nine species of ethnobotanical values, of these 37 species (which contribute 62%) fall under four major categories of medicinal plants per the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia such as H, Z, ZR and ND. Some important species such as Aconitum napellus, Cannabis sativa, and Taxus baccata are not allowed to be collected and used per the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia.
Fauna
Triglav National Park is home to over 700 species of animals.
Hydrology
Waters in Triglav National Park consist of two watersheds: the Sava River watershed and the Soča River watershed. Many waterfalls can be found in the park, and most of them are located in the valleys of Soča River and its tributaries. The highest waterfall is Boka Falls (106 m). The Tolmin Gorges on the Tolminka River are located in the national park.
The lakes in the park are all of glacial origin. The largest among them is Lake Bohinj. Others are the Triglav Lakes (located in the Triglav Lakes Valley), Lake Krn, and Lower and Upper Lake Križ.
(Wikipedia)
Krn (pronounced [ˈkəɾn]; 2,244 metres or 7,362 feet) is a mountain in northwestern Slovenia. It is the highest peak of the Krn Mountains, a sub-chain of the southwestern Julian Alps.
Geography
Krn is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the Adriatic. The Soča River flows to the west of the peak, while the smaller Lepenjica and Tolminka pass northeast and southwest of it.
On the southern slope of the mountain lie the small villages of Vrsno, Krn, Drežnica, Drežniške Ravne, and Magozd. On the northern side lies Lake Krn, the largest glacial lake in Slovenia. The mountain is known for its mighty western face, best seen from Kobarid or Drežnica.
History
During the First World War, the Battles of the Isonzo took place in the area. The 3rd Regiment of Alpini had taken Krn's peak on 16 June 1915 in a daring raid, where the elite Italian unit climbed its cliffs "with their boots swaddled in sacks of straw to reduce noise," some of them barefoot, and others wearing only socks, and battled the Hungarian battalion of the 4th Honved Regiment. "It was a glorious success, the first of the war, presaging others that never materialized."
The top of neighbouring Mount Batognica (2,164 m or 7,100 ft) was blown off by an accidental weapons-depot explosion during the war. Wreckage remains scattered around the peak.
Lodges
On the southern side near the top is the Gomišček Krn Shelter (Gomiščkovo zavetišče na Krnu; 2,182 m or 7,159 ft);
On the northern side near the lake stands the Krn Lakes Lodge (Planinski dom pri Krnskih jezerih; 1,385 m or 4,544 ft);
On the Kuhinja Pasture stands the Kuhinja Pasture Lodge (Dom na planini Kuhinja; 991 m or 3,251 ft);
Below its northern slope, in Lepena, stands the Dr. Klement Jug Lodge in Lepena (Dom dr. Klementa Juga v Lepeni; 700 m or 2,300 ft).
Access to the summit
3 hours from Kuhinja Pasture
5 hours from Dr. Klement Jug Lepena Lodge
5 hours from Drežnica, via the Silvo Koren Route
7¾ hours from the Savica Lodge over the Prehodavci Pass
(Wikipedia)
Der Nationalpark Triglav (slowenisch: Triglavski narodni park) ist der einzige Nationalpark Sloweniens. Die IUCN ordnet das Gebiet der Kategorie II (Nationalpark) zu (WDPA 2517). Die staatliche Nationalparkverwaltung hat ihren Sitz in Bled.
Geographie
Der Park liegt in den Julischen Alpen, im Nordwesten Sloweniens, an der Grenze zu Italien und Österreich, und hat eine Größe von 83.982 Hektar (839 km²).
Geschichte
1908 wurde erstmals vorgeschlagen, die Triglav-Region nachhaltiger zu schützen. Im Jahr 1924 dann wurde zunächst ein 1.400 ha großes Tal als „Alpiner Schutzpark“ ausgewiesen, der 1961 etwas vergrößert wurde und den Namen Nationalpark bekam. Seit 1981 gibt es den Nationalpark in der heutigen Größe und Form. Im Kernbereich des heutigen Nationalparks werden die Bestimmungen des Naturschutzes streng überwacht.
Im Park gibt es 7.000 km markierte und regelmäßig gewartete Wege mit Gasthöfen und Schutzhütten.
Der Nationalpark
Der Nationalpark ist benannt nach dem mit 2864 m höchsten Berg Sloweniens, dem Triglav, der fast im Zentrum des Parks liegt. Im Nationalpark liegen zahlreiche Gletscherseen, an Gesteinsarten dominiert Kalkstein. Besonders hervorzuheben sind - neben dem hochalpinen Gebiet - die Täler von Soča und Sava Bohinjka mit dem Wocheiner See (Bohinjsko jezero), dem größten dauerhaften See Sloweniens, welche sich eine sehr ursprüngliche Landschaft und Architektur bewahren konnten, sowie die waldreichen Hochebenen Pokljuka und Mežakla.
Die Nationalparkverwaltung sitzt in Bled, ein Informationszentrum Dom Trenta befindet sich in Soča und ein weiterer Infopunkt zum Nationalpark in Kobarid.
Fauna
Die Fauna des Nationalparks ist artenreich. Neben den üblichen Alpenwildtieren wie Steinbock, Gämse, Rothirsch und Auerhahn durchstreifen gelegentlich Braunbären das Gebiet, auch Luchse leben dort. In der Luft kann man Steinadler beobachten. Als Giftschlangen sind die Sand- und die Kreuzotter erwähnenswert. Von den zahlreichen endemischen Arten ist die Marmorataforelle erwähnenswert, die in der Soča sowie einigen anderen Zuflüssen der Adria vorkommt. Ihr Bestand ist noch immer durch die im Zweiten Weltkrieg ausgesetzten Bachforellen bedroht.
Flora
Auch die Pflanzenwelt des Nationalparks ist von Bedeutung. Aufsehen erregten zahlreiche endemische Pflanzenarten bei den Botanikern bereits im 18. Jahrhundert. Bekannt im Triglav-Nationalpark sind die (violette) Zois-Glockenblume, das rote Dolomiten-Fingerkraut sowie der gelbe Julische Mohn und das Alpen-Edelweiß. In den Höhenlagen ab 2000 m wachsen im Schutze von Latschen die als Almrausch bekannte Bewimperte Alpenrose sowie die Zwerg-Alpenrose (Heidekrautgewächse).
Tourismus
Touristisch bedeutsam ist für das Gebiet des Nationalparks, das von einem Netz von einheitlich markierten Bergpfaden durchzogen wird, das Bergsteigen etwa am Svinjak. Der Slowenische Alpenverein unterhält hier 32 Häuser und Hütten. Außerdem ist das Wildwasserpaddeln bedeutsam. Die Flüsse Soča und Koritnica sind ein Anziehungspunkt für Wassersportler, unter anderem wegen einiger herausfordernder Wildwasserstrecken.
Zur Erkundung des Inneren des Nationalparks eignen sich als Ausgangspunkte insbesondere die von Norden im Uhrzeigersinn aufgezählten Ortschaften Kranjska Gora, Bled, Kobarid und Bovec.
(Wikipedia)
Der Krn (italienisch Monte Nero) (2.244 m) ist ein Berg in den Julischen Alpen in Slowenien.
Der Krn war in den Isonzoschlachten (Juni 1915 bis November 1917) des Ersten Weltkrieges (1914–1918) ein bedeutender Stützpunkt der italienischen Armee. Durch einen Angriff des Alpinibataillons Exilles auf den Krn-Gipfel am 16. Juni 1915 wurden die österreichischen Verteidiger zurückgeworfen. Trotz wiederholten Anstrengungen konnte der Gipfel durch die österreichischen Kompanien nicht zurückerobert werden. Die neue Frontlinie verlief nun von der Krnska skrbina zur Batognica. Der Krn-Gipfel wurde nun stark befestigt und mit zahlreichen Kavernen und Stellungen ausgebaut.
Nachdem die zwölfte Isonzoschlacht begonnen hatte, wurde die italienische Gipfelbesatzung von den vorwärts stürmenden österreichischen und deutschen Soldaten einfach ignoriert und somit von der Talstellung isoliert. Nach drei Tagen, die österreichischen und deutschen Truppen waren längst jenseits der Grenze, ergaben sich die restlichen Alpini-Einheiten unter Vernichtung der Dokumente und wichtigen Apparate und marschierten in die Gefangenschaft. Teilweise wurden die Gefangenen sogar bis Deutschland gebracht. Durch heftigen Beschuss durch die italienische und österreichische Artillerie wurde der Gipfel des Krn zerstört. Deshalb ist er heute etwas niedriger. Umfangreiche Ausstellung dazu im Museum in Kobarid (ital: Caporetto).
(Wikipedia)