members of this group smell
View allAll Photos Tagged EMPIRICAL
or an entertainment, and who were often unaware of each other’s work... Some of these pictures were the product of knowledge and skill and sensibility and invention; many were the product of accident, improvisation, misunderstanding, and empirical experiment. But whether produced by art or by luck, each picture was part of a massive assault on our traditional habits of seeing :-)
John Szarkowski
HMM! Character Matters!
ladyslipper orchid, denver botanic garden, colorado
An icebow is an atmospheric phenomenon resembling a rainbow but associated with ice crystals.
There are many types of ice halos. They are produced by the ice crystals in cirrostratus clouds high (5-10 km, or 3-6 miles) in the upper troposphere. The particular shape and orientation of the crystals is responsible for the type of halo observed. Light is reflected and refracted by the ice crystals and may split up into colors because of dispersion. The crystals behave like prisms and mirrors, refracting and reflecting sunlight between their faces, sending shafts of light in particular directions.
Atmospheric phenomena such as halos were used as part of weather lore as an empirical means of weather forecasting before meteorology was developed. They often do mean that rain is going to fall within the next 24 hours as the cirrostratus clouds that cause them can signify an approaching frontal system. Other common optical phenomena involving water droplets rather than ice crystals include the glory and the rainbow.
Enjoy your weekend
2 November : In remembrance of all my beloved ones.
*******************************************
Many people like to believe in the idea of a soul, and we often look to the empirical world to bolster our religious or spiritual beliefs, searching for corroborating physical evidence. Just such scientific proof seemed to come in 1907,when a Massachusetts doctor named Duncan MacDougall devised experiments that he expected would actually measure the soul. Using six terminally ill patients on a specially-constructed scale bed, he measured their weight before, during, and after death. His results were mixed, but he concluded that there was indeed a very slight loss of weight, 21 grams on average.
The hectic week is over and the hectic christmas time is still laying ahead of us. This is the right moment just to stop. For the reflection, we are always wishing each other during the holiday season and for what we empirically will not have much time then.
Why not here and now ? Simply stopping, focusing the view inwards and appreciating ourselves. Breathing deeply, enjoying the silence and refuelling power. So that with what lies ahead of us, there is enough energy to take care of us and our loved ones.
Die hektische Woche ist vorbei und die hektische Weihnachtszeit liegt noch vor uns. Genau der richtige Zeitpunkt um einmal anzuhalten. Für die Besinnung, die wir uns an den Festtagen immer wünschen, und für die dann erfahrungsgemäß nicht viel Zeit bleiben wird.
Warum also nicht jetzt gleich ? Einfach stehen bleiben, den Blick nach innen wenden und sich selbst wahrnehmen, durchatmen, die Stille geniesen und Kraft tanken. Damit bei dem was vor uns liegt genügend Energie vorhanden ist, um für uns und unsere Lieben zu sorgen.
more of this on my website at: www.shoot-to-catch.de
Press "L" to enlarge
Credits : stylieswithmeownssl.blogspot.com/2021/07/empirical-fin.html
The Pond Empress has Risen from the cooling waters and Gracfully reaches to the water bellow her ,and says , "" Shall I go home now? or begin another Journey" , That only the pond knows.
It's a human thing to humanise, when you look at Animals, Insects, Spiders, what have you, and notice expressions that we then mentally transmute empirically the emotions, yet do such creatures honestly feel this?! Really depends, many argue that such neurological behaviour must extend from sentience, but how do we judge that? Or measure it? If someone sees a shade of a blue sky and is aware that another may see an alternative hue of, more or less the same colour of blue, could it be argued that one's existential emotion is exact to that of another, now throw in an entirely different species and ponder the question again.
I took this shot of the spider and then saw the "expression" in its eyes, so to speak; a look that I perceive as of guilt and a desperation to change, from this psychopathic killing machine to a more sentient and appreciative being. But that's just me!
I hope everyone is well and so as always, thank you! :)
PS: Zoom in ;)
A stormy and rainy evening led me to this mansion in Independence, MO. Give it a click to see it in larger detail.
Taken from their site: Built by Colonel and Mrs. Harvey Vaile in 1881, it was "the most princely house and the most comfortable home in the entire west," the Kansas City Times reported in 1882. Situated on North Liberty Street, a mile north of the historic Independence Square, the three-story Gothic-like structure today sits in solitary splendor, an architectural anomaly among the surrounding Midwestern homes.
The 31 room mansion includes 9 marble fireplaces, spectacular painted ceilings, flushing toilets, a built-in 6,000 gallon water tank, and a 48,000 gallon wine cellar. This mansion is one of the best examples of Second Empire style architecture in the United States.
Moray was an Incan empirical agricultural research centre where cultivation experiments were carried out. The position of the terraces creates a whole series of microclimates: the temperature is higher in the centre but then decreases according to the distance from each terrace. This makes it possible to simulate about 20 different microclimates.
. technique notes .
// raw 4500x600 px,
// second life, firestorm, calwl, lumipro,
// and ps 2020 signature only.
dedication
This picture is dedicated to the millions of vulnerable seniors (and others at heightened risk) throughout the US and world that, according to early research reports, suffer an estimated death rate as high as seven (7) to ten (10) times the overall death rate from COVID-19 (7.8%), which has an overall global case fatality rate for the pandemic of 0.069%.†‡
Please, please take public health warnings seriously--if not for yourself, then for your friends, family, the elderly, poor, disabled, healthcare workers, and essential workers. They need us all to follow public health recommends to stop the spread and reduce the strain on an already heavily burdened human ecosystem.
keep the faith and be safe.
- j. k.
dayton, ohio
† I calculated a crude case fatality rate (cfr) for my estimate using the simple formula of Confirmed deaths over Confirmed cases using WHO figures reported as of 25 April 2020, 20:00 GMT-4. (See also COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic data, COVID-19 Dashboard by the CSSE at Johns Hopkins University data)
‡ Although crude, my CFR estimate is sufficiently correlated (+/-.001%) to more in-depth analysis of empirical data metrics such as the COVID-19 projections [1] collaboration at The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), an independent global health research center at the University of Washington.[2] as well as model-based extrapolations like those published by The Lancet Infectious Diseases [3] (See, for example "Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis."[4]) that my remarks represent an accurate picture of the best available scientific data at the time I wrote this.
🎧 bread → if (with lyrics) ❥
C R E D I T S
. anatomy, makeup and hair .
lelutka » orgin line bento head-andrea 3.4
~tableau vivant~ » lelutka bento applier andrea 002
cdc » eyebrow 13 black (omega, tintable)
[ conviction ] » lucent eyes (omega)
[twc] » men do cry (omega) [tears only]
[mandala] » stretched_ears_season2 gold
stealthic » male hairbase (omega, faded)
volkstone » monier facial hair [#1/pack i]
[signature] » gianni body v5.0
~tableau vivant~ » signature body applier [tone 2]
. clothing .
:🇬🇧: » spring cardigan (gianni) [white] @tmd¹ //new//
. accessories .
toksik » anti-pollution mask [size 2]
[mandala] » okaki necklace (unisex)
. setup .
le poppycock » nothing more [pose]
lumipro » lumipro 18
adobe » ps cc 2020
. endnotes .
¹ the mens dept → apr.5 ‐ apr.30, 2020 ↪ teleport
copyright © 2020 truth wizardly. all rights reserved.
// sunday, april 26, 2020 1:15:30 am est
#properPPE
#stopthespread
#socialdistance
#physicaldistance
#shelterinplace
#staysafe
#playsafe
La Campiña es uno de los elementos más destacados del paisaje cordobés; zonas amplias de cultivos que han representado, a lo largo de los siglos, la mayor fuente de riqueza de la actividad económica de Córdoba. Sus tierras presentan formas suaves de lomas poco elevadas que los romanos denominaron Campania (campo o tierras a las afueras de la ciudad fácilmente cultivables) y los musulmanes Qampinya. Nuestra Campiña, como unidad geográfica con características particulares fue descrita por geógrafos musulmanes en sus estudios de al-Ándalus. Esta zona, al sur de Córdoba, en los límites con las provincias de Jaén, Granada, Málaga y Sevilla ha sido desde antiguo área y regada por los ríos Guadajoz, Cabra y Genil , alimentan al Guadalquivir. A unos 300 m de altitud media y un clima mediterráneo continental , ayudado por una tierra muy fértil , desconozco de que naturaleza es, hacen de esta zona una de las mejores tierras para cualquier cultivo, pudiendo sacar dos cosechas diferentes al año . Agarran todos los cereales , leguminosas , el girasol y se conforma con cuatro gotas de agua ...Si el año es bueno y se puede regar lo regable la cosecha ya es extraordinaria . Nombrar un pueblo seria ofender a un montón ...pero destacan los vinícolas y los de tierra calma ..mas los olivares . Su capacidad de producción de cereales siempre ha sido comparada a la muy tristemente nombrada hoy : Ucrania , el granero de Europa .
No podemos olvidar que por motivos, creo políticos, dejo de producir remolacha y algodón. Los trenes larguísimos con un montón de vagones, cargaban en las estaciones situadas estratégicamente y llevaban el producto a las fabricas, aquí quedaba la mano de obra obrera, .. azucareras , algodoneras estaban en otro lado .
Esto es lo empírico , lo innegable, pero hoy yo hablo de su belleza de la campiña ...Yo he hecho un modesto reportaje , pero desde un pueblo de la campiña hay fotógrafos a los cuales la campiña les debe mucho ..Son de Castro del Rio, pueblo de tradición fotográfica y son compañeros nuestros en el grupo " Fotografía y Literatura " Juan A. Bafalliu y Antonio Mármol , sin olvidar a Antonio Urbano , que también es compañero nuestro. Resumiendo una de las comarcas mas ricas de España ...Del aspecto social hablaremos otro día.
No podemos olvidar a los poetas y pongo una coplilla de Salvador Rueda , creo que malagueño, pero que me ha gustado siempre mucho:
Cuando estoy en mi aposento
con un fósforo señalo
la forma de un esqueleto.
La campiña cuando sales
se inunda de luz alegre,
y las hojas de las ramas
baten las palmas al verte.
La Campiña is one of the most outstanding elements of the Cordovan landscape; Large areas of crops that have represented, over the centuries, the greatest source of wealth for the economic activity of Córdoba. Its lands have gentle forms of low hills that the Romans called Campania (field or land on the outskirts of the city easily cultivated) and the Muslims called Qampinya. Our Countryside, as a geographical unit with particular characteristics, was described by Muslim geographers in their studies of al-Andalus. This area, south of Córdoba, on the border with the provinces of Jaén, Granada, Málaga and Seville, has been an area since ancient times and watered by the Guadajoz, Cabra and Genil rivers, which feed the Guadalquivir. At about 300 m of average altitude and a continental Mediterranean climate, helped by a very fertile land, I don't know what nature it is, make this area one of the best lands for any crop, being able to get two different crops a year. They take all the cereals, legumes, sunflowers and settle for four drops of water... If the year is good and you can irrigate what can be irrigated, the harvest is already extraordinary. To name a town would be to offend a lot ... but the wineries and those of calm land stand out ... plus the olive groves. Its cereal production capacity has always been compared to the very sadly named one today: Ukraine, the granary of Europe.
We cannot forget that for reasons, I think political, I stopped producing beet and cotton. The very long trains with a lot of wagons, loaded at the strategically located stations and took the product to the factories, here the labor force remained, ... sugar factories, cotton factories were elsewhere.
This is the empirical, the undeniable, but today I am talking about the beauty of the countryside...I have made a modest report, but from a town in the countryside there are photographers to whom the countryside owes a lot...They are from Castro del Rio, a town with a photographic tradition, and Juan A. Bafalliu and Antonio Mármol are our partners in the "Photography and Literature" group, without forgetting Antonio Urbano, who is also our partner. Summarizing one of the richest regions in Spain... We will talk about the social aspect another day.
We can't forget the poets and I'm putting on a couplet by Salvador Rueda, I think he's from Malaga, but I've always liked it a lot:
When I'm in my room
with a match I point
the shape of a skeleton.
The countryside when you go out
is flooded with joyful light,
and the leaves of the branches
They clap their hands when they see you.
Where does this bridge lead?
Will the bridge take us into the past or into the future?
What does it connect us to? Will we go back to times we have in our memories or are long forgotten? Or, conversely, will take us into the near or distant future?
It will remind us of wrongs that have disappeared from our memory, but which have changed our lives in a significant way. Childhood injustices reset by a merciful memory but affecting our soul and our future. Does our destiny shape the past or the future?
Is there such a thing as destiny?
Where does this bridge lead?
Will the bridge take us into the past or into the future?
tune: Dead Can Dance - Amnesia
Amnesia
Saw the demonstration
On remembrance day
Lest we forget the lesson
Enshrined in funeral clay
History is never written
By those who've lost
The defeated must bear witness to
Our collective memory loss
With every generation comes
Another memory lapse
See the demonstrations of
Failing to learn from our past
We live in the dreamtime
Nothing seems to last
Can you really plan a future
When you no longer have a past
Memories fall from the trees
Amnesia
Memories like autumn leaves
If we are subject to
Empirical minds
I wonder what lies beyond
Our memory's confines
If memory is the true
Sum of who we are
May your children know the truth
And shine like the brightest star
Memory, help me see
Amnesia
Memory, set me free
All my love and all my kisses
Sweet Mnemosyne
All my love and all my kisses
Sweet Mnemosyne
Sweet Mnemosyne
the base of the picture was taken: Ojuela, Overland Hills
flickr group: www.flickr.com/groups/ojuela/
Seems to be a few more Scarlett Skimmer this year, although I don't have any empirical data. Crocothemis servilia.
Bell X-2 liquid oxygen/alcohol rocket engine. Achieving manned flight over Mach 3. The pinnacle of LOX/Alcohol engine, similar to the V2 rockets of WWII. Most powerful engines built in their day, superseded by the LOX/Kerosine engines like the Apollo F1s, which remain the most powerful engines ever made.
Basically a nest of pipes and fuel pumps spraying alcohol and oxidiser into the combustion chamber. Not completely understood, their design phase involved a lot of exploding which was mitigated by baffles which were empirically conceived, no modelling available. Redesigning the engine would mean starting from scratch.
I’ve been to Neist Point on Skye several times now. I’m beginning to believe it always rains and the sun never shines in that location. It least that is what I’ve found based on empirical evidence. I’ve seen fog so dense you couldn’t see the lighthouse. I’ve seen clouds so low you couldn’t see the top of the stack. I’ve stood in downpours under an umbrella, sheltering the camera but not so much me, just to get a shot in the bag. I’ve also been there in winds so strong it nearly blew the van over. My sample set may be small but it is approaching double digits and invariable in the lack of available sunshine. Of course it may well be down to bad luck and even worse judgement but c’mon, enough already!
At least at the time I grabbed this shot the sky had yet to open and release the deluge that was to hit moments later. This was the first rainfall to hit Skye in weeks and it felt like the clouds had been saving it up for me to arrive. Ah well, next time perhaps.
The confusion of all nonhuman living creatures within the general and common category of the animal is not simply a sin against rigorous thinking, vigilance, lucidity, or empirical authority; it is also a crime. Not against animality precisely, but a crime of the first order against the animals, against animals.
Jacques Derrida
Antwerpen - Klapdorp
Copyright - All images are copyright © protected. All Rights Reserved. copying, altering, displaying or redistribution of any of these images without written permission from the artist is strictly prohibited.
Hey baby, quickly, take the measuring tape and the compass and come here! They caught the earthlings guilty of misrepresentation, Everest isn’t the tallest mountain anymore cuz of Earth’s funny shape, it was beaten by an anonymous Chimborazo, there, and we’ve started to strut about calling our love “the most”. They surely will check us out. It’s an unforgiving insult to the grey what we’ve done. Baby, set the measuring tape on the beginning of our words from last night and see how far they can be heard, leave the echo out, they’ll inspect it with Schrodinger, they don’t accept thermo detectors either for the temperature, we guide ourselves by how much our lips burn, i could use a retinae as a filter, i dunno if i can call that old german dude as a witness, after all each human truth is an unquestioned error, hey love, hurry up! A subpoena already showed up saying that we’re not even real, that we’ve invented ourselves only to justify this love so huge. Pinch yourself (it’s the most empirical and trusted way to know), surely there will be a red mark. If you exist…
Metallica - Turn the page
The love of money is the root of all evil. That is the fundamental truth that I have verified through 3 decades of empirical, investigative, legal, academic research trying to answer some fundamental questions about human existence and why we behave the way we do, why we think the way we do, why we act the way we do...It is the love of money that has the potential to exterminate- to render extinct- the entire human race.
Michael C. Ruppert
Teilhard illustrates this pattern with myriad examples from cosmic history and provides empirical evidence for the processes he calls Creative Union and Complexity-Consciousness: when two entities come together and unite, they form, without either losing its identity, an entity that is more complex, one that is capable of embodying greater consciousness.
-Teilhard's Struggle Embracing the Work of Evolution Kathleen Duffy, SSJ
It is the Not-I that is most of all the I in each one of us. But we are completely enslaved by the illusory I that is not I, and never can be I, except in a purely fictional and social sense. And of course there is yet one more convolution in this strange dialectic: there remains to suppress the apparent division between empirical self and real or inner self. There is no such division. There is only the Void which is I, covered over by an apparent I. And when the apparent I is seen to be void it no longer needs to be rejected, for it is I. How wonderful it is to be alive in such a world of craziness and simplicity . . . (1.31.65 HGL 627)
-The Hidden Ground of Love: The Letters of Thomas Merton on Religious Experience and Social Concerns
Henschiengården is a preserved cultural monument in Lillesand, and is today better known as Lillesand town hall. The first house we know of that stood where Lillesand Town Hall stands today was built in 1734 by Danish Christian Merchant. Shortly afterwards he moved from the city, and the house was taken over by Justice and War Commissioner Falck. Falck's nephew, Jens, lived for a while in the house and had children with a maid. The child was the later peasant rebel Kristian Lofthus.
In 1816 the house was rebuilt, then the property was owned by Niels Justnæs. In a drawing from 1824 the house has a gable in the middle of the facade. This was later removed, and the house was remodeled to fit the late-empirical style ideals.
Around 1850, the sheriff Henschien took over the house, and it was in that family's ownership until Lillesand municipality bought it for town hall in 1948. The house was ravaged by fire night until Saturday, August 14, 1976, but was restored and received in 1984 "Europa nostra" - the price of the result.
Henschiengården is protected.
Empirical data suggests that two of the strongest indicators of the success of a trip are the first train you shoot, and how many SD40 leaders you shoot. This was our first train, and first 40 leader. And it was a great trip, as Zach Kedge and Paul Springowski will attest to. We knew we were fortunate then, but now that the ONR is flooded with secondhand 70Ms, it's very freaking difficult to find a 40 out on the road, so I'm especially grateful.
Isamu Noguchi (1904-1988) was a Japanese-American sculptor.
From the website:
Isamu Noguchi’s ultimate conception of sculpture was the manipulation of three empirical abstractions: the relationships that connect objects, spaces, and people; the sense of environment those connections produce when more than the sum of their parts; and the scaling of human awareness to such imaginary landscapes.
In 1985, Noguchi opened The Isamu Noguchi Garden Museum (now known as The Noguchi Museum), in Long Island City, New York. The Museum, established and designed by the artist, marked the culmination of his commitment to public spaces. Located in a 1920s industrial building across the street from where the artist had established a studio in 1960, it has a serene outdoor sculpture garden, and many galleries that display Noguchi’s work, along with photographs, drawings, and models from his career. He also indicated that his studio in Mure, Japan, be preserved to inspire artists and scholars; a wish that was fulfilled with the opening of the Isamu Noguchi Garden Museum Japan in 1999.
"I am not anti-government, I am not anti-democracy. I would just like to have some!" - David Icke
Is perhaps one of my favourite quotes of recent times, especially as it was from David Icke who was talking to a Danish Court whom undemocratically had David banned, from 26 EU countries, because he was invited to talk, at a peace rally! Yes you read that right.
Albeit my views are empirical, but I have seen what happens in organisations when there exists no management, leadership or accountability, it becomes a riot very quickly. But as David's son, Gareth, recently said, we are split in society, one side wants rid of Government as is, the other side are somewhat, please Daddy Govern me harder.
I also refer you back to here... flic.kr/p/2jU38x8
Personally, I see hope on the horizon, people are awakening in their millions, the scamdemic was a failure, it awoke more people than it was designed to kill and the people are becoming more aware every day of the falsely created societal divisions. We will own something, our future, and we will be more than happy! Believe that Schwab boy!
And whilst we're on the subject, who do I support in regards to the Ukraine and Russia conflict? Neither, you think I support war?! By the way, how much has the Ukraine received from global donations since January 2022 through to May 2023? Oh, you know, about 150 Billion Euros.
Source: www.statista.com/statistics/1303432/total-bilateral-aid-t...
Yet Zelenksy's Army, still runs out of bullets and loses 60,000 personnel on the front line. So where did the money go, rumour has it, Al Qaeda, why do only young men (not families) from foreign countries arrive on your shores, well, who do you think is training them?
"In fact, if you push Zelensky on Sunak's shoulders, you still wouldn't even get a Napoleon." - George Galloway.
In regards to the photo, well, if Government(s) did what they promise every bloody election, the above image wouldn't exist, FACT! And no I will not be silenced by the lunatic left, who love fascism and the elimination of free speech. For those who are awakening, keep going, keep asking questions, do not fall for their lies and labels, welcome to the real world.
I hope everyone is well and so as always, thank you! :)
Theologians thought that they had to accept the agenda of an empirical philosophy and defend the existence of God in ways that would convince a scientific mentality. But frequently the image of God turned out to be some Big Zeus rather than the God of Christian revelation. This approach, which can still dominate aggressive television debates about religion, was ‘too wide’ for real wonder. Wide of the mark in fact. It defended faith but with one hand tied behind its back, in the sense that it lacked the courage to speak about the core of revelation or the depths of religious experience. It paid practically no attention to the human adventure of believing. We have to insist again and again that faith is so much bigger than any talk about the existence of God.
-Pierangelo Sequeri: horizons of trust, FAITH MAPS Ten religious explorers from Newman to Joseph Ratzinger Michael Paul Gallagher SJ
“One of the country's best-preserved empirical sites with historic gardens and associated English landscape park. The buildings from the 19th century have undergone a gentle restoration and today offer a vibrant historical environment ”En av landets bäst bevarade empireanläggningar med historiska trädgårdar och tillhörande engelsk landskapspark. Byggnaderna från 1800-talet har genomgått en varsam restaurering och erbjuder idag en levande historisk miljö
Cyanotype (Jacquard two part classic sensitizer) UV blocking test.
Dig neg with optimal UV-blocking colour empirically determined by calibration.
Very pleased with this, since Ware's one part sensitizer in my hands didn't yield that good contrast.
Untoned print on HPR.
The language of the Universe is mathematics. Victoria amazonica.
"The giant Amazonian water lily has long fascinated scientists, architects, and artists for its beauty and sheer size. Yet how the lily’s leaves are able to grow as large as 10 feet across, strong enough to support the weight of a small child, has remained a mystery—until now.
A team of British and French scientists studying the mechanics of those giant leaves have documented a network of branching, girder-like veins optimized for strength and structural support. Their research, published in February in Science Advances, could transform what Chris Thorogood, the deputy director of the Botanic Garden & Arboretum at the University of Oxford, calls “a big botanical enigma” into a guide that could inspire better engineering and design in buildings, particularly in floating structures.
“What we showed through our empirical experiments and mathematical modeling was that these leaves are uniquely strong and have rigid flexibility that enables them to grow really big,” says Thorogood, who was the senior author of the study."
www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/what-a-hug...
Waterily ponds at the Enid A. Haupt Conservatory, the New York Botanical Garden, the Bronx, NYC -- August 29, 2023
#abstract #square
_______________________________________________
Collective Individuality
is not a figment of the imagination, but has been proven empirically, through market assessments of marketing agencies in the US in the late 60s. The proof: the basis of their studies tailored to around twelve different types of young people marketing campaigns for industrial products were financially successful; which are considered non-conformist audiences proved to be good consumers when you knew how to give goods a non-conformist image.
What was true then, is still true today. Whether vegan, Antifanten, esoteric or Altlinke: in their Perönlichkeitsstruktur same members of the different scenes not only as peas in a pod, they can also easily for marketing campaigns clamp when it is understood, to make them believe by carefully chosen phrases, they realized their differentness in a misanthropic business model.
This type does not realize that this song is minted on him.
The 4,535-tonne weight of the Roman concrete dome is concentrated on a ring of voussoirs 9.1 metres in diameter that form the oculus, while the downward thrust of the dome is carried by eight barrel vaults in the 6.4-metre-thick drum wall into eight piers. The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres around the oculus. The materials used in the concrete of the dome also vary. At its thickest point, the aggregate is travertine, then terracotta tiles, then at the very top, tufa and pumice, both porous light stones. At the very top, where the dome would be at its weakest and vulnerable to collapse, the oculus lightens the load.
No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however, Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya, which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa. An empirical relationship gives a tensile strength of 1.47 MPa for this specimen. Finite element analysis of the structure by Mark and Hutchison found a maximum tensile stress of only 0.128 MPa at the point where the dome joins the raised outer wall.
The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense aggregate stones, such as small pots or pieces of pumice, in higher layers of the dome. Mark and Hutchison estimated that, if normal weight concrete had been used throughout, the stresses in the arch would have been some 80% greater. Hidden chambers engineered within the rotunda form a sophisticated structural system. This reduced the weight of the roof, as did the oculus eliminating the apex.
The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick relieving arches, visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork. The Pantheon is full of such devices – for example, there are relieving arches over the recesses inside – but all these arches were hidden by marble facing on the interior and possibly by stone revetment or stucco on the exterior.
The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres, so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube (or, a 43.3-m sphere could fit within the interior). These dimensions make more sense when expressed in ancient Roman units of measurement: The dome spans 150 Roman feet; the oculus is 30 Roman feet in diameter; the doorway is 40 Roman feet high. The Pantheon still holds the record for the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. It is also substantially larger than earlier domes. It is the only masonry dome to not require reinforcement. All other extant ancient domes were either designed with tie-rods, chains and banding or have been retrofitted with such devices to prevent collapse.
Though often drawn as a free-standing building, there was a building at its rear which abutted it. While this building helped buttress the rotunda, there was no interior passage from one to the other.