View allAll Photos Tagged Deterrent
Three iron baskets on the south side of the tower of St. Lambert's Church, which have become a tourist attraction and a landmark of the city of Münster, are popularly known as the "Anabaptist cages".
In medieval criminal justice, iron (or wooden) baskets were used in many places to display living delinquents or their corpses after execution. As well as having a deterrent effect, this public display also served to make the punishment more severe, as the body of the executed person was at least temporarily removed from burial.
Bollards lining the road in front of the Tucson International Airport.
As I said in a previous shot:
www.flickr.com/photos/189326381@N08/52444219979/in/datepo...
I had a nice long wait at the airport which gave me a chance to explore. Saw these guys and decided I liked the way they curved around so I took the shot.
It's sad that we have to have deterrents like this but that's our world today. Back in the 60s my Dad was a hardcore business flyer, leave Sunday afternoon and back home Friday night. I can still remember going to pick him up, my brother and I would race out onto the tarmac to meet him at the steps coming off the plane. Try that today and you'll have a come to Jesus meeting with my pal the Airport Cop!
The hallway of a long-abandoned hotel where a fire left its mark a few years ago. Despite the fire, or perhaps because of the deterrent effect of the fire traces, there were many interesting corners spared from vandalism waiting to be photographed.
Behind the beach it seems that a resident was trying to deter birds from visiting their garden with nails and string, but the deterrent has fallen into disuse. However the nails may serve to illustrate how tiny the ruddy ground-dove is -- at 16 cm, 2 cm shorter than a house sparrow (Passer domesticus). This bird is a male; the female has a brown head. The species breeds from Mexico to Argentina.
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Rosttäubchen Коричневая земляная горлица
This photograph was taken without any barriers between us. The mountain gorillas do not feel threatened by humans.The mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), about 700 in number, are one of the rarest and most endangered species in the world. The Virunga mountains or the Volcanic mountains, which encompass Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, are the home to these gorillas. Man had, in the past, encroached on their habitat, poached and killed many of them. However, nowadays, 'The International Gorilla Conservation' program has made significant contribution to their preservation. Many poachers have been retrained as guides and trackers, and this alternate employment has been a strong deterrent to poaching. The lush Virunga forest and its resplendent vegetation sustains the gorillas for now.
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... a comment on the mind boggling complexity and deterrent that ‘lawful development’ legislation poses for a small environmentally conscious domestic solar project which ticks all the right boxes for certification … ironic in this day and age!
I’ve always been partial to this pair of doors in Cerillos, New Mexico, along the road just before entering town. You see blue doors all over New Mexico. There seems to be many theories for this. Some say it’s to keep evil spirits out. Others say the color blue keeps insects away. And still others ascribe it to religious significance. And of course, there’s another theory: they are beautiful, especially when juxtaposed against adobe walls.
Here’s what Southwest Homes And Living says about the topic:
“Most New Mexico abuelas (grandmothers) would tell you that the color wards off evil spirits. But because this is an oral tradition, it probably has many local variants. Cordelia Snow, historic sites archaeologist with the New Mexico Historic Preservation Division, says blue doors and windows are found around the world in many cultures. “They are found throughout the area settled by the so-called Pennsylvania Dutch in the eastern United States, in Germany, and elsewhere in Europe,” she explains. Blue as well as other colored doors are also found in Morocco, an Islamic country with deep historical ties to Spain.
“Blue has long been associated with the Virgin Mary, and a common explanation is that the color invokes her protection of the home. “But one account I read said the color was a fly and pest deterrent,” Snow says. Likewise, the particular shade of greenish blue may have no special meaning. It could simply be that the color was widely available. Dark blue also is common, and you’ll see many window and door frames in red, green, and even yellow. But whether the tradition is about religion, pest control, or just artistry, it is an important element in Southwestern culture and style.”
This photo was taken with a LensBaby, a new toy, which created the blur effect. A texture was applied to create the vignette.
We all know what happened next. Don't for a moment think the brick on top of the dustbin was a deterrent to these vervet monkeys.
RawTherapee HaldCLUT Film Simulation: Colour - Fuji 160C 1-
Martello Tower at Balbriggan, North Dublin, Ireland
29 Martello towers and battery installations were constructed or partially constructed in the Greater Dublin Area between 1803 and 1808. The towers were intended to act as a deterrent against a foreign invasion by Napoleon and his French Armies as well as being used as general lookout posts.[ In later years, towers were also used as coast guard stations, lookout stations to prevent smuggling and as other general purpose military installations by various British and Irish defence forces.[wikipedia]
Flickr Explore 25th March 2022.
This is my 4th Flickr Explore in 2022 and Explore number 88 in total, since my first in March 2015.
No, the hills of Marin County, California.
Agriculture in Marin contributes over $49 million annually to the local economy, with milk production dominating at 55 percent. Of the over 7 million people who live in the greater Bay Area, only one to two percent have jobs in agriculture. Eighty percent of the jobs in agriculture occur off the farm.
Marin’s topography is one of rolling hills, coastal bluffs and
flat interior valleys separated by hills. While the hilly topography, prevalence of nonprime soils and lack of reliable
water supplies are deterrents to more intensive agriculture
like row crops, some areas in Marin that are rich in alluvial
soils support diverse vegetable and specialty crops.
Photoghraphed July 29, 2013.
Best viewed large.
I spent the last week in Ixtapa, Mexico. My birding guide was William Mertz and this fellow was found on Paseo de las Golondrinas, Ixtapa.
It is also known as the Mexican Cacique.
It is found only on the west coast of Mexico and the northern-most edge of Guatemala.
The caciques are passerine birds in the New World blackbird family, Icteridae, which are resident breeders in tropical South America north to Mexico. All of the group are in currently placed in the genus Cacicus, except the aberrant yellow-billed cacique, and the Mexican cacique which constitute respective monotypic genera.
The caciques are birds associated with woodland or forest. Most are colonial breeders, with several long, hanging, bag-shaped nests in a tree, each suspended from the end of a branch. Some species choose a tree that also contains an active wasp nest as a deterrent to predators (e.g. toucans), and females compete for the best sites near the protection of the wasp nest.
Caciques eat large insects and fruit. Most are gregarious and typically seen in small groups. They are very vocal, producing a wide range of songs, sometimes including mimicry.
Wikipedia.
Die Schwebfliegen (Syrphidae), auch Stehfliegen oder Schwirrfliegen genannt, sind eine Familie der Insektenordnung Zweiflügler (Diptera). Innerhalb dieser werden sie den Fliegen (Brachycera) zugeordnet.
Weltweit sind etwa 6000 Arten beschrieben, davon 1800 für die Paläarktis und 458 in Deutschland. Das auffälligste und namensgebende Merkmal ist ihre Fähigkeit, mit hoher Konstanz, auch bei bewegter Luft, fliegend auf einer Stelle zu verharren. Allerdings sind auch Vertreter einiger anderer Familien der Fliegen zu solchem Schwirrflug befähigt, zum Beispiel die meisten Arten der Wollschweber. Bekannt sind sehr viele an sich harmlose Schwebfliegenarten auch dafür, dass sie das Aussehen wehrhafter Hautflügler nachahmen, um abschreckend zu wirken.
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Hoverflies (Syrphidae), also known as hoverflies or buzzflies, are a family of the insect order Diptera. Within this, they are categorised as flies (Brachycera).
Around 6000 species have been described worldwide, 1800 of them in the Palaearctic and 458 in Germany. The most striking and eponymous characteristic is their ability to remain flying in one place with a high degree of constancy, even in moving air. However, representatives of some other families of flies are also capable of such buzzing flight, for example most species of woolly hoverflies. Many harmless hoverfly species are also known to mimic the appearance of defenceless hymenoptera in order to act as a deterrent.
This cat lives or lived next door to my friend Judith, in Saskatoon. I was house sitting a few winters ago when it came over for a visit while I was restocking the bird feeders. It didn't seem interested in birds, but we know that domestic cats are the number one predator of songbirds in North America. Judith's cat - a lumpen orange thing - is too fat, soft, slow, and lazy to prey on birds, and may have served as a deterrent. The feeders are all high and cat-proof, and I didn't see any casualties among the nuthatches and chickadees during my three week stay.
Pet ethics aside, I'm always looking for a photo op, and this nameless neighbourhood cat gave me one. I intentionally kept the processing high key for a winter feel. Those are snowflakes on its face and whiskers. It was really cold that winter.
One more black and white image to come...
Photographed in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Canada). Don't use this image on websites, blogs, or other media without explicit permission ©2017 James R. Page - all rights reserved.
This is a view looking south-west along the north bank of the River Thames at high tide. The buildings, mostly refurbished old warehouses, mostly face onto Wapping Wall (those in the foreground) or Wapping High Street (those in the distance) on their inland side.
The Prospect of Whitby public house is the second building in the foreground behind the modern block of flats. Three individuals in blue, white and black shirts are visible on the pub's riverside terrace. Below and to the left of them in the image is a noose hanging from a post in the river. Some say that this was placed to commemorate Judge Jeffreys, a notorious 17th century judge who sentenced many river criminals to death. His nickname was “The Hanging Judge” as he showed little mercy. Others say that it marks the spot of Execution Dock. However, this is all a bit of historic license.
Execution Dock was more commonly known as King Henry's Wharf or Gun Wharf and is associated with a cannon foundry making guns for Henry VIII's navy. It later became the site for hanging marine criminals, sailors and pirates on the orders of the British Admiralty. That wharf is actually visible in the photo - it protrudes into the river on the very far left of shot some 575m beyond the pub, beyond all those gentrified warehouses.
I suspect Judge Jeffreys, or any other spectators on the pub's terrace, would have struggled to see anything of the wharf at the time of an execution, if only for all the activity in the warehouses and ships in between them...
The most famous death at the wharf was probably that of the infamous pirate, Captain Kidd, who was hanged at the dock in 1701. For maximum deterrent effect, the executions were usually carried out at low tide and three high tides were allowed to wash over the corpse before it was cut down and buried. The last such execution took place there as recently as 1830.
Wapping Beach would extend some 30m or so from the foot of the shoreline right into the distance at low tide.
An improved version of an earlier image.
=>Please click on the photo to see it at maximum size<=
The American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory bird of the true thrush genus and Turdidae, the wider thrush family. It is named after the European robin because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European robin belonging to the Old World flycatcher family. The American robin is widely distributed throughout North America, wintering from southern Canada to central Mexico and along the Pacific coast.
According to the Partners in Flight database (2019), the American robin is the most abundant landbird in North America (with 370 million individuals), ahead of red-winged blackbirds, introduced European starlings, mourning doves and house finches. It has seven subspecies.
The species is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night. Its diet consists of invertebrates (such as beetle grubs, earthworms, and caterpillars), fruits, and berries. It is one of the earliest bird species to lay its eggs, beginning to breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range. The robin's nest consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers, and is smeared with mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials. It is among the earliest birds to sing at dawn, and its song consists of several discrete units that are repeated.
The adult's main predator is the domestic cat; other predators include hawks and snakes. When feeding in flocks, it can be vigilant, watching other birds for reactions to predators. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) lay their eggs in robin nests (see brood parasite), but the robins usually reject the egg.
Diet
The diet generally consists of around 40 percent small invertebrates (mainly insects), such as earthworms, beetle grubs, caterpillars, and grasshoppers, and 60 percent wild and cultivated fruits and berries. Their ability to switch to berries allows them to winter much farther north than most other North American thrushes. They will flock to fermented Pyracantha berries, and after eating sufficient quantities will exhibit intoxicated behavior, such as falling over while walking. Robins forage primarily on the ground for soft-bodied invertebrates, and find worms by sight (and sometimes by hearing), pouncing on them and then pulling them up. Nestlings are fed mainly on earthworms and other soft-bodied animal prey. In some areas, robins, particularly of the northwestern subspecies (T. m. caurinus), will feed on beaches, taking insects and small mollusks.[11] American robins are common pests of fruit orchards in North America.[29] Due to their insectivorous and frugivorous diet they have evolved to lose sucrase. Sucrose is unpalatable to them and can be used by humans as a deterrent.
The species uses auditory, visual, olfactory and possibly vibrotactile cues to find prey, but vision is the predominant mode of prey detection. It is frequently seen running across lawns picking up earthworms, and its running and stopping behavior is a distinguishing characteristic. In addition to hunting visually, it also has the ability to hunt by hearing. Experiments have shown that it can find earthworms underground by simply using its listening skills.[28]: 149 It typically will take several short hops and then cock its head left, right or forward to detect movement of its prey. In urban areas, robins will gather in numbers soon after lawns are mowed or where sprinklers are in use.
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We made the most of our paddle opportunities this month despite the weather that, for the most part, wasn't great for canoeing. It proved to be mostly dull, grey, dreary conditions typical of November. Cold is not the deterrent, wind and waves are. Hopefully with some snow and ice (and sun) we'll have visually more pleasing views.
Found a used Jeep for the kid - heading out this morning to pick it up.
She's tried to drive my stick-shift, but I'm afraid that my white-knuckle grip and foot stomping on some imaginary brake has been a deterrent for her. Got a good deal on a used Cherokee, so this way she'll be able to continue her driver's training on an automatic and hopefully get her license sometime this winter.
I'm secretly thrilled to have another Jeep. I have it in my head that somehow it will make my gardening all that much easier. Hah - I think it will make the trips to the Garden Center all that much easier!
Happy weekend everyone!
The last remaining airworthy Avro Vulcan XH558 in one of her final flights before being grounded later this year. Sadly it will not be possible to see this iconic aeroplane performing at air displays from 2016, owing to withdrawal of support by three of the aerospace companies currently contracted to provide spares and specialist service. Such a pity after the 'Vulcan to the Sky' voluntary project raised sufficient funds to return the aircraft to airworthiness and sustain it well beyond next year. I was lucky enough to see this air display at Church Fenton a few weeks ago.
Think I'll be busy making jam this weekend!
Have a great long weekend guys. : )
I have a massive crop of these tasty chaps growing along my back wall. The perfect burglar deterrent, with added yumminess! : )
For the last few days we have had a large gathering of well over 50 young starlings sitting very noisily in a tree in our garden, regularly being fed by parents flying in from all directions. It seemed like they were gathering together in one place, a new flock. A nursery.
One of our neighbours has a severe dislike of any living thing or anything that dares to shit and regularly came out to clap his hands to scare them away. Not only did they get used to it, and to our delight started to ignore him, but we also sneaked down the garden regularly to put food out for them.
But today there is no sign of them. And we are wondering whether, that having fledged, they have all gathered over a few days and now flown off to join a bigger flock....or has the neighbour bought some hi-tech bird deterrent? He's already put spikey things along all the fence tops, and edges of the house roof, removed every living thing and tarmacked over the lot, sealed his windows and dusted the outside window sills and drain pipes, and bleached his driveway. Even the inside of their garage is carpeted.
I photographed this starling that was displaying his dislike for him
A heavily cropped shot.
Walking back to Rhyd Du the starting place of our hike meant that we had to walk through remote farming territory. I am sure that the farmer has no cause for concern but his collie dog made sure that the quad bike remained safe and well guarded.
hardened bomb proof shelters where cruise missiles were stored during the cold war
taken during the walk around Greenham Common to celebrate the 500th edition of the photowalk podcast , with Neale James,Mali Davies, and Giles Penfound, with friends of the show in attendance .
It seems that someone has breached security and is about to enter, let's hope I don't have to resort to my laser and that this simple bat with a rusty chain will be enough as a deterrent.
In recent times the incidents reported on ivory poaching in various games parks through out Africa have increased alot and this has put the gentle giants,the Elephants,coming very close to be classified as an endangered species.Although poaching of elephants is a very serious menace to the survival of the species, lets hope that the new Wildlife Act which has just been enacted by the Kenyan Parliament acts as a deterrent to the poachers. .
Lets pray and hope that our future generations get to see and enjoy the lovely sights we get to see in our National Parks.
This head shot was captured during my recent visit to Masai Mara,Sept 2017, driving away from Keekorok Lodge saw this young elephant peacefully grazing.....what a pleasing sight to see the beautiful tusks on the animal instead of some shops in the Far East......
Please left click with your mouse to appreciate the photograph at full resolution.
Fort York is a 43-acre national historic site located in the heart of downtown Toronto. Referred to as Toronto’s founding landscape, Fort York National Historic Site is also a Heritage Conservation District, a registered archaeological site, and home to Canada’s largest collection of original War of 1812 buildings.
As a cornerstone that has witnessed over 200 years of change that saw the Town of York evolve into one of the most multicultural and liveable cities in the world, Fort York also reveals Toronto’s topographic history, industrial development and rail history. The Fort was built as a defence against invasion, became the focus of a significant battle during the War of 1812, and acted as a deterrent against both internal and external threats. www.toronto.ca/explore-enjoy/history-art-culture/museums/...
So what's with the tail? Motmots often move their tail back and forth in a wag-display. They do this when they detect predators with an intent to communicate that the motmot is aware of the predator and is prepared to escape. It is a form of interspecific pursuit-deterrent signal. The display prevents the motmot from wasting time and energy fleeing, while the predator avoids a costly pursuit that is unlikely to result in capture. (Ref: fatbirder.com)
Die Burg Grimmenstein ist eine abschreckende Hangburg hoch über dem Pittental, die im 12. Jahrhundert am Osthang des Kulmriegels auf etwa 660 m Seehöhe als Ersatz für die gleichnamige Burg am Gipfel des Kulmriegels erbaut wurde. Die Burg am Gipfel, des Kulmriegels, fälschlich oft als Burg Hochgrimmenstein bezeichnet, hatte schwerwiegende Bewohnbarkeitsmängel (Kälte durch Wind, zu wenig Wasserspeichermöglichkeit, ...) und wurde daher dem Verfall preisgegeben, sodaß heute nur noch einige Mauerreste und eine Ruine des Bergfrieds existieren. Obwohl es sich in der hier gezeigten Hangburg deutlich komfortabler wohnen ließ, wurde auch sie (wenn auch erst Jahrhunderte später) dem Verfall preisgegeben und erst seit den 1960er Jahren renoviert. Doch seit dem letzten Jahrzehnt wird sie durch den neuen Eigentümer auch wieder bewohnt.
Grimmenstein Castle is a deterrent hillside castle high above the Pitten valley, built in the 12th century on the eastern slope of the mountain Kulmriegel at about 660 m above sea level to replace the castle of the same name on the summit of the Kulmriegel. The castle at the summit of the Kulmriegel, often wrongly called High Grimmenstein Castle, was seriously uninhabitable (cold due to wind, insufficient water storage, ...) and was therefore left to decay, so that today only a few remains of the walls and a ruin of the castle keep exist. Although it was much more comfortable to live in the hillside castle shown here, it too was abandoned to decay (albeit a few centuries later) and has been renovated not before the 1960s. But since the last decade, it has been inhabited again by the new owner.
Eva: Dave, I was thinking about the foxes.
Dave: The smallish canines with red and white colouring?
Eva: Exactly.
Dave: What are you thinking.
Eva: Well, there is sone overlap with my appearance. So maybe I could be part of the solution.
Dave: How's that?
Eva: I cold let people feed me and appreciate me. That way they won't be tempted to feed the foxes and I would have a belly full of treats.
Dave: I should have seen that coming.
Eva: Yes, you should have, You also should have brought more treats. But, we can fix your failures by going home and throwing a sausage on the grill for me so I can practice for my role as "substitute fox willing to be appreciated and fed"
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I love living in a small enough city that we get to see foxes and other wildlife in the city. Eva on the other-hand just wants walkies and treats.
Boulevard Arago. I am amazed how unobservant I can be. This is La Santé Prison, built in 1867. I pass it almost daily. I knew that they were doing some work there, adding new entrances. But, the other day when I passed it, I said to myself, “Something is not right.” I realized that they are tearing down the whole interior. From the street one would see the top two floors of the prison and now they are gone. You can still see parts that are still standing. I always found this structure quite ominous and I would think seeing it would be a good deterrent from doing something that would put you inside. I am curious what will replace it.
Harris hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) performing a seagull deterrent service on the roof and ledges of the Victoria Hotel in Sidmouth, Devon. Beautiful bird of pray - one of three bought to the site for the work. It gets a reward each time landing on the roof and then coming back to the " bird technician" in the way of a small piece of raw chicken.
Thanks to Martin Cattell who agreed to me taking photographs. He runs South West Bird Control organisation.
It flew quite fast and with a challenging background was tricky to photograph however my Nikon Z9 did a good job of locking on to the subject. This was taken from a viewpoint on the second floor looking down on the activity on the putting green in front of the hotel.
Image info :- Nikon Z9 with Nikon 100 - 400mm zoom @ 400mm focal length, aperture f/5.6, shutter 1/3200th second, camera set to eye - bird recognition for focusing. Processed in Lightroom.
Since the Neighbours cat killed their first fledglings the female has been quite shy she finally seems to be settling down again. I think they have now renested in another neighbours garden. I have set a sonic deterrent in our garden to hopefully prevent another cat attack
HMS Vanguard is shown heading from Loch Long to her 'home' at the Royal Navy (RN) submarine base at Faslane, on Gare Loch. This was following an apparent 204 day deterrence patrol in the North Atlantic.
When HMS Vanguard entered UK waters and surfaced prior to coming up the Clyde, the head of the RN, Admiral Sir Ben Key, the UK prime minister, Keir Starmer, and the UK defence secretary, John Healey, boarded the vessel for a first visit by a serving prime minister to a nuclear submarine since 2013. By the time I took the above, Starmer and Healey had left Vanguard via the SD Omagh.
Vanguard-class boats were originally intended to patrol for no longer than 90 days at a time. However, with one of the four undergoing an extended and over-scheduled refit, ensuring the UK's nuclear deterrence is maintained by having at least one of these at sea at all times means patrols must be longer than planned. Political indecision resulting in delays in the design and building of the replacement Dreadnought-class of ballistic missile submarines will probably result in patrols being even longer in the coming years.
Britain’s first iron-hulled, armoured battleship.
Launched in 1860, at a time of empire and Britain’s dominance in trade and industry, Warrior was the pride of Queen Victoria’s fleet.
Powered by steam and sail, she was the largest, fastest and most powerful warship of her day and had a lasting influence on naval architecture and design. Work and life on board reflected both the changes the Royal Navy experienced as it evolved into a professional service and shifts in Victorian society.
Built to counter the latest French battleship, Warrior was, in her time, the ultimate deterrent. Yet by igniting a new era in naval technology, she soon became outdated. After 22 years’ service, Warrior’s hull was to be used as a depot, floating school and an oil jetty.
Painstakingly restored in Hartlepool and back home in Portsmouth since 1987, Warrior is a unique survivor of the once formidable Victorian Black Battlefleet and now serves as a museum ship, visitor attraction, popular private hire venue www.hmswarrior.org/
The Vulcan Bomber XM655 taken at night during a recent photoshoot at Wellesbourne airfield in the UK. Avro Vulcan XM655 was third from last of the Vulcan bombers produced for the Royal Air Force, being delivered in late 1964, and was part of the UK's nuclear deterrent force throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
This is the only ground running Vulcan left that has the most powerful of the engine variants (Bristol Olympus 301s)
It is now owned by Wellesbourne Airfield, and is looked after by 655 Maintenance and Preservation Society (655MaPS) which is a volunteer organisation of Vulcan enthusiasts.
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Red cheeks rough from the winter indicate no access to cold creams. It's a rough, tough life that the people in Rangdum - a
tiny hamlet in the middle of nowhere on the way to Zanskar valley - live.Not that this is a deterrent for the kids here to have a life full of play and happiness!Read full story on Kids of the hills.
I have a dash camera, front and back and this sticker on the back of my car to deter tailgating, it really works ;)) btw.. spot the mistake? Your - You're they were all the same.
This wonderful wrought Iron poker is as old as our house and not only serves as the best fire poker but also as a deterrent for would be intruders......'.have poker can wield it 'Crazily'
Wrought iron is composed primarily of elemental iron with small amounts (1–2 percent) of added slag (the by-product of iron ore smelting, generally consisting of a mixture of silicon, sulfur, phosphorous, and aluminum oxides). Wrought iron is made by repeatedly heating the material and working it with tools to deform it.
Wrought iron is highly malleable, allowing it to be heated, and re-heated, and worked into various shapes—wrought iron grows stronger the more it’s worked and is characterized by its fibrous appearance. Wrought iron contains less carbon than cast iron, making it softer and more ductile. It is also highly resistant to fatigue; if large amounts of pressure are applied, it will undergo a large amount of deformation before failing.
The term “wrought iron” is often misused today; it is commonly used to describe designs similar to historical wrought iron pieces—regardless of the metal used. Mild steel that has been machine-bent into shape in a cold state or cast steel and iron pieces that have been painted black are both regularly mislabeled as wrought iron work. To be truly designated as wrought iron, however, a metal piece must be forged by a blacksmith who heats it and hammers it into shape.
Wrought iron was used as early as 2000 BC in the Anatolian peninsula (now Turkey), and it was widely used in construction throughout the 19th century. Advancements in metallurgy in the 20th century, however, have made it easier and less expensive to machine-form and weld metal parts. The comparatively expensive and time-consuming nature of blacksmithing led to the end of its large scale commercial practice in the mid-1970s. This means that most true wrought-iron pieces today are either antiques or specialty pieces that have been smithed by local artisans.
tiny but colourful.
Ladybird Beetles are also known as Ladybugs and Lady Beetles.
Most Ladybird Beetles are brightly colored. This is a warning signal to tell the predator that the ladybirds are distasteful and toxic. When disturbed some ladybirds may emit a strong smelling yellow liquid as a deterrent against predators. Brisbane Insects.
If you search the internet for owl bird deterrents you'll see lots of things like this for sale, claiming they are effective deterrents against all manner of birds including "seagulls". Someone had installed several on a flat roof on Scilly to deter Herring Gulls from perching but I'm not sure they are as effective as the adverts claim. I love the "You and who's army?" look on the Herring Gull's face, and the fact that it chose to settle right next to the deterrent.
The only historic ship viewable from the shore. Launched in 1860, HMS Warrior was Britain’s first iron-hulled, steam-powered warship—a marvel of Victorian engineering. Faster and more heavily armed than any predecessor, she never saw battle but served as a powerful deterrent. Now restored, she resides in Portsmouth as a museum ship, symbolizing naval innovation and imperial might.
Launched in 1860, at a time of empire and Britain’s dominance in trade and industry, Warrior was the pride of Queen Victoria’s fleet.
Powered by steam and sail, she was the largest, fastest and most powerful warship of her day and had a lasting influence on naval architecture and design. Work and life on board reflected both the changes the Royal Navy experienced as it evolved into a professional service and shifts in Victorian society.
Built to counter the latest French battleship, Warrior was, in her time, the ultimate deterrent. Yet by igniting a new era in naval technology, she soon became outdated. After 22 years’ service, Warrior’s hull was to be used as a depot, floating school and an oil jetty.
Painstakingly restored in Hartlepool and back home in Portsmouth since 1987, Warrior is a unique survivor of the once formidable Victorian Black Battlefleet and now serves as a museum ship, visitor attraction, popular private hire venue and more.
The larvae of tortoise beetles don't just excrete waste and leave it behind. Instead, they use a specialized structure to collect and hold their faeces (and shed exoskeleton) to make a unique defense mechanism: a "fecal shield" which they carry on their backs.
This shield appears to be a physical and chemical deterrent to predators.
Wet Leg - Piece Of Shit
The Moine is a vast area of heather moor and peat moss which from ancient times has been a deterrent to transport and trade.
Travelling from Loch Eriboll, one had to cross 14 miles of this morass, then make the choice of risking life on the ferry across the Kyle, or slogging another 9 miles overland via Kinloch to reach Tongue Village..
The first good road across The Moine was built in 1830, and Moine House was erected as a half-way stop. Despite the grand name, an ordinary, good-sized cottage is found, which had two rooms downstairs, plus a loft. There is a box-like porch at the front, perhaps added later. Moine House was built facing south, on the edge of the old road. Nowadays the modern road skirts the house on the north side.
The house has lain empty for many years although it still had a roof in 1987. More recently some conservation work has been done to preserve the shell of the building.
Die Burg Grimmenstein ist eine abschreckende Hangburg hoch über dem Pittental, die im 12. Jahrhundert am Osthang des Kulmriegels auf etwa 660 m Seehöhe als Ersatz für die gleichnamige Burg am Gipfel des Kulmriegels erbaut wurde. Die Burg am Gipfel des Kulmriegels, fälschlich oft als Burg Hochgrimmenstein bezeichnet, hatte schwerwiegende Bewohnbarkeitsmängel (Kälte durch Wind, zu wenig Wasserspeichermöglichkeit, ...) und wurde daher dem Verfall preisgegeben, sodaß heute nur noch einige Mauerreste und eine Ruine des Burgfrieds existieren. Obwohl es sich in der hier gezeigten Hangburg deutlich komfortabler wohnen ließ, wurde auch sie (wenn auch erst Jahrhunderte später) dem Verfall preisgegeben und erst seit den 1960er Jahren renoviert. Doch seit dem letzten Jahrzehnt wird sie durch den neuen Eigentümer auch wieder bewohnt.
Grimmenstein Castle is a deterrent hillside castle high above the Pitten valley, built in the 12th century on the eastern slope of the mountain Kulmriegel at about 660 m above sea level to replace the castle of the same name on the summit of the Kulmriegel. The castle at the summit of the Kulmriegel, often wrongly called High Grimmenstein Castle, was seriously uninhabitable (cold due to wind, insufficient water storage, ...) and was therefore left to decay, so that today only a few remains of the walls and a ruin of the castle keep exist. Although it was much more comfortable to live in the hillside castle shown here, it too was abandoned to decay (albeit a few centuries later) and has been renovated not before the 1960s. But since the last decade, it has been inhabited again by the new owner.
Vulcan B.2 preserved.
Avro Vulcan
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Avro Vulcan
A Royal Air Force Vulcan B.2 in flight.
Type Strategic bomber
Manufacturer Avro
Designed by Roy Chadwick
Maiden flight 1952-08-31
Introduced 1956
Retired March 1984
Status 21 on display in museums
Primary user Royal Air Force
Produced 1956-1965
Number built 134
The Avro Vulcan was a British delta-wing subsonic bomber, operated by the Royal Air Force from 1953 until 1984. The Vulcan was part of the RAF's V bomber force, which fulfilled the role of nuclear deterrence against the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
Contents
[show]
* 1 Design and prototypes
* 2 Operational aircraft
* 3 Nuclear deterrent
* 4 Conventional role
* 5 Aerial refuelling role
* 6 Restoration to flight
* 7 Trivia
* 8 Operators
* 9 Specifications (Vulcan B.2)
* 10 In popular culture
* 11 References
* 12 External links
* 13 Related content
[edit]
Design and prototypes
Design work began at A. V. Roe in 1947 under Roy Chadwick. The Ministry of Defence specification required a bomber with a top speed of 500 knots (930 km/h), an operating ceiling of 50,000 ft (15,000 m), a range of 3,000 nautical miles (5500 km) and a bomb load of 10,000 lb (4500 kg). Design work also began at Vickers and Handley Page, and all three designs were approved — the Valiant, the Victor, and the Vulcan.
As the delta wing was an unknown quantity Avro began scale prototype testing in 1948 with the single-seater Type 707, and despite the crash of the first prototype on 30 September 1949 work continued. The first full-scale prototype aircraft, the Type 698, made its maiden flight (after its designer had died) on 31 August 1952. The Vulcan name was not chosen until 1953.
Operational aircraft
In September 1956 the RAF received its first Vulcan B.1, XA897, which immediately went on a fly-the-flag mission to New Zealand. On 1 October, while approaching London Airport to complete the tour, XA897 crashed short of the runway in bad weather conditions. The second Vulcan was not delivered until 1957, and the delivery rate picked up from then. The B.2 variant was first tested in 1957 and entered service in 1960. It had a larger wing and better performance than the B.1 and had a distinctive kink in its delta wing to reduce turbulence. In all 134 Vulcans were produced (45 B.1 and 89 B.2), the last being delivered to the RAF in January 1965. The last military-operational Vulcan squadron was disbanded in March 1984.
On 14 October 1975 Vulcan B.2 XM645 of No.9 Squadron RAF Waddington lost its right undercarriage when it attempted to land at Luqa airport in Malta. The pilot decided to do a circuit to crash land on runway 24 after it was covered with fire prevention foam. As the aircraft was turning inbound for the landing, it broke up in mid-air over the village of Zabbar, killing 5 of its 7 crew members. Large pieces of the aircraft fell on the village, but with very low casualties — one woman (Vincenza Zammit, 48), who was shopping in a street was hit by an electric cable and was killed instantly, and some 20 others were injured slightly. Only the pilot and co-pilot escaped, using their ejector seats.[1]
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Nuclear deterrent
Royal Air Force Avro 698 Vulcan B.1
Enlarge
Royal Air Force Avro 698 Vulcan B.1
As part of Britain's independent nuclear deterrent the Vulcan initially carried Britain's first nuclear weapon, the Blue Danube gravity bomb. Blue Danube was a low-kiloton yield fission bomb designed before the United States detonated the first hydrogen bomb. The British then embarked on their own hydrogen bomb programme, and to bridge the gap until these were ready the V-bombers were equipped with an Interim Megaton Weapon based on the Blue Danube casing and Green Grass, a large pure-fission warhead of 400 kT yield. This bomb was known as Violet Club. Only five were deployed before a better weapon was introduced as Yellow Sun Mk.1. A later model, Yellow Sun Mk.2 was fitted with Red Snow, a British-built variant of the U.S. Mk-28 warhead, and Yellow Sun Mk.2 was the first British thermonuclear weapon to be deployed, on both the Vulcan and Victor. All three V-bombers also carried U.S. thermonuclear bombs assigned to NATO under the dual-key arrangements. Red Beard (a smaller, lighter low-kiloton yield) bomb was pre-positioned in Cyprus and Singapore for use by Vulcan and Victor bombers, and from 1962 26 Vulcan B.2As and the Victor bombers were armed with the Blue Steel missile, a rocket-powered stand-off bomb, which was also armed with the 1.1 megaton yield Red Snow warhead. When the Skybolt ALBM was cancelled and Blue Steel retired, the Vulcan bombers adopted a high-low-high mission profile using a rapidly introduced parachute-retarded laydown bomb, WE.177B. This weapon WE.177 extended the life of the Vulcan in a strategic role until the British Polaris submarines were operational. WE.177B continued in use on the Vulcan in a low-level tactical strike role in support of European NATO ground forces, and outlived the Vulcan bombers, being used also on Tornado and other low-level strike aircraft until retirement in 1998.
Conventional role
Avro Vulcan from Operation Black Buck at East Fortune, 2002, showing mission markings.
Enlarge
Avro Vulcan from Operation Black Buck at East Fortune, 2002, showing mission markings.
Although the primary weapon for the Vulcan was nuclear, Vulcans could carry up to 21 x 1000 lb (454 kg) bombs in a secondary role. The only combat missions involving the Vulcan took place in the 1982 Falklands War with Argentina, when a number of Vulcans flew the 3,380 nautical miles (6300 km) from Ascension Island to Stanley to bomb the occupied airfield there with conventional bombs in Operation Black Buck. By this date the number of Victor aircraft available for air-to-air refueling was extremely limited, so some Vulcan aircraft were adapted in 50 days to fulfil that role. Five Vulcans were selected for the operation: their bomb bays were modified, the fuel systems replaced and the electronics updated. The first bombing mission was on April 30–May 1, 1982 and there were five further bombing missions. At the time these missions held the record for the world's longest distance raids. While only one 1000 lb bomb hit Stanley's runway, the raid demonstrated the willingness and ability of the British to attack the Argentine defences.
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Aerial refuelling role
After the end of the Falklands War, the Vulcan was due to be withdrawn from RAF service. However, the disbandment of 57 Squadron and delays in the operational availability of the Tristar left a gap in the RAF's air to air refuelling capability. As an interim measure six Vulcan B.2s were converted into AAR tankers and commissioned into service with 50 Squadron from 1982 to 1984.
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Restoration to flight
A team of volunteers and specialists called the "Vulcan 558 Club" (Formally "Vulcan To The Sky Club") are working to return Vulcan XH558 to flight; they are hoping to have the plane ready for a test flight in early 2007. Though the website carried an announcement on 1 August 2006 that the project was in imminent danger of being abandoned due to lack of finance [2], the target of raising the remaining £1.2m was achieved on 31 August, thanks to a high-profile publicity campaign. Time had almost run out for XH558 when Sir Jack Hayward, a British philanthropist, donated £500,000. It is now hoped that the aircraft will be ready in time for the 25th anniversary of the Falklands conflict in 2007. [3]
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Trivia
* The Vulcan was the first jet-powered bomber to use delta wings.
* Wing Commander Roly Falk demonstrated the aircraft's high performance in the second production Vulcan, XA890, by performing a barrel-roll immediately after takeoff at the 1955 Farnborough Air Show.
* A Vulcan was used as a test-bed for the Concorde engine, the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus and the Rolls-Royce Conway turbofan.
* Although the Vulcan had a crew of up to seven, only the pilot and co-pilot were provided with ejector seats. This feature of the Vulcan has been the basis of significant criticism; there were instances of the pilot and co-pilot ejecting in an emergency leaving their colleagues to face death. The navigator and electronics operator could only escape by tilting their seats and climbing out of the cockpit after the pilots had ejected. Their parachutes were opened automatically (by static line). This method of escape was practised regularly, and successfully put into action on more than one occasion, with all crew members surviving, but relied on the absence of g-forces which in other cases made it impossible.
* The wing tip of a Vulcan made contact with the runway during a New Zealand airshow. It landed safely, but with severe damage to one main undercarriage. There was a long delay while it was decided whether to scrap it, ship it back by sea, or repair it in situ. In the end,the aircraft was repaired by the RNZAF - who hopefully applied kiwi roundels. A display at the Ohakea branch of the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum includes honeycombed skin from the damaged aircraft.
* Testing the brakes of the Vulcan included strapping the company photographer Paul Culerne to the front landing gear with the aircraft moving at full landing speed and photographing the brakes in operation. [4]
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Operators
* United Kingdom
o Royal Air Force
+ No. 9 Squadron RAF
+ No. 12 Squadron RAF
+ No. 27 Squadron RAF
+ No. 35 Squadron RAF
+ No. 44 Squadron RAF
+ No. 50 Squafron RAF
+ No. 83 Squadron RAF
+ No. 101 Squaron RAF
+ No. 617 Squadron RAF
+ No. 230 Operational Conversion Unit
[edit]
Specifications (Vulcan B.2)
Ventral view of Avro Vulcan B.2 (XH558)
Enlarge
Ventral view of Avro Vulcan B.2 (XH558)
eneral characteristics
* Crew: 5: Pilot, Co-Pilot, Navigator Plotter, Navigator Radar and Air Electronics Officer (two extra seats could be fitted for Crew Chiefs if required, for a total of 7 crew)
* Length: 99 ft 11 in (30.45 m)
* Wingspan: 111 ft 0 in (33.83 m)
* Height: 27 ft 2 in (8.28 m)
* Wing area: 3,965 ft² (368.4 m²)
* Empty weight: 80,000 lb (36 000 kg)
* Loaded weight: 199,585 lb (90 530 kg)
* Useful load: 21,000 lb (9550 kg)
* Max takeoff weight: 204,000 lb (92 500 kg)
* Powerplant: 4× Bristol-Siddeley Olympus 301 turbojets, 20,000 lbf (89 kN) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 560 knots (645 mph, 1040 km/h)
* Cruise speed: 540 knots (625 mph, 1005 km/h)
* Range: 2,000 nm (2,300 mi, 3700 km)
* Service ceiling: 62,300 ft (19 000 m)
* Wing loading: 50 lb/ft² (246 kg/m²)
* Thrust/weight: 0.88
Armament
* Missiles:
o 1× Blue Steel stand-off missile armed with a thermonuclear warhead
o 2× AGM-45 Shrike anti-radiation missiles
* Bombs:
o 1× Yellow Sun Mk.2 nuclear bomb armed with a thermonuclear warhead or
o 21× 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs
For an explanation of the units and abbreviations in this list, please see aviation-related units.
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In popular culture
* The Vulcan bomber was featured in the 1965 James Bond movie Thunderball. Agents of SPECTRE hijacked a Vulcan bomber in order to use its two nuclear bombs for a ransom plot against the US and Britain.
* The spaceship HMS Camden Lock in the BBC2 comedy series Hyperdrive bears the serial number XH558.