The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) technicians contact and work with state, local partners, and residents to survey and help stop the spread of the spotted lanternfly, a destructive insect that feeds on a wide range of fruit, ornamental, and hardwood trees, including grapes, apples, walnut, and oak; a serious threat to the United States' agriculture and natural resources, such as here in Elverson, Pennsylvania, on August 29, 2018. Quick reference pest identification cards and door hangers are left to inform people and residents. If they agree to a survey of thier outdoor property, a permission form is signed. In this deeply wooded area, hundreds of SLF from each Tree of Heaven seen here are expelling a drizzle of sticky excrement down onto this homeowner’s lawn, ornamental plants, garden ornaments and outdoor fire pit sitting area, blackening the surface and promoting the growth of mold. To prevent entry and transportation to other areas the residents keep the windows and doors of vehicles and structures closed.

The pest damages plants as it sucks sap from branches, stems, and tree trunks. The repeated feedings leave the tree bark with dark scars. Spotted lanternfly also excretes a sticky fluid, which promotes mold growth and further weakens plants and puts our agriculture and forests at risk. Native to Asia, the spotted lanternfly has no natural enemies in North America. it's free to multiply and ravage orchards, vineyards, and wooded areas. The invasive insect was first detected in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014, and has now spread to several states, by people who accidentally move infested material or items containing egg masses.

 

Most states are at risk of the pest. USDA and our state and local partners are working hard to stop the spread of this invasive pest, but we need your help. Look for signs of spotted lanternfly. Inspect your trees and plants for young spotted lanternfly, adults, and egg masses. Adult spotted lanternflies are approximately 1 inch long and one-half inch wide, and they have large and visually striking wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front and a speckled band at the rear. Their hind wings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Their abdomen is yellow with black bars. Nymphs in their early stages of development appear black with white spots and turn to a red phase before becoming adults. Egg masses are yellowish-brown in color, covered with a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching. Look for nymphs, adults, and eggs on trees. The Tree of Heaven is the preferred tree. Spotted lanternfly lay their eggs on a variety of smooth surfaces. Look for egg masses (which are off-white to grey and textured patches) on tree bark, vehicles, buildings, and outdoor items. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

  

Find it, report it!

 

Contact your State Department of Agriculture or the Extension specialist near you to report signs of spotted lanternfly. If possible, take a picture or capture the insect in alcohol.

  

Stop the Spread

 

Everyone can play a role in stopping the spread of spotted lanternfly

  

Remove and Destroy

 

Crush nymph and adult spotted lanternflies. Scrape egg masses into hand sanitizer or rubbing alcohol.

  

For more information about the Spotted Lanternfly, please see www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/slf

  

For more information about the Tree of Heaven, please see www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/tree-of-heaven.htm

   

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) technicians contact and work with state, local partners, and residents to survey and help stop the spread of the spotted lanternfly, a destructive insect that feeds on a wide range of fruit, ornamental, and hardwood trees, including grapes, apples, walnut, and oak; a serious threat to the United States' agriculture and natural resources, such as here in Elverson, Pennsylvania, on August 29, 2018. Quick reference pest identification cards and door hangers are left to inform people and residents. If invited to survey their property and SLF are found, they are invited to volunteer for treatment of their outdoor property. In this wooded area, hundreds of SLF from each Tree of Heaven seen here are expelling a drizzle of sticky excrement down onto this homeowner’s lawn, ornamental plants, garden ornaments and outdoor fire pit sitting area, blackening the surface and promoting the growth of mold. To prevent entry and transportation to other areas the residents keep the windows and doors of vehicles and structures closed.

The pest damages plants as it sucks sap from branches, stems, and tree trunks. The repeated feedings leave the tree bark with dark scars. Spotted lanternfly also excretes a sticky fluid, which promotes mold growth and further weakens plants and puts our agriculture and forests at risk. Native to Asia, the spotted lanternfly has no natural enemies in North America. it's free to multiply and ravage orchards, vineyards, and wooded areas. The invasive insect was first detected in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014, and has now spread to several states, by people who accidentally move infested material or items containing egg masses.

 

Most states are at risk of the pest. USDA and our state and local partners are working hard to stop the spread of this invasive pest, but we need your help. Look for signs of spotted lanternfly. Inspect your trees and plants for young spotted lanternfly, adults, and egg masses. Adult spotted lanternflies are approximately 1 inch long and one-half inch wide, and they have large and visually striking wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front and a speckled band at the rear. Their hind wings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Their abdomen is yellow with black bars. Nymphs in their early stages of development appear black with white spots and turn to a red phase before becoming adults. Egg masses are yellowish-brown in color, covered with a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching. Look for nymphs, adults, and eggs on trees. The Tree of Heaven is the preferred tree. Spotted lanternfly lay their eggs on a variety of smooth surfaces. Look for egg masses (which are off-white to grey and textured patches) on tree bark, vehicles, buildings, and outdoor items. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

  

Find it, report it!

 

Contact your State Department of Agriculture or the Extension specialist near you to report signs of spotted lanternfly. If possible, take a picture or capture the insect in alcohol.

  

Stop the Spread

 

Everyone can play a role in stopping the spread of spotted lanternfly

  

Remove and Destroy

 

Crush nymph and adult spotted lanternflies. Scrape egg masses into hand sanitizer or rubbing alcohol.

  

For more information about the Spotted Lanternfly, please see www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/slf

  

For more information about the Tree of Heaven, please see www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/tree-of-heaven.htm

   

Original Caption: Mining of Black Mesa Tableland Has Given Rise to Question of Whether Run-Off Is Destructive of Hopi Fields

 

U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 412-DA-1627

 

Photographer: Eiler, Lyntha Scott, 1946-

 

Subjects:

Black Mesa (Arizona, United States) area

Environmental Protection Agency

Project DOCUMERICA

 

Persistent URL: arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=544120

 

Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.

 

For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html

 

Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html

   

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) technicians contact and work with state, local partners, and residents to survey and help stop the spread of the spotted lanternfly, a destructive insect that feeds on a wide range of fruit, ornamental, and hardwood trees, including grapes, apples, walnut, and oak; a serious threat to the United States' agriculture and natural resources, such as here in Elverson, Pennsylvania, on August 29, 2018. In this deeply wooded area, hundreds of SLF from each Tree of Heaven seen here are expelling a drizzle of sticky excrement down onto this homeowner’s lawn, ornamental plants, garden ornaments and outdoor fire pit sitting area, blackening the surface and promoting the growth of mold. To prevent entry and transportation to other areas the residents keep the windows and doors of vehicles and structures closed.

The pest damages plants as it sucks sap from branches, stems, and tree trunks. The repeated feedings leave the tree bark with dark scars. Spotted lanternfly also excretes a sticky fluid, which promotes mold growth and further weakens plants and puts our agriculture and forests at risk. Native to Asia, the spotted lanternfly has no natural enemies in North America. it's free to multiply and ravage orchards, vineyards, and wooded areas. The invasive insect was first detected in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014, and has now spread to several states, by people who accidentally move infested material or items containing egg masses.

 

Most states are at risk of the pest. USDA and our state and local partners are working hard to stop the spread of this invasive pest, but we need your help. Look for signs of spotted lanternfly. Inspect your trees and plants for young spotted lanternfly, adults, and egg masses. Adult spotted lanternflies are approximately 1 inch long and one-half inch wide, and they have large and visually striking wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front and a speckled band at the rear. Their hind wings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Their abdomen is yellow with black bars. Nymphs in their early stages of development appear black with white spots and turn to a red phase before becoming adults. Egg masses are yellowish-brown in color, covered with a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching. Look for nymphs, adults, and eggs on trees. The Tree of Heaven is the preferred tree. Spotted lanternfly lay their eggs on a variety of smooth surfaces. Look for egg masses (which are off-white to grey and textured patches) on tree bark, vehicles, buildings, and outdoor items. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

  

Find it, report it!

 

Contact your State Department of Agriculture or the Extension specialist near you to report signs of spotted lanternfly. If possible, take a picture or capture the insect in alcohol.

  

Stop the Spread

 

Everyone can play a role in stopping the spread of spotted lanternfly

  

Remove and Destroy

 

Crush nymph and adult spotted lanternflies. Scrape egg masses into hand sanitizer or rubbing alcohol.

  

For more information about the Spotted Lanternfly, please see www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/slf

  

For more information about the Tree of Heaven, please see www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/tree-of-heaven.htm

   

The goddess Sakhmet incarnating the solar eye and dangerous forces whose function is to annihilate the enemies of the sun.No Egyptian divinity has as many faces as Sakhmet the lioness goddess. She is nicknamed " The Powerfull One ". She appears as an aggresive lioness or as a lioness headed woman.Her character is very ambivalent. She incarnates the destructive force of a malevolent lioness, but once calm and quiet she becomes a cat and adopts the appearance of the goddess Bastet.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) technicians contact and work with state, local partners, and residents to survey and help stop the spread of the spotted lanternfly, a destructive insect that feeds on a wide range of fruit, ornamental, and hardwood trees, including grapes, apples, walnut, and oak; a serious threat to the United States' agriculture and natural resources, such as here in Elverson, Pennsylvania, on August 29, 2018. Quick reference pest identification cards and door hangers are left to inform people and residents. If invited to survey their property and SLF are found, they are invited to volunteer for treatment of their outdoor property. In this wooded area, hundreds of SLF from each Tree of Heaven seen here are expelling a drizzle of sticky excrement down onto this homeowner’s lawn, ornamental plants, garden ornaments and outdoor fire pit sitting area, blackening the surface and promoting the growth of mold. To prevent entry and transportation to other areas the residents keep the windows and doors of vehicles and structures closed.

The pest damages plants as it sucks sap from branches, stems, and tree trunks. The repeated feedings leave the tree bark with dark scars. Spotted lanternfly also excretes a sticky fluid, which promotes mold growth and further weakens plants and puts our agriculture and forests at risk. Native to Asia, the spotted lanternfly has no natural enemies in North America. it's free to multiply and ravage orchards, vineyards, and wooded areas. The invasive insect was first detected in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014, and has now spread to several states, by people who accidentally move infested material or items containing egg masses.

 

Most states are at risk of the pest. USDA and our state and local partners are working hard to stop the spread of this invasive pest, but we need your help. Look for signs of spotted lanternfly. Inspect your trees and plants for young spotted lanternfly, adults, and egg masses. Adult spotted lanternflies are approximately 1 inch long and one-half inch wide, and they have large and visually striking wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front and a speckled band at the rear. Their hind wings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Their abdomen is yellow with black bars. Nymphs in their early stages of development appear black with white spots and turn to a red phase before becoming adults. Egg masses are yellowish-brown in color, covered with a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching. Look for nymphs, adults, and eggs on trees. The Tree of Heaven is the preferred tree. Spotted lanternfly lay their eggs on a variety of smooth surfaces. Look for egg masses (which are off-white to grey and textured patches) on tree bark, vehicles, buildings, and outdoor items. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

  

Find it, report it!

 

Contact your State Department of Agriculture or the Extension specialist near you to report signs of spotted lanternfly. If possible, take a picture or capture the insect in alcohol.

  

Stop the Spread

 

Everyone can play a role in stopping the spread of spotted lanternfly

  

Remove and Destroy

 

Crush nymph and adult spotted lanternflies. Scrape egg masses into hand sanitizer or rubbing alcohol.

  

For more information about the Spotted Lanternfly, please see www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/slf

  

For more information about the Tree of Heaven, please see www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/tree-of-heaven.htm

   

Modelo: Diana Carrasco

Maquillaje: Rosa Cantero

Estilismo: Miss Self Destructive

 

Luz natural

 

© Imagen protegida por Copyright. No esta permitido el uso de esta imagen sin consentimiento escrito del autor. Contacta con el autor para mas detalles.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

© This image is protected by Copyright. You are not allowed to use this image without written consent from the photographer/creator. Contact the photographer/creator for details.

Japanese Beetle mania this year, all the neighbours bought the Japanese Beetle traps and enticed them all away from my house. But some found my garden anyway.

Unused.

 

The destructive power of a high-explosive shell is evident in this photograph. The bodies of two Russian soldiers lie twisted amongst the heavy beams of their bunker.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) technicians are working with state and local partners; businesses and residents to stop the spread of the spotted lanternfly* a destructive insect that feeds on a wide range of fruit, ornamental, and hardwood trees, including grapes, apples, walnut, and oak; a serious threat to the United States' agriculture and natural resources, such as in Reading, Pennsylvania, on August 30, 2018. The pest damages plants as it sucks sap from branches, stems, and tree trunks. The repeated feedings leave the tree bark with dark scars. Spotted lanternfly also excretes a sticky fluid, which promotes mold growth and further weakens plants and puts our agriculture and forests at risk. Native to Asia, the spotted lanternfly has no natural enemies in North America. it's free to multiply and ravage orchards, vineyards, and wooded areas. The invasive insect was first detected in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014, and has now spread to several states, by people who accidentally move infested material or items containing egg masses. Most states are at risk of the pest. USDA and our state and local partners are working hard to stop the spread of this invasive pest. Look for signs of spotted lanternfly. Inspect your trees and plants for young spotted lanternfly, adults, and egg masses. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

  

*Adult spotted lanternflies are approximately 1 inch long and one-half inch wide, and they have large and visually striking wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front and a speckled band at the rear. Their hind wings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Their abdomen is yellow with black bars. Nymphs in their early stages of development appear black with white spots and turn to a red phase before becoming adults. Egg masses are yellowish-brown in color, covered with a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching. Look for nymphs, adults, and eggs on trees. The Tree of Heaven is the preferred tree. Spotted lanternfly lay their eggs on a variety of smooth surfaces. Look for egg masses (which are off-white to grey and textured patches) on tree bark, vehicles, buildings, and outdoor items.

  

Find it, report it!

 

Contact your State Department of Agriculture or the Extension specialist near you to report signs of spotted lanternfly. If possible, take a picture or capture the insect in alcohol.

  

Stop the Spread

 

Everyone can play a role in stopping the spread of spotted lanternfly

  

Remove and Destroy

 

Crush nymph and adult spotted lanternflies. Scrape egg masses into hand sanitizer or rubbing alcohol.

  

For more information about the Spotted Lanternfly, please see www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/slf

  

For more information about the Tree of Heaven, please see www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/tree-of-heaven.htm

   

Faces of Safeguards: Evolution of Non-Destructive Assay for Safeguards verification activities.

 

The purpose is the explain and show various areas of Safeguards, challenges faced and innovations implemented. This particular session will focus on how Non-Destructive Assay techniques are benefitting from modern operation techniques and technological progress. It wil present the remote operation of the Passive Gama Emission Tomography system and the coming Fast Neutron Collar System. A Side Event at the 62nd General Conference at the IAEA headquarters in Vienna, Austria. 20 September 2018.

 

Photo Credit: Dean Calma / IAEA

 

About my pictures:

 

Since 2014 I've been documenting the daily, destructive, poisonous chemtrail activity in the Dayton, Ohio area -- home of the notorious Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (visited by every important person on Earth, and even a few Aliens ;-) -- and apparently from my photo and video documentation, Chemtrail Central. This area has been getting chemtrailed on a massive, daily basis and is being conducted, as they say, “in plain sight”. I've got over 10,000 high-resolution pictures already uploaded and available for free on Flickr, with thousands more on the way:

www.flickr.com/photos/133042043@N04/albums

Additional Chemtrail videos may be found on:

www.youtube.com/user/BlueRidgeParkway

  

I am designating all my chemtrail pictures uploaded to Flickr as CC0 (Creative Commons Zero), which removes my copyright and releases them into the Public Domain. They are archived on Flickr under "Chem Trailchaser". I hope by making these images widely available, it will accelerate interest, research, study and more documentation from all over the world. Please, download, copy, backup, mirror, share, use and improve as many of these photos as you can! Thanks for looking - Chem

Over the last 40 years, TWI has been at the forefront of the research, development and application of many non-destructive testing (NDT) technologies. The driving force behind these developments has been industry's need for techniques that would accurately locate, characterise and size flaws in every type of component and structure, from printed circuit boards to offshore platforms and from medical implants to nuclear reactor pressure vessels.

 

For more information www.twi.co.uk/technologies/ndt/advanced-ndt/

 

If you wish to use this image each use should be accompanied by the credit line and notice, "Courtesy of TWI Ltd".

 

Graphics compare radio waves coming from a black hole that constructively interfere (the waves are in phase) at two separate telescopes, doubling the waves’ height, and denoting a bright spot from the black hole with two waves that destructively interfere with each other (the waves are out of phase) and cancel each other out, denoting a dark spot.

 

The latest black hole image was created using a technique called interferometry, in which the radio waves emitted by the black hole and collected by eight telescopes located around the world are compared. If two sites collected waves that were “in-phase”, meaning the waves’ peaks lined up with one another, then the two waves would add together to create a bright spot on the image. If, on the other hand, the waves were out-of-phase, meaning one wave’s peak lined up with the other’s trough, the waves would cancel each other, producing a dark spot in the image. Working together, the telescopes are able to collect more detailed data than any one could alone.

 

===

 

This graphic is available for free for in-classroom use. You must contact us to request permission for any other uses.

 

===

 

Read more in Knowable Magazine

 

What the image of the Milky Way’s black hole really shows

The massive object at the galaxy’s center is invisible. But this year’s picture of the swirling plasma around its edges will help to reveal more about the galaxy’s history and evolution.

knowablemagazine.org/article/physical-world/2022/what-ima...

 

Lea en español

 

Lo que realmente muestra la imagen del agujero negro de la Vía Láctea

El enorme objeto situado en el centro de la galaxia es invisible. Pero la imagen obtenida este año del remolino de plasma que rodea sus bordes ayudará a revelar más sobre la historia y la evolución de la galaxia.

es.knowablemagazine.org/article/physical-world/2022/muest...

 

Read more from Annual Reviews

 

The Supermassive Black Hole at the Galactic Center, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Indirect observations of the black hole at the center of our galaxy tell us about its properties and how it has affected the evolution of the Milky Way.

knowmag.org/3rPCLiU

 

===

 

Knowable Magazine from Annual Reviews is a digital publication that seeks to make scientific knowledge accessible to all. Through compelling articles, beautiful graphics, engaging videos and more, Knowable Magazine explores the real-world impact of research through a journalistic lens. All content is rooted in deep reporting and undergoes a thorough fact-checking before publication.

 

The Knowable Magazine Science Graphics Library is an initiative to create freely available, accurate and engaging graphics for teachers and students. All graphics are curated from Knowable Magazine articles and are free for classroom use.

 

Knowable Magazine is an editorially independent initiative produced by Annual Reviews, a nonprofit publisher dedicated to synthesizing and integrating knowledge for the progress of science and the benefit of society.

 

===

 

We love to hear how teachers are using our graphics. Contact us: knowablemagazine.org/contact-us

Small photo of a group of officers and NCOs in Aspach before a raid around Carspach with flamethrower which resulted in the capture of 19 prisoners and 3 MGs.

 

Short description of the raid in the history book of the Infanterie-Regiment 170 :

"March 20: In the morning, a strong reconnaissance after successful destructive fire from our artillery and mortars under the direction of the regimental commander. Two strong patrols of the III Batallion with flamethrowers and pioneers, led by Leutnant Engelhardt and Leutnant der Reserve Fäßler, advanced against the Schönholz forest, and a strong patrol of the II Bataillon, under Leutnant der Reserve Caroli, advanced against the Lerchenholz forest. Result: 20 French prisoners, 3 French light machine guns, and numerous other captured items. Several French dugouts were destroyed. The enemy suffered heavy losses. All participants distinguished themselves. Our own losses were relatively low. Leutnant der Reserve Caroli was seriously wounded and was brought back by his men. Recognitions from His Royal Highness the Grand Duke, the Commanding General, and the Division Commander."

 

Extract from the JMO of the 300e Régiment d'Infanterie :

"On March 19th, at 4:10 PM, the enemy opened a heavy barrage of torpedoes and shells of all calibers across the entire sector of the regiment. The planned measures were immediately taken. The garrison was brought back to the line of resistance, and the alerted artillery launched a counter-preparation barrage.

By 6:30 PM, calm had been restored; the enemy infantry had not appeared.

 

At 8:10 PM, a large patrol attempted to approach our lines in front of the Isly front. It was dispersed by rifle fire. The rest of the night, punctuated by occasional bursts of machine-gun fire, passed without incident.

On the 20th, at 3:00 AM, enemy fire suddenly resumed with extreme intensity on Ecluse 27, Schonholtz, and the Bouniol and Teytis companies at Lerchenholz, a front of more than 2 km. The enemy fired behind the observation line and laid siege to the defensive line and the communication trenches. The barrage engulfed the Schonholz, up to and including the battalion commander's command post.

The withdrawal of the observation elements began immediately, but was carried out with difficulty in places due to the considerable intensity of the enemy fire, which demolished the communication trenches. Some lookouts were trapped in the defensive line. At the Isly position, the movement was complicated by an incident: a non-commissioned officer had been taken a few moments before the enemy opened fire to relieve the guards on the observation line with a few men. This NCO, trapped in the trench with no way to reach the defensive line, disappeared with his men.

The infantry attack began the moment the enemy fire started. It was carried out by 8 or 10 groups of 30 men (4 groups of 30 men according to a prisoner), some of whom were carrying flamethrowers. They approached the observation line, left a few men to set fire to the shelters and clear the trench, and advanced towards the resistance line, in front of which the fighting began.

The alerted artillery was laying down barrages during this time. Telephone communications were cut between the command post and the command posts. The command post commanders, believing an attack was being prepared, requested preparatory fire.

The attack was broken by infantry fire in front of the resistance line. The enemy withdrew, held the observation line for a while, then abandoned it in turn under pressure from the elements that counterattacked to retake the trench. They held out until X o'clock at the northern corner of Isly, which they finally abandoned.

At Ecluse 27, the 63rd sector took 4 prisoners. We found two Germans killed near observation post 42 in the observation line, and a certain amount of equipment abandoned by the enemy. A few bodies were also visible in front of the trench.

 

By 6:00 AM, the situation was completely restored and the entire observation line was reoccupied.

Our losses were: 6 killed, 29 wounded evacuated, 13 slightly wounded including 2 officers, and 19 missing. Among the missing, a number were likely buried in the collapsed dugouts."

 

Extract from the JMO of the 63e Régiment d'Infanterie :

"March 19th: Bombardment of trenches 14 to 18bis by enemy minenwerfer and artillery. In the Eglingen sector, the trenches of the Bataillon Roffignac are subjected to destructive fire by minenwerfer. 1 wounded.

 

March 20th: Moderate activity of the artilleries in the GCR des Forêts Communales. In the Eglingen sector, the bombardment of French trenches by shells of all calibers and minenwerfer projectiles resumes with intensity from 4:00 AM. In accordance with Command orders, and in anticipation of an enemy raid, the Ecluses line is evacuated. Shortly afterward, the Germans launch an attack on the Maison Forestière sector. One of their groups threatens Ecluse 27. It is engaged by the machine gunners of the 1st Company of the 63rd and repelled. Four German soldiers (2 Kompagnie of the Garde-Reserve-Pionier-Regiment), who managed to break into our trenches at Ecluse 27, were captured by Bodin's section. The 1st Company of the 63rd Regiment reoccupied its positions. Two killed, including one sergeant, and one wounded."

 

REF: 2-75-10

Designer: Shaanxi Provincial Class Education Exhibition Hall (陕西省阶级教育展览馆)

1970, July

Attack the destructive activities of active counterrevolutionaries exhibition

Daji xianxing fan geming pohuai huodong zhanlan (打击现行反革命破坏活动展览)

Call nr.: PC-1970-l-008 (Private collection)

 

More? See: chineseposters.net

Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14,300 km² extending east from the Java island of Indonesia. The population was 1,831,000 in the 2010 census and the largest town is Maumere. Flores is Portuguese (as well as Spanish) for "flowers".

 

Flores is located east of Sumbawa and Komodo and west of Lembata and the Alor Archipelago. To the southeast is Timor. To the south, across the Sumba strait, is Sumba and to the north, beyond the Flores Sea, is Sulawesi.

 

On 12 December 1992, an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale occurred, killing 2,500 people in and around Maumere, including islands off the North coast.

 

HOMO FLORESIENSIS

In September 2004, at Liang Bua Cave in western Flores, paleoanthropologists discovered small skeletons that they described as a previously unknown hominin species, Homo floresiensis. These are informally named hobbits and appear to have stood about 1 m tall. The most complete individual (LB1) is dated as 18,000 years old.

 

HISTORY

Portuguese traders and missionaries came to Flores in the 16th century, mainly to Larantuka and Sikka. Their influence is still discernible in Sikka's language, culture and religion.

 

The Dominican order was extremely important in this island, as well as in the neighbouring islands of Timor and Solor. When in 1613 the Dutch attacked the Fortress of Solor, the population of this fort, led by the Dominicans, moved to the harbor town of Larantuka, on the eastern coast of Flores. This population was mixed, of Portuguese and local islanders descent and Larantuqueiros, Topasses (people that wear heats) or, as Dutch knew them, the 'Black Portuguese' (Swarte Portugueezen).

 

The Larantuqueiros or Topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. This group used Portuguese as the language for worship, Malay as the language of trade and a mixed dialect as mother tongue. This was observed by William Dampier, an English privateer visiting the Island in 1699:

 

These [the Topasses] have no Forts, but depend on their Alliance with the Natives: And indeed they are already so mixt, that it is hard to distinguish whether they are Portuguese or Indians. Their Language is Portuguese; and the religion they have, is Romish. They seem in Words to acknowledge the King of Portugal for their Sovereign; yet they will not accept any Officers sent by him. They speak indifferently the Malayan and their own native Languages, as well as Portuguese.

 

In 1846, Dutch and Portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories but these negotiations led nowhere. In 1851 the new governor of Timor, Solor and Flores, Lima Lopes, faced with an impoverished administration, agreed to sell eastern Flores and the nearby islands to the Dutch in return for a payment of 200,000 Florins. Lima Lopes did so without the consent of Lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 Portugal ceded all its historical claims on Flores. After this, Flores became part of the territory of Dutch East Indies.

 

During World War II a Japanese invasion force landed at Reo on 14 May 1942 and occupied Flores.

 

After the war Flores became part of independent Indonesia.

 

ADMINISTRATION

Flores is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province. The island along with smaller minor islands are split into eight regencies (local government districts); from west to east these are: Manggarai Barat (West Manggarai), Manggarai Tengah (Central Manggarai), Manggarai Timur (East Manggarai), Ngada, Nagekeo, Ende, Sikka and Flores Timur (East Flores). Flores has 39.1% of the East Nusa Tenggara provincial population as of 2010, and the most Indonesians of all islands in the province.

 

It is the island with the 9th most Indonesians. Among all islands containing Indonesian territory, it is the 10th most populous after Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Bali, Madura, Lombok, and Timor.

 

FLORA AND FAUNA

The west coast of Flores is one of the few places, aside from the island of Komodo itself, where the Komodo dragon can be found in the wild, and is part of Komodo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kelimutu National Park is the second national park designated on Flores to protect endangered species. The Flores giant rat is also endemic to the island, and Verhoeven's giant tree rat was formerly present. These giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism.

 

Flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean Stegodon, the most recent (Stegodon florensis insularis) disappearing approximately 12,000 years ago. It is speculated by scientists that limited resources and an absence of advanced predators made the few megafaunal species that reached the island subject to insular dwarfism.

 

CULTURE

There are many languages spoken on the island of Flores, all of them belonging to the Austronesian family. In the centre of the island in the districts of Ngada, Nagekeo, and Ende there is what is variously called the Central Flores Dialect Chain or the Central Flores Linkage. Within this area there are slight linguistic differences in almost every village. At least six separate languages are identifiable. These are from west to east: Ngadha, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio and Palu'e, which is spoken on the island with the same name of the north coast of Flores. Locals would probably also add So'a and Bajawa to this list, which anthropologists have labeled dialects of Ngadha.

 

The peoples of Flores are almost entirely Roman Catholic Christians, whereas most other Indonesians are Muslim. As a consequence, Flores may be regarded as surrounded by a religious border. The prominence of Catholicism on the island results from its colonisation by Portugal. In other parts of Indonesia with significant Christian populations, such as the Maluku Islands and Sulawesi, the geographical divide is less rigid and Muslims and Christians sometimes live side by side. Flores thereby also has less religious violence that has sporadically occurred in other parts of Indonesia. There are several churches on the island.

 

TOURISM

The most famous tourist attraction in Flores is Kelimutu, a volcano containing three colored lakes, located in the district of Ende close to the town of Moni. These crater lakes are in the caldera of a volcano, and fed by a volcanic gas source, resulting in highly acidic water. The colored lakes change colors on an irregular basis, depending on the oxidation state of the lake from bright red through green and blue.

 

There are snorkelling and diving locations along the north coast of Flores, most notably Maumere and Riung. However, due to the destructive practice of local fishermen using bombs to fish, and locals selling shells to tourists, combined with the after effects of a devastating tsunami in 1992, the reefs have slowly been destroyed.

 

Labuan Bajo (on the western tip of Flores) is a town often used by tourists as a base to visit Komodo and Rinca. Labuanbajo also attracts scuba divers, as whale sharks inhabit the waters around Labuanbajo.

 

The Luba and Bena villages include traditional houses in Flores, Bena is also noted for its Stone Age megaliths.

 

Larantuka, on the isle's eastern end, is known for its Holy Week festivals.

 

ECONOMY

In addition to tourism, the main economic activities on Flores are agriculture, fishing and seaweed production. The primary food crops being grown on Flores are rice, maize, sweet potato and cassava, while the main cash crops are coffee, coconut, candle nut and cashew. Flores is one of the newest origins for Indonesian coffee. Previously, most Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) from Flores was blended with other origins. Now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body and sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes.

 

WIKIPEDIA

John F. Kennedy made his first formal visit to Arlington National Cemetery on Armistice Day, Nov. 11, 1961, to place a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns. At the conclusion of the ceremony President Kennedy spoke to more than 5,000 people gathered in the Memorial Amphitheater.

 

President Kennedy's address began; We meet in quiet commemoration of a historic day of peace. In an age that threatens the survival of freedom, we join together to honor those who made our freedom possible. ... It is a tragic fact, that war still more destructive and still sanguinary followed [World War II]; that man's capacity to devise new ways of killing his fellow men have far outstripped his capacity to live in peace with his fellow man.

 

Eleven days prior to Kennedy's assassination he returned to Arlington for the 1963 Armistice Day services. This time he did not address the crowd in the amphitheater.

 

On Nov. 22, 1963, while on a campaign trip to Dallas, President Kennedy was shot and killed.

 

There are only two U.S. presidents buried at Arlington National Cemetery. The other is William Howard Taft, who died in 1930.

 

Though Kennedy is buried at Arlington, at the time of his death, many believed that he would be buried in Brookline, Mass. Woodrow Wilson was the only other president besides Taft who had been buried outside of his native state and in the National Capital Region. President Wilson is buried at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.

 

The Associated Press on Nov. 22, 1963, prematurely announced, "President Kennedy's body will lie in state at the White House tomorrow. ... There's nothing definite yet on the funeral, but it's understood it will be in Boston."

 

The New York Times announced later that day, The president was expected to be buried at the Kennedy family plot in Holyhood Cemetery, near Brookline, Mass. He is a native of Boston.

 

Kennedy's brother-in-law and director of the Peace Corps, Sargent Shriver, arrived at the White House to make tentative arrangements for Kennedy's funeral. However, nothing was definite until the wishes of Jacqueline Kennedy, the president's widow, were known. Her wishes were stated simply,He belongs to the people.

 

Shriver prepared for all possibilities and had even contacted Jack Metzler Sr., superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery. Metzler informed Shriver that ample space was available in Arlington and that the cemetery would be ready to handle the funeral.

 

The first formal statement from Mrs. Kennedy concerning the burial was to model her husband's funeral after ceremonies rendered for Abraham Lincoln.

 

The research on President Lincoln's funeral was done by Professor James Robertson, the executive director of the U.S. Civil War Centennial Commission. He contacted David Mearns, the director of the Library of Congress. The two men went to the government repository where the lights were inoperative because they were connected to a timer switch and would only operate during the time the Library was scheduled to be opened. Using flashlights they found copies of Frank Leslie's Illustrated and Harper's Weekly which depicted the 1865 funeral in graphic detail. Using this information, the East Room of the White House was transformed to fit the description of the funeral almost a century earlier.

 

Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara felt that President Kennedy should be interred on federal property so that his grave would be accessible to the American people. McNamara contacted Metzler and wished to see potential burial plots for the president at ANC. Three plots were shown: one near the mast of the USS Maine, one at Dewey Circle, and the third on the slope below Arlington House (Custis-Lee mansion). The president's brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, found the "Maine" location inappropriate and the "Dewey" location inaccessible; however, he believed that the slope below Arlington House was ideal. The final decision was Mrs. Kennedy's. After arriving and viewing the gravesite below Arlington House, she nodded her approval.

 

McNamara and Robert F. Kennedy returned to Arlington to supervise the surveying of the area. The two men walked up the hill to Arlington House. While they were there, Park Service employee Paul Fugua recounted how on March 3 President Kennedy and Charlie Bartlett had made an impromptu Sunday visit to the Custis-Lee mansion. He went on to recall that after touring the house the president remarked that the view of Washington, D.C., was so magnificent that he could stay forever — a statement which seemed to confirm their selection of the grave site.

 

Mrs. Kennedy had expressed a desire to mark the president's grave with an eternal flame similar to that of the French Unknown Soldier in Paris. The Washington Gas Company was contacted and a propane-fed torch was selected, as it could be safely lit during the funeral the following day.

 

On Nov. 25, 1963, at 3 p.m., the state funeral of President Kennedy began. Earlier that day cemetery employees at Arlington, along with personnel from the Military District of Washington, conducted 23 funerals. All were conducted with appropriate dignity and military honors.

 

Among the mourners at Kennedy's grave site were President Charles de Gaulle of France, Chancellor Ludwig Erhard of the Federal Republic of Germany, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and Prince Philip of the United Kingdom. Overhead, 50 Navy and Air Force jets flew past the gravesite followed by the president's plane, Air Force One, which dipped its wing in final tribute.

 

A contingent of the Irish Guard stood opposite the grave, and the Archbishop of Boston, Richard Cardinal Cushing, performed a Roman Catholic committal service. The body bearers folded the interment flag, and Metzler presented it to Mrs. Kennedy. She and Robert Kennedy then used a torch to light the eternal flame.

 

On Dec. 4, 1963, the two deceased Kennedy children were reburied in Arlington, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy from Brookline — who had predeceased JFK by 15 weeks — and an unnamed stillborn daughter from Newport, R.I.

 

The initial plot was 20 feet by 30 feet and was surrounded by a white picket fence. During the first year often more than 3,000 people an hour visited the Kennedy gravesite, and on weekends an estimated 50,000 people visited. Three years after Kennedy's death, more than 16 million people had come to visit the Kennedy plot.

 

Because of the large crowds, cemetery officials and members of the Kennedy family decided that a more suitable site should be constructed. The architectural firm of John Warnecke and Associates was tasked to design and build the grave area. Construction began in 1965 and was completed July 20, 1967. During the period of construction, President Kennedy and his two deceased children were quietly reinterred to the permanent grave, and Archbishop Cushing formally blessed the new site in a private service, which was attended by Mrs. Kennedy, Senators Robert and Edward Kennedy and President Lyndon Johnson.

 

The grave area is paved with irregular stones of Cape Cod granite, which were quarried around 1817 near the site of the president's home and selected by members of his family. Clover, and later, sedum were planted in the crevices to give the appearance of stones lying naturally in a Massachusetts field.

 

Lighted by Mrs. Kennedy during the funeral, the Eternal Flame burns from the center of a five-foot circular flat-granite stone at the head of the grave. The burner is a specially designed apparatus created by the Institute of Gas Technology of Chicago. A constantly flashing electric spark near the tip of the nozzle relights the gas should the flame be extinguished by rain, wind or accident. The fuel is natural gas and is mixed with a controlled quantity of air to achieve the color and shape of the flame.

 

The entire site, a total of 3.2 acres, was set aside by the secretary of the Army, with the approval of the secretary of defense, to honor the memory of the president. The land has been retained for the nation as a whole and has not been deeded to the Kennedy family. The steep hillside has never been considered suitable for graves or a general burial location.

 

The Kennedy family paid actual costs in the immediate grave area. The government was responsible for the improvements in the surrounding area that provided for the accommodation of the visiting public.

 

On May 23, 1994, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was buried next to President Kennedy. The gravesite was completed with addition of her grave marker Oct. 6, 1994.

  

Eddy Current Testing is one of several Non Destructive Testing methods that use the ‘electromagnetism’ principle. Conventional Eddy Current Testing utilised electromagnetic induction to detect discontinuities in conductive materials. A specially designed coil energised with alternating current is placed in proximity to the test surface generating changing magnetic-field which interacts with the test-part producing eddy current in the vicinity. Variations in the changing phases and magnitude of these eddy currents is then monitored through the use of receiver-coil(s), or by measuring changes to the alternate current flowing in the primary excitation-coil. The electrical conductivity variations or magnetic permeability of the test-part, or the presence of any discontinuities, will cause a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in phases and amplitude of the measured current. This is the basic principle of eddy current inspection.

 

For more information www.twi.co.uk/technologies/ndt/conventional-ndt/eddy-curr...

 

If you wish to use this image each use should be accompanied by the credit line and notice, "Courtesy of TWI Ltd".

 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) technicians contact and work with state, local partners, and residents to survey and help stop the spread of the spotted lanternfly, a destructive insect that feeds on a wide range of fruit, ornamental, and hardwood trees, including grapes, apples, walnut, and oak; a serious threat to the United States' agriculture and natural resources, such as here in Elverson, Pennsylvania, on August 29, 2018. In this deeply wooded area, hundreds of SLF from each Tree of Heaven seen here are expelling a drizzle of sticky excrement down onto this homeownerâs lawn, ornamental plants, garden ornaments and outdoor fire pit sitting area, blackening the surface and promoting the growth of mold. To prevent entry and transportation to other areas the residents keep the windows and doors of vehicles and structures closed.

The pest damages plants as it sucks sap from branches, stems, and tree trunks. The repeated feedings leave the tree bark with dark scars. Spotted lanternfly also excretes a sticky fluid, which promotes mold growth and further weakens plants and puts our agriculture and forests at risk. Native to Asia, the spotted lanternfly has no natural enemies in North America. it's free to multiply and ravage orchards, vineyards, and wooded areas. The invasive insect was first detected in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014, and has now spread to several states, by people who accidentally move infested material or items containing egg masses.

 

Most states are at risk of the pest. USDA and our state and local partners are working hard to stop the spread of this invasive pest, but we need your help. Look for signs of spotted lanternfly. Inspect your trees and plants for young spotted lanternfly, adults, and egg masses. Adult spotted lanternflies are approximately 1 inch long and one-half inch wide, and they have large and visually striking wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front and a speckled band at the rear. Their hind wings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Their abdomen is yellow with black bars. Nymphs in their early stages of development appear black with white spots and turn to a red phase before becoming adults. Egg masses are yellowish-brown in color, covered with a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching. Look for nymphs, adults, and eggs on trees. The Tree of Heaven is the preferred tree. Spotted lanternfly lay their eggs on a variety of smooth surfaces. Look for egg masses (which are off-white to grey and textured patches) on tree bark, vehicles, buildings, and outdoor items. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

  

Find it, report it!

 

Contact your State Department of Agriculture or the Extension specialist near you to report signs of spotted lanternfly. If possible, take a picture or capture the insect in alcohol.

  

Stop the Spread

 

Everyone can play a role in stopping the spread of spotted lanternfly

  

Remove and Destroy

 

Crush nymph and adult spotted lanternflies. Scrape egg masses into hand sanitizer or rubbing alcohol.

  

For more information about the Spotted Lanternfly, please see www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/slf

  

For more information about the Tree of Heaven, please see www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/tree-of-heaven.htm

Non-Destructive, Reversible MD to A-Mount Conversion

 

Lens on Minolta Maxxum 7D

 

1. Original MD stainless steal mounting ring removed.

 

2. The flange of a T2-A mount adapter was turned on a lathe to reduce the flange thickness to 50/1000 of an inch. Four clear holes were drilled to match the four screws on the MD mount. The adapter was then stacked on top of the MD mount and fasten with the four screws This completes the MD to A mount conversion, which is non-destructive and reversible to MD mount.

NDT: once a part has been used on the car, it's checked by non-destructive testing...

 

Credit: Richard Pardon/Caterham

Demonstration destructive test, using a strip of aluminum with a thickness similar to a fender. This "fender" is attached using an M5 hex head bolt and washer, along with a leather washer between fender and crown.

 

After receiving repeated impacts, the fender tears away, leaving a hole large enough to clear the M5 washer.

 

The PlugNut did not budge.

Non-Destructive, Reversible MD to A-Mount Conversion

 

Lens rear view

 

1. Original MD stainless steal mounting ring removed.

 

2. The flange of a T2-A mount adapter was turned on a lathe to reduce the flange thickness to 50/1000 of an inch. Four clear holes were drilled to match the four screws on the MD mount. The adapter was then stacked on top of the MD mount and fasten with the four screws This completes the MD to A mount conversion, which is non-destructive and reversible to MD mount.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) technicians contact and work with state, local partners, and residents to survey and help stop the spread of the spotted lanternfly, a destructive insect that feeds on a wide range of fruit, ornamental, and hardwood trees, including grapes, apples, walnut, and oak; a serious threat to the United States' agriculture and natural resources, such as here in Elverson, Pennsylvania, on August 29, 2018. In this deeply wooded area, hundreds of SLF from each Tree of Heaven seen here are expelling a drizzle of sticky excrement down onto this homeowner’s lawn, ornamental plants, garden ornaments and outdoor fire pit sitting area, blackening the surface and promoting the growth of mold. To prevent entry and transportation to other areas the residents keep the windows and doors of vehicles and structures closed.

The pest damages plants as it sucks sap from branches, stems, and tree trunks. The repeated feedings leave the tree bark with dark scars. Spotted lanternfly also excretes a sticky fluid, which promotes mold growth and further weakens plants and puts our agriculture and forests at risk. Native to Asia, the spotted lanternfly has no natural enemies in North America. it's free to multiply and ravage orchards, vineyards, and wooded areas. The invasive insect was first detected in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014, and has now spread to several states, by people who accidentally move infested material or items containing egg masses.

 

Most states are at risk of the pest. USDA and our state and local partners are working hard to stop the spread of this invasive pest, but we need your help. Look for signs of spotted lanternfly. Inspect your trees and plants for young spotted lanternfly, adults, and egg masses. Adult spotted lanternflies are approximately 1 inch long and one-half inch wide, and they have large and visually striking wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front and a speckled band at the rear. Their hind wings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Their abdomen is yellow with black bars. Nymphs in their early stages of development appear black with white spots and turn to a red phase before becoming adults. Egg masses are yellowish-brown in color, covered with a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching. Look for nymphs, adults, and eggs on trees. The Tree of Heaven is the preferred tree. Spotted lanternfly lay their eggs on a variety of smooth surfaces. Look for egg masses (which are off-white to grey and textured patches) on tree bark, vehicles, buildings, and outdoor items. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

  

Find it, report it!

 

Contact your State Department of Agriculture or the Extension specialist near you to report signs of spotted lanternfly. If possible, take a picture or capture the insect in alcohol.

  

Stop the Spread

 

Everyone can play a role in stopping the spread of spotted lanternfly

  

Remove and Destroy

 

Crush nymph and adult spotted lanternflies. Scrape egg masses into hand sanitizer or rubbing alcohol.

  

For more information about the Spotted Lanternfly, please see www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/slf

  

For more information about the Tree of Heaven, please see www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/tree-of-heaven.htm

   

Graffiti is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).

 

Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions

 

The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.

 

The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.

 

Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.

 

Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:

 

Wet with cool dew drops

fragrant with perfume from the flowers

came the gentle breeze

jasmine and water lily

dance in the spring sunshine

side-long glances

of the golden-hued ladies

stab into my thoughts

heaven itself cannot take my mind

as it has been captivated by one lass

among the five hundred I have seen here.

 

Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.

 

Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.

 

There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.

 

Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.

 

The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.

 

In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:

 

During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".

 

Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.

 

While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’

 

Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.

 

An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.

 

Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983

 

Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture

Main article: Commercial graffiti

With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.

 

In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".

 

Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.

 

Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.

 

Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.

 

Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.

 

There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.

 

The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.

 

Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.

 

Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis

 

Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.

 

Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.

 

Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"

 

Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal

 

In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.

 

Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.

 

Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.

 

Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.

 

With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.

 

Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.

 

Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.

 

Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.

 

Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.

 

Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.

 

Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.

 

Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.

 

The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.

 

I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.

 

The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.

 

Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.

 

Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.

 

In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".

 

There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.

 

Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.

 

A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.

By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.

 

Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.

 

In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.

 

A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.

 

From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.

 

In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.

 

Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.

 

Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.

 

Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.

  

In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.

 

Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.

 

In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.

 

In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."

 

In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.

 

In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.

 

In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.

 

In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.

 

In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.

 

The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.

 

To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."

 

In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.

 

In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.

 

Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".

 

Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)

In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.

 

Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.

 

Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.

 

In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.

 

Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.

 

Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.

 

To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.

 

When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.

Survey crews from the National Weather Service in Kansas City are assessing the damage after severe storms tore through the state on the evening of May 28, 2019. In this GOES East view from 6 p.m. CDT, you can see the thunderstorms already starting to bubble up over northeastern Kansas.

 

The destructive storms prompted a tornado emergency in Lawrence, Kan., and sent at least a dozen people to the hospital with storm-related injuries, according to LMH Health. Significant roof and tree damage, overturned vehicles and downed powerlines were reported, according to the National Weather Service’s Storm Prediction Center. In addition, the Kansas City International Airport was forced to close its airfield due to storm debris.

 

“We apologize for the inconvenience,” airport personnel tweeted when the runway reopened shortly after midnight. “A tornado destroyed homes and businesses miles away & debris rained down onto the airport. Our crews had to clean it up in order to be safe.”

 

This imagery was captured by the satellite's visible band 2, which is useful for monitoring clouds and moisture imagery as well as a cloud's optical depth (or height) during severe weather events such as thunderstorms.

 

Credit: NOAA

Destructive Penguins at Koetstock 2016

Impressive fresco (ascribed to Giacinto Platania) in the cathedral of Catania, depicting with neat accuracy all the important features of the most destructive historical eruption of this volcano in 1669. Eruption start is 11 March 1669, following a dramatic buildup in seismic activity, which helped to drive away the population from the site of the outbreak. The erupting vent is at only 800 m elevation (compared to the ~3300 m of the summit at that time) and builds a large new cone, later to be named Monti Rossi. Just below that erupting cone, another green hill is seen surrounded by the red lava, this is an older, prehistoric cone known as Mompilieri (or Monpilieri). The lava makes its way down toward the coast, splitting into several branches. On its path, several villages are partly or entirely consumed by the lava flow, only a few buildings seen protruding from the huge mass of molten rock. After about one month the lava arrives at the city walls of Catania, in the foreground, and is diverted into the nearby harbor of the town. The fortress at left, Castello Ursino, is surrounded by the lava, which piles up to about one-third of the building's height without causing significant damage. Behind the fortress, in the western outskirts of Catania, numerous land houses and villas are destroyed; the lava breaches the city walls in this area and destroys a number of buildings before stopping short of the Benedictine Convent. All sources saying that Catania was totally (or mostly) destroyed during this eruption are wrong. The city is seen almost entirely intact here, with the old, Medieval cathedral and its about 100 m-high church tower. Some people are depicted leaving on boats, others holding processions. What is certain is that no one was killed, since the lava moved slowly, and eyewitness accounts (of which there are plenty) do not mention fatalities.

Among the other interesting details in this painting is the fact that the summit crater of the volcano is nearly perfectly quiet, and the dark streak of lava extending from the center of the image to the coast behind Catania. This is a lava flow that is often ascribed to an eruption in 1381 but known to have been erupted around AD 1160. The vents of this lava flow lie even lower on the southeast flank of Etna, at only around 400 m elevation, being the lowest known historically active vents of this volcano. The lava reached the sea north of what was then Catania, in an area named Ognina, which is now part of the expanding city.

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Methods and

Techniques for Civil Structures in Pre- and Post-Management of Natural Disasters.

 

Participants discussed key nuclear techniques for NDT during a side event held at the IAEA a 62nd General Conference, Vienna, Austria, 20 September 2018.

 

Photo Credit: Y. Yustantiana / IAEA

 

Eddy Current Testing is one of several Non Destructive Testing methods that use the ‘electromagnetism’ principle. Conventional Eddy Current Testing utilised electromagnetic induction to detect discontinuities in conductive materials. A specially designed coil energised with alternating current is placed in proximity to the test surface generating changing magnetic-field which interacts with the test-part producing eddy current in the vicinity. Variations in the changing phases and magnitude of these eddy currents is then monitored through the use of receiver-coil(s), or by measuring changes to the alternate current flowing in the primary excitation-coil. The electrical conductivity variations or magnetic permeability of the test-part, or the presence of any discontinuities, will cause a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in phases and amplitude of the measured current. This is the basic principle of eddy current inspection.

 

For more information www.twi.co.uk/technologies/ndt/conventional-ndt/eddy-curr...

 

If you wish to use this image each use should be accompanied by the credit line and notice, "Courtesy of TWI Ltd".

 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) technicians contact and work with state, local partners, and residents to survey and help stop the spread of the spotted lanternfly, a destructive insect that feeds on a wide range of fruit, ornamental, and hardwood trees, including grapes, apples, walnut, and oak; a serious threat to the United States' agriculture and natural resources, such as here in Elverson, Pennsylvania, on August 29, 2018. In this deeply wooded area, hundreds of SLF from each Tree of Heaven seen here are expelling a drizzle of sticky excrement down onto this homeownerâs lawn, ornamental plants, garden ornaments and outdoor fire pit sitting area, blackening the surface and promoting the growth of mold. To prevent entry and transportation to other areas the residents keep the windows and doors of vehicles and structures closed.

The pest damages plants as it sucks sap from branches, stems, and tree trunks. The repeated feedings leave the tree bark with dark scars. Spotted lanternfly also excretes a sticky fluid, which promotes mold growth and further weakens plants and puts our agriculture and forests at risk. Native to Asia, the spotted lanternfly has no natural enemies in North America. it's free to multiply and ravage orchards, vineyards, and wooded areas. The invasive insect was first detected in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014, and has now spread to several states, by people who accidentally move infested material or items containing egg masses.

 

Most states are at risk of the pest. USDA and our state and local partners are working hard to stop the spread of this invasive pest, but we need your help. Look for signs of spotted lanternfly. Inspect your trees and plants for young spotted lanternfly, adults, and egg masses. Adult spotted lanternflies are approximately 1 inch long and one-half inch wide, and they have large and visually striking wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front and a speckled band at the rear. Their hind wings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Their abdomen is yellow with black bars. Nymphs in their early stages of development appear black with white spots and turn to a red phase before becoming adults. Egg masses are yellowish-brown in color, covered with a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching. Look for nymphs, adults, and eggs on trees. The Tree of Heaven is the preferred tree. Spotted lanternfly lay their eggs on a variety of smooth surfaces. Look for egg masses (which are off-white to grey and textured patches) on tree bark, vehicles, buildings, and outdoor items. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung.

  

Find it, report it!

 

Contact your State Department of Agriculture or the Extension specialist near you to report signs of spotted lanternfly. If possible, take a picture or capture the insect in alcohol.

  

Stop the Spread

 

Everyone can play a role in stopping the spread of spotted lanternfly

  

Remove and Destroy

 

Crush nymph and adult spotted lanternflies. Scrape egg masses into hand sanitizer or rubbing alcohol.

  

For more information about the Spotted Lanternfly, please see www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/slf

  

For more information about the Tree of Heaven, please see www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/tree-of-heaven.htm

In Memories, Dreams, Reflections Jung reports a seminal dream in his discovery of the collective unconscious.

Very interesting article! I never thought about archetypes being possibly destructive ! One of my most frequently presented archetypes is wallet, purse, and so on! Does anyone know what it represents?!

Allan Raymond Cohen Reply

I found it very dificult to get a hold on the esence – here is mine:-

Level 1 the top floor – Being accepted

Level 2 the ground floor PATERNAL – Notice me; MATERNAL – Victim.

Level 3 the cellar – Small town mentality

Level 4 the cave – Jewish wanderer – always looking

need some help to intergrate it

 

I was in a house I did not know, which had two storeys. It was “my house”. I found myself in the upper storey, where there was a kind of salon furnished with fine old pieces in Rococo style. On the walls hung a number of precious, old paintings. I wondered that this should be my house and thought, “Not bad”. But then it occurred to me that I did not know what the lower floor looked like. Descending the stairs, I reached the ground floor. There everything was much older. I realised that this part of the house must date from about the fifteenth or sixteenth century. The furnishings were medieval, the floors were of red brick. Everywhere it was rather dark. I went from one room to another, thinking, “Now I really must explore the whole house.” I came upon a heavy door and opened it. Beyond it, I discovered a stone stairway that led down into a cellar. Descending again, I found myself in a beautifully vaulted room which looked exceedingly ancient. Examining the walls, I discovered layers of brick among the ordinary stone blocks, and chips of brick in the mortar. As soon as I saw this, I knew that the walls dated from Roman times. My interest by now was intense. I looked more closely at the floor. It was of stone slabs and in one of these I discovered a ring. When I pulled it, the stone slab lifted and again I saw a stairway of narrow stone steps leading down to the depths. These, too, I descended and entered a low cave cut into rock. Thick dust lay on the floor and in the dust were scattered bones and broken pottery, like remains of a primitive culture. I discovered two human skulls, obviously very old, and half disintegrated. Then I awoke.[1]

Jung presented the dream to Freud, who he was working very closely with at the time, but dissatisfied with his (Freud’s) reading of it[2] Jung independently interpreted the dream along the following lines: the house was a symbol of his psyche or psychology. Our homes being amongst the most primal of our collective symbols. The home is where the heart is, as the old saying goes. Our homes are our castles (irrespective of how modest they may be), our sanctuaries. They are sacred ground. The border of the home constitutes a boundary between me and mine and “the world”, “the others”. Its boundaries are designed to keep the unwelcome out and admit the welcome by my invitation. In my home (ideally) I feel contained, safe, held. The home symbolically is an extended psychic body, a manifestation of my soul in the world. And inasmuch as it holds me it is also a symbol of the mother. This symbolic significance explains much of the cultural rituals and protocols around our homes and their status in our society. Once you become a guest in my home there is a subtle but significant shift in your status from someone-out-there to someone-one-in-here. The beliefs and cultural norms of the Bedouin tribes are particularly telling in this regard. This also goes some way to explaining the lasting psychological trauma of a home invasion and the frequent need to relocate.

 

And in the dream Jung is clear that it is not just any house but his house, “my house”. Once one is armed with the concept of the collective unconscious the rest follows fairly organically. Of course Jung himself wasn’t, so the reading he birthed is a testament to his genius. As he descends the various layers of his house, he is descending the layers of his own psychology, psyche or soul. What he discovers is that each successive layer connects him with an earlier time in man’s history and the history of his ancestral line and also casts an increasingly wide net so that his interconnectedness to his fellow man is increased. Or perhaps it is better stated to say he is increasingly connected to an ever wider group of fellow human beings who share, at the various levels, his ancestry. Such that he begins in his personal living space on the upper floor and ends in the shared prehistoric roots of all mankind.

 

Discovering your own archetypal home

 

Using the symbolic structure of Jung’s dream house I want you to consider the ancestral impulses and archetypal inhabitants of your own psychology. To do this we borrow quite strictly from Jung’s conceptual apparatus of the collective unconscious and archetypes, but more liberally with respect to the particularities of his dream house. In other words we might say that Jung was visited by what the shamans call a “big dream”. A dream that wasn’t as much his personal property (no pun intended) as it was the property of all mankind –a message from the dream gods if you will.

 

In order to utilise this image in your investigation (and hopefully discovery) of your own archetypal home, I want you to adopt the following classification of the respective levels or internal structures of the house.

 

Following Jung’s trajectory we will move from the top (the personal) to the base (the transpersonal). At each level I want you to identify a governing archetype (or spirit).

 

Level 1 the top floor of your house is concerned with your personal narrative. The archetype you are looking for here is the one that governs your own personal life, your own narrative or life journey to date. Naturally you are going to be able to indentify multiple possibilities here and choosing one is bound to be challenging. Nevertheless, select only one concept, idea, archetype that has been present throughout your life like the mythological red thread, irrespective of whether you could always see it or not, or followed it or not.

 

Level 2 the ground floor of your house is concerned with the family you were born into. Identify in each of your parents same gender lineage a governing archetype. In the case of your paternal line consider: your father, your bothers, sons, uncles, male cousins and grandfather – all in the paternal line; in the case of your maternal line consider: your mother, sisters, aunts, cousins and grandmother. So, on this level you should identify two archetypes, one from each of your paternal and the maternal lines respectively.

 

Level 3 the cellar of your house is concerned with the culture in which you live and are identified with. This is open to interpretation because a number of complicating factors come into play. The culture you grew up in, the culture in which you currently live, distinct cultural and racial groups in the country in which you live, considerations of communal or group sub-cultures and so on. For most of us there will be a number of distinct group, social and cultural influences. Each of these groups will incarnate a particular archetype. Nevertheless for the sake of the application select one archetype from amongst these groups with which you most closely identify.

 

Level 4 the cave under your house is concerned with the ancestral line from which you emerge. This could be singular or multiple depending on your personal ancestry. Here you want to reflect on the spirit (or archetype) of “the people” you are descended from.

 

Using myself as an example:

 

Level 1: consciousness (although my life has been filled with different and quite distinct impulses, asked to select a single one I think consciousness – the pursuit of, would be a likely candidate).

 

Level 2: paternal: the will to power; maternal: melancholy

 

Level 3: I identify myself very much as a South African and even more specifically as a white South African (the political incorrectness of such an admission notwithstanding) and the spirit that I see living in white South Africans in contemporary culture is one of entrepreneurship.

 

Level 4: I emerge from two ancestral lines, the Lebanese and the Afrikaners. In my reading of the Lebanese a good candidate for their dominant trait or archetype is: trader (they are and historically have always been traders). The Afrikaners, when I think about them what come out for me is that they are pioneers – they exhibit a pioneering spirit.

 

So I find the following archetypes living in my own psychology: consciousness, will to power, melancholy, entrepreneurship, trader, and pioneer. Here it seems a synthesis can be realised between: trader – entrepreneur (these two seem to share a very similar archetypal basis). As such I narrow my list down to: entrepreneur, consciousness, will to power, melancholy, and pioneer. I think there is a case for a synthesis between pioneer and consciousness as well (consciousness being the consequence of pioneering into unchartered territories). Nevertheless I think the distinctions between these two archetypes are sufficient that they are best left intact and independent if obviously related.

 

The bivalent nature of archetypes

 

It is important when considering the archetypes that emerged for you during this application to reflect on both their productive and destructive aspects. This is something that Jung emphasised in relation to archetypes – their bivalent nature. E.g. the mother (archetype) can be nurturing or consuming and so on. Considering three of my own archetypes this is what I see:

 

Trader-entrepreneur

 

Constructive: able to successfully trade, negotiate, do business, create new opportunities, think creatively, navigate the world etc.

 

Destructive: unproductive (a trader can produce nothing and still be a very successful trader), manipulative, exploitative, depersonalise and commoditise the other, greedy, avaricious etc.

 

Consciousness

 

Constructive: Jung had it that consciousness has infinite value and possibly nothing further need be said on the scale of the positive, although I cannot resist adding Socrates aphorism, ‘The unconsidered life is not worth living’.

 

Destructive: passivity, inaction, analysis paralysis, consciousness can be substituted for the actual process and joy of life, and so on.

 

Melancholy

 

Productive: soulfulness, reflection, the true state of every genuine philosopher, empathetic, feeling, caring, a mytho-poetic sense or lens, and so on.

 

Destructive: sadness, apathy, fatalism, joyless, sourness etc.

 

It is important to realise that every archetype has both the constructive and destructive capacities, not one or the other. And Jung would suggest that when one is consciously constellated its opposite is unconsciously constellated. The very significant implication of this idea being that consciousness is best served by being aware of both the productive and destructive characteristics of the archetype in your own psychology.

 

Understanding you own myth

 

Armed with this knowledge the next question to consider is what possible story could be told with these archetypal characters? This is, I believe, what Jung means when he asks of us to identify our own myth. This is the ‘next step’ in the process, beyond the classical mapping of your story onto a collective myth or fable. In other words the archetypal characters in your psychology are characters on the stage of your life and your personal life story is their story, the story they tell. Now stories, as we know from literary theory, follow certain typical (or in Jungian terms: archetypal) forms. Your archetypes create a natural structure in which your story can be told, in which your myth can unfold. This structure has a natural form and limitation; its possibilities are not infinite. However there are, if not infinite, certainly a multiplicity of different forms, shades and hues of personal narrative that these archetypal characters can create and be part of. Understanding what your myth may be is about reflecting on what this story may look like or could look like; knowing what it is, beyond speculation, is the business of living this life and discovering what story emerges.

 

appliedjung.com/jungs-dream-house/

 

TWI has been at the forefront of inspection and non-destructive testing (NDT) of fabricated structures for more than 40 years. The NDT Technology Section is a multi-disciplinary group of over 60 engineers, consultants and technicians dedicated to the development and successful implementation of the full spectrum of NDT technologies.

  

We aim to provide cost savings and reliability assurance to Members through the development of innovative inspection solutions, and by interfacing with related technologies such as engineering critical assessment, risk-based inspection, reliability analysis and repair procedure development.

  

TWI's team works on all available NDT technologies, enabling us to develop the optimum solution in any practical industrial situation and to provide independent and impartial advice.

 

For more information www.twi.co.uk/technologies/ndt/

 

If you wish to use this image each use should be accompanied by the credit line and notice, "Courtesy of TWI Ltd".

 

Beautiful destructive little garden jewels in macro

The magnetic particle method of Non-Destructive Examination was developed in the USA, in the 1930s, as a way to check steel components on production lines. The principle of the method is that the specimen is magnetised to produce magnetic lines of force, or flux, in the material. If these lines of force meet a discontinuity, such as a crack, secondary magnetic poles are created at the faces of the crack. Where these secondary magnetic fields appear at the surface of the metal, they can be revealed by applying magnetic particles, as a powder, or in a liquid suspension, to the surface. The particles are attracted to the flux leakage and clump round the flaw, making it visible. The particles may be black, or coated with a fluorescent dye to increase their visibilty.

 

The magnetic flux lines should be at right angles to a flaw to give the best indication, as this creates maximum flux leakage. This governs the choice of a suitable magnetising technique. Often, more than one technique must be used to give a complete inspection.

 

A flaw attracts more particles if it cuts more magnetic lines of force, so the ability to show a flaw depends on the depth of the flaw, the angle of the flaw to the lines of force, and the magnetic field strength induced during magnetisation. The method is limited to ferromagnetic materials - iron, cobalt and nickel - as other paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials cannot hold a flux which is strong enough to attract particles.

 

For more information www.twi.co.uk/technologies/ndt/

 

If you wish to use this image each use should be accompanied by the credit line and notice, "Courtesy of TWI Ltd".

  

n 1918, a Great Flu Pandemic swept the world, killing an estimated 20-40 million people, thus making it the largest and most destructive outbreak of any infectious disease in recorded history. This virus was unusual not only in its higher than average mortality rate, but also in the age groups that it attacked. Unlike other outbreaks it targeted not only the very young and old, but also young adults (20-40 year olds). Why the 1918 virus was so devastating is still a mystery. A thorough molecular understanding is now sought to offer reasons why this influenza virus was so pathogenic and how it managed to evade the immune system so effectively. Unfortunately, no intact virus survived, since the pandemic struck before viruses were even identified as the causative agent. Only fragments of the viral genome survived in both Alaskan victims buried in the permafrost and in fixed and archived autopsy material and these have been used to sequence and assemble a number of genes from this virus.

   

One of the most important viral proteins is the virus coat protein, hemagglutinin (HA). This surface glycoprotein is responsible for virus binding to host cell receptors, and subsequent membrane fusion events within the endosomal pathway in the infected cell. HA is also the most abundant antigen on the surface of the virus and harbors the primary neutralizing epitopes for antibodies. In line with its importance, this viral antigen has been the initial focus of our research on the 1918 flu.

   

The ectodomain of the HA gene from the 1918 influenza virus1 A/South Carolina/1/18 was cloned and expressed in a baculovirus expression system as the pre-infective HA0 form (see Figure 1 legend). Protein was produced as trimers using a trimerizing sequence ('foldon') from the bacteriophage T4 fibritin. HA0 crystallized at pH 5.5 and its structure was recently solved by molecular replacement (MR) to 3.0 Å resolution from data collected at beamline 9-2 at SSRL (pdb:1RD8)2. 18HA0 is ~135 Å in length with two distinct domains (Figure 1). The cylindrical trimer has a tightly intertwined 'stem' domain at its membrane proximal base. The dominant feature of this stalk region is a long triple-stranded coiled-coil. This region also contains the cleavage site where host enzymes cleave HA0 to its infective HA1/HA2 form. The membrane-distal domain consists of a globular 'head' which contains the host receptor binding site and major epitopes for neutralizing antibodies.

   

Although phylogenetic analyses place the 1918 HA sequence at the base of the evolutionary tree of human viruses, analysis of this structure revealed that it is more closely akin to avian forms. A number of species- and serotype-specific features have been identified:

 

1. A narrow, avian-like receptor-binding site predominates in the 1918 HA. Within this pocket, the only difference between 1918 HA and known swine-avian adapted H1 viruses is an Glu190Asp mutation, which leads to a minimal increase in the pocket size that could perhaps increase affinity for human receptors.

 

2. Two previously unobserved histidine-rich basic patches may enhance the pH-dependent viral-fusion event within the endosomal pathway, required for influenza infection. One patch, unique to both human and avian H1, H2 and H5 subtypes, is adjacent to the cleavage site, and may be involved in either trimer destabilization or expulsion of the fusion peptide prior to the membrane fusion event. The second patch situated at the base of the HA1 globular domain is found only in avian H1 subtypes, providing tantalizing evidence of a direct jump of this virus from birds to the human naïve population.

   

Thus, these and other as yet unidentified features may have contributed to the extraordinarily high infectivity and mortality rates observed during 1918.

No. 1 - 4: 2007 UNITED KINGDOM FLOODS

(Duration: 1 June 2007— 26 July 2007

(Gloucestershire: 20 - 26 July 2007)

Damages: about £6 billion

Fatalities: 13

over the counties indicated below, but concentrating on Gloucestershire.)

 

The 2007 United Kingdom floods were a series of destructive floods that occurred in various areas across the country during the summer of 2007. The most severe floods occurred across Northern Ireland on 12 June; East Yorkshire and The Midlands on 15 June; Yorkshire, The Midlands, Gloucestershire and Worcestershire on 25 June; and Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire and South Wales on 28 July.

 

June was one of the wettest months on record in Britain. Average rainfall across England was 140 millimetres (5.5 in), more than double the June average. Some areas received a month's worth of precipitation in just 24 hours. It was Britain's wettest May–July since records began (in 1776). July had unusually unsettled weather and above-average rainfall through the month, peaking on 20 July as an active frontal system dumped more than 120 millimetres (4.7 in) of rain in southern England.

 

Civil and military authorities described the June and July rescue efforts as the biggest in peacetime Britain. The Environment Agency described the July floods as critical and expected them to exceed the 1947 benchmark.

 

Meteorological background

June 2007 started quietly with an anticyclone to the north of the United Kingdom maintaining a dry, cool easterly flow. From 10 June the high pressure began to break down as an upper trough moved into the area, triggering thunderstorms that caused flooding in Northern Ireland on 12 June.

 

Later that week, a slow moving area of low pressure from the west of Biscay moved east across the British Isles. At the same time, an associated occluded front moved into Northern England, becoming very active as it did so with the peak rainfall on 15 June. Rainfall records were broken across the region, leading to localised flooding. As it weakened, the front moved north into Scotland on 16 June and left England and Wales with a very unstable airmass, frequent heavy showers, thunderstorms and cloudy conditions. This led to localised flash flooding and prevented significant drying where earlier rains had fallen.

 

On 25 June another unseasonably low pressure (993 hPa / 29.3 inHg) depression moved across England. The associated front settled over Eastern England and dumped more than 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain in places. The combination of high rainfall and high water levels from the earlier rainfall led to extensive flooding across many parts of England and Wales, with the Midlands, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, South, West and East Yorkshire the most affected. Gales along the east coast also caused storm damage. RAF Fylingdales on the North Yorkshire Moors reported rainfall totals of 103 mm (4.1 in) in 24 hours, an estimated 100 mm (3.9 in) in Hull and 77 mm (3 in) on Emley Moor in West Yorkshire. The average monthly total for June for the whole UK is 72.6 mm (2.9 in).

 

On 27 June, the Met Office released an early warning of severe weather for the approaching weekend, stating that 20 to 50 mm (–2 in) of rain could fall in some areas, raising the possibility of more flooding within the already saturated flood plains.

 

On 20 July, another active frontal system moved across Southern England. Many places recorded a month's rainfall or more in one day. The Met Office at RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire reported 126.6 mm (5 in): a sixth of its annual rainfall. The college at Pershore in Worcestershire reported 142.2 mm (5.6 in), causing the Environment Agency to issue 16 further severe flood warnings. By 21 July, many towns and villages were flooded, with Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire, London and South Wales facing the brunt of the heavy rainfall.

 

Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.

 

Affected areas in England.

England was affected by the June and July floods, with the North badly hit in June, the West badly hit in July, and many areas hit in both. It was England's wettest July on record.

 

I am just giving details for Gloucestershire here! However to discover about other counties please check out

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_UnitedKi…

 

Gloucestershire

Severe flooding in Tewkesbury

 

Gloucestershire was the worst affected county - with both some minor flooding in June, and major flooding in July.

 

On 17 July, a father and his 24 year old son died from asphyxiation due to carbon monoxide poisoning after using a petrol-powered pump to pump water out of the unventilated Tewkesbury Rugby Football Club cellar.

 

On the night of Friday 20 July an Amphicar was used to ferry fish fingers to over 100 school children who were stranded by floodwater at Tewkesbury High School.

 

On 22 July, Gloucester City A.F.C.'s Stadium was flooded. Tewkesbury was completely cut off with no road access, parts of the town were under around 3 feet (0.9 m) of water and flood waters entered Tewkesbury Abbey for the first time in 247 years. Tewkesbury's Mythe Water Treatment Works were flooded, threatening drinking water supplies to 350,000 people, and Severn Trent Water warned that treated water would run out by early Sunday evening in Tewkesbury, Cheltenham and Gloucester. Combined military and civil emergency services tried to stop floods reaching the Walham electricity substation in Gloucester supplying half a million people.

 

On 23 July 50,000 Gloucestershire homes were left without electricity after a major electricity substation in Castle Meads, Gloucester was turned off due to the flood.

 

On 24 July, the battle to save the Walham substation succeeded, stopping flood waters just short of entry and the Castle Meads substation was repaired, restoring power supplies.

 

By 24 July 420,000 people were without drinking water, including most of the population of Gloucester, Cheltenham, and Tewkesbury. Emergency services continued repair work at the Mythe water-treatment works but Severn Trent Water estimated that water supplies would not be restored for at least fourteen days. 900 drinking water bowsers were brought in and the Army was mobilised to distribute three million bottles of water a day and keep the bowsers filled.

 

On 25 July, Coors, Carlsberg, Scottish and Newcastle, Inbev and Greene King brewing companies offered 23 beer tankers to help supply drinking water.

 

On 26 July Severn Trent Water organised a temporary water supply to 10,000 homes in Tewkesbury;] the water was suitable for use in toilets and for washing, but not to drink. It was not until 7 August, 16 days after Mythe Treatment Works stopped pumping, that the tap water for the 140,000 homes affected was considered safe as drinking water.

 

By 29 July, Gloucestershire Fire and Rescue Service had attended 31,800 calls in an 48 hour period. Normally they attend 2,000 in a year.

 

On 28 July, a body was recovered in Tewkesbury. It was that of a 19-year old Mitchell Taylor who had gone missing on 21 July.

 

Timeline for this flooding:

* 20-26 July:

 

England (Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire, Greater London, Herefordshire, Lincolnshire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Wiltshire, Worcestershire),

 

Aftermath

Rescue effort

 

Following the flooding in late June, the rescue effort was described by the Fire Brigades Union as the "biggest in peacetime Britain". Following the flooding in July, the RAF said it is carrying out its biggest ever peacetime rescue operation.

The Environment Agency described the situation as "critical".

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_UnitedKi…

 

Larger size:-

farm3.static.flickr.com/2529/4006788968_2aaf4a208c_b.jpg

 

Taken on:-

August 29, 2007 at 12:54 BST

 

The magnetic particle method of Non-Destructive Examination was developed in the USA, in the 1930s, as a way to check steel components on production lines. The principle of the method is that the specimen is magnetised to produce magnetic lines of force, or flux, in the material. If these lines of force meet a discontinuity, such as a crack, secondary magnetic poles are created at the faces of the crack. Where these secondary magnetic fields appear at the surface of the metal, they can be revealed by applying magnetic particles, as a powder, or in a liquid suspension, to the surface. The particles are attracted to the flux leakage and clump round the flaw, making it visible. The particles may be black, or coated with a fluorescent dye to increase their visibilty.

 

The magnetic flux lines should be at right angles to a flaw to give the best indication, as this creates maximum flux leakage. This governs the choice of a suitable magnetising technique. Often, more than one technique must be used to give a complete inspection.

 

A flaw attracts more particles if it cuts more magnetic lines of force, so the ability to show a flaw depends on the depth of the flaw, the angle of the flaw to the lines of force, and the magnetic field strength induced during magnetisation. The method is limited to ferromagnetic materials - iron, cobalt and nickel - as other paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials cannot hold a flux which is strong enough to attract particles.

 

For more information www.twi.co.uk/technologies/ndt/

 

If you wish to use this image each use should be accompanied by the credit line and notice, "Courtesy of TWI Ltd".

  

Due to the destructive nature of archaeology, detailed vertical elevations or section drawings of features were also completed. These drawings can be used to show stone or wooden structures as well as the build-up of soils and debris within pits or ditches. They are normally drawn relative from a fixed string line which is levelled to be horizontal – the archaeologist is measuring down from the string line in this image.

We are a company engaged in National & International Welding, NDT(Non Destructive Test), and Metallurgical Training and Certification with 10 years of experience ready to conduct training in National and International areas.

 

We provide training including:

- Welding Engineer Training (IWE): Duration 448 Hours

- Welding Technologist (IWT) Training : Duration 369 Hours

- Welding Specialist (IWS) Training : Duration 249 Hours

- Welding Practicioner (IWP) Training : 150 Hours Duration

- Training Welding Inspection Personnel Level B-S-C (IWIP): Duration 105-157-219 Hours

- Welder Training (IW): 83 hours theoretical duration

- NDT Inspector Level 2 Training : MT, PT, UT, RI

 

100% payment maximum 2 weeks before training starts.

 

Training API 510, API 510 Training Courses, Sertifikasi API 510, Training API 510 Jakarta, Gaji API 510 Di Indonesia, API 510 Indonesia, Tugas API 510 , Training API 510 Batam, Training API 510 Bogor, Training API 510 Jakarta, Training API 510 Cilegon, Training API 510 Kalimantan, Training API 510 Papua, Training API 510 Bandung, Training API 510 Bojonegoro, Training API 510 Indonesia, Training API 510 Singapore, Training API 510 Malaysia, Training API 510 Russia, Training API 510 China, Training API 510India, Training API 510 Arab Saudi, Training API 510 Vietnam, Training API 510 Philippines, Training API 510 Thailand, Training API 510 Sumatera Utara, Training API 510 Riau, Training API 510 Sumatera, Training API 510 Cilacap, Training API 510 Dumai, Training API 510 Sungai Pakning, Training API 510 Musi, Training API 510 Balongan, Training API 510 Cepu, Training API 510 Balikpapan, Training API 510 Sorong, Training Weling Engineer Tuban

 

#welding #welder #fabrication #weld #weldernation #tigwelding #tig #weldlife #metalwork #weldinglife #steel #metal #migwelding #weldeverydamnday #metalfabrication #welders #engineering #metalworking #weldaddicts #construction #metalart #manufacturing #mig #stainlesssteel #welderindonesia #mesinlas #bajaringan #strukturbaja #konstruksibangunan #jasakonstruksi #engineer #engineering #technology #construction #engineers #civilengineering #mechanicalengineering #design #engineeringlife #mechanical #tech #science #civilengineer #engineeringstudent #electricalengineering #mechanic #electronics #electrical #manufacturing #welding #welder #weld #metalart #engineering #steel #pipe #machinery #weldernation #heavyindustry #weldlikeapro #metalindustry #weldingengineering #weldingartist #smaw #piping #metallurgical #metal #engineering #metallurgicalengineering #metallurgy #steel #materials #metalurgica #materialscience

While running after eachother they didn't see they destroted lots of buildings.

Beetle Among World’s Most Invasive and Destructive Insect Pests

BALTIMORE – Labeling it one of the largest concentrations of Khapra beetle larva they have ever seen, Baltimore Customs and Border Protection agriculture specialists on Friday ordered an entire container of Pakistan rice to be re-exported or destroyed to prevent one of the world’s most destructive and invasive insect pests from threatening United States agriculture.

CBP agriculture specialists discovered 40 dead Khapra larvae during an inspection June 16 and submitted specimens to a local U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) entomologist. The entomologist confirmed on Friday that the larvae were Trogoderma granarium (Everts), commonly known as Khapra beetle.

Photographer: Stephen Sapp

On the edge of a community agroforestry project designed to demonstrate an alternative to destructive monoculture in an area almost entirely razed by palm oil plantations.

 

A delegation from RAN's agribusiness team attended the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) meeting in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo to advocate for human rights and land tenure rights, promote zero deforestation commitments, and demonstrate the need for value chain safeguards. After the RSPO conference Lafcadio Cortesi and Ashley Schaeffer visited Tanjung Puting National Park, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and one of the last strongholds of the endangered orangutan. The team toured an area of active deforestation and tense social conflict involving the company PT Bumi Lenggeng, a subsidiary of BW Plantation - an RSPO member company that operates about 100,000 ha. of oil palm plantations in Central and Eastern Kalimantan.

 

Read more: From The field: Borneo’s Tanjung Puting National Park And The High Stakes Of The Palm Oil Crisis

It works!

 

Bought some cheap beer yesterday and dug some holes. Sunk the tubs in the holes and poured in the beer.

 

I set out just two tubs half-filled with beer last night as a test and saw that I had caught at least 10 slugs this morning!

 

I hate killing them, but I don't have another solution that will save my tomatoes from their destructive and voracious eating habits.

This former American Airlines 707 appears to have been used to test the effects of an explosive device placed in the forward baggage compartment.

 

In the early 1980s, Boeing and the US Air Force purchased a large number of retired Boeing 707-series airliners. The engine pylons and JT3D turbofan engines were removed from these aircraft, refurbished and used to replace the J57 turbojets on approximately 100 KC-135A Stratotankers.

 

Along with some other changes, this program produced KC-135E tankers that were operated by USAF Reserve and National Guard units from the mid-1980s until the last KC-135E was withdrawn from service in 2009.

 

The program was economical and very successful, providing Reserve and National Guard units with aircraft that had significantly reduced noise and emissions. Many of those units were based at civilian airports, and the turbofan conversions were welcomed by the nearby communities. Fuel consumption was reduced, and performance was also improved.

 

The retired airliners from which the pylons and turbofan engines were removed remained in storage for many years, providing a source of additional parts as well as airframes for various types of training and testing. All of these pictures were taken on the same day in May 1996.

Bhairava is destructive, fierce, & frightening, a terrifying god resembling a male form of Kali Ma. He scares away demons and other menacing creatures. In Kathmandu's Durbar Square, this depiction of Bhairava, painted on a end of a log, protects the entrance to home Kumari, the living goddess.

One of the most destructive eruptions of Etna during history occurred in November 1928 on the east-northeast side of the volcano. It nearly completely destroyed the village of Mascali, then with a population of 5000. The eruption started high on the volcano, at about 3000 m elevation, on 2 November; a second fissure opened further downslope (at around 1700-2300 m elevation) on the next day. Lava from this second fissure rapidly advanced toward a village named Sant'Alfio, whose inhabitants brought the statue of their patron saint - Sant'Alfio - toward the menacing lava flow. It stopped at a distance of a few kilometers from the village, and as a sign of their gratitude, the people of Sant'Alfio built a little chapel near the place where the lava flow stopped. This chapel is known as the "chiesetta di Magazzeni".

The lava flow threatening Sant'Alfio stopped because on the third day of the eruption a new eruptive fissure opened at only 1200 m elevation, near Ripe della Naca, and the fissure at 1700-2300 m stopped erupting. The lava from the Ripe della Naca fissure ran into the direction of Mascali, where it arrived on 6 November - the very day of the feast of San Leonardo, the patron saint of Mascali. At Mascali, the miracle did not happen, but at least nobody was killed in the eruption. Photo taken 29 April 2009, with the snow-covered main cone of Etna partially hidden in cloud in the background

“Max Harborn and his wife Eva, the first space explorers to visit Mars, discover an almost dead world of endless deserts. Lifeless, that is, except for a few curious Martian moths, paradoxically existing in the absence of vegetation and water. Two of the living moths are brought back to Earth, along with samples of rocks, sand, and atmosphere. But once back on Earth, the two moths, male and female, escape from captivity, and begin breeding at a prodigious rate. The alien grubs can eat almost anything, and soon the world is imperiled by a horrifying destructive plague of the Martian moths...” [Synopsis of a 2015 American book edition of the novel]

 

John Russell Fearn (1908 - 1960) was a prolific British writer, one of the first to appear in American pulp science fiction magazines. He wrote Westerns and crime fiction as well as science fiction. His writing appeared under numerous pseudonyms and included series such as “Adam Quirke,” “Clayton Drew,” and “Golden Amazon.” Writing as Vargo Statten, he created the novelization for the classic horror film “Creature from the Black Lagoon” (1954).

 

At times his stories drew on the pulp traditions of Edgar Rice Burroughs. His work received praise for its vividness, with Arthur C. Clarke commenting in 1939 that "we must admire the magnificent, if undisciplined, fertility of his mind". [Source: Wikipedia]

 

Attack of the Martian Moths