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(Spoiler warning for the film's ending)
I've found, as I get older, that it takes increasingly less to make me cry at movies – my theory being that the accumulation of real life experience correlates to an empathy for fictionalised narratives to which we couldn’t previously relate. Having said that, there are still only a handful of films I’d describe as truly devastating, and those that fit the description generally share one of two themes. The first is animals – my love thereof being no great secret. (A friend once asked if I wanted to rent Hachi, and I responded by saying that I wasn’t in the mood: the truth being that a) films where the animal protagonists don’t survive past the end credits utterly destroy me and b) I’d teared up just watching the trailer two days earlier.) The second – more human – theme is that of mothers.
As the product of a single-parent household, there are few things that offend me more than the notion that a child needs two parents (of either gender) for healthy development, and, once I’d reached an age where the option became available to me, I ceased contact with my father altogether. In consequence of having been raised by mum alone, however, we have a closeness for which I am unendingly grateful; and trading an additional parent for the woman who remains one of my favourite people in the world is an exchange I would make time and time again. (Indeed, half the arguments we had growing up were, upon reflection, a consequence of us being more or less the same person: my strong-mindedness (read: stubbornness) and self-assurance (/inability to admit when I’m wrong) being among the more charming traits I’ve inherited.)
Now, going into Still Alice last week, I had high expectations. I’m a long-time fan of Julianne Moore, and knew she’d secured the Oscar for Best Actress before the film had even premiered here in the UK (an accolade I chose to have faith in despite Patricia Arquette winning Best Supporting for Boyhood, which I consider a feat of technical filmmaking vs. acting or storytelling). I was not, however, prepared for the degree to which the film moved me, and as people slowly filed out of the cinema around us, it was all I could to do stay seated throughout the end credits until I could recover enough to stop crying.
The film’s theme is, of course, grave – the subject of early-onset Alzheimer’s is hardly the makings of a light-hearted comedy. Dr. Alice Howland (played to devastating effect by Moore) is a linguistics professor who, she tells us, has “always been so defined by my intellect, my language, my articulation, and now sometimes I can see the words hanging in front of me and I can’t reach them and I don’t know who I am and I don’t know what I’m going to lose next.” It’s a disease that strips Alice of the traits that form the very basis of her self-identity. This loss of her sense of self – and the bitter irony that the accelerated decline in Alice’s condition owes, in part, to her erstwhile superior intellect – is difficult to watch: scenes of Alice pre-emptively visiting a nursing home and seeing the fate that awaits her reflected in people vastly beyond her age; of the shame she feels after failing to find the bathroom in her own home; the emotional breakdown when she finally reveals her condition to her husband, and sobs that “it feels like my brain is fucking dying. And everything I’ve worked for in my entire life is going. It’s all going.” It’s heartbreaking.
But the true heart of the movie lies, for me, in Alice’s relationship with her youngest daughter, Lydia (played by Kristen Stewart in a role for which the internet at large probably owes her a collective apology after the Twilight series). Though their relationship is, at times, strained (foremost by Alice’s misgivings over Lydia’s choice of an acting career without a solid basis in education) the bond they ultimately develop over the course of the movie is a beautiful one; the child she least understands becoming the one who understands her most. The film’s final scene is, at face value, devastating – Lydia reads to Alice from a play they had discussed months earlier while her mother was still in command of her faculties, and Alice – finally in the full grip of her condition – responds seemingly incomprehensibly. But it contains within it an echo of the speech the once-brilliant Alice gave in the film’s opening moments, where she noted that, “Most children speak and understand their mother tongue before they turn four, without lessons, homework, or much in the way of feedback. How do they accomplish this remarkable feat? Well this is a question that has interested scientists at least since Charles Darwin kept a diary of the early language of his infant son. He observed, ‘Man has an instinctive tendency to speak, as we see in the babble of our young children.’”
After Lydia has finished reading, she asks her mother, “Hey, did you like that? What I just read, did you like it? Wh-what…what was it about?”
“Love,” Alice answers.
And though her mother has been reduced to a state where she can only communicate through childlike babble, we feel that Alice can still comprehend – on some level – Lydia’s devotion to her. “Yeah, mom,” she responds. “It was about love.”
In the hands of a lesser filmmaker, Still Alice could easily have been a schmaltzy, Lifetime Movie affair like My Sister’s Keeper or The Notebook – reliant on musical cues and manipulative sentimentality to tell the viewer where and when to feel. Still Alice favours a quiet dignity, like that of its protagonist, and of the film’s co-writer and director, Richard Glatzer, who made this movie – ultimately to be his last – whilst battling motor neuron disease. The film’s lasting message is of endurance, even in the face of inevitability — and of love.
(Dundee, 2014)
Seen in Athens/Greece.
Artists: Speg - Till Death crew (Thanks Joad for the info)
The Graffiti Walk - Remap KM event.
7 Likes on Instagram
5 Comments on Instagram:
noodleheiress: Oh my stars. Did you cure that?
eatatjoes2: @noodleheiress noooooo..... we bought it for chuckie for his birthday. Imported from Spain.
noodleheiress: Oh good. If you had started making jamon and not tweeted/instagrammed I'd be mad atcha.
eatatjoes2: @noodleheiress honey, there would be a play by play if I was curing my own.
noodleheiress: I know! That's why I was making sure!
something went wrong with the face up. after a few week the msc startet to crack and finally it fell of. the head is cleaned now and is waiting for a new face up, but before that i made a shooting with Sola
"destroyed beaty"
Sola - Fairyland Minifee Mirwen
Broke Leg Falls #4
Broke Leg Creek
Broke Leg Falls Menifee County Park
Kentucky
5 Image HDR
I was looking forward to returning to see an old friend, knowing several inches of rain and snow had fallen over the last few days. Devastated in the great tornado outbreak of March 2nd 2012 the entire landscape that surrounded the 4 Broke Leg Falls in this small park was completely raked by an F-4 tornado. After passing over the falls the tornado continued down the gorge, not only destroying everything in the gorge but also everything above the gorge's 200 ft. sheer cliff walls. It is truly a sight to behold as you bare witness of the effects of awesome power of nature. When I first visited this falls a little over 2 years ago it quickly found a place in my heart as one of the most beautiful and scenic in the state of Kentucky. At 60 ft. tall, at my last visit to the falls prior to the damage I opted against shooting the falls from inside the gorge and figured I would wait till the next time I would stop by. Just goes to show you that you shouldn't put off what you can do today for now it is far too unsafe and difficult to make the trek at creek level as there is so much unsettled deadfall. It will take many years for this area to recover, longer than my remaining lifetime. I'm just glad that the park is rebuilt, a new bridge at the top of the creek, new handrails, the deadfall is cut away from the trail and some of the upper falls and they've put a new picnic area that you can see near the top center of the photograph.
You know when you feel so heartbroken that it physically hurts? When you feel at the lowest point of your life where you're just that broken? Where you want to give up on everything and never let someone in again? What's important is that you can take the shit in your life and turn it into something beautiful, whether that be a lesson learned, a chance to move on, or just a picture.
Destroy the first desire and you will live a life of serenity. Remember! Fulfilling one desire gives birth to more desires.
Das Gebäude der Teppichfabrik Protzen & Sohn ist der älteste erhaltene Industriebau auf Stralau. Mit dieser Fabrik begann 1865 die Entwicklung der Halbinsel zum Industriestandort. Auch eine Villa für den Fabrikanten wurde gleich neben der Fabrik gebaut. Seit dem Ende der 1920-er Jahre verkleinerte isch das Unternehmen, und andere Firmen nutzten die Gebäude, darunter eine Fabrik für Radios. Im 2. Weltkireg wurde ein Großteil der Gebäude zerstört. Auf dem Gelände produzierten nach 1953 der VEB Asbestdraht und seit 1955 das Werk für Fernsehelektronik. Mit dem Ende der DDR schloss der Standort, und die Gebäude standen leer. Zeitweise wurden Teile als "Eventlocation" genutzt. Danach herrschte wieder Leerstand. Jetzt konnten wir Aufräumarbeiten auf dem Gelände feststellen.
The building of the carpet factory Protzen & Son is the oldest preserved industrial building on Stralau. With this factory the development of the peninsula into an industrial location began in 1865. A mansion for the factory owner was also built right next to the factory. At the end of the 1920s, in face of sinking sales, the company rented part of its installations to other companies, including a radio factory. In the 2nd World War, most of the buildings were destroyed. From 1953 to 1955 a factory produced asbestos wires on the site, and after that the buildings were used by a manufacturer of electronic TV components. With the end of the GDR, the site closed down and the buildings stood empty. At times, parts of it were used as "event location". After that, abandonment prevailed again. Now we could see clean-up work on the site.
Here's first of my two cats. I do have lots of kitten pics but I actually do own only two adult neutered girls.
Her name is Täystuho ( = Complete Destruction) and she has a plant to destroy the world
Emerging consensus that the Thera volcano in 1500 BC destroyed the mythical Atlantis!
The Minoan eruption of Thera (or Santorini) in the Bronze Age (dated via radiocarbon dating of one sample to 1630-1600 BC,[1] corroborated by many other samples to 1654-1611 BC;[2] but 1525-1500 BC archaeologically, according to the Conventional Egyptian chronology[3]) has become the most famous single event in the Aegean Sea before the fall of Troy. The eruption would likely have caused a significant climate upset for the eastern Mediterranean region and possibly the entire world. With an estimated Dense-Rock Equivalent up to 60 cubic kilometers,[4] it was one of the largest volcanic eruptions on Earth during the last few thousand years. The name "Minoan eruption" refers to the Minoan civilization on Crete, which some scholars think was heavily disturbed by this eruption.
Physical effects of the eruption
The violent eruption was centered on a small island just north of the existing island of Nea Kameni in the centre of the caldera. The caldera itself was formed several hundred thousand years ago by collapse of the centre of a circular island caused by the emptying of the magma chamber during an eruption. It has been filled several times by ignimbrite since then and the process repeated, most recently 21,000 years ago. The northern part of the caldera was refilled by the volcano and then collapsed again during the Minoan eruption. Before the eruption, the caldera formed a nearly continuous ring with the only entrance between the tiny island of Aspronisi and Thera. The eruption destroyed the sections of the ring between Aspronisi and Therasia, and between Therasia and Thera, creating two new channels.
On Santorini, there is a 60 m thick deposit of white tephra thrown from the eruption that overlies the soil that marks the ground level before the eruption. The layer is divided into three fairly distinct bands indicating different phases of the eruption.[5]
Since no bodies have been found at the Akrotiri site, it is assumed that there were early indications of vulcanism which would induce the local population to leave the area. The thinness of the first ash layer and the likelihood of this layer being eroded by winter rains indicate that the volcano may have given warning at most months in advance and not years as previously believed.[6] Further archeological excavations at the site may eventually result in finding bodies similar to those found at Pompeii and Herculaneum as a result of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
The Minoan eruption, considered a classic plinian type, created a plume 30-35 km in height, extending into the stratosphere, along with magma coming into contact with the shallow marine embayment, resulted in a violent phreatic eruption. The eruption also generated a 35 to 150 m high tsunami that devastated the north coast of Crete, 110 km (70 mi) away. The tsunami impacted coastal towns such as Amnisos, where building walls have been knocked out of alignment. The tsunami would also certainly have eliminated the Minoan fleet along Crete's northern shore. On the island of Anaphi, 27 km to the east, ash layers 10 feet deep have been found, as well as pumice layers on slopes 250 meters above sea level. Elsewhere in the Mediterranean there are pumice deposits that could be caused by the Thera eruption.[7] Ash layers in cores drilled from the seabed and from lakes in Turkey, however, show that the heaviest ashfall was towards the east and northeast of Santorini. (Ash found in Crete is now known to have been from a precursory phase of the eruption, some weeks or months before the main eruptive phases, and would have had little impact.[8] Santorini ash deposits were at one time claimed to have been found in the Nile delta, but this is now known to be a misidentification[9]
The volume of ejecta is estimated to have been up to four times what was thrown into the stratosphere by Krakatau in 1883, a well-recorded event, placing the Volcanic Explosivity Index of the Thera eruption at approximately 6. The Thera volcanic events and subsequent ashfall probably sterilized the island, similar to Krakatau. Recent archaeological research by a team of international scientists in 2006 have revealed that the Santorini event was even more massive than previously thought. It expelled 61 cubic kilometres of magma and rock into Earth's atmosphere compared to previous estimates of only 39 cubic kilometres in 1991.[10] Only the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815 released more material into the atmosphere.[11]
Dating the volcanic eruption
The Minoan eruption provides a fixed point for aligning the entire chronology of the 2nd millennium BC in the Aegean, because evidence of the eruption occurs throughout the region. However, its exact date is unknown. Current opinion based on radiocarbon dating indicates that the eruption occurred between about 1630 and 1600 BC. These dates, however, conflict with the usual date from archaeology, which is around 1550 BC.
There are numerous archaeological chronologies for the Late Bronze Age, each based on a point of origin for a given material culture. International commerce shipped material culture from Crete, mainland Greece, Cyprus, and Canaan to contexts throughout the eastern Mediterranean. If the Thera eruption could be dated and then associated with a given layer of Cretan (or other) culture, chronologists could use that layer of culture to date other events. Since Thera's material culture at the time of destruction was most like the "Late Minoan IA (LMIA)" culture on Crete, LMIA is the baseline for relative chronology elsewhere. The eruption also aligns with Late Cycladic I (LCI) and Late Helladic I (LHI) - but before "Peloponnesian LHI".[12] As of 1989, Akrotiri had also yielded fragments of nine Syro-Palestinian "Middle Bronze II (MBII)" gypsum vessels.[13]
Some scholars believe the radiocarbon dates to be problematic or completely wrong. Some suggest re-scaling archaeological chronologies with the radiocarbon dates. Others look for a compromise between the archaeological and radiocarbon dates for best fits of both sets of data. Re-scaling archaeological chronologies is controversial, because revising the Aegean Bronze Age chronology could require, by association, revising the well-established conventional Egyptian chronology. The debate about the date continues.
It has long been hoped that information from Greenland ice cores and dendrochronology would determine the date exactly. A large eruption, identified in ice cores and dated to 1644 BC +/- 20 years was suspected to be Santorini. Tree ring data shows that a large event interfering with normal tree growth in America occurred in 1629-1628 BC.[14] These events had formerly been associated together. However, volcanic ash retrieved from an ice core demonstrated that this was not from Santorini[8] leading to the conclusion that the eruption may have occurred on another date.
On 28 April 2006, the journal Science published two research papers arguing that new radiocarbon ages required an eruption date between 1627 and 1600 BC. The research published by Manning et al. in their Science paper analysed 127 samples of wood, bone, and seed collected from various locations in the Aegean, including Santorini, Crete, Rhodes and Turkey. The samples were analysed at three separate labs in Oxford, Vienna, and Heidelberg in order to minimise the chance of a radiocarbon dating error. Manning's research offered a broad dating for the Thera event between 1660 to 1613 BC.[15] Friedrich et al., narrows the time-line for the eruption of Thera to between 1627-1600 BC on a 95% probability, which was facilitated by the rare discovery of an olive tree which had been buried alive on Santorini under a layer of lava rock.[16] Because the tree grew on the island, though, it cannot be certain that its growth was unaffected by volcanic degassing (which would render the radiocarbon ages too early).
The same issue of the journal Science also includes an article quoting eminent archaeologists (Peter Warren and Manfred Bietak) expressing strong scepticism on the new information. At present, then, there is still a dispute between those who believe the radiocarbon data and those who believe in the traditional Aegean chronology. Now that the new radiocarbon dates are published, they will need to be considered by other scholars. It is worth noting that in the past a definitive date for the eruption of Thera has been claimed many times; yet later analysis has always shown such claims to be flawed in some way due to difficulties with radiocarbon methodology or other reasons. Firm conclusions cannot be drawn at the present time.[citation needed]
In 2003 Nicholas Pierce et al. published an article in which they say the late Holocene eruption of the Mount Aniakchak, a volcano in Alaska, is proposed as the most likely source of the glass in the GRIP ice core dating to 1645 BC.[17]
Effects on human civilizations
Volcanic eruptions can impact human civilizations by earthquakes, ashfall, tsunamis, and worldwide climatic effects such as volcanic winters. The impact of Santorini's massive eruption on civilizations of its time are not well understood and are still open to speculation.
Impact on Minoan civilization
Tsunamis from the pyroclastic flows and caldera collapse would have devastated the navy and ports of the Minoans on the north side of Crete. As the Minoans were a sea power and depended on their naval and merchant ships for their livelihood, the Thera eruption must have impacted the Minoans to some degree. Whether these effects were enough to trigger the downfall of the Minoans is under intense debate. Early conclusions held that the ash falling on the eastern half of Crete may have choked off plant life, causing starvation. It was alleged that 7-11 cm of ash fell on Kato Zakro, while 0.5 cm fell on Knossos. However, when field examinations were carried out, this theory has lost some credibility, as no more than 5 mm had fallen anywhere in Crete.
Earlier historians and archaeologists may have thought this because of the depth of pumice found on the sea floor. Recently, though, it has been established this came from a lateral crack in the volcano below sea level.[citation needed] Also, Significant Minoan remains have been found above the LM I-era Thera ash layer, implying that the Thera eruption did not cause the immediate downfall of the Minoans. The Mycenaean conquest of the Minoans occurred in LM II not many years after the eruption, though; and many archaeologists speculate that the eruption induced a crisis in Minoan civilization, which allowed the Mycenaeans to conquer them. For instance, the palaces adopted a "Kouros"-god from the hills in addition to the Minoan goddess. One of these new idols, at Palaikastro, was subsequently vandalised.[18]
Chinese records
Some scientists correlate a volcanic winter from the Minoan eruption with Chinese records documenting the collapse of the Xia dynasty in China. According to the Bamboo Annals, the collapse of the dynasty and the rise of the Shang dynasty (independently approximated to 1618 BC) was accompanied by "'yellow fog, a dim sun, then three suns, frost in July, famine, and the withering of all five cereals".
Impact on Egyptian history
There are no surviving Egyptian records of the eruption. The absence of such records is sometimes attributed to the general disorder in Egypt around the Second Intermediate Period. Scholars J. G. Benett and A. G. Galanopoulos suggest connections between the Thera eruption and the calamities of the Admonitions of Ipuwer, a text from Lower Egypt during the Middle Kingdom or Second Intermediate Period. (During the Second Intermediate Period, Lower Egypt came under the rule of "Hyksos" from Canaan.)[19]
Benett and Galanopoulos have apparently used a date for the Admonitions Of Ipuwer/an Egyptian Sage suggested by Jon Van Setters, as he wrote on this subjest for his dissertation and came to this conclusion. Other dates are possible, including the reign of Hatsheput. Others link heavy rainstorms that devastated much of Egypt and were described on the Tempest Stela of Ahmose I to short term climatic changes caused by the Theran eruption[20][21][22][23]
The theory is not supported by current archaeological evidence which show no pumice layers at Avaris or elsewhere Lower Egypt during the reigns of Ahmose I and Thutmosis III. It has been argued that the damage from this storm may have been caused by an earthquake caused by the Thera Eruption; however, it has also been argued on account of the verbs used in the stela--specifically "entering", "dismantling", "hacking up", and "toppling", all words which indicate defacement by humans--that the damage was caused during war with the Hyksos, and the storm reference is merely an exaggerated figurative reference to chaos, upon which the Pharaoh was imposing order.[23] There is a consensus that Egypt, being far away from areas of significant seismic activity, would not be significantly affected by an earthquake in the Aegean.[23] Furthermore, other documents, like Hatshepsut's Speos Armedios, depict similar storms, but are clearly speaking figuratively, not literally.[23] It is thus considered likely that this stele is just another such reference to the Pharaoh overcoming the powers of chaos and darkness. Contrarily, it was recorded on the verso of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus that during Ahmose's Hyksos campaign, "the sky rained", which was an extremely rare event in ancient Egypt, and could quite possibly indicate a rainstorm.[24]
Greek traditions
Irish scholar John V. Luce suggested in 1969 that the eruption of Thera and volcanic fallout inspired myths of the Titanomachy in Hesiod's Theogony. The background of the Titanomachy is known to derive from the Kumarbi cycle, a Bronze Age Hurrian epic from the Lake Van region; but the Titanomachy itself could have picked up elements of western Anatolian folk memory as the tale spread westward. Mott Greene compared Hesiod's lines with volcanic activity, citing Zeus' thunderbolts as volcanic lightning, the boiling earth and sea as a breach of the magma chamber, immense flame and heat as evidence of phreatic explosions, among many other descriptions. Greene concluded that Theogony "leaves no doubt that the phenomena described are volcanic eruptions."[25]
Deucalion's flood is dated in the chronology of Saint Jerome to ca. 1460 BC.
Biblical traditions
One possibility for the effects of Thera's eruption is the origin of the story of the ten plagues to which Egypt was subjected, as proposed by John G. Bennett.[26] According to the Bible, Egypt was beset by such misfortunes as the transforming of their water supply to blood, the infestations of frogs, gnats, and flies, darkness, and violent hail. These effects are compatible with the catastrophic eruption of a volcano in different ways. While the "blood" may have been red tide which is poisonous to human beings, the frogs could have been displaced by the eruption, and their eventual death would have given rise to large numbers of scavenging insects. The darkness could have been the resulting volcanic winter, and the hail the large chunks of ejecta spewn from the volcano. The tsunami that resulted from the Thera eruption is also speculated to have caused the parting of the sea that allowed the Israelites, under Moses, safe passage of the Red Sea, possibly devastating the Egyptian army with the returning wave. Exodus mentions that the Israelites were guided by a "pillar of smoke" during the day and a "pillar of fire" at night, which many scholars have speculated could be references to volcanic activity. However, unambiguous dating of bristlecone pines and other dating methodologies places the Thera eruption at a date significantly different from the supposed dates of the Exodus from Egypt. It is possible that there was a distorted memory amongst the Hebrews of the Theran eruption.[27]
Association with Atlantis
Starting with Spyridon Marinatos' 1939 landmark paper,[28] this cataclysm at Santorini and its possibility to have caused the fall of the Minoan Civilization centered on Crete is sometimes regarded as a likely source or inspiration for Plato's story of Atlantis. Detractors of the theory say that Santorini and Crete combined would not be the size of Plato's Atlantis, and the date of the Minoan collapse does not match Plato's dates for the fall of Atlantis. Scholars such as James W. Mavor and A. G. Galanopoulos argue that the error in date and size could be caused by a mistranscription of the Ancient Egyptian or Mycenaean Linear B symbol for "hundred" as "thousand". There would be little confusion in the visual appearance of hieroglyphic symbols of Egyptian numeric values; but if the Atlantis story does derive from Egypt, it has at some point been translated into Greek, which Galanopoulos suggests is the point of confusion.[29][19]
References
1. ^ New research in Science: date of the largest volcanic eruption in the Bronze Age finally pinpointed (2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
2. ^ Manning, SW et al. (2006). "Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-1400 B.C.". Science 312: 565-569. DOI:10.1126/science.1125682.
3. ^ Polinger-Foster, K; Ritner, R (1996). "Texts, Storms, and the Thera Eruption". JNES 55: 1-14.
4. ^ Sigurdsson, H et al. (2006). "Marine Investigations of Greece’s Santorini Volcanic Field". Eos 87 (34): 337-348.
5. ^ DA, Davidson (1979). "Aegean Soils During the Second Millennium B.C. with Reference to Thera". Thera and the Aegean World I. Papers presented at the Second International Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, August 1978: 725-739, UK: The Thera Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
6. ^ G, Heiken; McCoy, F (1990). "Precursory Activity to the Minoan Eruption, Thera, Greece". Thera and the Aegean World III, Vol 2: 79-88, London: The Thera Foundation.
7. ^ Pumice on south Mediterranean - remnant of the Thera eruption? (2004). Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
8. ^ a b Keenan, Douglas (2003). "Volcanic ash retrieved from the GRIP ice core is not from Thera". Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 4 (11): 1097. DOI:10.1029/2003GC000608. 1525-2027. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
9. ^ Guichard, F et al. (1993). "Tephra from the Minoan eruption of Santorini in sediments of the Black Sea". Nature 363 (6430): 610-612. DOI:10.1038/363610a0.
10. ^ Santorini eruption much larger than originally believed (2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
11. ^ Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography 27 (2): 230-259.
12. ^ Lolos, YG (1989). On the Late Helladic I of Akrotiri, Thera On the Late Helladic I of Akrotiri, Thera. The Thera Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
13. ^ Warren, PM (1989). Summary of Evidence for the Absolute Chronology of the Early Part of the Aegean Late Bronze Age Derived from Historical Egyptian Sources. The Thera Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
14. ^ Baillie, MGL (1989). Irish Tree Rings and an Event in 1628 BC. The Thera Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
15. ^ Manning, Stuart W; et al. (2006). "Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-1400 B.C.". Science 312 (5773): 565. DOI:10.1126/science.1125682. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
16. ^ Friedrich, Walter L; et al. (2006). "Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627-1600 B.C.". Science 312 (5773): 548. DOI:10.1126/science.1125087. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
17. ^ Pearce, N. J. G., J. A. Westgate, S. J. Preece, W. J. Eastwood, and W. T. Perkins (2004). "Identification of Aniakchak (Alaska) tephra in Greenland ice core challenges the 1645 BC date for Minoan eruption of Santorini". Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 5. DOI:10.1029/2003GC000672.
18. ^ Driessen, Jan (2001). "Crisis Cults on Minoan Crete?". Proceedings of the 8th International Aegean Conference Göteborg, Göteborg University, 12-15 April 2000,, Liège, Belgique: l'Université de Liège. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
19. ^ a b Galanopoulos, Angelos Georgiou (1969). Atlantis: The Truth Behind the Legend. Bobbs-Merrill Co. ISBN 978-0672506109.
20. ^ EN, Davis (1989). A Storm in Egypt during the Reign of Ahmose. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
21. ^ Goedicke, Hans (1995). 'Studies about Kamose and Ahmose'. Baltimore: David Brown Book Company, Chapter 3. ISBN 0-9613805-8-6.
22. ^ Foster, Karen Polinger; Ritner, Robert K (1996). "Texts, Storms, and the Theran Eruption". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 57: 1-14.
23. ^ a b c d Wiener, MH; Allen, JP (1998). "Separate Lives: The Ahmose Tempest Stela and the Theran Eruption". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 57: 1-28.
24. ^ Redford, Donald B (1993). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691000862.
25. ^ Luce, John Victor (1969). The end of Atlantis: New light on an old legend (New Aspects of Antiquity). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500390054.
26. ^ Bennett, John G. (September 1963). "Geo-Physics and Human History: New Light on Plato's Atlantis and the Exodus". Systematics 1 (2). Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
27. ^ The Eruption of Thera: Devastation in the Mediterranean. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
28. ^ Marinatos, S (1939). "The Volcanic Destruction of Minoan Crete". Antiquity 13: 425-439.
29. ^ Mavor, James (1997). Voyage to Atlantis: The Discovery of a Legendary Land. Park Street Press. ISBN 978-0892816347.
An example vig for me and KN1GHT's new USDF contest.
Inspired by the song "Search and Destroy" by The Stooges. Link to song, vids kinda gory but had the best sound- www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKYALsp-sIg
Trying out some black & white with this old pic... I just bought a book about B&W conversion and I'm trying a few things. I don't "think" in B&W, so I'm not always sure of what I'm doing.
They're currently destroying this old church to make way for an hotel btw. More of this church here, here, here, and here.
Model: Danica
Location: San Francisco
Shoot for my friend Aimee's clothing brand Destroyed Couture. Aimee made the shirt. www.myspace.com/destroyedcouture
Note graffiti on the walls
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Reich Chancellery
Reichskanzlei
General information
Address Wilhelmstraße 77
Town or city Berlin-Mitte
Country Germany
Coordinates 52°30′42″N 13°22′55″E
Completed 1939
Renovated 1939
Destroyed 1945
Design and construction
Architect Carl Friedrich Richter
The Reich Chancellery (German: Reichskanzlei) was the traditional name of the office of the Chancellor of Germany (then called Reichskanzler) in the period of the German Reich from 1871 to 1945. The Chancellery's seat from 1875 was the former city palace of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833) on Wilhelmstraße in Berlin. Both the palace and a new Reich Chancellery building (completed in early 1939) were seriously damaged during World War II and subsequently demolished.
Today the office of the German chancellor is usually called Kanzleramt (Chancellor's Office), or more formally Bundeskanzleramt (Federal Chancellor's Office). The latter is also the name of the new seat of the Chancellor's Office, completed in 2001.
Old Reich Chancellery
When the military alliance of the North German Confederation was reorganised as a federal state with effect from July 1, 1867, the office of a Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) was implemented at Berlin and staffed with the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck. After the unification of Germany on January 18, 1871 by accession of the South German states, Bismarck became Reich Chancellor of the new German Empire.
In 1869 the Prussian state government had acquired the Rococo city palace of late Prince Radziwiłł on Wilhelmstraße No. 77 (former "Palais Schulenburg"), which from 1875 was refurbished as the official building of the Chancellery. It was inaugurated with the meetings of the Berlin Congress in July 1878, followed by the Congo Conference in 1884.
1930 extension, view from Wilhelmplatz
In the days of the Weimar Republic the Chancellery was significantly enlarged by the construction of a Modern southern annex finished in 1930. In 1932/33, while his nearby office on Wilhelmstraße No. 73 was renovated, the building also served as the residence of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, where he appointed Adolf Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933. The Hitler Cabinet held few meetings here. In 1935 the architects Paul Troost and Leonhard Gall redesigned the interior as Hitler's domicile. They also added a large reception hall/ballroom and conservatory, officially known as the Festsaal mit Wintergarten in the garden area. The latter addition was unique because of the large cellar that led a further one-and-a-half meters down to an air-raid shelter known as the Vorbunker.[1] Once completed in 1936, it was officially called the "Reich Chancellery Air-Raid Shelter" until 1943, with the construction to expand the bunker complex with the addition of the Führerbunker, located one level below.[2] The two bunkers were connected by a stairway set at right angles which could be closed off from each other.[3]
Devastated by air raids and the Battle of Berlin, the ruins of the Old Reich Chancellery were not cleared until 1950.
New Reich Chancellery
In late January 1938, Adolf Hitler officially assigned his favourite architect Albert Speer to build the New Reich Chancellery around the corner on Voßstraße, a western branch-off of Wilhelmstraße, requesting that the building be completed within a year. Hitler commented that Bismarck's Old Chancellery was "fit for a soap company" but not suitable as headquarters of a Greater German Reich. It nevertheless remained his official residence with its recently refurbished representation rooms on the ground floor and private rooms on the upper floor where Hitler lived in the so-called Führerwohnung ("Leader apartment"). Old and New Chancellery shared the large garden area with the underground Führerbunker, where Hitler committed suicide at the end of April 1945.
Speer claimed in his autobiography that he completed the task of clearing the site, designing, constructing, and furnishing the building in less than a year. In fact, preliminary planning and versions of the designs were already being worked on as early as 1935. To clear the space for the New Reich Chancellery, the buildings on the northern side of Voßstraße No. 2–10 had already been demolished in 1937.
Hitler placed the entire northern side of the Voßstraße at Speer's disposal assigning him the work of creating grand halls and salons which "will make an impression on people". Speer was given a blank cheque — Hitler stated that the cost of the project was immaterial — and was instructed that the building be of solid construction and that it be finished by the following January in time for the next New Year diplomatic reception to be held in the new building.
Over 4,000 workers toiled in shifts, so the work could be accomplished round-the-clock. The immense construction was "finished" 48 hours ahead of schedule, and the project earned Speer a reputation as a good organiser, which, combined with Hitler's fondness for Speer played a part in the architect becoming Armaments Minister and a director of forced labour during the war. Speer recalls that the whole work force — masons, carpenters, plumbers, etc. were invited to inspect the finished building. Hitler then addressed the workers in the Sportpalast. However, interior fittings were not finished until the early 1940s.
In the end it cost over 90 million Reichsmarks, well over one billion dollars today, and hosted the various ministries of the Reich.[4]
In his memoirs, Speer described the impression of the Reichskanzlei on a visitor:
“ From Wilhelmsplatz an arriving diplomat drove through great gates into a court of honour. By way of an outside staircase he first entered a medium-sized reception room from which double doors almost seventeen feet high opened into a large hall clad in mosaic. He then ascended several steps, passed through a round room with domed ceiling, and saw before him a gallery 480 feet (150 m) long. Hitler was particularly impressed by my gallery because it was twice as long as the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.
Hitler was delighted: "On the long walk from the entrance to the reception hall they'll get a taste of the power and grandeur of the German Reich!" During the next several months he asked to see the plans again and again but interfered remarkably little in this building, even though it was designed for him personally. He let me work freely.
”
The series of rooms comprising the approach to Hitler's reception gallery were decorated with a rich variety of materials and colours and totalled 220 m (725 ft) in length. The gallery itself was 145 m (480 ft) long. Hitler's own office was 400 square meters in size. From the outside, the chancellery had a stern, authoritarian appearance. From the Wilhelmplatz, guests would enter the Chancellery through the Court of Honour (Ehrenhof). The building's main entrance was flanked by two bronze statues by sculptor Arno Breker: "Wehrmacht" and "Partei" ("Armed Forces" and "Party"). Hitler is said to have been greatly impressed by the building and was uncharacteristically free in his praise for Speer, lauding the architect as a "genius". The chancellor's great study was a particular favourite of the dictator. The big marble-topped table served as an important part of the Nazi leader's military headquarters, the study being used for military conferences from 1944 on. On the other hand, the Cabinet room was never used for its intended purpose.
The New Reich Chancellery suffered severe damage during the Battle of Berlin between April to May of 1945 (in comparison, the Old Reich Chancellery was not as badly destroyed). Andrei Gromyko, who would later become the Soviet foreign minister, visited the partially-destroyed grand structure a few weeks after the fighting in the city had completely ceased. He recalls, "We reached it not without difficulties. Ruined edifices, formless heaps of metal and ferro-concrete encumbered the way. To the very entrance of the Chancellery, the car could not approach. We had to reach it on foot…. He noted the New Reich Chancellery "...was almost destroyed". "Only the walls remained, riddled by countless shrapnel, yawning by big shot-holes from shells. Ceilings survived only partly. Windows loomed black by emptiness."
The last stage of defense by defending German troops took place inside the Reich Chancellery, as mentioned by Gromyko, who stated the following:
Doors, windows and chandeliers testified on them the big imprint of the battle, most of them being broken. The lowest floors of the Reich Chancellery represented chaos. Obviously, the garrison of the Citadel fiercely resisted here... All around lie heaps of crossbeams and overhead covers, both metal and wood and huge pieces of ferro-concrete. On both sides of a narrow corridor, there were certain disposed cells, all eroded by explosions… All this produced a grim and distressing impression. If photography of this underground citadel of Hitler existed, they would become a proper illustration to Dante’s Hell; just select which circle.[5]
After World War II in Europe ended, the remains in what was then East Berlin (the Soviet-occupied sector of a divided Berlin) were demolished by the order of the Soviet occupation forces. Parts of the building's marble walls were said to be used to build the Soviet war memorial in Treptower Park (also in East Berlin then) or to renovate and repair the nearby war-damaged Mohrenstraße U-Bahn train station.[6] Some of the red marble was used in the palatial Underground stations in Moscow.[citation needed] Also, it is alleged that a heater from one of Hitler's rooms was placed in a Protestant hospital located not too far away from the Reich Chancellery.[7]
While the western half of the premises were taken over by the East German government for the establishment of the so-called "Death-Strip" of the Berlin Wall in 1961 (when the barrier was being constructed), a Plattenbau apartment block, together with a kindergarten, was built on the eastern half (along Wilhelmstraße) during the 1980s.
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The Grade II* Listed ruins of Temple Church which were largely destroyed during the Bristol Blitz, located alongside Temple Gardens in Redcliffe, Bristol, Avon.
It is on the site of a previous, round church of the Knights Templar, which they built on land granted to them in the second quarter of the 12th century by Robert of Gloucester. In 1313 the Knights Hospitaller acquired the church, following the suppression of the Templars, only to lose it in 1540 at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. By the early 14th century, the church served as the parish church for the area known as Temple Fee. In 1544 the church was acquired by Bristol Corporation. The church was the scene of the exorcism of George Lukins conducted by Methodist and Anglican clergy in 1788.
The parish of Temple Fee had come into being by 1308, the first year in which the church was recorded as having a vicar. Temple Fee and Redcliffe Fee were distinct parishes, physically separated by a "Law Ditch". Both were absorbed into Bristol by the city charter of 1373, ending a dispute between Bristol and Somerset over jurisdiction. Temple parish merged into St Mary Redcliffe parish in 1956.
The church was bombed on 24/25 November 1940 in the Bristol Blitz, leaving it an empty shell. The damage was severe and although the arcades still stood they were very unsafe and have since been removed. The wrought-iron parclose screens to the side chapels did survive and are today in the Lord Mayor's Chapel. The sword rest by William Edney is now preserved but broken up into sections and re-erected in other churches. The 15th century candelabrum, with its central statue of the Virgin Mary also survived, albeit a little dented, and now hangs in the Berkeley Chapel of Bristol Cathedral. The bombing destroyed the stores of records kept in the cellars
It is now owned by the Diocese of Bristol. In 1958, English Heritage agreed to undertake a guardianship role. A 1960 excavation by the Ministry of Works discovered the plan of the 12th-century church, enabling it to be marked out on the ground in stone.