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Safe Road demand Students' Protest in Chittagong Bangladesh. Protesters were asking police vehicle whether the driver had a valid driving license.
Cover of the slovenian book : Struktura Fikcije / Humanistika in druzboslovje na periferiji
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"diaptych" proposed to YSE#17 :: mess-up mess-age issue . .
Multiple messages.
How much texts fit in a text ?
How much in a picture, how much in a collage ?
How far does the medium bears the load ?
How much information can be encrypted ?
How much message stands a message ?
How many readings ?
How far the significant density can be forced / demanded / multiplied ?
How much the content layers add ?
Staggered sublevels (hierarchic or NOT-hierarchic) ?
How far the invisible architecture can be extended (how deep) ?
Launched from works exploring / exploiting this possibilities.
Works which explain and give the topic a turnover.
Which risk.
Game, mockery and humor.
Critics, the mass-media mechanisms put into evidence.
Narrations with as many readings as possible.
Mixed-media with as much message it can contain.
How much message can be stored in a can ?
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Messages multiples
Combien de textes inscrits dans un texte ?
Combien dans une image, combien dans un collage ?
Jusqu'où le médium supporte-t-il la charge ?
Jusqu'où l'information peut-elle être cryptée ?
Combien de messages dans un message ?
Combien de lectures ?
Dans quelle mesure la consistance peut-elle être forcée / contrainte / multipliée ?
Combien de couches peut-on ajouter ?
Combien de degrés, de sous-niveaux (hiérarchisés ou non) ?
Jusqu'où l'architecture invisible peut-elle être étendue (quelle profondeur) ?
Lancement de travaux qui explorent/exploitent ces possibilités.
Travaux qui expliquent et donnent au sujet de nouveaux angles.
Quels risques.
Jeux, humour et dérision.
Critiques, les mécaniques mass-médiatiques mises en évidence.
Narrations à multiple lectures possibles.
Compositions avec autant de messages qu'il est posssible d'y inclure.
Combien de messages peuvent-ils être stockés dans une boîte ?
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Múltiples mensajes.
¿Cuánto 'texto' entra en un texto?
¿Cuánto en una foto, cuánto en un collage?
¿Hasta dónde el medio soporta la carga?
¿Cuánta información puede encriptarse?
¿Cuánto mensaje soporta un mensaje?
¿Cuánta lectura?
¿Hasta dónde se puede forzar/exigir/multiplicar la densidad de significantes?
¿Cuánto suman / las capas de contenidos.
Los subniveles escalonados (jerárquicos, o NO-jerárquicos)?
¿Hasta dónde puede extenderse (qué tan hondo) la arquitectura invisible?
Presentado desde trabajos que exploren/exploten estas posibilidades.
Que expliquen y le den la vuelta.
Que se arriesguen.
El juego, la burla, el humor.
La crítica, la puesta en evidencia de los mecanismos de los mass-media.
Narraciones con tantas lecturas como sea posible.
Mixed-media con tanto mensaje como pueda contener.
¿Cuánto mensaje puede entrar en una lata?
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Outlining a Theory of General Creativity . .
. . on a 'Pataphysical projectory
Entropy ≥ Memory ● Creativity ²
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Study of the day:
. . "(...) L'objet en quoi s'inscrivent les pouvoirs, de toute éternité humaine, c'est le langage. Ou pour être plus précis, son expression obligée : la langue. Le langage est une législation, la langue en est le code. Nous ne voyons pas le pouvoir qui est dans la langue parce que nous oublions que toute langue est un classement, et que tout classement est oppressif.
(...) Jakobson l'a montré, un idiome se définit moins par ce qu'il permet de dire que par ce qu'il oblige à dire. (...) Ainsi, par sa structure même, la langue implique une relation fatale d'aliénation. Parler, et à plus forte raison discourir, ce n'est pas communiquer, comme on le répète trop souvent, c'est assujettir. (...)
La langue est tout simplement fasciste ; car le fascisme, ce n'est pas d'empêcher de dire, c'est d'obliger à dire. Dès qu'elle est proférée, fût-ce dans l'intimité la plus profonde du sujet, la langue entre au service d'un pouvoir. En elle, immanquablement, deux rubriques se dessinent : l'autorité de l'assertion et la grégarité de la répétition. D'une part la langue est immédiatement assertive. (...) Ce que les linguistes appellent la modalité n'est jamais que le supplément de la langue, ce par quoi, telle une supplique, j'essaye de fléchir son pouvoir implacable de constatation. D'autre part, les signes dont la langue est faite, les signes n'existent que pour autant qu'ils sont reconnus, c'est à dire pour autant qu'ils se répètent ; le signe est suiviste, grégaire ; en chaque signe dort ce monstre : un stéréotype. (...)
A nous qui ne sommes ni des chevaliers de la foi, ni des surhommes, il ne reste qu'à tricher avec la langue, qu'à tricher la langue ; tricherie salutaire, esquive, leurre magnifique qui permet d'entendre la langue hors-pouvoir, dans la splendeur d'une révolution permanente du langage. (...)
The purpose in which the powers of any human eternity are inscribed, is the language. Languages are legislations, each language is a code. We do not see the power that is in the language because we forget that any language is a classification, and that any classification is oppressive.
(...) Jakobson has shown it, an idiom is defined less by what he can say than by what he forces to say. (...) Thus, by its very structure, the language implies a fatal relationship of alienation. Talking, and so even more discoursing, it is not "to communicate", as repeated too often, it is "to subdue". (...)
The language is quite simply fascist ; for fascism does not prevent speech, it compels speech. As soon as it is uttered, even in the intimacy of the deepest respect of the subject, the language enters the service of a Power. In it, inevitably, two topics are emerging : the authority of the assertion and the gregariousness of repetition. On the one hand, the language is immediately assertive. (...) What linguists call the mood, is nothing but additionals of the language, by which, such a petition, we try to flex its power of its implacable determinations. On the other hand, signs of which language is made, signs exist unless "they are recognized", that is to say "they are repeated". The sign is a follower, gregarious, in each sign sleeps this monster: a stereotype. (...)
To us who are neither knights of faith, nor supermen, it only remains to cheat with the language, to cheat the language. Healthy cheating, wonderful lure which can hear the language out of power, in the splendour of a permanent language revolution.
( Roland Barthes - Extrait de la Leçon inaugurale au Collège de France, le 7 janvier 1977 )
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rectO-persO | E ≥ m.C² | co~errAnce | TiLt
Thor: All these clothes are for girls, aren’t they?
Me: Yes, for the upcoming convention. Why?
Thor: We need more clothes too.
No trip to Egypt would be complete without a visit to Khan el Khalili. The bazaar is noisy, crowded, colorful and exciting, filled with all kinds of wares and trinkets. You can find traditional souvenirs in this place, but don't let them distract you from the other amazing products that you will see there.
Even if you're not looking to shop, wander the winding alleyways of this labyrinthine neighborhood, you're sure to find something that catches your eye.
"Louisa made her demand. I had no choice. Besides, I needed that gun." ... Spot illustration by Norman Saunders for a wild yarn in the men's adventure magazine MAN STORY, February 1970. Scan via the Men's Adventure Magazines & Books Group -> www.facebook.com/groups/187984097012/
A typical South American shower. ~200+VAC on demand water heater. "Safely" connected and insulated from water with simple vinyl tape.
Wysox (Towanda), PA. May 2020.
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If you would like to use THIS picture in any sort of media elsewhere (such as newspaper or article), please send me a Flickrmail or send me an email at natehenderson6@gmail.com
This project takes a view on how seeking acknowledgment in a rapid stream of external demands and expectations influences this particular human being. It can increase a sense of existential loneliness - and the feeling of being numb.
See the full project: www.bendikjohan.com/the-depleted-self
Due to popular demand... Here is my collection of current fountain pens. Last nights photo (of flet pens) was fairly boring to me – I would be happy to give all those pens away but this collection ...no way! These are my babies! I am not a fountain pen junkie – ie. I am not rushing out trying EVERY brand.... a lamy junkie would be more accurate. I do love lamy pens!!
But most importantly I would ALWAYS choose to draw and write in ink if I could. I love the flow of ink across the page and I love the way that it makes my handwriting look neater!
Ok... From L to R
My new and my old Lamy Joy (old style) pen with EF nib (Noodlers black ink) This old style is not longer available in Australia so I was very excited in July 2011 to find an old style pen for sale in Newcastle upon Tyne in UK. The reason I bought a NEW (old style) pen was because I had worn the old pen out and the lid would not stay on. I have since fixed this (in true Liz-hack-style) by- putting a little bit of superglue around the insde of the lid – just enough to create adequate friction.
-Yellow Lamy safari containing my noodlers polar brown ink (hmm... They don’t do a brown safari!)
-Red Lamy Safari with Noodlers Widow Maker ink (this was a moment of weakness at Xmas time... I didn’t need this but wanted at souvenir from a wonderful stationery shop in Leura)
-Lamy Vista (clear safari) with Noodlers Polar Blue ink (love this!)
-New style Lamy joy pen with a GOLD ef nib. The new style joy is a fraction heavier than the old style... I prefer the old black and red to have in my hand. This nib is lovely but I am afraid to take it out on location (the nib cost 2 x the price of the pen)
-Pilot Parallel Pen in 1.8mm (I also have the 3,5mm size!) Thanks to Josu for this extravagent purchase (It was cheap though!)
-Noodlers Flex Pen with Lexington Grey ink... Never really warmed to this and it leaked on the plane once.
-Rotring Art Pen – I use this at work. It is even lighter than the Lamy Joy (old style) but for some reason I don’t like writing with it...
-Fancy Lamy pen that I bought in the early days to hold my gold nib... But it is too heavy so has a calligraphy nib now.
At about 2.40 pm on Saturday 25 June, hundreds of activists staged a flash sit-down protest to close down London's Oxford Circus in protest at the UK continuing to provide diplomatic, military and logistical support to Israel during its ongoing genocidal assault on Gaza. [1]
Many of the activists had met up earlier at around noon at a Youth Demand (see YouthDemand.org) event at Victoria Embankment Gardens where they listened to some speeches before they dispersed in small groups, some followed by the police, but despite the challenging circumstances they seem to have been able to travel across central London presumably in different directions and regroup around Oxford Circus in a well planned and well coordinated protest.
Activists explained to onlookers that they had to carry out the action to try to prevent genocide. At one point a Palestinian shopper who came across the action by accident, spoke to the protesters, urging them not to give up.
Many refused to leave the road when threatened with arrest by the police.
According to the Morning Star, citing Youth Demand, 21 activists were arrested, but I don't know how many, if any, were subsequently charged.
ttps://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/21-arrested-after-blocking-oxford-circus-to-demand-an-arms-embargo-on-israel
I took some video of the event which can be seen here -
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-7xpmzEvRQ
www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cdyKstOsFE&t
www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOs_hQUo-z8
www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3YLFcmEBbQ
As of 24 June 2024, at least 37,626 Palestinians have been killed since 7 October, including more than 15,000 children. An estimated 10,000 are missing, of whom most are probably dead.
There is also an unknown number of additional deaths due to excess mortality from food shortages, disease and difficulties in obtaining essential medical care and medicines, while more than 86,000 Palestinians have been injured, many of them with life-changing injuries including many amputations. According to the United Nations, as of 23 June, more than half of all residential buildings have been destroyed or damaged but with some key infrastructure the destruction is even more devastating - including 130 ambulances, 267 places of worship, 80% of commercial facilities and 88% of school buildings damaged or destroyed.
www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/10/9/israel-hamas-wa...
Additionally, as of February, the UN reported that some 83% of groundwater wells are no longer operational, adding that "all wastewater treatment systems are not working, and there is no access to clean water in the northern governorates."
news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146947
Also, according to the Committee to Protect journalists as of 25 June 2024, 108 journalists and media workers have been killed, 103 Palestinian, 2 Israeli and 3 Lebanese.
cpj.org/2024/06/journalist-casualties-in-the-israel-gaza-...
And as of 27 May, 8875 Palestinians have been arrested in the West Bank since 7 October 2023, many of them held in indefinite detention with no right to trial, while the Israeli military and settlers have escalated their attacks on Palestinians across the West Bank killing 518 Palestinians.
www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240527-8875-palestinians-arre...
Footnote
1. Re use of the term genocide. In March the UN special rapporteur on human rights in the Palestinian territories, Francesca Albanese, referring to Israel's "unrelenting assault on occupied Gaza," stated that "there are reasonable grounds to believe that the threshold indicating the commission of the crime of genocide…has been met.”
news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146947
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Although this image is being posted on an attribution noncommercial share alike basis CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 DEED, the following organisations and publications listed on the link below are also welcome to reproduce it even if it is for commercial purposes. However please publish the image on the same attribution noncommercial share alike basis. For more info or if any other organisation, person or publication wishes to publish this photo on a commercial basis please email me at alisdare@gmail.com.
this is not the worst part yet. the dreams. they come in waves. one time we ran across eachother in a snow covered park. you were standing, black and sullen, by a frozen lake when i walked up to you. you demanded to know why i did these things, why i disappeared, why we are and have been so separated. all I can think is: you started it, you wanted this—i just said okay. or the one where you were wearing a curious red sweat-suit, or the other where we met at the coffee shop and a scenario from last october re-played out. the last time that i saw you, october.
this is the last of this series that i am posting, maybe forever, maybe just for now. eight out of fifteen is pretty okay, i think. the ones not shown are, in my mind, not as well planned, or i just plain do not like them. have been told from numerous contacts/friends to share the video - i do not have a copy of it (go team laura, right). my options are to go back to school, hope it is still there, or make it a second time, the way i really wanted it to look.
for my final photography assignment, i created fifteen images involving myself and the repetition of clocks (all w/the same time), which is a personal battle of mine. the finished product was made in final cut pro and is a video slightly over a minute in length.
the others: reading on the lawn & at the bench (west side) & sleeping in ryan's bed & playing monopoloy (with gollum) & riding my bike & while driving & doing the dishes.
NICOSIA, Cyprus (AFP) — In the flat sunbaked fields north of the Cypriot capital Nicosia, a huge Turkey-funded mosque opening this week has caused a stir in the largely secular Muslim society.
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is to attend the opening ceremony, expected to take place on Tuesday, of the 3,000-capacity house of worship, with its four minarets and built in classic Ottoman style.
While many have welcomed it, the mosque has fueled concern among some Turkish Cypriots that Ankara is increasing its dominance over the north of the divided island.
“This mosque symbolizes the Islamist mentality, the Sunni Islam mentality and also an imperialist mentality,” Sener Elcil, head of the Turkish Cypriot Teachers Union, told AFP at his Nicosia office.
In this photo taken on June 24, 2018, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan delivers a speech in Istanbul after initial results in Turkey’s presidential and parliamentary elections. (AFP Photo/Bulent Kilic)
“The Turkish Cypriot community is secular. We are not a fundamentalist Islamist community.”
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
The destruction of the Azraq wetlands and huge oasis in Jordan still continues to this day. There are lots of illegal wells in the area and many dry up as the demand for water, particularly with agriculture increases. The main well or water source once pumped millions of litres of pure water to the wetlands but after more than twenty years of pumping water to Amman, Jordan's capital, this main spring dried up in 1993. This once huge wetland has been reduced to three small ponds.
Here's a small video link below, with Hazem Al Hreisha, the Azraq Wetland Reserve manager:
www.thenationalnews.com/mena/jordan/2021/10/27/inside-the...
Par ailleurs , nous avons demandé à l'artiste Martine Sauvageot de reproduire une vieille carte postale sur le mur de la maison, tout au début de la rue, au coin de la rue de la République et de la rue du 1er mai, avec l'accord bien sûr de son propriétaire. Il existe une série de cartes postales, couleur sépia, représentant des vues du vieux Tomblaine du début du XXème siècle, bien avant le dynamitage des allemands qui a détruit tout le centre ville.
Il y a quelques années deux fresques ont déjà été réalisées, qui témoignent ainsi du passé sur les murs de notre ville à partir de ces cartes postales : l'une, à l'arrière de la salle Stéphane Hessel, représente la ferme ; l'autre, au rond-point Barbusse, représente une scène de vie devant le café du point Central, devenu par la suite le café des sport, puis aujourd'hui le Bistrot sympa.
Cette fois-ci, c'est une photo représentant la Grande Rue qui deviendra fresque sous le pinceau de Martine Sauvageot. Lorsque la réfection de la rue sera terminée, on pourra ainsi voir sur ce mur simultanément en perspective la Grande Rue, telle qu'elle était avant et la rue de la République telle qu'elle sera aujourd'hui et demain. C'est un peu de nostalgie, c'est l'Histoire, nos racines, c'est un peu de poésie et Martine Sauvageot a énormément de talent.
Le château de Pomponne
L’histoire du lieu débute officiellement vers 1107 avec Hugues de Pomponne qui s’oppose au roi de France Louis le Gros. Ce sont les premiers documents historiques dont nous avons trace.
Ancien point de passage obligé sur la Marne, d’abord à gué puis franchissement par pont, l’agglomération de Pomponne se développe autour de ce lieu de passage et donne naissance à une seigneurie qui se traduit par l’implantation d’une vaste propriété avec en son centre un château appelé Château de Pomponne en 1176 mais il s’agit d’une forteresse.
En 1489 L’officier des armées Martin Courtin reçoit, de Louis XII, en récompense de ses services, la seigneurie de Pomponne alors rattachée à la couronne. 3 générations de Courtin se succèdent sans interruption et donnent une des plus grande puissance et expansion à la terre de Pomponne.
Marie Courtin porta la seigneurie à Nicolas de Haqueville par mariage les Haqueville conservant le titre de seigneur de Pomponne jusqu’en 1619.
Grace à cette famille, le domaine sera de nouveau considérablement agrandi vers 1530. Ils achètent une foule de petites propriétés avoisinant le château, en particulier celle de MENYON qui était enclavée dans le parc et s’étendait de l’église jusqu’à l’allée de Bordeaux. Son annexion amena la destruction de beaucoup d’habitations, diminua singulièrement la population du village auquel elle supprima le chemin le plus direct pour se rendre à Bordeaux, Forest ou Monjay.
Le dernier Hacqueville décède sans enfant et c’est sa demi sœur Catherine de la Borderie qui en hérite et l’apporte en dote à son époux Robert Arnauld d’Antilly en 1613.
Le château fut alors reconstruit en 1663 par Robert à la place qu’il occupe aujourd’hui, l’ancien étant plus proche de la mairie, à l’extrémité du parterre actuel. Des fossés sont creusés et des ponts-levis construits. Robert fait également tracer les allées et les avenues du petit parc et des jardins d’après les dessins de Le Notre.
Il ordonne ensuite la clôture du grand parc et obtient par traité avec les habitants de Pomponne le passage sur leur terre des tuyaux de la grand fontaine et du miroir qui captent toutes les sources des environs et desservent en eau les bassins aménagés par son ordre.
Il complète toutes ces transformations en faisant construire en 1670 contre l’église une maison pour le maître d’école.
Son fils Simond Arnauld (1618-1699), diplomate, ministre et secrétaire d'état aux affaires étrangères, bien en cour au début du règne de Louis XIV, fut disgracié en 1662 à la chute de Fouquet dont il était l’ami. On dit qu’il avait contre lui Colbert et Louvois. Revenu en grâce, il obtint d’ériger la seigneurie de Pomponne en marquisat en 1682, à la grande joie de son amie Mme de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de Sévigné, dont on sait qu'elle visita à plusieurs reprise M. de Pomponne en son château.
En 1676, il obtient la modification du chemin de Paris à Lagny qui a pour but d’enclaver l’ancienne route dans le domaine, de démolir les maisons longeant le parc et de l’affranchir de toute servitude désagréable.
En 1679 il bâtit une arcade qui partant du parc allait rejoindre la rue Maquereau pour suivre ensuite l’allée d’ormes plantées par lui le long de la marne. En 1681 construction d’une chapelle particulière à côté du château et en 1682 le marquis de Pomponne achète la terre de Bordeaux.
A sa mort, son fils Nicolas Arnauld lui succède et fait bâtir l’école de pomponne en 1729 et dès lors, très en avance sur son temps, l’école est gratuite à Pomponne pour les filles et les garçons.
En 1756 les jardins sont modifiés.
En 1759 les terres et le marquisat sont vendus au marquis de Brou puis l’ensemble est cédé à M. Huvelin de Baviller qui commença la restauration du château, mort subitement, la propriété fut de nouveau vendue à M. Le Bas de Courmont qui entame des travaux et rachète à peu près toutes les terres alors concédées lors des successions difficiles. En 1794 il est guillotiné.
En 1821, sa veuve vend la propriété à M. Louis Dreux qui, à la demande de son fils Edouard Dreux (1803-1878), qui souhaitait s’installer à Pomponne, la remet en état. Il élargit la rue vieille (actuelle rue Louis Dreux, la plus ancienne de Pomponne) en 1830; Restaure l’église et la rend au culte en 1835.
En 1852, il rachète les jardins, les potagers et dépendances de l’ancienne ferme située à droite de l’avenue du Mail qui étaient devenues propriétés particulières. Il détruit la maison de maître et les bâtiments de la ferme et fait planter le jardin anglais.
En reconstruisant les murs, balustres et parapets du château on a trouvé une grande quantité de médailles portant millésimes 1663 qui indiquent la date à peu près certaine du château actuel.
Les allemands occupent le château en 1870, le pillent et dégradent le mobilier.
En 1871 Edouard Dreux répare les dégats et fait exhumer 30 soldats prussiens. Un mausolé leur a été élevé dans le cimetière communal.
A sa mort, son gendre M. Albert Dumez réalise les parterres et le château d’eau qui sont la reproduction en plus grand des cascades de Saint-Cloud dont l’architecte Hottot Saint-Ange s’inspira.
Les eaux vives ruissellent par les trop pleins, des jets d’eau jaillissent à chaque niveau par des faces de monstres allégoriques. A l’époque l’ensemble est ouvert au public lors de certaines festivités et tous les 2e dimanche de septembre.
L’esplanade circulaire qui fermait le parc vers l’Est, au-delà du miroir et à laquelle on parvenait par deux rampes douces en forme de fer à cheval est transformée. Les jardins sont reconstitués à l’aide de documents anciens dans un pastiche de style classique. Le parc est le seul de son espèce dans toute l’Ile-de-France.
Pendant la guerre de 14-18 Mme Dreux veuve Dumez fonde une ambulance de 35 lits à ses frais, hébergeant surtout des grands blessés convalescents, qui fonctionnera jusqu’en 1919.
En 1918 le château servi de lieu de réunion au grand quartier général de la 2 bataille de la Marne. Clémenceau, Foch, Pétain et Gouraud, des généraux anglais et américains y ont élaboré les plans qui devaient conduite à la victoire finale. Une plaque commémorant ces réunions historiques fut enlevée par les allemands pendant l’occupation du château de 1940 à 1944.
Au décès de Mme Dumez, en 1942, la propriété est vendue. Le nouveau propriétaire M. Doriol, un industriel, exploite le bois du parc tandis que le château et les jardins, acheté par l’état en 1945 sont affectés au ministère de l’intérieur qui abrite la caserne de la compagnie républicaine (CRS4).
Le 5 juillet 1943 l’ensemble du château et des jardins est inscrit à l’inventaire supplémentaire des monuments historiques.
Aujourd’hui, l’alimentation en eau des bassins est à reprendre, ainsi que les conduites et pompes élévatrices.
Le Bassin des enfants est à recréer, le bassin octogonal est à réhabiliter. Les jardins à arbres à replanter.
De nouveau beaucoup de photos des danseur.euses lors de ce Grand Bal de l'Automne organisé par Le P'tit Festival puisque cette année encore le parquet était bien éclairé.
Comme toujours, je n'ai pas pris le temps de demander à chacun.e l'autorisation de publier ces photos, n'hésitez donc pas à me faire savoir si vous souhaitez que j'en supprime une sur laquelle vous apparaitriez et ne vous trouveriez pas à votre avantage ;o))
En 1834, le Louvre faisait l’acquisition d’une statue en bronze découverte au large de Piombino, en Toscane (fig. 1). Sa configuration générale évoquait de près celle de l’Apollon Payne Knight1, réplique miniature de l’image du dieu que Canachos de Sicyone avait élevée à Didymes, à une date que l’on savait déjà antérieure à la destruction du sanctuaire par Xerxès, et que l’on situe aujourd’hui entre 499 et 4942. Toutefois, la sculpture du Louvre portait sur son pied gauche une inscription qui la présentait comme une « dîme à Athéna » (fig. 2). Or il paraissait inconcevable que la statue d’une divinité, Apollon, fût dédiée à une autre divinité, Athéna. Pour Désiré Raoul-Rochette, qui fut le premier à l’étudier de manière approfondie, la statue représentait donc un éphèbe, et remontait à l’époque archaïque. La paléographie de la dédicace semblait certes postérieure à cette époque, mais y avait-il lieu de tirer argument chronologique d’une « inscription à-peu-près unique dans son genre, et consistant en deux mots seulement, où la lettre A est répétée six fois3 » ?
Fig. 1. L’Apollon dit « de Piombino »
Fig. 1. L’Apollon dit « de Piombino »
Agrandir Original (jpeg, 520k)
H. 115 cm, musée du Louvre, Br 2.
© RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre)/Les frères Chuzeville.
Fig. 2. La dédicace inscrite sur le pied gauche de la statue
Fig. 2. La dédicace inscrite sur le pied gauche de la statue
Agrandir Original (jpeg, 144k)
Telle que reproduite pour le compte de D. Raoul-Rochette dans les Monumens inédits publiés par l’Institut de correspondance archéologique I, Rome, Paris, 1829-1833, pl. LIX.
4 Letronne, 1834, p. 198-232, 235-236.
2Confrère et rival de Raoul-Rochette à l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Jean-Antoine Letronne était précisément de cet avis. Le style de la statue, notamment le modelé du dos et le travail des articulations, l’incitait en effet à y reconnaître une œuvre d’imitation, que la paléographie de la dédicace l’amenait à dater du iiie siècle avant J.-C. Cette même dédicace, en revanche, n’empêchait pas de considérer la statue comme un Apollon, puisque les Anciens avaient plus d’une fois dédié la statue d’un dieu à un autre dieu4.
5 Letronne, 1845, p. 128-176 (imprimé sous forme monographique en 1843).
3Éphèbe archaïque ou Apollon archaïsant ? La controverse en était à ce stade encore embryonnaire lorsque la statue commença à se couvrir d’altérations dont rien ne paraissait pouvoir entraver la progression. L’un des sous-conservateurs du Louvre, Jean-Joseph Dubois, s’avisa cependant que la cause du phénomène devait être cherchée dans les sédiments marins restés piégés à l’intérieur du bronze. Il fut donc décidé de faire sortir par les orbites de la statue tout ce qui ne pouvait être extrait à travers le trou pratiqué dans le talon gauche. C’est alors, en août 1842, que les ouvriers du musée découvrirent, au milieu d’un agglomérat de sable et de gravier auquel se mêlaient les résidus de l’âme de la statue, trois fragments d’une lame de plomb portant des lettres grecques (un quatrième fragment similaire avait été malencontreusement détruit). Aussitôt informé, Letronne y reconnut la signature de deux sculpteurs, dont les noms n’étaient ni entièrement conservés ni même restituables, mais qu’il tint pour les auteurs de la statue (fig. 3) : [.]ηνόδο[τος --- καὶ ---]φῶν ‛Ρόδ[ι]ος ἐπόο[υν]. La paléographie de cette nouvelle inscription interdisait de la faire remonter au-delà du ier siècle avant J.-C. : le bronze était donc bien une œuvre d’imitation, plus récente encore que la dédicace ne l’avait d’abord laissé supposer5.
Fig. 3a, b et c. Les fragments de la lame de plomb découverts à l’intérieur de la statue
Fig. 3a, b et c. Les fragments de la lame de plomb découverts à l’intérieur de la statue
Agrandir Original (png, 69k)
Tels que reproduits pour le compte de J.-A. Letronne dans les Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres XV, Paris, 1845, p. 139 et 143.
6 Piot, 1842a, p. 481-486.
4Telles étaient les principales conclusions de la communication que Letronne lut devant l’Académie le 30 septembre 1842. Quatre mois plus tard, alors que cette communication était encore inédite, Eugène Piot faisait paraître un article retentissant dans le premier numéro du Cabinet de l’amateur et de l’antiquaire, dont il était le directeur : il y insinuait que la lame présentée à l’Académie était un faux, inspiré par une inscription conservée au Cabinet des médailles6. La rumeur enfla, et désigna bien vite Dubois comme l’auteur de la supercherie.
7 Dubois 1843; Piot, 1842b, p. 529-540.
8 Voir principalement Raoul-Rochette, 1847, p. 101-309 ; Letronne, 1844, p. 439-444 ; Letronne, 1848, (...)
9 Longpérier, 1868, p. 17 ; voir infra, p. 67.
5Piot fut menacé d’un procès en diffamation, Dubois exigea un droit de réponse qui lui fut refusé ; il fit donc paraître à son propre compte une défense bien maladroite, à laquelle son adversaire répondit par de nouvelles accusations7. Quant à Raoul-Rochette et à Letronne, ils développèrent sur plusieurs centaines de pages la controverse entamée huit ans plus tôt8, mais moururent au milieu du xixe siècle sans que le débat ne fût tranché. Sur le plan social, Letronne fut incontestablement vainqueur : sa promotion à la tête de la Bibliothèque royale, qui fit de lui le supérieur hiérarchique de son rival – trop conservateur pour n’avoir rien à espérer de la Monarchie de Juillet et démis de ses fonctions aussitôt après la révolution de 1848 –, ne fut que l’une des étapes d’une très brillante carrière. Sur le plan scientifique, en revanche, l’avantage resta à Raoul-Rochette. On s’accorda en effet à regarder la statue comme un Apollon, mais on en fit une œuvre du vie ou du ve siècle avant J.-C., et ce d’autant plus facilement que la lame fut considérée comme perdue après avoir été déclarée fausse par la dernière personne à l’avoir examinée9.
10 Dow, 1941, p. 357-359.
11 Sismondo Ridgway, 1967, p. 43-75 ; cf. Sismondo Ridgway, 2004, p. 553 (réédition mise à jour d’une (...)
6Il fallut attendre le milieu du xxe siècle pour que la thèse de Letronne connût un premier regain de faveur, rendu possible par l’oubli dans lequel était désormais tombée la figure sulfureuse de Dubois. En 1941, Sterling Dow déclarait ainsi ne voir aucune raison de douter de l’authenticité de la lame de plomb. Néanmoins convaincu de l’archaïsme de la statue, il proposait de l’attribuer aux auteurs d’une réparation antique10. En 1967, au terme d’une analyse stylistique très poussée, qui rejoignait sur plus d’un point celle de Letronne, Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway conclut que l’Apollon de Piombino ne pouvait appartenir ni à l’époque archaïque ni au style sévère. Dans son opinion – maintes fois réaffirmée jusqu’en 2016 –, il ne pouvait s’agir que d’une œuvre du ier siècle avant J.-C., dont le style archaïsant était destiné à abuser les acheteurs du marché romain. Pour elle, les auteurs de la supercherie avaient revendiqué leur forfait en signant la lame de plomb cachée à l’intérieur de l’Apollon, mais s’étaient trahis en imitant imparfaitement l’écriture archaïque dans la dédicace apposée sur le pied de la statue11.
12 Bieber, 1970, p. 87 ; Richter, 1970, p. 144-145 ; Lauter, 1971, p. 600 ; Willers, 1975, p. 17 ; Fuc (...)
13 Soprintendenza speciale per i Beni archeologici di Pompei, Ercolano e Stabia, inv. 22924. La notice (...)
14 Voir en dernier lieu, avec diverses nuances, Daehner, Lapatin dans Exp. Florence-Los Angeles-Washin (...)
15 Hallof, Kansteiner, 2015, p. 503-505.
16 Brendel, 1978, p. 306 ; Congdon, 1981, p. 61-62 ; Zagdoun, 1989, p. 147-148, 213 ; Kreikenbom, 1990 (...)
7La thèse de Sismondo Ridgway fut loin d’emporter une adhésion immédiate12. En 1978, on découvrit cependant une statue très semblable à l’Apollon de Piombino dans la maison de C. Iulius Polybius à Pompéi, où elle était utilisée comme trapézophore13. Cette trouvaille remarquable a paru confirmer la thèse de Sismondo Ridgway, qui prévaut largement aujourd’hui14, certains épigraphistes ayant même cru pouvoir arguer de la lame de plomb pour dater la statue du début du ier siècle après J.-C.15 Plusieurs savants continuent cependant à attribuer l’Apollon de Piombino aux vie-ve siècles16. Ni les uns ni les autres n’ont été en mesure d’établir l’origine de la statue, qui reste aujourd’hui imprécisément grecque quand elle n’est pas considérée comme étrusque.
8L’étude des inscriptions et l’analyse de la controverse ayant opposé Letronne à Raoul-Rochette permettent non seulement de lever cette double aporie, mais aussi d’appréhender la fonction exacte de l’Apollon de Piombino, bien différente de celle qu’on lui prête aujourd’hui.
La dédicace inscrite sur le pied gauche de la statue
17 Longpérier, A., 1868, p. 16.
9Le fil d’argent qui rehaussait la dédicace a en grande partie disparu, mais l’empreinte des lettres se distingue encore nettement sur deux lignes. Au-dessus de ces deux lignes, on en devine une troisième, aujourd’hui très abîmée. Adrien de Longpérier est parvenu à établir qu’elle portait le nom de Charidamos17, qui est donc l’auteur de la dédicace à Athéna : Χαρ̣ί̣δα̣µ̣ος̣ | Ἀθαναίαι̣ | δεκάταν (fig. 4-5).
Fig. 4. La dédicace inscrite sur le pied gauche de la statue
Fig. 4. La dédicace inscrite sur le pied gauche de la statue
Agrandir Original (jpeg, 100k)
D’après A. de Longpérier, Notice des bronzes antiques exposés dans les galeries du Musée impérial du Louvre (ancien fonds et Musée Napoléon III). Première partie, Paris, 1868, p. 16.
Fig. 5. État de la dédicace en 2014
Fig. 5. État de la dédicace en 2014
Agrandir Original (jpeg, 512k)
© RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre)/Stéphane Maréchalle.
10Sur le plan de la paléographie, la forme de l’epsilon, du kappa, du nu et du sigma, comme la taille réduite des lettres rondes, permettent de placer l’inscription entre 200 et 50 avant J.-C. ; l’absence d’apices s’explique par la technique employée, qui associait gravure et incrustation. L’écriture ne peut en aucun cas être définie comme « archaïsante » ou « pseudo-archaïque », et n’autorise donc pas à faire de la statue un faux antique. Du point de vue de la morphologie, la préservation du A long montre en revanche que le dédicant de la statue s’exprimait dans un dialecte du groupe occidental, ce qui laisse certes un grand nombre de possibilités, mais permet au moins d’exclure l’Attique et l’Ionie.
18 Lindos 251, l. 4, fournit la dernière occurrence. Voir provisoirement Badoud 2015, p. 45.
11Si l’on considère maintenant la répartition des inscriptions mentionnant le nom de Charidamos, il s’avère que Rhodes fournit environ 30 % du corpus, bien plus qu’aucune autre cité, qu’aucune région même, du monde hellénophone. Or, dans la dédicace, Athéna est appelée Athanaia. Il s’agit là du vieux nom de la déesse, peu fréquent dans les inscriptions, si ce n’est, une nouvelle fois, à Rhodes, qui fournit à elle seule près de 70 % du corpus. À compter du iiie siècle, la forme Athanaia n’est plus usitée qu’à Lindos, d’où elle disparaît après 115 avant J.-C.18
19 Lindos 175 fournit la dernière occurrence ; la structure de l’inscription est presque celle de la d (...)
20 Voir infra, p. 70.
12Le dernier mot de l’inscription, dékata, est lui aussi digne d’intérêt, dans la mesure où le sanctuaire d’Athana Lindia a fourni une très riche série de dîmes offertes à la déesse, qui commence à l’époque archaïque pour s’achever, une nouvelle fois, au iie siècle avant J.-C.19 Le même mot prouve en outre que la statue n’est pas une offrande ancienne dont Charidamos se serait contenté de renouveler la dédicace, comme cela se produisait parfois20, mais qu’elle a tout au contraire été fabriquée grâce aux gains qu’il avait réalisés dans une opération quelconque. À en juger par sa seule dédicace, l’Apollon de Piombino est donc une statue archaïsante produite à Rhodes au iie siècle avant J.-C., et consacrée à Athana Lindia.
21 Alroth, 1989, p. 84.
13Letronne et Raoul-Rochette ont âprement débattu de l’usage de dédier ainsi (ou non) la statue d’un dieu à un autre dieu. Cet usage est aujourd’hui mieux compris, grâce notamment aux travaux de Brita Alroth, qui a forgé le concept de visiting god pour en rendre compte. L’historienne suédoise a en particulier montré que si certains dieux n’entretenaient aucune espèce de relation, d’autres se fréquentaient régulièrement. Elle se demandait à ce propos si Apollon n’était pas l’une des divinités les mieux représentées parmi les figurines de terre cuite dédiées à Athana Lindia21. L’identification des effigies, qu’elle considérait encore comme incertaine, et l’origine attribuée à l’Apollon de Piombino se renforcent désormais l’une l’autre.
La lame de plomb portant la signature des sculpteurs
22 Sismondo Ridgway 1967, p. 44, n. 12.
23 Dubois, 1843.
14Venons-en maintenant à la lame de plomb et à la polémique qui a entouré sa découverte. Le résumé qui en a été donné en 1967 montre à quel point celle-ci a été mal comprise : Dubois aurait été accusé d’avoir forgé le document pour jouer un tour à Letronne, mais ses fonctions et son âge au moment des faits le mettraient à l’abri de tout soupçon22. Tout au contraire, Dubois a été accusé d’avoir commis un faux pour servir les intérêts de Letronne dans ce qui est probablement la plus longue et la plus violente controverse qu’ait connue l’Académie, et son activité de faussaire ne fait absolument aucun doute, puisque lui-même l’a publiquement reconnue dans sa réponse au premier article de Piot. Dubois y assurait cependant que cette activité, limitée à quelques dessins frauduleusement vendus comme des copies de vases grecs, avait cessé depuis longtemps, et qu’il n’était pas l’auteur de la lame découverte dans l’Apollon23 ; faut-il le croire ?
24 Institut de France, ms 2231.
25 Supra, p. 66.
26 Supra, n. 24.
15L’étude de la correspondance de Piot24 montre que Raoul-Rochette et Charles Lenormant sont à l’origine des accusations lancées contre Dubois, à l’endroit duquel les deux conservateurs du Cabinet des médailles entretenaient, pour des raisons diverses, une animosité personnelle. Raoul-Rochette avait également été le protecteur d’Adrien de Longpérier, qui, devenu conservateur au Louvre, déclara la lame fausse et la fit retirer des vitrines du musée25. Le même Raoul-Rochette s’était cependant refusé à apporter publiquement son soutien à Piot lorsque celui-ci avait été pris à partie par Dubois et Letronne, se bornant à lui conseiller de retirer ses accusations s’il n’était pas en mesure de les étayer26.
27 Letronne, 1845, p. 143.
16Letronne, de son côté, avait bien vu que l’un des deux sculpteurs nommés dans l’inscription portait un nom en –phôn, et qu’il était originaire de Rhodes27. Or, compte tenu de l’état de la documentation au milieu du xixe siècle, il était rigoureusement impossible de présumer l’origine rhodienne de l’Apollon trouvé au large de Piombino : Letronne lui-même ne l’a d’ailleurs jamais envisagée. En d’autres termes, la signature inscrite sur la lame de plomb confirme l’analyse de la dédicace, laquelle établit en retour l’authenticité du document découvert par Dubois et publié par Letronne.
17L’examen matériel du document, longtemps considéré comme perdu, mais retrouvé à la faveur d’un récolement réalisé en 2009 – alors que je m’étais enquis de son sort –, permet d’aboutir indépendamment à la même conclusion, puisque les fragments présentent des concrétions qui recouvrent également le sillon des lettres de l’inscription (fig. 6a, b et c). La gravure de la lame est donc antérieure à l’immersion de la statue ; elle est bien antique, et ne peut plus être considérée comme l’œuvre d’un faussaire.
Fig. 6a, b et c. Les fragments de la lame de plomb, après restauration
Fig. 6a, b et c. Les fragments de la lame de plomb, après restauration
Agrandir Original (jpeg, 570k)
Louvre, Br 2a-c.
© Musée du Louvre, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais/ Hervé Lewandowski.
18Le document n’en pose pas moins trois problèmes majeurs. Le premier, que Letronne s’est employé à relativiser, est celui de sa paléographie, qui a paru nettement plus récente que celle de la dédicace ; le deuxième, qu’il a laissé entièrement ouvert, est celui de sa restitution ; le troisième, qu’il a tout simplement dissimulé, est celui de sa morphologie, la forme ἐπόουν demeurant à ce jour un hapax.
28 Lindos 617.
29 Voir par exemple Nilsson, 1909, p. 465, no 340.9 (193 av. J.-C.), et p. 362, no 33.10 (ca 116 av. J (...)
19D’un point de vue paléographique, les lettres, munies de grands apices, revêtent incontestablement un aspect tardif. Le nu et le pi ont des jambes égales ou presque, la barre du phi déborde en haut, le omikron et le oméga occupent toute la hauteur de la ligne ; surtout, le sigma affecte une forme carrée qui n’apparaît guère – à en juger par les publications – que dans une trentaine d’inscriptions rhodiennes, imputables, en règle générale, à l’époque impériale. La règle connaît certes au moins une exception, puisque le sigma carré est attesté à Lindos au iie siècle (?) avant J.-C.28 : cela pourra sembler trop peu pour soutenir une datation de la lame à l’époque hellénistique, mais il ne faut pas perdre de vue que la gravure de la pierre, où le ciseau percute un matériau dur, n’a guère de rapport avec celle du plomb, où la pointe incise un matériau mou, comme c’était également le cas dans la gravure des matrices en argile destinées à être imprimées, après cuisson, sur les anses des amphores commerciales rhodiennes. Les timbres amphoriques qui, par centaines de milliers, témoignent de ce procédé d’écriture sont aujourd’hui assez précisément datés pour établir que le sigma carré, encore inconnu au iiie siècle, a fait l’objet d’un usage discret, mais répété, tout au long du iie siècle29. La lame de plomb peut donc appartenir à cette époque (et plutôt à sa fin), tout comme la dédicace.
30 Voir désormais Badoud, Fincker, Moretti, 2016, p. 345-416 (base A).
31 Dow, 1941, p. 341-360.
32 Badoud, 2010, p. 125-143 ; Badoud, 2015, p. 304.
33 Badoud, 2015, p. 281, no 106.
34 AER I, 7.
20Venons-en maintenant à l’établissement du texte. On se souvient que le deuxième sculpteur était originaire de Rhodes ; l’adjectif ʻPόδιος étant au singulier dans l’inscription, le premier sculpteur avait une origine différente. Tout en déclarant ne pas croire à l’authenticité de la lame, Raoul-Rochette est le premier à avoir suggéré d’y reconnaître Mènodotos de Tyr, qui n’était alors attesté que sur une base de statue découverte à Athènes30, mais dont Dow a justement fait observer qu’il appartenait en réalité à une dynastie de bronziers établie à Rhodes31. Une nouvelle analyse de cette dynastie, dont le savant américain a donné une reconstitution erronée (qui amena à placer la prétendue restauration de l’Apollon vers 56 av. J.-C.), permet aujourd’hui d’affirmer que Mènodotos de Tyr a déployé son activité au tournant des iie et ier siècles avant J.-C., spécialement sur l’acropole de Lindos32. Parmi les très nombreux artistes attestés dans l’épigraphie rhodienne, il est le seul à pouvoir être identifié au premier sculpteur mentionné sur la lame de plomb. Que dire alors de son associé ? Jusqu’à présent, on ne connaissait aucun artiste rhodien dont le nom se terminât en –phôn, ce qui ne pouvait que renforcer les soupçons de faux pesant sur la lame ; mais en examinant le fonds d’estampages constitué au moment de l’occupation italienne du Dodécanèse, j’ai eu la chance de découvrir une inscription inédite, dont il m’a ensuite été possible de retrouver l’original au musée de Rhodes33. Il s’agit d’une base sur laquelle apparaît la signature d’un sculpteur nommé Xénophôn fils de Pausanias, de Rhodes, que la paléographie autorise tout à fait à identifier au –phôn de Rhodes mentionné sur la lame de plomb. Il y a plus : le monument sculpté par Xénophôn a été offert à Peithô, la déesse de la persuasion érotique, puis politique. Or, dans tout le monde grec, on ne connaît qu’une seule autre dédicace à Peithô, associée cette fois à Hermès ; non seulement cette dédicace provient de Rhodes, mais elle a été signée par Charmolas et son frère Mènodotos de Tyr34. Nous pouvons donc reconnaître en Xénophôn de Rhodes et Mènodotos de Tyr deux artistes contemporains, et rétablir leurs noms sur la lame de plomb.
35 Rossignol, 1850, p. 108-110, est le seul à avoir attiré l’attention sur ce problème, dont il arguai (...)
21Ne reste alors plus qu’un seul mot à examiner dans notre inscription : le verbe que Letronne lisait ἐπόο[υν], et qu’il présentait comme un « imparfait attique ». La forme n’a toutefois rien d’attique, et constitue même un barbarisme que l’on aurait eu beau jeu d’attribuer à un faussaire ignorant du grec, comme l’était Dubois, si Letronne n’en avait pas dissimulé l’incongruité derrière son autorité de philologue, et cela sans s’inquiéter du fait que la dédicace était rédigée dans un dialecte différent35. En réalité, la quatrième lettre du verbe n’est pas un omikron, mais un iota, qui se distingue nettement sur la lame, et à droite duquel apparaît encore la haste d’un êta. Il faut donc lire et restituer : [Μ]ηνόδο|[τος Τύριος καì Ξενο]|φῶν ‛Pόδ[ι|]ος ἐποί̣η̣[σαν], « Mènodotos de Tyr et Xénophôn de Rhodes ont fait (la statue). »
Un contexte singulier pour une pratique singulière
36 Letronne, 1845, p. 170.
37 Sismondo Ridgway 1967, p. 71 ; cf., en dernier lieu, Hemingway 2015, p. 69 ; Hurwit 2015, p. 21 ; C (...)
38 Bieber, 1970, p. 88.
22L’hypothèse d’une supercherie commise par Dubois écartée, comment expliquer qu’une lame de plomb portant la signature des auteurs de l’Apollon de Piombino ait été insérée dans la statue ? Letronne posait déjà la question : selon lui, les deux artistes, empêchés de signer la base destinée à accueillir l’ouvrage, ou craignant qu’il n’en fût un jour retiré, avaient recouru à ce procédé pour obtenir une « gloire à distance » lorsque sa destruction révélerait le plomb marqué à leurs noms36. Sismondo Ridgway et les archéologues qui considèrent avec elle l’Apollon de Piombino comme un faux antique ont imposé une explication légèrement différente : les deux sculpteurs, ne pouvant signer une œuvre qu’ils devaient faire passer pour archaïque, auraient ressenti le besoin d’affirmer leur paternité – ou leur fierté d’avoir dupé le client romain – d’une manière qui était destinée à demeurer indétectable37. Enfin, Margarete Bieber a suggéré que la lame pouvait avoir appartenu à une autre statue, et avoir été utilisée comme matériel de remplissage lors de la réparation de l’Apollon38.
39 Dow, 1941, p. 358.
40 Supra, p. 67-68.
23Cette dernière hypothèse, qui se contente de déplacer le problème qu’elle entend résoudre, peut être immédiatement écartée, puisque l’Apollon n’a pas subi les dommages qu’elle suppose. Parce qu’elle est éminemment contradictoire, l’idée qu’il ait fallu détruire la statue pour attirer l’attention sur ses auteurs ne peut pas davantage être retenue. Malgré sa popularité, celle qui ferait de la lame une marque de l’orgueil de faussaires antiques est tout aussi insatisfaisante, la marque en question ayant été conçue pour demeurer inaperçue. Tout en se méprenant sur le rôle joué par les deux sculpteurs, dans lesquels il voyait les auteurs d’une réparation antique, Dow se demandait s’il ne fallait pas considérer la lame comme « a reminder to the god of their work39 ». C’est à n’en pas douter le début de la bonne explication : au même titre, par exemple, qu’une partie des décors sculptés dans l’architecture religieuse, la signature, dissimulée aux yeux des humains, ne peut valoir que pour la divinité à laquelle la statue a été consacrée. Or, on l’a vu, la dédicace gravée sur le pied de l’Apollon démontre que la statue a été conçue, non pour duper le client romain, mais comme une offrande à Athéna40. Les deux inscriptions s’éclairent donc mutuellement : un léger détour permettra de réaliser à quel point.
41 Momigliano, 1951, p. 150-151.
42 D.Chr. 31.141.
24Dans un discours célèbre, prononcé à Rhodes sous le règne, semble-t-il, de Vespasien41, Dion Chrysostome a dénoncé une pratique qu’il jugeait impie, en s’appuyant sur des témoignages locaux pour la situer dans son évolution historique : à l’en croire, les Rhodiens avaient commencé par autoriser que l’on s’épargnât le coût de fabrication d’une statue honorifique (εἰκών) en en remployant une ancienne, si celle-ci était abîmée et désolidarisée de sa base ; cette mesure avait ensuite été étendue aux sculptures installées sur des bases anépigraphes, avant de finir par englober, à son époque, des œuvres conservant leur dédicace originelle42.
43 AER II, 66 (règne de Vespasien) ; Lindos 447 (règne de Nerva) ; Lindos 427 ; Lindos 556-558.
44 TRI 27, l. 30-44.
45 Lindos 2 (nouvelle édition du décret dans TRI 24). Sur la signification de l’inscription, voir Bres (...)
46 D.Chr. 31.89.
25Quelques bases d’époque impériale (dont la plus ancienne remonte précisément au règne de Vespasien) présentent une regravure de la dédicace qui illustre la dernière phase du processus évoqué par l’orateur43. Plus en amont, un décret nous apprend que, confrontés à des difficultés financières, les Lindiens résolurent de mettre aux enchères le droit d’apposer une nouvelle dédicace sur les bases de statues honorifiques (ἀνδριάντες) dont l’inscription avait disparu ou était devenue inintelligible44 : cela se passait en 22 après J.-C., époque qui marquait donc, à Lindos tout au moins, le début de la deuxième phase évoquée par Dion Chrysostome à propos de la ville de Rhodes. Continuons notre remontée : en 99 avant J.-C., la « Chronique de Lindos » se proposait de cataloguer les principales offrandes (ἀναθέματα) dont le temps, voire un accident, avait causé la ruine, ou rendu les dédicaces illisibles45. La décision de rédiger le catalogue des offrandes n’est pas mise en relation avec un quelconque remploi de leurs bases, qui ne semble avoir débuté qu’un siècle plus tard (car les statues honorifiques, consacrées aux dieux, étaient bien une catégorie d’offrandes, comme Dion Chrysostome le souligne pour mettre en relief le sacrilège commis par les Rhodiens46). Nous pourrions donc nous situer là dans la première phase décrite par l’orateur, celle où une statue-portrait désolidarisée de sa base pouvait être utilisée pour le compte d’un nouvel honorandus (et une effigie divine reconsacrée par un nouveau dédicant ?), ou un peu avant. Quoi qu’il en soit, l’existence d’offrandes inintelligibles était un sujet de préoccupation à l’endroit précis et au moment même où l’Apollon dit « de Piombino » venait d’être offert à Athéna. N’est-ce donc pas pour se prémunir contre l’usure du temps que Mènodotos et Xénophôn déposèrent leur signature dans la statue, et que Charidamos y fit graver sa dédicace ? Pour la divinité, les sculpteurs resteraient ainsi à jamais liés à leur ouvrage, et le commanditaire à son offrande.
De Lindos à Piombino
47 Badoud, 2011, p. 118.
48 D.C. 47.33.
49 TRI 25, l. 40-44.
50 Strab. 5.2.6.
26Déprédation ponctuelle, pillage ou achat : autant de manières d’expliquer que l’Apollon de Lindos ait été arraché à son sanctuaire. Au milieu du ier siècle avant J.-C., le consul P. Lentulus revenait ainsi de Rhodes, et sans doute plus précisément Lindos, avec une tête signée par Charès, qu’il fit exposer sur le Capitole47 ; devenus maîtres de Rhodes en 42, les partisans de Brutus allèrent jusqu’à piller les sanctuaires de la cité48 ; en 22 après J.-C., le décret de Lindos déjà mentionné interdisait d’enlever toute statue au sanctuaire d’Athéna, sauf dérogation49... Le fait est que l’Apollon fut chargé dans un navire qui fit naufrage au large de Populonia, ville presque abandonnée depuis les guerres civiles50 et qui n’était donc pas, selon toute vraisemblance, sa destination finale. Aux yeux de ses nouveaux propriétaires, la statue devait acquérir une valeur nouvelle, purement ornementale, dont témoigne le lampadophore découvert dans la maison de C. Iulius Polybius à Pompéi ; avant d’être ainsi réunis en Italie, les deux Apollons avaient revêtu des fonctions différentes dans deux sociétés qui ne l’étaient pas moins.
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By popular demand, another serie photo's of sleeping Eliya. I call her Nyssa, which means 'friendly elf' I read somewhere.
Actually I had the plan to modify her (opening eyes) but she is pretty the way she is and will stay this way! Hope you like her in white too!
Assam on Mom's rocking chair after we moved it to our house, demanding that I pet her. Taken in California in December of 2013.
Nevermoore. Some say it does not exist, some say it is never in the same place twice and some say it lies between the realms of the living and the dead. A prize sought by all but granted to only one, the bearer of the Black Crown of Nevermoore.
The Black Crown is the key to Nevermoore. It is used to open a vast portal, a doorway to Nevermoore. As such, the bearer of the Crown Commands its people, the Ravens.
Nevermoore has remained hidden from the world for decades. The last bearer of the Black Crown, Edbert Stormclaw, had demanded the portal remain closed to keep Nevermoore and its people safe.
But the people grew restless. Nevermoore became their prison and the people turned on Stormclaw and named a new leader.
Now the Ravens return to the Lands of Roawia, to make their mark in history.
How do I know this?
I am the new bearer of the Black Crown,
I am the new Commander of the Ravens of Nevermoore,
I am coming to carve my name in history,
I am Irvin Razormaw,
and I am coming for you.....
Plastic pollution is killing our marine life. Pollution is no joke, Coke. Demand Cash for Containers now. #StopCoke
Australian school students striking & organising to demand real action on the climate crisis
www.facebook.com/StrikeClimate/
www.instagram.com/schoolstrikeforclimate/
“We are striking from school to tell our politicians to take our futures
seriously and treat climate change for what it is - a crisis.” School Strike 4 Climate
Photo by Stephen Hass – Using Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License
Over 330,000 strike on Friday in Australia doubling the March 2019 protests.
Students, workers and people all ages in 115+ Australian cities & towns.
Potentially over 4 million people globally will participate in world's largest climate mobilisation.
“The strike comes three days before world leaders meet in New York for the United Nations Emergency Climate Summit. Scott Morrison will not attend the UN summit despite being in New York at the same time meeting with Donald Trump.” www.schoolstrike4climate.com/post/biggest-climate-mobilis...
“Politicians can show us that they care by taking urgent action to meet our demands:
One: No new coal, oil and gas projects, including the Adani mine.
Two: 100% renewable energy generation & exports by 2030
Three: Fund a just transition & job creation for all fossil-fuel workers & communities.”
School Strike 4 Climate
7 continents
150+ countries
5000+ Strikes
90 Unions
4 Global Union Federations
School Strike 4 Climate
“Climate change is one of the biggest problems facing the world and it isn’t being addressed quickly enough.” School Strike 4 Climate
UPDATE BELOW: 25 September 2019
“Greenhouse gas emissions have been rising in Australia since the Coalition repealed Labor’s carbon price despite the country’s commitments to reduce pollution under the Paris agreement. Total national emissions have increased each year since 2014.” www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/25/morrison-r...
“Diplomatic officials from countries that I speak with see Australia as a denialist government,” he said. “It’s just accepted that’s what it is. It is seen as doing its own promotion of coal and natural gas against the science.” www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/25/australian...
“Scott Morrison is increasingly seen as running a “denialist government” that is not serious about finding a global climate solution and uses “greenwash” to meet its emissions commitments, analysts and former diplomats say.” www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/25/australian...
“Richie Merzian, a former climate diplomat who now works at progressive thinktank the Australian Institute, said Australia was seen by other countries as denying the severity of the problem and in engaging in “greenwashing” by using accounting tricks to meet targets while actual emissions increased.” www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/25/australian...
“A report backed by the world’s major climate science bodies released on the eve of the summit found current plans would lead to a rise in average global temperatures of between 2.9C and 3.4C by 2100, a shift likely to bring catastrophic change across the globe.” www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/25/australian...
Critical News Update 21 July 2021 : Great Barrier Reef could soon be listed as ‘in danger’ by the World Heritage Committee.
www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/21/coalition-bel...
Critical News Update 23 July 2021 :
www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/23/whether-or-no...
Kyoto Color version of Tibouchine Urvilleana. Limited depth of field here. I'll need a little more experience before I can keep all those various stamen parts in focus from a few cm away.
All these 2008-style fig posts and I'm missing the real MVPs, as pointed out by various folks.
Zoo Sweeper: Some cap, A head that's definitely been used on a Rebel, CMF Highway patrolman legs.
Fishmonger: I've had this guy made longer than I've had that Christo Gordon. Lone Ranger hat, LBM Guard head, CMF Butcher torso/legs.
Yeti: The hardest of these to make. I can't even describe what I went to to find the right parts for this guy.
Lemme know what you think eh!
A panoramic view of Jaffa Street, in central Jerusalem, in 1961, showing one of the 129 French-built Chausson buses used by the Egged Bus Company throughout the 1950s and into the following decade.
The Chausson buses made their debut in Israel in 1951, as part of a special "cars for buses" deal between Israel and France. A massive shortage of reliable buses in Israel, coupled to a rapidly rising and nation-wide demand for a better and more frequent service, resulted in the decision to upgrade the existing fleet in spite of the challenging financial situation in Israel at the time. The solution was to export to France Israeli-made car bodies, and import over a hundred new and ready-to-run Chausson buses, in return.
A total of 129 Chausson buses were delivered to Egged, featuring upholstered passenger seats, a cashier's booth and, at least in theory, a new level of comfort. In practice, however, it was soon discovered that the new buses were mechanically unreliable, beginning with the front-mounted engines, the faulty brakes, the heavily corroded bodies and the fragile glass windows. An attempt to overcome the engine problems was carried out by replacing the original French motors with British Leyland units, and several improvements were also made to the penumatic steering system. Semi-automatic Wilson gearboxes were introduced later on. The attempt failed completely and the Chausson fleet was quickly rounded up and disposed of, simultaneously with the much-awaited arrival of new and infinitely superior Leyland Royal Tiger buses from the UK.
Making the case for only children
I couldn't believe they were almost knocking (Mom? Dad?) off the fence...
Here's another shot of poor mom/dad.
The demand to reprint these is overwhelming. So we're doing it again one last time. The front print feautures,an ARMN, FBOX, CSXT Hopper, Gondola Connection, & a CN Autorack. back print RXR. Printed on alstyle.
*Pre-orders will be up until December 1st, 2014. After that you won't be able to order this item. SO DON'T SLEEP!* Hoping to have them shipped by Christmas.
mobile phones great things but also a pain always being accecibe.
well B was feeling unwell and was fed up with me under her feet so she said I should go out so I did. Not a bad look for a rush job
"Que demande-t-on d'une fleur
Sinon qu'elle soit belle et odorante une minute, pauvre fleur, et après ce sera fini.
La fleur est courte, mais la joie qu'elle a donnée une minute
N'est pas de ces choses qui ont commencement ou fin." ( Paul Claudel )
Downing Street protesters demand "End the Tampon Tax" - London 02.04.2015
Protesters outside Downing Street adorned with fake tampons and bloodied underwear called for an end to what they say is a "skewed" VAT system which sees 5% paid on tampons which are classed as 'luxury items', yet gambling, houseboat mooring and military aircraft sales are exempted. This week the Salvation Army has reported that in many deprived areas up and down the UK increasing numbers of women can no longer afford to buy sanitary towels, and are having to resort to shockingly primitive and dangerous solutions such as newpaper, old socks or hankies, which makes the women prone to urinary tract infections. In response to this public health issue the Salvation Army has started providing tampons to women unable to afford them, including, of course, homeless women living on the streets.
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Sir Henry Percy KG (20 May 1364 – 21 July 1403), nicknamed Hotspur, was an English knight who fought in several campaigns against the Scots in the northern border and against the French during the Hundred Years' War. The nickname "Hotspur" was given to him by the Scots as a tribute to his speed in advance and readiness to attack. The heir to a leading noble family in northern England, Hotspur was one of the earliest and prime movers behind the deposition of King Richard II in favour of Henry Bolingbroke in 1399. He later fell out with the new regime and rebelled, and was slain at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 at the height of his fame.
Henry Percy was born 20 May 1364 at either Alnwick Castle or Warkworth Castle in Northumberland, the eldest son of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, and Margaret Neville, daughter of Ralph de Neville, 2nd Lord Neville of Raby, and Alice de Audley. He was knighted by King Edward III in April 1377, together with the future Kings Richard II and Henry IV. In 1380, he was in Ireland with the Earl of March, and in 1383, he travelled in Prussia. He was appointed warden of the east march either on 30 July 1384 or in May 1385, and in 1385 accompanied Richard II on an expedition into Scotland. "As a tribute to his speed in advance and readiness to attack" on the Scottish borders, the Scots bestowed on him the name 'Haatspore'. In April 1386, he was sent to France to reinforce the garrison at Calais and led raids into Picardy. Between August and October 1387, he was in command of a naval force in an attempt to relieve the siege of Brest. In appreciation of these military endeavours, at the age of 24 he was made a Knight of the Garter in 1388. Reappointed as warden of the east march, he commanded the English forces against James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas, at the Battle of Otterburn on 10 August 1388, where he was captured, but soon ransomed for a fee of 7000 marks.
During the next few years Percy's reputation continued to grow. Although not 30, he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Cyprus in June 1393 and appointed Lieutenant of the Duchy of Aquitaine (1394–98) on behalf of John of Gaunt, Duke of Aquitaine. He returned to England in January 1395, taking part in Richard II's expedition to Ireland, and was back in Aquitaine the following autumn. In the summer of 1396, he was again in Calais.
Percy's military and diplomatic service brought him substantial marks of royal favour in the form of grants and appointments, but despite this, the Percy family decided to support Henry Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV, in his rebellion against Richard II. On Henry's return from exile in June 1399, Percy and his father joined his forces at Doncaster and marched south with them. After King Richard's deposition, Percy and his father were 'lavishly rewarded' with lands and offices.
Under the new king, Percy had extensive civil and military responsibility in both the east march towards Wales, where he was appointed High Sheriff of Flintshire in 1399, and in the north toward Scotland. In north Wales, he was under increasing pressure as a result of the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr. In March 1402, Henry IV appointed Percy royal lieutenant in north Wales, and on 14 September 1402, Percy, his father, and the Earl of Dunbar and March were victorious against a Scottish force at the Battle of Homildon Hill. Among others, they made a prisoner of Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas.
In spite of the favour that Henry IV showed the Percys in many respects, they became increasingly discontented with him. Among their grievances were:
The king's failure to pay the wages due them for defending the Scottish border
The king's favour towards Dunbar
The king's demand that the Percys hand over their Scottish prisoners
The king's failure to put an end to Owain Glyndŵr's rebellion through a negotiated settlement
The king's increasing promotion of his son's (Prince Henry) military authority in Wales
The king's failure to ransom Henry Percy's brother-in-law, Sir Edmund Mortimer, whom the Welsh had captured in June 1402
Spurred by these grievances, the Percys rebelled in the summer of 1403 and took up arms against the king. According to J. M. W. Bean, it is clear that the Percys were in collusion with Glyndŵr. On his return to England shortly after the victory at Homildon Hill, Henry Percy issued proclamations in Cheshire accusing the king of 'tyrannical government'.
Joined by his uncle, Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester, Percy marched to Shrewsbury, where he intended to do battle against a force there under the command of the Prince of Wales. The army of his father, however, was slow to move south and it was without the assistance of his father that Henry Percy and Worcester arrived at Shrewsbury on 21 July 1403, where they encountered the king with a large army. The ensuing Battle of Shrewsbury was fierce, with heavy casualties on both sides but, when Henry Percy himself was struck down and killed, his own forces fled.
The circumstances of Percy's death differ in accounts. The chronicler Thomas Walsingham stated in his Historia Anglicana that "while he led his men in the fight rashly penetrating the enemy host, [Hotspur] was unexpectedly cut down, by whose hand is not known". Another account states that Percy was struck in the face by an arrow when he opened his vizor for a better view. This is the view taken by Alnwick Castle, home of Hotspur’s descendants and place where a statue of him is exhibited. The legend that he was killed by the Prince of Wales seems to have been given currency by William Shakespeare, writing at the end of the following century. The Earl of Worcester was executed two days later.
King Henry, upon being brought Percy's body after the battle, is said to have wept. The body was taken by Thomas Neville, 5th Baron Furnivall, to Whitchurch, Shropshire, for burial. However, when rumours circulated that Percy was still alive, the king "had the corpse exhumed and displayed it, propped upright between two millstones, in the market place at Shrewsbury". That done, the king dispatched Percy's head to York, where it was impaled on the Micklegate Bar (one of the city's gates). His four-quarters were sent to London, Newcastle upon Tyne, Bristol, and Chester before they were finally delivered to his widow. She had the body buried in York Minster in November of that year. In January 1404, Percy was posthumously declared a traitor, and his lands were forfeited to the Crown
Henry Percy, 'Hotspur', is one of Shakespeare's best-known characters. In Henry IV, Part 1, Percy is portrayed as the same age as his rival, Prince Hal, by whom he is slain in single combat. In fact, he was 23 years older than Prince Hal, the future King Henry V, who was a youth of 16 at the date of the Battle of Shrewsbury.
The name of one of England's football clubs, Tottenham Hotspur F.C., is named after Hotspur, who lived in and whose descendants owned land in the neighbourhood of the club's first ground in the Tottenham Marshes.
A 14-foot (4.3 m) statue of Henry Percy was unveiled in Alnwick by the Duke of Northumberland in 2010.
Tom Glynn-Carney portrays Hotspur in The King (2019).
Alnwick is a market town in Northumberland, England, of which it is the traditional county town. The population at the 2011 Census was 8,116.
The town is on the south bank of the River Aln, 32 miles (51 km) south of Berwick-upon-Tweed and the Scottish border, 5 miles (8 km) inland from the North Sea at Alnmouth and 34 miles (55 km) north of Newcastle upon Tyne.
The town dates to about AD 600 and thrived as an agricultural centre. Alnwick Castle was the home of the most powerful medieval northern baronial family, the Earls of Northumberland. It was a staging post on the Great North Road between Edinburgh and London. The town centre has changed relatively little, but the town has seen some growth, with several housing estates covering what had been pasture, and new factory and trading estate developments along the roads to the south.
Further information: History of Northumberland
The name Alnwick comes from the Old English wic ('dairy farm, settlement') and the name of the river Aln.
The history of Alnwick is the history of the castle and its lords, starting with Gilbert Tyson, written variously as "Tison", "Tisson", and "De Tesson", one of William the Conqueror's standard-bearers, upon whom this northern estate was bestowed. It was held by the De Vesci family (now spelt "Vasey" – a name found all over south-east Northumberland) for over 200 years and then passed into the hands of the House of Percy in 1309.
At various points in the town are memorials of the constant wars between Percys and Scots, in which so many Percys spent the greater part of their lives. A cross near Broomhouse Hill across the river from the castle marks the spot where Malcolm III of Scotland was killed during the first Battle of Alnwick. At the side of the broad shady road called Ratten Row, leading from the West Lodge to Bailiffgate, a stone tablet marks the spot where William the Lion of Scotland was captured during the second Battle of Alnwick by a party of about 400 mounted knights, led by Ranulf de Glanvill.
Hulne Priory, outside the town walls in Hulne Park, the Duke of Northumberland's walled estate, was a monastery founded in the 13th century by the Carmelites; it is said that the site was chosen for some slight resemblance to Mount Carmel where the order originated.
In 1314, Sir John Felton was governor of Alnwick. In winter 1424, much of the town was burnt by a Scottish raiding party. Again in 1448, the town was burnt by a Scottish army led by William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas and George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus. There was a Church of Scotland congregation in Alnwick in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Sir Thomas Malory mentions Alnwick as a possible location for Lancelot's castle Joyous Garde.
A Royal Air Force distribution depot was constructed at Alnwick during the Second World War with four main fuel storage tanks (total capacity 1700 tons) and road and rail loading facilities. The tanks were above ground and surrounded by concrete. The site was closed in the 1970s, and its demolition and disposal were completed in 1980.
The Alnwick by-pass takes the A1 London–Edinburgh trunk road around the town. It was started in 1968.
Alnwick lies at 55°25′00″N 01°42′00″W (55.417, -1.700)1. The River Aln forms its unofficial northern boundary.
Historically, the town was partly within the Bamburgh Ward and Coquetdale Ward and later included in the East Division of Coquetdale Ward in 1832. Alnwick Town Hall was the home of the common council of Alnwick. By the time of the 2011 Census, an electoral ward covering only part of Alnwick parish existed. The total population of this ward was 4,766.
Some major or noteworthy employers in the town are:
Barter Books, one of the largest second-hand bookshops in England, set in the town's former railway station
Quotient Sciences Alnwick, a large pharmaceutical manufacturing, research and testing centre
NFU Mutual, provider of insurance, pensions, investments
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
House of Hardy, Fly Fishing Gear one of the most worldwide well known fly fishing gear brands.
Education
Secondary schools in Alnwick include The Duchess's Community High School.
The town's greatest building is Alnwick Castle, one of the homes of the Duke of Northumberland, and site of The Alnwick Garden.
The town centre is the marketplace, with its market cross, and the relatively modern Northumberland Hall, used as a meeting place.
The Alnwick Playhouse is a thriving multi-purpose arts centre that stages theatre, dance, music, cinema, and visual arts productions.
In 2003, the Willowburn Leisure Centre was opened on the southern outskirts of the enlarged town (replacing the old sports centre located by the Lindisfarne Middle School and the now-demolished Youth Centre).
Alnwick's museum, Bailiffgate Museum, is close to the Bailiffgate entrance to the castle. Its collection is specifically dedicated to local social history. The museum has recently had a major refit funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. Its collection includes a variety of agricultural objects, domestic items, railway items, coal mining artefacts, printing objects, a sizeable photographic collection, paintings and a range of activities for children.
Other places of interest in and near the town include:
Brizlee Tower, a folly and observation platform overlooking Hulne Park, the Duke of Northumberland's walled estate by Alnwick Castle
Brizlee Tower, a Grade I listed folly tower on a hill in Hulne Park, the Duke's walled estate, designed by Robert Adam in 1777 and erected in 1781 for Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland.
Camphill Column, an 1814 construction celebrating British victories in Europe, and possibly erected as a reaction against the French Revolution.
the Bondgate Tower, also known as the Hotspur Tower, part of the remains of the ancient town wall and named after Sir Henry Percy, also called Harry Hotspur, the eldest son of the 1st Earl of Northumberland.
The Nelson Memorial, Swarland, emphasising a local link to the admired Admiral.
the Tenantry Column—much in the style of Nelson's Column, 83 feet (25 m) tall and topped by the Percy Lion, the symbol of the Percy family—designed by Charles Harper and erected for Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland in 1816 in gratitude to the Duke.
the White Swan Hotel, an 18th-century coaching inn that now houses the First Class Lounge and other fittings from the Titanic's near-identical sister ship RMS Olympic.
the Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland, found within Alnwick Castle.
St Michael's Church on Bailiffgate, a Grade II listed building dating from the 15th century with fragments from the 12th century.
RAF Boulmer was an airfield during World War II. It now has a role in early warning radar surveillance and communications.
The Fenkle Street drill hall converted from a library in 1887.
Sport
Alnwick RFC
Alnwick Town A.F.C.
Local media
Local news and television programmes is provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from the Chatton TV transmitter.
Alnwick’s local radio stations are BBC Radio Newcastle on 96.0 FM, Metro Radio on 102.6 FM and Lionheart Radio on 107.3 FM, a community based radio station.
Northumberland Gazette is the town’s local newspaper.
Alnwick Fair was an annual costumed event, held each summer from 1969 to 2007, recreating some of the appearance of medieval trading fairs and 17th century agricultural fairs. It has now been discontinued.
Alnwick lies adjacent to the A1, the main national north–south trunk road, providing easy access to Newcastle upon Tyne (35 miles (56 km) south) and Edinburgh (80 miles (130 km) north).
The East Coast Main Line between Edinburgh (journey time approximately 1:10) and London (journey time approximately 3:45) runs through Alnmouth for Alnwick Station – about 4 miles (6 km) away – with a weekday service of 15 trains per day north to Edinburgh and 13 trains per day south to London.
The Alnwick branch line formerly linked Alnwick's own station, close to the town centre, to Alnmouth station, but this line closed in January 1968. Since the 2010s, the Aln Valley Railway Trust have worked to reopen the branch as a heritage railway but, due to construction of the A1 Alnwick bypass removing a section of the original trackbed on the edge of the town, their purpose-built Alnwick Lionheart terminus is located near the Lionheart Enterprise Estate on the outskirts of the town. The reopening project is ongoing and, as of July 2020, the line's eastern terminus had reached a new station at Greenrigg Halt, approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from Lionheart, although it is yet to carry passengers over the full length.
Newcastle Airport lies around 45 minutes drive-time away and provides 19 daily flights to (London Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and London City), with regular flights to other UK centres.
Alnwick is twinned with:
Bryne, Norway
Lagny-sur-Marne, France
Voerde, Germany
Notable people
Stella Vine
Born in Alnwick
William of Alnwick (c. 1275–1333), Franciscan theologian and Bishop of Giovinazzo
Martin of Alnwick (d. 1336), Franciscan friar and theologian
Henry 'Hotspur' Percy (1364?–1403), son of the 1st Earl of Northumberland
John Busby (1765–1857), mining engineer
William Davison (1781–1858), pharmacist, apothecary, publisher and printer
Prideaux John Selby (1788–1867), ornithologist, botanist and artist
William Henry Percy (1788–1855), naval commander and politician
James Catnach (1792-1841), publisher
George Biddell Airy (1801–1892), Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881
George Tate (1805–1871), tradesman, local topographer, antiquarian and naturalist
Thomas Turner Tate (1807–1888), mathematical and scientific educator and writer
James Patterson (1833–1895), Australian colonial politician, premier of Victoria, born in Alnwick in 1833
T. J. Cobden Sanderson (1840–1922), artist and bookbinder associated with the Arts and Crafts movement
Ralph Tate (1840–1901), botanist and geologist
Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923), philosopher
Jim Hilton (1894–1964), painter for Shell Oil and immigrant to Canada
David Adam (1936–2020), English minister and Canon of York Minster
Sid Waddell (1940–2012), commentator and television personality
Jeremy Darroch (born 1962), chief executive of Sky
Jonny Kennedy (1966–2003), spokesperson with the skin condition Epidermolysis Bullosa
Stella Vine (born 1969), artist
Kelland Watts (born 1999), professional footballer
Lived in Alnwick
Lucy Bronze (born 1991), footballer for Barcelona and England, played junior football in Alnwick and had plaque erected in her honour at Alnwick Town FC.
Died in Alnwick
Malcolm III of Scotland (died 1093)
Tip Tipping (1958–1993), actor, died in a parachuting accident at Brunton
Stan Anderson (1871-1942), English international rugby union player
Alnwick town has been used as a setting in films and television series.
Films
2012 Villains
2011 Your Highness
Television
1987 Treasure Hunt - Episode: Northumberland (1987)
1991–1993 Spender
1998-2011 History's Mysteries - Episode: Doomed Sisters of the Titanic (1999)
2011- All Over the Place - Episode: Tree Houses, Buses and Pie Eating! (2011)
2011- All Over the Place - Episode: Scary Castles, Teapots and Onion Eating! (2011)
2013- The Other Child<
2014 Vera, ITV murder mystery, Series 4, Episode 1: On Harbour Street (2014)
2015 Vera, ITV murder mystery, Series 5, Episode 3: Muddy Waters filmed a scene in Alnwick's market place; the filming took place while the market was going on and was not staged for the episode, except for two stalls that were created just for the episode.
2013- Tales from Northumberland with Robson Green - Episode: More Tales from Northumberland with Robson Green: Industrial Heritage (2015)
2018- The Heist
2012- Chris Tarrant: Extreme Railways - Episode: Chris Tarrant: Railways of the Somme (2019)
The following people have received the Freedom of the Town of Alnwick.
Bill Batey: 2019
Adrian Ions: 12 November 2021
William "Bill" Hugonin: 18 March 2022.
Northumberland is a ceremonial county in North East England, bordering Scotland. It is bordered by the Scottish Borders to the north, the North Sea to the east, Tyne and Wear and County Durham to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The town of Blyth is the largest settlement.
The county has an area of 5,013 km2 (1,936 sq mi) and a population of 320,274, making it the least-densely populated county in England. The south-east contains the largest towns: Blyth (37,339), Cramlington (27,683), Ashington (27,670), and Morpeth (14,304), which is the administrative centre. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Berwick-upon-Tweed (12,043) in the far north and Hexham (13,097) in the west. For local government purposes the county is a unitary authority area. The county historically included the parts of Tyne and Wear north of the River Tyne.
The west of Northumberland contains part of the Cheviot Hills and North Pennines, while to the east the land becomes flatter before reaching the coast. The Cheviot (815 m (2,674 ft)), after which the range of hills is named, is the county's highest point. The county contains the source of the River North Tyne and much of the South Tyne; near Hexham they combine to form the Tyne, which exits into Tyne and Wear shortly downstream. The other major rivers in Northumberland are, from south to north, the Blyth, Coquet, Aln, Wansbeck and Tweed, the last of which forms part of the Scottish border. The county contains Northumberland National Park and two national landscapes: the Northumberland Coast and part of the North Pennines.
Much of the county's history has been defined by its position on a border. In the Roman era most of the county lay north of Hadrian's Wall, and the region was contested between England and Scotland into the Early Modern era, leading to the construction of many castles, peel towers and bastle houses, and the early modern fortifications at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Northumberland is also associated with Celtic Christianity, particularly the tidal island of Lindisfarne. During the Industrial Revolution the area had significant coal mining, shipbuilding, and armaments industries.
Northumberland, England's northernmost county, is a land where Roman occupiers once guarded a walled frontier, Anglian invaders fought with Celtic natives, and Norman lords built castles to suppress rebellion and defend a contested border with Scotland. The present-day county is a vestige of an independent kingdom that once stretched from Edinburgh to the Humber, hence its name, meaning literally 'north of the Humber'. Reflecting its tumultuous past, Northumberland has more castles than any other county in England, and the greatest number of recognised battle sites. Once an economically important region that supplied much of the coal that powered the industrial revolution, Northumberland is now a primarily rural county with a small and gradually shrinking population.
As attested by many instances of rock art, the Northumberland region has a rich prehistory. Archeologists have studied a Mesolithic structure at Howick, which dates to 7500 BC and was identified as Britain's oldest house until it lost this title in 2010 when the discovery of the even older Star Carr house in North Yorkshire was announced, which dates to 8770 BC. They have also found tools, ornaments, building structures and cairns dating to the bronze and iron ages, when the area was occupied by Brythonic Celtic peoples who had migrated from continental Europe, most likely the Votadini whose territory stretched from Edinburgh and the Firth of Forth to Northumberland. It is not clear where the boundary between the Votadini and the other large tribe, the Brigantes, was, although it probably frequently shifted as a result of wars and as smaller tribes and communities changed allegiances. Unlike neighbouring tribes, Votadini farms were surrounded by large walls, banks and ditches and the people made offerings of fine metal objects, but never wore massive armlets. There are also at least three very large hillforts in their territory (Yeavering Bell, Eildon Hill and Traprain Law, the latter two now in Scotland), each was located on the top of a prominent hill or mountain. The hillforts may have been used for over a thousand years by this time as places of refuge and as places for meetings for political and religious ceremonies. Duddo Five Stones in North Northumberland and the Goatstones near Hadrian's Wall are stone circles dating from the Bronze Age.
When Gnaeus Julius Agricola was appointed Roman governor of Britain in 78 AD, most of northern Britain was still controlled by native British tribes. During his governorship Agricola extended Roman control north of Eboracum (York) and into what is now Scotland. Roman settlements, garrisons and roads were established throughout the Northumberland region.
The northern frontier of the Roman occupation fluctuated between Pons Aelius (now Newcastle) and the Forth. Hadrian's Wall was completed by about 130 AD, to define and defend the northern boundary of Roman Britain. By 142, the Romans had completed the Antonine Wall, a more northerly defensive border lying between the Forth and Clyde. However, by 164 they abandoned the Antonine Wall to consolidate defences at Hadrian's Wall.
Two important Roman roads in the region were the Stanegate and Dere Street, the latter extending through the Cheviot Hills to locations well north of the Tweed. Located at the intersection of these two roads, Coria (Corbridge), a Roman supply-base, was the most northerly large town in the Roman Empire. The Roman forts of Vercovicium (Housesteads) on Hadrian's Wall, and Vindolanda (Chesterholm) built to guard the Stanegate, had extensive civil settlements surrounding them.
The Celtic peoples living in the region between the Tyne and the Forth were known to the Romans as the Votadini. When not under direct Roman rule, they functioned as a friendly client kingdom, a somewhat porous buffer against the more warlike Picts to the north.
The gradual Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century led to a poorly documented age of conflict and chaos as different peoples contested territories in northern Britain.
Nearly 2000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were uncovered at Vindolanda in 2017 by the Vidolanda Trust experts led by Dr Andrew Birley. According to the Guardian, being similar in style and function to the full-hand modern boxing gloves, these two gloves found at Vindolanda look like leather bands date back to 120 AD. It is suggested that based on their difference from gladiator gloves warriors using this type of gloves had no purpose to kill each other. These gloves were probably used in a sport for promoting fighting skills. The gloves are currently displayed at Vindolanda's museum.
Conquests by Anglian invaders led to the establishment of the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. The first Anglian settlement was effected in 547 by Ida, who, accompanied by his six sons, pushed through the narrow strip of territory between the Cheviots and the sea, and set up a fortress at Bamburgh, which became the royal seat of the Bernician kings. About the end of the 6th century Bernicia was first united with the rival kingdom of Deira under the rule of Æthelfrith of Northumbria, and the district between the Humber and the Forth became known as the kingdom of Northumbria.
After Æthelfrith was killed in battle around 616, Edwin of Deira became king of Northumbria. Æthelfrith's son Oswald fled northwest to the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata where he was converted to Christianity by the monks of Iona. Meanwhile, Paulinus, the first bishop of York, converted King Edwin to Roman Christianity and began an extensive program of conversion and baptism. By his time the kingdom must have reached the west coast, as Edwin is said to have conquered the islands of Anglesey and Man. Under Edwin the Northumbrian kingdom became the chief power in Britain. However, when Cadwallon ap Cadfan defeated Edwin at Hatfield Chase in 633, Northumbria was divided into the former kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira and Christianity suffered a temporary decline.
In 634, Oswald defeated Cadwallon ap Cadfan at the Battle of Heavenfield, resulting in the re-unification of Northumbria. Oswald re-established Christianity in the kingdom and assigned a bishopric at Hexham, where Wilfrid erected a famous early English church. Reunification was followed by a period of Northumbrian expansion into Pictish territory and growing dominance over the Celtic kingdoms of Dál Riata and Strathclyde to the west. Northumbrian encroachments were abruptly curtailed in 685, when Ecgfrith suffered complete defeat by a Pictish force at the Battle of Nechtansmere.
When Saint Aidan came at the request of Oswald to preach to the Northumbrians he chose the island of Lindisfarne as the site of his church and monastery, and made it the head of the diocese which he founded in 635. For some years the see continued in peace, numbering among its bishops Saint Cuthbert, but in 793 Vikings landed on the island and burnt the settlement, killing many of the monks. The survivors, however, rebuilt the church and continued to live there until 883, when, through fear of a second invasion of the Danes, they fled inland, taking with them the body of Cuthbert and other holy relics.
Against this background, the monasteries of Northumbria developed some remarkably influential cultural products. Cædmon, a monk at Whitby Abbey, authored one of the earliest surviving examples of Old English poetry some time before 680. The Lindisfarne Gospels, an early example of insular art, is attributed to Eadfrith, the bishop of Lindisfarne from 698 to 721. Stenton (1971, p. 191) describes the book as follows.
In mere script it is no more than an admirable example of a noble style, and the figure drawing of its illustrations, though probably based on classical models, has more than a touch of naïveté. Its unique importance is due to the beauty and astonishing intricacy of its decoration. The nature of its ornament connects it very closely with a group of Irish manuscripts of which the Book of Kells is the most famous.
Bede's writing, at the Northumbrian monasteries at Wearmouth and Jarrow, gained him a reputation as the most learned scholar of his age. His work is notable for both its breadth (encompassing history, theology, science and literature) and quality, exemplified by the rigorous use of citation. Bede's most famous work is Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is regarded as a highly influential early model of historical scholarship.
The kingdom of Northumbria ceased to exist in 927, when it was incorporated into England as an earldom by Athelstan, the first king of a united England[citation needed].. In 937, Athelstan's victory over a combined Norse-Celtic force in the battle of Brunanburh secured England's control of its northern territory.
The Scottish king Indulf captured Edinburgh in 954, which thenceforth remained in possession of the Scots. His successors made repeated attempts to extend their territory southwards. Malcolm II was finally successful, when, in 1018, he annihilated the Northumbrian army at Carham on the Tweed, and Eadulf the earl of Northumbria ceded all his territory to the north of that river as the price of peace. Henceforth Lothian, consisting of the former region of Northumbria between the Forth and the Tweed, remained in possession of the Scottish kings.
The term Northumberland was first recorded in its contracted modern sense in 1065 in an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relating to a rebellion against Tostig Godwinson.
The vigorous resistance of Northumbria to William the Conqueror was punished by ruthless harrying, mostly south of the River Tees. As recounted by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
A.D. 1068. This year King William gave Earl Robert the earldom over Northumberland; but the landsmen attacked him in the town of Durham, and slew him, and nine hundred men with him. Soon afterwards Edgar Etheling came with all the Northumbrians to York; and the townsmen made a treaty with him: but King William came from the South unawares on them with a large army, and put them to flight, and slew on the spot those who could not escape; which were many hundred men; and plundered the town. St. Peter's minster he made a profanation, and all other places also he despoiled and trampled upon; and the ethelling went back again to Scotland.
The Normans rebuilt the Anglian monasteries of Lindisfarne, Hexham and Tynemouth, and founded Norman abbeys at Newminster (1139), Alnwick (1147), Brinkburn (1180), Hulne, and Blanchland. Castles were built at Newcastle (1080), Alnwick (1096), Bamburgh (1131), Harbottle (1157), Prudhoe (1172), Warkworth (1205), Chillingham, Ford (1287), Dunstanburgh (1313), Morpeth, Langley (1350), Wark on Tweed and Norham (1121), the latter an enclave of the palatine bishops of Durham.
Northumberland county is not mentioned in the Domesday Survey, but the account of the issues of the county, as rendered by Odard the sheriff, is entered in the Great Roll of the Exchequer for 1131.
In 1237, Scotland renounced claims to Northumberland county in the Treaty of York.
During the reign of Edward I (1272–1307), the county of Northumberland was the district between the Tees and the Tweed, and had within it several scattered liberties subject to other powers: Durham, Sadberge, Bedlingtonshire, and Norhamshire belonging to the bishop of Durham; Hexhamshire to the archbishop of York; Tynedale to the king of Scotland; Emildon to the earl of Lancaster; and Redesdale to Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus. These franchises were exempt from the ordinary jurisdiction of the shire. Over time, some were incorporated within the county: Tynedale in 1495; Hexhamshire in 1572; and Norhamshire, Islandshire and Bedlingtonshire by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844.
The county court for Northumberland was held at different times at Newcastle, Alnwick and Morpeth, until by statute of 1549 it was ordered that the court should thenceforth be held in the town and castle of Alnwick. Under the same statute the sheriffs of Northumberland, who had been in the habit of appropriating the issues of the county to their private use, were required thereafter to deliver in their accounts to the Exchequer in the same manner as the sheriffs of other counties.
From the Norman Conquest until the union of England and Scotland under James I and VI, Northumberland was the scene of perpetual inroads and devastations by the Scots. Norham, Alnwick and Wark were captured by David I of Scotland in the wars of Stephen's reign. In 1174, during his invasion of Northumbria, William I of Scotland, also known as William the Lion, was captured by a party of about four hundred mounted knights, led by Ranulf de Glanvill. This incident became known as the Battle of Alnwick. In 1295, Robert de Ros and the earls of Athol and Menteith ravaged Redesdale, Coquetdale and Tynedale. In 1314 the county was ravaged by king Robert Bruce. And so dire was the Scottish threat in 1382, that by special enactment the earl of Northumberland was ordered to remain on his estates to protect the border. In 1388, Henry Percy was taken prisoner and 1500 of his men slain at the battle of Otterburn, immortalised in the ballad of Chevy Chase.
Alnwick, Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh were garrisoned for the Lancastrian cause in 1462, but after the Yorkist victories of Hexham and Hedgley Moor in 1464, Alnwick and Dunstanburgh surrendered, and Bamburgh was taken by storm.
In September 1513, King James IV of Scotland was killed at the Battle of Flodden on Branxton Moor.
Roman Catholic support in Northumberland for Mary, Queen of Scots, led to the Rising of the North in 1569.
After uniting the English and Scottish thrones, James VI and I sharply curbed the lawlessness of the border reivers and brought relative peace to the region. There were Church of Scotland congregations in Northumberland in the 17th and 18th centuries.
During the Civil War of the 17th century, Newcastle was garrisoned for the king by the earl of Newcastle, but in 1644 it was captured by the Scots under the earl of Leven, and in 1646 Charles I was led there a captive under the charge of David Leslie.
Many of the chief Northumberland families were ruined in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715.
The mineral resources of the area appear to have been exploited to some extent from remote times. It is certain that coal was used by the Romans in Northumberland, and some coal ornaments found at Angerton have been attributed to the 7th century. In a 13th-century grant to Newminster Abbey a road for the conveyance of sea coal from the shore about Blyth is mentioned, and the Blyth coal field was worked throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The coal trade on the Tyne did not exist to any extent before the 13th century, but from that period it developed rapidly, and Newcastle acquired the monopoly of the river shipping and coal trade. Lead was exported from Newcastle in the 12th century, probably from Hexhamshire, the lead mines of which were very prosperous throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. In a charter from Richard I to Hugh de Puiset creating him earl of Northumberland, mines of silver and iron are mentioned. A salt pan is mentioned at Warkworth in the 12th century; in the 13th century the salt industry flourished at the mouth of the river Blyth, and in the 15th century formed the principal occupation of the inhabitants of North and South Shields. In the reign of Elizabeth I, glass factories were set up at Newcastle by foreign refugees, and the industry spread rapidly along the Tyne. Tanning, both of leather and of nets, was largely practised in the 13th century, and the salmon fisheries in the Tyne were famous in the reign of Henry I.
John Smeaton designed the Coldstream Bridge and a bridge at Hexham.
Stephenson's Rocket
Invention of the steam turbine by Charles Algernon Parsons