Image of the Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 27, or NGC 6853. It is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Vulpecula, the little fox. The nebula lies at a distance of about 1,360 light years. This image shows the nebula itself and surrounding stars of Vulpecula. I took the image using a Canon 600D, 250mm lens on a StarAdventurer tracking mount. The field of view in this image is approximately 1.3 degrees. The picture is made up of two separate images (1: f/5.6, 42sec exposure, ISO3200 and 2: f/5.6, 60sec exposure, ISO800) stacked using DeepSkyStacker software and further processed using Photoshop Elements 11.

This was taken during the Perseids meteor "hunting" session organised by www.astro.sg on 13.08.2013 early hours at Bishan Park. My 3rd attempt at trying landscape astrophotography in my light polluted country.

Personally I do not like to blend images and I am really a noob in blending composite images. But I guess this is absolutely necessary to rid the blurry foreground after stacking the long exposure shots. As such, this is a blended image made up of 3 x 60 seconds DSS-stacked photo for the background and a 10 seconds exposure of the same scene for the foreground.

Details:

Taken on 13 August 2013, 12:17AM.

Camera: Pentax K-30

Lens: DA12-24

ISO800, 14mm, f/4.0

Pentax O-GPS1 Astrotracer enabled during 60 seconds exposures

Some nasty banding running through this, and black blobs next to the brightest stars (which I can't explain). It is a little contrived, but a vast improvement on the first iteration. Not enough data - probably needs at least 200 subs, which it ain't gonna get! :)

200p/EQ5 unguided

Nikon D70 modded, iso1600, Baader Neodymium Filter

120 x 60 seconds

Darks, flats and bias

Stacked and processed in DSS and CS5, with help from Noel's Tools

Best result so far with the frames taken on the 15th. Something like 280 individual images are stacked to get this result, keeping the comet fixed, so that background stars are trailed. Due to intervening cloud and a few other problems during the evening the star trails are not continuous.

M13, also designated NGC 6205 and sometimes called the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules or the Hercules Globular Cluster, is a globular cluster of about 300,000 stars in the constellation of Hercules. Imaged using Atik 16IC-S monochrome CCD and William Optics FLT-110 mounted on NEQ6 Pro. 30 light frames ranging from 60 seconds to 600 seconds, no darks. Stacked in DeepSkyStacker, using the best 80% of frames.

Reprocess

The Rosette Nebula aka Caldwell 49. The open cluster in the middle is designated NGC 2244 aka Caldwell 50.

Difficult one this. Fainter than I expected, and was beset with the most horrendous gradient that was difficult to remove without destroying the nebulosity. Not entirely sure the focus is as good as it could be either :)

Cloud forecast for tonight, so I can get some kip! ;)

200p/EQ5 unguided

Nikon D70 modded, iso1600, Baader Neodymium Filter

120 x 60 seconds

Darks, flats and bias

Stacked and processed in DSS and CS5, with help from Noel's Tools

314L with Ha filter attached to a Tamron 70-200 zoom lens set at 135mm and piggybacked to the main scope. Orion nebula overexposed so as to bring out the surrounding nebulous region. 6 subs at 10 minutes each stacked in

Deepskystacker and processed in StarTools and Photoshop.

Image taken early hours of 03/01/17

This region in Cygnus features IC1311 the open cluster (with mag 13) visible at the top-left, Barnard 343, the dark nebula to the right and part of the gamma Cygni nebulosity complex. Canon 6D full spectrum with CLS-CCD filter on Skywatcher Esprit 100 mm refractor. 27x240 seconds ISO1600, stacked with DeepSkyStacker, processed in Pixinsight 1.8

Since I wanted to take picture at 800mm, there of course was no practical way to fit both the comet and clusters in a single photo. So, I took a huge risk and made my first mosaic. Two exposure sets with both at 25X100". SN-8 OTA at f4, CanonXT, Atlas EQ-G, DeepSkyStacker, Photoshop levels, curves and synthetic flats, guided with Orion SSAG and piggybacked SVR70ED.

This astrophotograph is the result of a superimposition of 20 images taken with a Canon T3i equipped with a 50 mm at f/1.8 : ISO 1600, 13 x 20 seconds

No tracking mount, just a tripod.

DeepSkyStacker and lightroom were used (but only JPEG editing)

Lens: Tamron 80-210 mm(210 mm), f/4.0. ISO400. 60s exposures, total 50 minutes.

DigiCamControl, DeepSkyStacker, Adobe Camera Raw, Adobe Photoshop CS6.

Object Details: Messier 108 (NGC 3556) is also known as 'The Surfboard Galaxy' due to it's edge-on orientation and it's the lack of both a central bulge and a distinct core). It lies approximately 46 million light-years from Earth and although it does not have well defined spiral arms, it is classified as a barred spiral whose arms are loosely wound.

Like many galaxies, including our own, it harbors a central supermassive black hole, which in it's case contains 24 million solar masses. Multiple x-ray sources have also been detected in M108, at least one of which is suspected to be an active intermediate mass black hole.

Visible in a small scope as an elongated sliver of light, larger instruments bring out detail in it's the mottled appearance of it's multiple dust lanes. Glowing at 10th magnitude it can be found in the constellation of Ursa Major and lies in the same wide-angle view with the Owl Nebula (I happen to have shot that wide-angle view simultaneous to shooting this "close-up' image of M108 and the previously posted on of the Owl Nebula (linked here: www.flickr.com/photos/homcavobservatory/40801122653/ ).

A composite showing both objects an be found at the link attached here: www.flickr.com/photos/homcavobservatory/48892418878/

Image Details: The attached was taken by Jay Edwards at the HomCav Observatory on the evening of March 27, 2019 using an 8-inch, f/7 Criterion newtonian reflector and a Canon 700D DSLR tracked on a Losmandy G-11 mount running a Gemini 2 control system. This in turn was guided using PHD2 to control a ZWO ASI290MC planetary camera / auto-guider in an 80mm f/6 Celestron 'short-tube' refractor.

Shot at ISO 1600, it is a stack of only 32 one-minute exposures (not including darks, flats & bias frames). Although due to the relatively short exposure used, it contains a much higher level of noise than I would prefer, since it was the first time I've imaged this object using this scope, I was encouraged by the result and look forward to trying a deeper exposure when it once again rotates into view. In the meantime I'm looking forward to processing the wide-angle shots taken simultaneously using an identical camera and an 80 mm apo.

Stacked in DeepSkyStacker and processed using PixInsight and PaintShopPro, as presented here it has been cropped slightly, re-sized down to HD resolution and the bit depth has been lowered to 8 bits per channel.

Picture saved with settings embedded.

Nikon D3100 - Nikon NIKKOR-H Auto 50mm f/2 @ f2 / f2,8 / f4

Procesado con DeepSkyStacker + Adobe Photoshop CS6

18' de exposición (2 lights).

Shotdate: 13 march 2015

Camera: Nikon D4s

Optics: Celestron 9.25" EdgeHD

Guiding: LVI SmartGuider 2 on 500mm f90mm

Exposure: 300 seconds

ISO-speed: 3200 ISO

Frames: 53 light, 50 bias, 26 dark and 32 flat

Stacking in DeepSkyStacker and post-processing in PixInsight

Used my Meade 8" f4 Schmidt Newtonian and Atik 314L with narrowband filters to capture a sequence of 6x5min Ha,6x5min SII and 7x5min OIII. Stacked each set in Deepskystacker and colour combined (Hubble palette) in Maxim DL 4,final processing using Photoshop, Image taken earley hours of 14/10/15

Andromeda Galaxy (M31, M32, M110)

Date: 09-26-2014

Telescope (Lens): Orion 8in f/3.9 Newtonian Astrograph

Addition Optics: Baader Planetarium RCC1 Coma Corrector

Camera: Canon XSi

Exposures: 25 x 300 sec (ISO 800)

Processing: DeepSkyStacker, Photoshop

Mount: Atlas EQ-G

Tracking: EQMOD / Stellarium / PHD Guiding

Guidance Camera: Logitech 3000 Pro

Guidance Scope: Celestron 9x50 Finder

Astromomy weather as forcasted by Canadian Meteorological Center:

Cloud Cover: Clear

Transparancy: Above Average

Seeing Category: III (Average)

Temp: 65°F

Humidity: 75°

Light Pollution: "Yellow" - Based on Light Pollution Map

Moon, illuminated 59.9%, in conjunction with Pleiades, with slightly hazy sky; images taken on tripod at Melegnano, Lombardy, Italy.

Pleiades (30 images)

Exposure Time : 1/5 s

ISO : 3200

Moon (2 images)

Exposure Time 1 : 1/40 s

Exposure Time 2 : 1/200 s

ISO : 400

Camera Model Name : SONY ILCE-7RM4

Lens Model : SONY FE 100-400mm F4.5-5.6 GM OSS + 1.4X Teleconverter

Exposure Program : Manual

F Number : 8.0

Focal Length : 483.0 mm

Date/Time Original : 2023:09:06 00:26:20 UTC+02:00

Coordinates : 45.3591505 N, 9.3197281 E

Software : Sony Edit 3.6.00.01200+DeepSkyStacker 5.1.3+Gimp 2.10.34

NGC 7000North America Nebula - Cygnus Wall

The North America Nebula is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus.

Distance to Earth - 2,202 light years

As we are experiencing a big change in North America right now, I thought I would take a deep sky image of the North America Nebula, concentrating on the Cygnus Wall. It's only slightly bigger than the one Trump was planning to build on the north Mexico border!

I don’t think my image is quite as important as the change currently happening 'over the pond' but I thought it would be fairly topical.

This is my first image in 7 long years, as I look to immerse myself back in the world of astrophotography. I have missed the beauty and awe of this hobby, but I have not missed it's frustrations. It's a challenging and deeply technical pursuit at the best of times, with absolutely zero tolerance for mistakes. Also, having a beautiful 10 month old little girl doesn't facilitate many long cold nights, sat in the garden on my own...

This is a 7.5 hour image from 151 integrated, 180 second sub frames taken over 2 nights in my cold and slightly cloudy back garden. A 98% moon didn't help on the first night, but I'm jumping back on the steep learning curve of astrophotography and I might as well start as I mean to go on. Difficult but rewarding times ahead.

I'm very happy with this first image after many years out of the hobby and I am aiming to keep going strong. Hopefully I can get some nice captures overs the next few months, weather permitting...

There are some problems with the stars in this image that I struggled to deal with in post-processing, any constructive criticism is always welcome.

I have also turned this image in to a 'starless' version using StarNet++ which I will post separately in the near future.

Cheers everyone and clear skies!!

Acquisition Equipment

Camera - CANON EOS 60D - Modified

Filter - Astronomik CLS-CCD Filter

Telescope - Sky-Watcher 80ED w/Sky-Watcher .85x Reducer/Flattener

Focal Length - 510mm

F Ratio - F6.3

Mount - Celestron CG-5 Advanced GEM

Guide scope - Celestron 9x50 Finder scope

Guide Camera - QHY 5 Mono

Image Capture Settings

Sub Frames - 151 Light, 100 Dark, 100 Bias, 100 Flat

Exposure - 180 Seconds

ISO - 1600

Total Exposure - 7 hours 33 minutes

Acquisition Software

Capture/Sequence - N.I.N.A. - Nighttime Imaging 'N' Astronomy

Plate Solving - ASTAP - Astrometric STAcking Program

Guiding - PHD2 - Open PHD Guiding

Planetarium - Stellarium

Processing Software

Stacking - DeepSkyStacker

Post-processing - Adobe Photoshop 2021

Post-processing - StarNet++

In the bottom third of the photo, below the Plough.

25 frames with 8 darks stacked in DeepSkyStacker. Each frame F2.8 / ISO1250 / 5s

A wide-field shot of the Dumbbell Nebula (M27) in the constellation Vulpecula taken with a Nikon D5100 DSLR using a lens of only 102mm focal length. This image is best viewed in the Flickr light box (press the "L" key to toggle the light box and optionally click on the "View all sizes" menu item to see the image at its largest size).

This is a stack of eleven images that were exposed for 25 seconds each using a hand-driven, barn-door type tracking mount (two boards, a hinge, and a screw you turn by hand). This relatively short exposure managed to capture some very slight evidence of the red outer edge of the nebula along with the faint bubble extending from the central dumbbell-shaped pattern.

See the image notes to identify a star which has a Jupiter-size planet in its orbit. It has been reported that both water vapor and organic molecules (methane) have been detected in the spectrum of this exoplanet (although the planet itself is believed to be far too hot to support life).

Captured on October 18, 2011 between 9:47PM and 10:05PM PDT from a moderately dark-sky location using a Nikon D5100 DSLR (ISO 2000, 25 second exposure x 11) and a 70mm-300mm AF-S G Zoom Nikkor lens at its 102mm f/4.5 position. Image stack created with DeepSkyStacker using eleven image frames combined with nine dark frames (no flats or bias). Final adjustments done in Photoshop CS3 (curves, levels, color balance and saturation, and image sharpening) with tweaks to the star size and color saturation done using ProDigital Software's Astronomy Tools.

All rights reserved.

img6486to6601_73f43d13s12800iso

There was plenty of cloud coming and going, eventually after spending 1 hour taking lights of 13 seconds each, I eventually got 82 lights that had no cloud.

Deepskystacker processed 73 of them along with 43 darks at 13 seconds each and an ISO of 12800.

The Veil Nebula in Cygnus from my backyard in Los Alamos, New Mexico.

I shot this with a Canon EF 70-200 f/4L on an AstroTrac mount. I've tried using the 70-200 on the AstroTrac in the past, but couldn't get the object of interest in the field of view. This time I tried something different. I put a 35mm lens on the camera, centered the nebula as best I could (which turned out to not be as centered as I would have thought). Then I switched lenses to the 70-200, without moving anything. At 70mm, the nebula was not quite in view, but I played around until it was centered, then zoomed in to 200mm.

Each focal length required a new focus to be able to even see the nebula, so that took a lot of extra time (and the focus is still a bit off). By the time I got the nebula centered and focused at 200mm, it was starting to get pretty close to the horizon. The tracking of the mount is off, and I should have tweaked the polar alignment a bit more, but I was running out of time (and I had already spent so much time on this tartget, I didn't want to switch to another).

I really need to come up with some other method for pointing longer lenses on the AstroTrac. I have a few ideas, but just need to find some time to get out in the grage and make some brackets for attaching finder scopes, etc.

This was also the first time I tried an Astronomik CLS EOS-clip filter, which I think did an amazing job of cutting down the light polution.

Canon 350D modified

Canon EF 70-200 f/4L

AstroTrac TT320 mount

Astronomik CLS EOS-clip filter

20 x 4min @ f/4 and ISO 800

Stacked with DeepSkyStacker

Processed in Photoshop CS3

Reprocessed using StarNet to separate the stars from the background.

Lens: Sigma 135mm Art f/1.8

Camera: Canon 6D (unmodified)

Exposure: 14x2min, ISO 1600

Filter: None

Mount: CG5-ASGT

Captured with BackyardEOS

Registered and stacked with DeepSkyStacker

Photographed from Davis Mountains, TX

Never throw your old photos away, you can always get more out of them later.

The same 20 frames as before, just different tweaks in DeepSkyStacker. Still very noisy, guess I'll add more lights when it returns in winter.

( V1 here: www.flickr.com/photos/thedavewalker/6850838500/ )

Comet 46P/Wirtanen.

Very hazy skies and high clouds, it hadn't quite cleared and its come out in the processing. Found it tricky to balance the colours but think i've got it about as well as I can.

20x 60sec exposures stacked with DSS, 2 methods tried, stacked on comet and stars gave the more pleasing result.

Altair Astro 72EDF

AA183C PROTEC Hypercam

iOptron CEM25P

SharpCap 3.2 Pro

Post processing with DeepSkyStacker, PixInsight and Photoshop CC2019

Quang Ngai - Vietnam

DeepskyStacker 5 images, process with lightroom

Orion, Barnard's Loop (H-alpha)

Lens: Canon 50mm f/1.8, stopped down f/4

Filter: Astronomik 12nm H-alpha

Mount: Celestron CG5 ASGT

Camera: Canon 450d mod BCF, 27F

Exposure: 12x15min ISO 400

Guided with PHD, SSAG, 9x50

Captured with BackyardEOS

Registered and stacked with DeepSkyStacker

Photographed from Round Rock TX (Orange zone)

Shotdate: October 6th 2013

Camera: Nikon D3x

Optics: NIKKOR 80-400mm f4.5-5.6 @ 400mm f7.1

ISO-speed: 1600

Exposure per sub: 300 seconds

Mount: SkyWatcher NEQ6 Pro

guiding: LVI Smartguider2 on 500mm 90mm APO

Had some rework on it, a little less hard on the stars.

Stacked in DeepSkyStacker:

Stacking mode: Standard

Alignment method: Bicubic

Stacking 41 frames - total exposure: 3 hr 25 mn 6 s

Per Channel Background Calibration: Yes

Method: Auto Adaptive Weighted Average (Iterations = 5)

Offset: 108 frames exposure: 1/8000 s

Method: Median Kappa-Sigma (Kappa = 2.00, Iterations = 5)

Dark: 28 frames exposure: 5 mn 0 s

Method: Median Kappa-Sigma (Kappa = 2.00, Iterations = 5)

Flat: 46 frames exposure: 1/2 s

Method: Median Kappa-Sigma (Kappa = 2.00, Iterations = 5)

Post-processing in PixInsight 1.7

Canon EOS 500D - ISO3200 - 42x6s - Meyer Domiplan 50mm F2.8 at F2.8 - Deep Sky Stacker - Cropped

After I have spent hours to watch the starry sky, I tried to realize a image of our nearest neighbor galaxy : Andromeda M31.

Wihtout using a tracking mount, I took 64 images (+ 20 darks) that I superimposed with DeepSkyStacker software.

In order to improve the clarity of the photograph, I used lightroom. But the focus is not perfect unfortunately...

Tehnical datas :

Canon T3i on tripod

50 mm lens

f/1.8

64 x 8 s = 8.5 minutes of exposure

ISO3200

JPEG editing

Although this may, on the face of it, appear to have lost some detail, I'm happier with this. I think the previous version was a little overcooked, and I prefer the stars in this one as well. Slightly wider crop. If I get the opportunity I'd like to give this more time, but when using a zoom lens, all the time has to be in one session as any slight variation in focal length will cause DSS to throw a wobbler. :)

Nikon D70 modded, 55-200 Nikkor at 200mm (cropped), f5.6, 1600iso, Baader Neodymium filter.

26 x 4 min subs for a total of 1 hour 44 mins, unguided EQ5

Darks, flats and bias

Stacked and processed in DSS and CS5.

Still resisting the temptation to spike that fat juicy star ;)

Skywatcher Esprit 100 APO triplet with Optolong L filter and Full spectrum modified Canon 6D. Exposure 44x300 sec (3.6 hr) iso1600, stacked in DeepSkyStacker using 20 Flatframes and 65 Bias frames. Processed in Pixinsight (just basic, DBE, colour calibration, histogram and curves)

Press L (followed by F11) for the best view.

The Milky way at the Cygnus (The Swan) constellation. See notes for stars of the Summer Triangle: Deneb (Cygnus) , Vega (Lyra) and Altair (Aquila).

See Gigagalaxy Zoom for a great image of the milky way.

Stacked from 3 shots of 30s, f2.8, ISO 1600, 24mm each using DeepSkyStacker, post-processing with Corel PaintShop Pro X4.

Next time, I should use shorter exposure times to get a sharper image.

Manually, off-axis guided for 9 x 10-minute exposures at ISO 1600, f/6.3.

Modified EOS 600D & Celestron C8 telescope.

Registered and stacked using DeepSkyStacker software; noise reduced using Noel Carboni's tools in Photoshop Elements; curves & colour-balance adjusted using Paint Shop Pro.

M57 Ring Nebula

60 exposures of 24 seconds each using a Canon 400D attached to a Skywatcher 150p reflector. Mount used was a HEQ5 pro, unguided.

Stcked using DeepSkyStacker and all processing done in StarTools.

The Sunflower Galaxy, M63 aka NGC 5055 is in the constellation Canes Venatici. It's about 37 million light years away and is part of the M51 Group which, not surprisingly, includes M51.

This was an absolute pig to process. It's not hugely bright and needs a lot more than the 50 minutes I was able to give it. Still - I can cross it off the list now! :)

4 June 2011

200p, EQ5 unguided

Nikon D70 full spectrum prime focus

50 x 60sec

iso 1600

darks, bias and flats.

Stacked in DSS processed in CS5

First attempt at a galaxy. Shot from home (Bortle 6). Extreme crop (280mm only) with 2x drizzle. Ideally should've stopped down to f/5.6 to reduce fringing & improve stars.

Camera: Sony A7R II (unmodded)

Lens: Canon EF 200mm f/2.8 L II + EF 1.4x II = 280mm @ f/4

ISO: 640

Subs: 144 x 60sec lights, no calibration frames

Tracker: 3D-printed OpenAstroTracker

Processing: Camera Raw (defringe, reduce colour noise), DeepSkyStacker (2x drizzle), PixInsight (adapted steps from Light Vortex galaxy tutorial)

Imaging telescopes or lenses: Skywatcher ED 80/600

Imaging cameras: Astrolumina ALccd5L-IIc

Mounts: Celestron Advanced VX Goto

Software: Photoshop, DeepSkyStacker, PIPP, Fitswork

Resolution: 1101x908

Dates: Aug. 30, 2015

Frames: 99x12"

Integration: 0.3 hours

Avg. Moon age: 15.02 days

Avg. Moon phase: 99.93%

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 7.00

D610 @ ISO HI-1 (12,800 equivalent)

Sigma 400mm f5,6 lens

32 30-second exposures stacked via DeepSkyStacker's Kappa-Sigma Median method

Dark, flat, and offset frames applied

I could have produced a much cleaner image by dropping the ISO a stop and gathering an hour of light rather than 16 minutes, but I wanted to see how the D610 would perform when pushed. Pretty well it seems. The grainy looking grey stuff around the edges is dust that's just on the verge of visibility with such a short exposure.

Also the composition isn't that great.

December 11, 20:00 UT

Canon EF 50mm lens (MK I), at f/2.8, ISO 800

20x30 secs hand-tracked exposures, (total exposure time 10 minutes)

Combined in DeepSkyStacker and processed in Photoshop

After 20 frames I was starting to lose the feeling in my fingers, at which point I figured it was a good time to stop. So, unless it repeats its 1892 behaviour and undergoes a second outburst sometime in January, this will probably be the last image I'll post of Comet Holmes.

Two naked-eye comets, a total lunar eclipse, and a daylight lunar occultation of Venus: 2007 has been a pretty good year for astronomy!

Best viewed large.

The Milky Way, seen from the top of Haleakala volcano. The image was created by stacking 10 different photos, combined by DeepSkyStacker. Nikon D3200 + Tokina AT-X Pro 11-16mm f/2.8 DX II

Comet Lovejoy taken tonight (24th Jan 2014) from my back garden in South Shields. A race against time before the clouds rolled in...

Nikon D7000 mounted on an Astrotrac, 180mm Prime f2.8 ED lens @ f4, 5 x 90sec exposures stacked in DeepSkyStacker and processed in Photoshop.

Comet Lovejoy is currently 96.2 million km from Earth and the light from it takes 5.35 light minutes to reach us.

I got lucky when I wanted to shoot a long exposure of the milky way in Senj, Croatia: there were divers in the water with lights, adding an interesting extra element to the photo.

Shot with D7100, Sigma 17-50mm @ 22mm, F2.8.

ISO 1600, 15s.

I used Deep Sky Stacker to stack 18 light frames and 18 dark frames. Once with alignment for the stars (sigma-delta stacking) and once without alignment for the foreground (averaging).

The water with divers is from a single shot, because they moved from shot to shot.

Composed the final shot from these 3 images.

Galaxia de Andrómeda M31

Canon EOS 400D S/M

Televue 85mm df 600 f7

Eq6 Pro V3.1

Guiado con Meade DSI en tubo Lunático EZG 60mm 230mm f/3.8

Maxim DL 5

17 tomas 12 min ISO 400

6 tomas 5 min ISO 400

3 tomas 3 min ISO 400

Darks 12 y 5 min

Calibrado y procesado con DeepSkyStacker 3.3.0

Sumas Photosop CS

Reducción de Ruido con Wavelets Pixlnsight LE 1.0

Tomada en Ayna (Albacete ) 21-08-2009

After some tries with DeepSkyStacker I managed to get this image with some post-processing in PixInsight.

Camera: Nikon D3x

Optics: Nikon 80-400mm 1:4.5-5.6D VR set on 300mm f5.6

Mount: AstroTrac TT320

DeepSkyStacker settings:

Stacking mode: Intersection

Alignment method: Bicubic

Comet processing : Align on stars (no specific processing)

Stacking step 17 frames (ISO: 1600) - total exposure: 8 mn 30 s

RGB Channels Background Calibration: Yes

Per Channel Background Calibration: No

Method: Kappa-Sigma (Kappa = 2.00, Iterations = 5)

Offset: 108 frames exposure: 1/8000 s

Method: Kappa-Sigma (Kappa = 2.00, Iterations = 5)

Dark: 50 frames exposure: 30 s

Method: Kappa-Sigma (Kappa = 2.00, Iterations = 5)

Flat: 28 frames exposure: 1/200 s

Method: Kappa-Sigma (Kappa = 2.00, Iterations = 5)