View allAll Photos Tagged DISINTEGRATION
Nikes with disintegrated soles
I bought these and a whole bunch of other pairs at 10 to 20 dollars a pair in the late 1990's when a large sneaker store chain closed. I didn't pay too much attention to marked size, as the stock was in unsorted boxes, all mixed together. I would just pick a pair that I thought I liked that looked like they might fit, and tried them on. If I could get them on, I bought them. Some were as small as size 4 wide, others I think 8 1/2 or 9. These 6 1/2 to me were a perfect fit for my supposedly 7 1/2 feet. I do like my shoes snug.
I wore them regularly. After a few years the pods in the heels went flat and eventually the plastic sides of the pods broke up. I thought they were more comfortable flat than inflated.
About three years ago, the mid sole rubber began to disintegrate and fall off in big chunks, leaving the heels flapping. Not to much later the entire outersole came loose except at the toe. I tied the laces around the soles to keep them attached to the shoe, but they would slip forward folding over in the fromt and eventually cracking. I pulled them off completely, and for about the last year they have had only the cloth sole, which is slowly wearing away. I pulled the insoles out a couple of months ago, as they were doubling up where the sole was missing, making them very lumpy. I will be alternating between these and the first pair of Capezios this summer. The uppers are still pristine.
At long last, a new Bionicle picture!
This is a shot of the spearhead of the Staff of Disintegration, wielded by Rahkshi Guurahk during the Mask of Light saga. This piece was also featured in G2 as a bit of an homage to the original sets and building system.
As I have previously said, these kinds of pictures are a lot of fun for me to create, as there is a bit more work that goes into the setup before the shot is taken and a bit more post processing than my other pictures. I also really like coming up with clever ways to build the stand that supports the pece using Lego Technic. If you want to try to create one yourself, it's nothing complicated; you just need one of those home computer screens that have a matte finish to them as the background and some program to digitally remove the stand from the picture! There are also other ways, but this is definitely the best one I've come up with.
I give you the car that took Rolls Royce out of the hands of the aristocracy and placed it into the hands of the people, a tradition that has continued ever since. Once rock-stars, pop-stars, TV presenters and alike were seen driving around in a car that was once the exclusive pride and joy of the established gentry, it was then and there that the Class System had truly disintegrated. The Victorian-era divisions of society were well and truly dead.
In 1965 it was apparent that the nearly 10 year old Silver Cloud was starting to look its age, and as time continued to crawl on the aristocratic look of the Rolls Royce was no longer its biggest selling point. Prior to the 1960's society was clearly defined, with what was known as the 'Glass Ceiling' through which none of the lower classes could rise up through the ranks. It was very easy for the Upper Class and Aristocracy to lose their titles and come down, but even if you were a Lower Class person who'd made it rich, you'd still be socially unacceptable due to your background. However, after World War I the emergence of the new Middle Class was starting to bend the rules, and as time went on the ways in which money could be obtained started to become easier thanks to stage and screen. After World War II the influence of the new generation distorted the lines of society even more with the appearance of the Beatles and Elvis Presley, people from low backgrounds who had managed to get a free ticket to the top due to their fame in the music industry. Of course when someone gets money, the first thing they want to do is spend it on luxury items, and nothing back then was more luxury than owning a Rolls Royce.
However, when the Cloud was designed society was still very much in the same Victorian ideal as before, and so its aristocratic look was about as hip and with-it as a China Cabinet in a Discotheque. In order to survive, Rolls Royce was going to have to adapt, so in 1965 they launched the Silver Shadow, a car that was designed for the new money, and the first Roller to be brought to the masses. What made it so appealing was a case of many things.
For starters, it was the first Rolls Royce to be a 'Driver's' car. Previous models had always been built with chauffeur driven passengers in mind, but the Shadow with upgraded suspension, an updated Rolls Royce V8 engine and the same general driving feel of a regular car (if not better with innovative power steering), made it ideal for the 'posers' of the upmarket realm. Secondly, the car was the first to be built with a monocoque, where the body and chassis are part of the same structure. Previously, Rolls Royce would provide the owner with a chassis, and then it was up to the owner what body would be put on it, with a variety of coachbuilders available to do the job including H.J Muliner Park Ward, Hoopers of London and James Young. The advent of the monocoque meant that potential buyers didn't have to go through the rigmarole of buying a chassis and then having a body constructed for it at extra cost.
As mentioned though, reception was something of a mixed bag, whilst motoring press and many people gave it critical acclaim for its revolutionary design, the usual Rolls Royce customer base saw it as something of a mongrel, appealing to the lowest common denominator rather than holding up the traditional standard that the Double R was famed for. But just because it was built for the masses didn't make it any less a car, each individual Shadow cost £7,000 new, weighed 2.2 tonnes and took 3 months to build. The interior was compiled of 12 square feet of wood, and three cows had to sacrifice themselves to create the leather hides that line the seats. Soft and springy Wilton Carpets made up the floor and power from Rolls Royce's astounding V8 engine could whisk the car to about 100mph, but why would you want a sporty Rolls Royce anyway? *Cough* Rolls Royce Wraith *Cough*
After launch the Silver Shadow was whipped up by pretty much anyone and everyone who wanted to show off their wealth, with a total of 25,000 examples being built during its 15 year production life, making it the most numerous Rolls Royce ever built. The Silver Shadow also formed the basis of several other designs, including the convertible Rolls Royce Silver Shadow 2-Door Saloon which later became the Corniche in 1971, the Bentley T-Series which was exactly the same only with Bentley badge and grille, and the controversial Rolls Royce Camargue of 1975 which was designed by Pininfarina.
For a time the Shadow was on top of the world, but things started to crumble fast in the 1970's. New American legislation meant that the car had to conform at the cost of its class, with the chrome bumpers being replaced by composite or rubber, and the ditch lights being slumped underneath on a rather unsightly chin-spoiler. In 1977 this revised car was launched as the Silver Shadow II, which I consider to be but a shadow of its former self due to the fact that this was when Rolls Royce started to become downplayed and underwhelming. Indeed the best intentions were in mind with safety, but without the chrome to adorn its lovely body, the Shadow was merely a husk.
This was added to by the fuel crisis of the mid-1970's, which made motoring a very expensive practice, especially if you ran a Shadow. Shadow's are incredible gas guzzlers at less than 20MPG, and refilling one will set you back in today's money about £80. At the same time it was considered socially unacceptable to be seen driving around in one of these after such a blow, almost as if you were driving a giant middle-finger down the street to everyone else who couldn't afford to drive. Because of this, owners turned to more subtle cars such as Mercedes so as not to fall victim to vindictive passers by. With sales starting to drop, Rolls Royce had to see off the Silver Shadow as soon as possible. After nearly 10 years of development, 1980 saw the launch of the much more angular and somewhat mundane Silver Spirit/Spur range, and with that now on the go the shadows grew long for the Silver Shadow, which was killed off the same year. Spiritually however, the design of the 60's lived on in the Corniche, which was to be built for another 15 years before that too was ended in 1995.
In some ways the Shadow became a failure of its own success, with Rolls Royce building far too many cars for the market that intended to buy them, with the result that the 2nd hand market became saturated with nearly new cars that fell into some disreputable company. Throughout the 1980's the Shadow was noted for being the ride of sleazy salesmen, gang lords and Members of Parliament (pure evil!). Additionally, many Shadows were bought cheap simply for the way they made the owner look.
If you were intending to use your cheapy Shadow to plunder yourself some girls and didn't have the attraction of money to back you up, you'd be out of luck and soon out of cash, because the bills required to run a hand-built luxury car would very quickly be walking through the door, both in terms of fuel and maintenance. Critical failures are rare and these cars are very reliable (although Jeremy Clarkson would have you think otherwise), but when they do happen, it would probably be cheaper to buy yourself another car. The worst problem you could face is a failure of the hydraulics that controlled the rear suspension, the steering and the brakes, which would render the car inoperable if something were to go awry.
Frequent maintenance of a Shadow however (every 4 to 6 months) will probably even out at about £100, which when you consider the £10,000 or more you'd be paying to replace the hydraulic system, is a small sacrifice. Rust is another problem, especially for early Shadows. The Chrome sills and guttering on the roof are especially prone, although the most critical problem is rust on the chassis, which if left can compromise the whole car and essentially write it off. A bit of a buying tip, if the car's body looks good, be sure to check underneath because you may see some costly rust gremlins down there that could ruin your investment.
Another place the Shadow has found itself is in the world of movies. Of course any film that has an upper-crust theme or feel to it would have to include a Rolls, but since 2nd hand Shadows could be picked up for a song you could easily put them in your movie. Sadly, most movies that feature Shadows are ones which feature them being destroyed.
So why do I love Shadows so much? Basically because it's a mixture of all things you'd want in a car. It has a spacious, luxury interior, it has a world beating design dripping with chrome and adorned with the finest hood ornament, and because it's dimensions aren't that far off a normal car, it can easily be used as an everyday machine unlike the Silver Cloud which is simply too big for everyday use. The Shadow is also a very personable sort of machine, if I was to own one I would treat it like a pet, and probably name it Sally (old girlfriend of mine).
Today, Shadows are by no means rare and the ones you'll find on the road are probably the best. Most of the poorer 2nd Hand ones rusted away and died back in the 1980's and 90's (or were blown up in movies, or put in swimming pools), which means that the survivors are largely under the ownership of avid enthusiasts who cherish their cars. You can find Shadows for next to nothing, with some examples going for as little as £4,000, but you'd have to be very desperate to get one of those as they'd probably be in very bad condition. Minters however can go for about £15,000 to £20,000, which when compared to some of the other cars of comparative size and quality such as the BMW's and Mercs of this world, is not a bad deal.
I give you the car that took Rolls Royce out of the hands of the aristocracy and placed it into the hands of the people, a tradition that has continued ever since. Once rock-stars, pop-stars, TV presenters and alike were seen driving around in a car that was once the exclusive pride and joy of the established gentry, it was then and there that the Class System had truly disintegrated. The Victorian-era divisions of society were well and truly dead.
In 1965 it was apparent that the nearly 10 year old Silver Cloud was starting to look its age, and as time continued to crawl on the aristocratic look of the Rolls Royce was no longer its biggest selling point. Prior to the 1960's society was clearly defined, with what was known as the 'Glass Ceiling' through which none of the lower classes could rise up through the ranks. It was very easy for the Upper Class and Aristocracy to lose their titles and come down, but even if you were a Lower Class person who'd made it rich, you'd still be socially unacceptable due to your background. However, after World War I the emergence of the new Middle Class was starting to bend the rules, and as time went on the ways in which money could be obtained started to become easier thanks to stage and screen. After World War II the influence of the new generation distorted the lines of society even more with the appearance of the Beatles and Elvis Presley, people from low backgrounds who had managed to get a free ticket to the top due to their fame in the music industry. Of course when someone gets money, the first thing they want to do is spend it on luxury items, and nothing back then was more luxury than owning a Rolls Royce.
However, when the Cloud was designed society was still very much in the same Victorian ideal as before, and so its aristocratic look was about as hip and with-it as a China Cabinet in a Discotheque. In order to survive, Rolls Royce was going to have to adapt, so in 1965 they launched the Silver Shadow, a car that was designed for the new money, and the first Roller to be brought to the masses. What made it so appealing was a case of many things.
For starters, it was the first Rolls Royce to be a 'Driver's' car. Previous models had always been built with chauffeur driven passengers in mind, but the Shadow with upgraded suspension, an updated Rolls Royce V8 engine and the same general driving feel of a regular car (if not better with innovative power steering), made it ideal for the 'posers' of the upmarket realm. Secondly, the car was the first to be built with a monocoque, where the body and chassis are part of the same structure. Previously, Rolls Royce would provide the owner with a chassis, and then it was up to the owner what body would be put on it, with a variety of coachbuilders available to do the job including H.J Muliner Park Ward, Hoopers of London and James Young. The advent of the monocoque meant that potential buyers didn't have to go through the rigmarole of buying a chassis and then having a body constructed for it at extra cost.
As mentioned though, reception was something of a mixed bag, whilst motoring press and many people gave it critical acclaim for its revolutionary design, the usual Rolls Royce customer base saw it as something of a mongrel, appealing to the lowest common denominator rather than holding up the traditional standard that the Double R was famed for. But just because it was built for the masses didn't make it any less a car, each individual Shadow cost £7,000 new, weighed 2.2 tonnes and took 3 months to build. The interior was compiled of 12 square feet of wood, and three cows had to sacrifice themselves to create the leather hides that line the seats. Soft and springy Wilton Carpets made up the floor and power from Rolls Royce's astounding V8 engine could whisk the car to about 100mph, but why would you want a sporty Rolls Royce anyway? *Cough* Rolls Royce Wraith *Cough*
After launch the Silver Shadow was whipped up by pretty much anyone and everyone who wanted to show off their wealth, with a total of 25,000 examples being built during its 15 year production life, making it the most numerous Rolls Royce ever built. The Silver Shadow also formed the basis of several other designs, including the convertible Rolls Royce Silver Shadow 2-Door Saloon which later became the Corniche in 1971, the Bentley T-Series which was exactly the same only with Bentley badge and grille, and the controversial Rolls Royce Camargue of 1975 which was designed by Pininfarina.
For a time the Shadow was on top of the world, but things started to crumble fast in the 1970's. New American legislation meant that the car had to conform at the cost of its class, with the chrome bumpers being replaced by composite or rubber, and the ditch lights being slumped underneath on a rather unsightly chin-spoiler. In 1977 this revised car was launched as the Silver Shadow II, which I consider to be but a shadow of its former self due to the fact that this was when Rolls Royce started to become downplayed and underwhelming. Indeed the best intentions were in mind with safety, but without the chrome to adorn its lovely body, the Shadow was merely a husk.
This was added to by the fuel crisis of the mid-1970's, which made motoring a very expensive practice, especially if you ran a Shadow. Shadow's are incredible gas guzzlers at less than 20MPG, and refilling one will set you back in today's money about £80. At the same time it was considered socially unacceptable to be seen driving around in one of these after such a blow, almost as if you were driving a giant middle-finger down the street to everyone else who couldn't afford to drive. Because of this, owners turned to more subtle cars such as Mercedes so as not to fall victim to vindictive passers by. With sales starting to drop, Rolls Royce had to see off the Silver Shadow as soon as possible. After nearly 10 years of development, 1980 saw the launch of the much more angular and somewhat mundane Silver Spirit/Spur range, and with that now on the go the shadows grew long for the Silver Shadow, which was killed off the same year. Spiritually however, the design of the 60's lived on in the Corniche, which was to be built for another 15 years before that too was ended in 1995.
In some ways the Shadow became a failure of its own success, with Rolls Royce building far too many cars for the market that intended to buy them, with the result that the 2nd hand market became saturated with nearly new cars that fell into some disreputable company. Throughout the 1980's the Shadow was noted for being the ride of sleazy salesmen, gang lords and Members of Parliament (pure evil!). Additionally, many Shadows were bought cheap simply for the way they made the owner look.
If you were intending to use your cheapy Shadow to plunder yourself some girls and didn't have the attraction of money to back you up, you'd be out of luck and soon out of cash, because the bills required to run a hand-built luxury car would very quickly be walking through the door, both in terms of fuel and maintenance. Critical failures are rare and these cars are very reliable (although Jeremy Clarkson would have you think otherwise), but when they do happen, it would probably be cheaper to buy yourself another car. The worst problem you could face is a failure of the hydraulics that controlled the rear suspension, the steering and the brakes, which would render the car inoperable if something were to go awry.
Frequent maintenance of a Shadow however (every 4 to 6 months) will probably even out at about £100, which when you consider the £10,000 or more you'd be paying to replace the hydraulic system, is a small sacrifice. Rust is another problem, especially for early Shadows. The Chrome sills and guttering on the roof are especially prone, although the most critical problem is rust on the chassis, which if left can compromise the whole car and essentially write it off. A bit of a buying tip, if the car's body looks good, be sure to check underneath because you may see some costly rust gremlins down there that could ruin your investment.
Another place the Shadow has found itself is in the world of movies. Of course any film that has an upper-crust theme or feel to it would have to include a Rolls, but since 2nd hand Shadows could be picked up for a song you could easily put them in your movie. Sadly, most movies that feature Shadows are ones which feature them being destroyed.
So why do I love Shadows so much? Basically because it's a mixture of all things you'd want in a car. It has a spacious, luxury interior, it has a world beating design dripping with chrome and adorned with the finest hood ornament, and because it's dimensions aren't that far off a normal car, it can easily be used as an everyday machine unlike the Silver Cloud which is simply too big for everyday use. The Shadow is also a very personable sort of machine, if I was to own one I would treat it like a pet, and probably name it Sally (old girlfriend of mine).
Today, Shadows are by no means rare and the ones you'll find on the road are probably the best. Most of the poorer 2nd Hand ones rusted away and died back in the 1980's and 90's (or were blown up in movies, or put in swimming pools), which means that the survivors are largely under the ownership of avid enthusiasts who cherish their cars. You can find Shadows for next to nothing, with some examples going for as little as £4,000, but you'd have to be very desperate to get one of those as they'd probably be in very bad condition. Minters however can go for about £15,000 to £20,000, which when compared to some of the other cars of comparative size and quality such as the BMW's and Mercs of this world, is not a bad deal.
Shiva, meaning "The Auspicious One"), also known as Mahadeva ("Great God"), is a popular Hindu deity. Shiva is regarded as one of the primary forms of God. He is the Supreme God within Shaivism, one of the three most influential denominations in contemporary Hinduism. He is one of the five primary forms of God in the Smarta tradition, and "the Destroyer" or "the Transformer" among the Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity of the primary aspects of the divine.
Shiva has many benevolent and fearsome forms. At the highest level Shiva is limitless, transcendent, unchanging and formless. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient Yogi who lives an ascetic life on Mount Kailash, as well as a householder with wife Parvati and his two children, Ganesha and Kartikeya and in fierce aspects, he is often depicted slaying demons. Shiva is also regarded as the patron god of yoga and arts.
The main iconographical attributes of Shiva are the third eye on his forehead, the snake Vasuki around his neck, the crescent moon adorning, the holy river Ganga flowing from his matted hair, the trishula as his weapon and the damaru as his instrument.
Shiva is usually worshiped in the aniconic form of Lingam. Temples of Lord Shiva are called shivalayam.
ETYMOLOGY & OTHER NAMES
The Sanskrit word Shiva (Devanagari: शिव, śiva) comes from Shri Rudram Chamakam of Taittiriya Samhita (TS 4.5, 4.7) of Krishna Yajurveda. The root word śi means auspicious. In simple English transliteration it is written either as Shiva or Siva. The adjective śiva, is used as an attributive epithet not particularly of Rudra, but of several other Vedic deities.
The other popular names associated with Shiva are Mahadev, Mahesh, Maheshwar, Shankar, Shambhu, Rudra, Har, Trilochan, Devendra (meaning Chief of the gods) and Trilokinath (meaning Lord of the three realms).
The Sanskrit word śaiva means "relating to the God Shiva", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect. It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism. He is the oldest worshipped Lord of India.
The Tamil word Sivan, Tamil: சிவன் ("Fair Skinned") could have been derived from the word sivappu. The word 'sivappu' means "red" in Tamil language but while addressing a person's skin texture in Tamil the word 'Sivappu' is used for being Fair Skinned.
Adi Sankara, in his interpretation of the name Shiva, the 27th and 600th name of Vishnu sahasranama, the thousand names of Vishnu interprets Shiva to have multiple meanings: "The Pure One", or "the One who is not affected by three Gunas of Prakrti (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas)" or "the One who purifies everyone by the very utterance of His name."Swami Chinmayananda, in his translation of Vishnu sahasranama, further elaborates on that verse: Shiva means "the One who is eternally pure" or "the One who can never have any contamination of the imperfection of Rajas and Tamas".
Shiva's role as the primary deity of Shaivism is reflected in his epithets Mahādeva ("Great God"; mahā "Great" and deva "god"), Maheśvara ("Great Lord"; mahā "great" and īśvara "lord"), and Parameśvara ("Supreme Lord").
There are at least eight different versions of the Shiva Sahasranama, devotional hymns (stotras) listing many names of Shiva. The version appearing in Book 13 (Anuśāsanaparvan) of the Mahabharata is considered the kernel of this tradition. Shiva also has Dasha-Sahasranamas (10,000 names) that are found in the Mahanyasa. The Shri Rudram Chamakam, also known as the Śatarudriya, is a devotional hymn to Shiva hailing him by many names.
The worship of Shiva is a pan-Hindu tradition, practiced widely across all of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
ASSIMILATION OF TRADITIONS
The figure of Shiva as we know him today was built up over time, with the ideas of many regional sects being amalgamated into a single figure. How the persona of Shiva converged as a composite deity is not well documented. According to Vijay Nath:
Visnu and Siva [...] began to absorb countless local cults and deities within their folds. The latter were either taken to represent the multiple facets of the same god or else were supposed to denote different forms and appellations by which the god came to be known and worshipped. [...] Siva became identified with countless local cults by the sheer suffixing of Isa or Isvara to the name of the local deity, e.g., Bhutesvara, Hatakesvara, Chandesvara."
Axel Michaels the Indologist suggests that Shaivism, like Vaishnavism, implies a unity which cannot be clearly found either in religious practice or in philosophical and esoteric doctrine. Furthermore, practice and doctrine must be kept separate.
An example of assimilation took place in Maharashtra, where a regional deity named Khandoba is a patron deity of farming and herding castes. The foremost center of worship of Khandoba in Maharashtra is in Jejuri. Khandoba has been assimilated as a form of Shiva himself, in which case he is worshipped in the form of a lingam. Khandoba's varied associations also include an identification with Surya and Karttikeya.
INDUS VALLEY ORIGINS
Many Indus valley seals show animals but one seal that has attracted attention shows a figure, either horned or wearing a horned headdress and possibly ithyphallic figure seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position and surrounded by animals was named by early excavators of Mohenjo-daro Pashupati (lord of cattle), an epithet of the later Hindu gods Shiva and Rudra. Sir John Marshall and others have claimed that this figure is a prototype of Shiva and have described the figure as having three faces seated in a "yoga posture" with the knees out and feet joined.
This claim has been criticised, with some academics like Gavin Flood and John Keay characterizing them as unfounded. Writing in 1997 Doris Srinivasan said that "Not too many recent studies continue to call the seal's figure a 'Proto-Siva'", rejecting thereby Marshall's package of proto-Siva features, including that of three heads. She interprets what John Marshall interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine, possibly a divine buffalo-man. According to Iravatham Mahadevan symbols 47 and 48 of his Indus script glossary The Indus Script: Texts, Concordance and Tables (1977), representing seated human-like figures, could describe Hindu deity Murugan, popularly known as Shiva and Parvati's son.
INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGINS
Shiva's rise to a major position in the pantheon was facilitated by his identification with a host of Vedic deities, including Purusha, Rudra, Agni, Indra, Prajāpati, Vāyu, and others.
RUDRA
Shiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god Rudra, and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in Hindu scriptures. The two names are used synonymously. Rudra, the god of the roaring storm, is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity.
The oldest surviving text of Hinduism is the Rig Veda, which is dated to between 1700 and 1100 BCE based on linguistic and philological evidence. A god named Rudra is mentioned in the Rig Veda. The name Rudra is still used as a name for Shiva. In RV 2.33, he is described as the "Father of the Rudras", a group of storm gods. Furthermore, the Rudram, one of the most sacred hymns of Hinduism found both in the Rig and the Yajur Vedas and addressed to Rudra, invokes him as Shiva in several instances, but the term Shiva is used as an epithet for the gods Indra, Mitra and Agni many times. Since Shiva means pure, the epithet is possibly used to describe a quality of these gods rather than to identify any of them with the God Shiva.
The identification of Shiva with the older god Rudhra is not universally accepted, as Axel Michaels explains:
Rudra is called "The Archer" (Sanskrit: Śarva), and the arrow is an essential attribute of Rudra. This name appears in the Shiva Sahasranama, and R. K. Sharma notes that it is used as a name of Shiva often in later languages.
The word is derived from the Sanskrit root śarv-, which means "to injure" or "to kill", and Sharma uses that general sense in his interpretive translation of the name Śarva as "One who can kill the forces of darkness". The names Dhanvin ("Bowman") and Bāṇahasta ("Archer", literally "Armed with arrows in his hands") also refer to archery.
AGNI
Rudra and Agni have a close relationship. The identification between Agni and Rudra in the Vedic literature was an important factor in the process of Rudra's gradual development into the later character as Rudra-Shiva. The identification of Agni with Rudra is explicitly noted in the Nirukta, an important early text on etymology, which says, "Agni is also called Rudra." The interconnections between the two deities are complex, and according to Stella Kramrisch:
The fire myth of Rudra-Śiva plays on the whole gamut of fire, valuing all its potentialities and phases, from conflagration to illumination.
In the Śatarudrīya, some epithets of Rudra, such as Sasipañjara ("Of golden red hue as of flame") and Tivaṣīmati ("Flaming bright"), suggest a fusing of the two deities. Agni is said to be a bull, and Lord Shiva possesses a bull as his vehicle, Nandi. The horns of Agni, who is sometimes characterized as a bull, are mentioned. In medieval sculpture, both Agni and the form of Shiva known as Bhairava have flaming hair as a special feature.
INDRA
According to Wendy Doniger, the Puranic Shiva is a continuation of the Vedic Indra. Doniger gives several reasons for his hypothesis. Both are associated with mountains, rivers, male fertility, fierceness, fearlessness, warfare, transgression of established mores, the Aum sound, the Supreme Self. In the Rig Veda the term śiva is used to refer to Indra. (2.20.3, 6.45.17, and 8.93.3.) Indra, like Shiva, is likened to a bull. In the Rig Veda, Rudra is the father of the Maruts, but he is never associated with their warlike exploits as is Indra.
The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto-Indo-European religion, and the Indo-Iranian religion. According to Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River (present-day Uzbekistan) and (present-day) Iran. It was "a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo-European elements", which borrowed "distinctive religious beliefs and practices" from the Bactria–Margiana Culture. At least 383 non-Indo-European words were borrowed from this culture, including the god Indra and the ritual drink Soma. According to Anthony,
Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory, Verethraghna, were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the Rig Veda. He was associated more than any other deity with Soma, a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from Ephedra) probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers.
LATER VEDIC LITERATURE
Rudra's transformation from an ambiguously characterized deity to a supreme being began in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad (400-200 BCE), which founded the tradition of Rudra-Shiva worship. Here they are identified as the creators of the cosmos and liberators of souls from the birth-rebirth cycle. The period of 200 BCE to 100 CE also marks the beginning of the Shaiva tradition focused on the worship of Shiva, with references to Shaiva ascetics in Patanjali's Mahabhasya and in the Mahabharata.
Early historical paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters, depict Shiva dancing, Shiva's trident, and his mount Nandi but no other Vedic gods.
PURANIC LITERATURE
The Shiva Puranas, particularly the Shiva Purana and the Linga Purana, discuss the various forms of Shiva and the cosmology associated with him.
TANTRIC LITERATURE
The Tantras, composed between the 8th and 11th centuries, regard themselves as Sruti. Among these the Shaiva Agamas, are said to have been revealed by Shiva himself and are foundational texts for Shaiva Siddhanta.
POSITION WITHIN HINDUISM
SHAIVISM
Shaivism (Sanskrit: शैव पंथ, śaiva paṁtha) (Kannada: ಶೈವ ಪಂಥ) (Tamil: சைவ சமயம்) is the oldest of the four major sects of Hinduism, the others being Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism. Followers of Shaivism, called "Shaivas", and also "Saivas" or "Saivites", revere Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is. The tantric Shaiva tradition consists of the Kapalikas, Kashmir Shaivism and Shaiva Siddhanta. The Shiva MahaPurana is one of the purāṇas, a genre of Hindu religious texts, dedicated to Shiva. Shaivism is widespread throughout India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, mostly. Areas notable for the practice of Shaivism include parts of Southeast Asia, especially Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia.
PANCHAYATANA PUJA
Panchayatana puja is the system of worship ('puja') in the Smarta sampradaya of Hinduism. It is said to have been introduced by Adi Shankara, the 8th century CE Hindu philosopher. It consists of the worship of five deities: Shiva, Vishnu, Devi, Surya and Ganesha. Depending on the tradition followed by Smarta households, one of these deities is kept in the center and the other four surround it. Worship is offered to all the deities. The five are represented by small murtis, or by five kinds of stones, or by five marks drawn on the floor.
TRIMURTI
The Trimurti is a concept in Hinduism in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahmā the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver and Śhiva the destroyer or transformer. These three deities have been called "the Hindu triad" or the "Great Trinity", often addressed as "Brahma-Vishnu-Maheshwara."
ICONOGRAPHY AND PROPERTIES
ATTRIBUTES
Shiva's form: Shiva has a trident in the right lower arm, and a crescent moon on his head. He is said to be fair like camphor or like an ice clad mountain. He wears five serpents and a garland of skulls as ornaments. Shiva is usually depicted facing the south. His trident, like almost all other forms in Hinduism, can be understood as the symbolism of the unity of three worlds that a human faces - his inside world, his immediate world, and the broader overall world. At the base of the trident, all three forks unite.
Third eye: (Trilochana) Shiva is often depicted with a third eye, with which he burned Desire (Kāma) to ashes, called "Tryambakam" (Sanskrit: त्र्यम्बकम् ), which occurs in many scriptural sources. In classical Sanskrit, the word ambaka denotes "an eye", and in the Mahabharata, Shiva is depicted as three-eyed, so this name is sometimes translated as "having three eyes". However, in Vedic Sanskrit, the word ambā or ambikā means "mother", and this early meaning of the word is the basis for the translation "three mothers". These three mother-goddesses who are collectively called the Ambikās. Other related translations have been based on the idea that the name actually refers to the oblations given to Rudra, which according to some traditions were shared with the goddess Ambikā. It has been mentioned that when Shiva loses his temper, his third eye opens which can destroy most things to ashes.
Crescent moon: (The epithets "Chandrasekhara/Chandramouli")- Shiva bears on his head the crescent moon. The epithet Candraśekhara (Sanskrit: चन्द्रशेखर "Having the moon as his crest" - candra = "moon"; śekhara = "crest, crown") refers to this feature. The placement of the moon on his head as a standard iconographic feature dates to the period when Rudra rose to prominence and became the major deity Rudra-Shiva. The origin of this linkage may be due to the identification of the moon with Soma, and there is a hymn in the Rig Veda where Soma and Rudra are jointly implored, and in later literature, Soma and Rudra came to be identified with one another, as were Soma and the moon. The crescent moon is shown on the side of the Lord's head as an ornament. The waxing and waning phenomenon of the moon symbolizes the time cycle through which creation evolves from the beginning to the end.
Ashes: (The epithet "Bhasmaanga Raaga") - Shiva smears his body with ashes (bhasma). The ashes are said to represent the end of all material existence. Some forms of Shiva, such as Bhairava, are associated with a very old Indian tradition of cremation-ground asceticism that was practiced by some groups who were outside the fold of brahmanic orthodoxy. These practices associated with cremation grounds are also mentioned in the Pali canon of Theravada Buddhism. One epithet for Shiva is "inhabitant of the cremation ground" (Sanskrit: śmaśānavāsin, also spelled Shmashanavasin), referring to this connection.
Matted hair: (The epithet "Jataajoota Dhari/Kapardina") - Shiva's distinctive hair style is noted in the epithets Jaṭin, "the one with matted hair", and Kapardin, "endowed with matted hair" or "wearing his hair wound in a braid in a shell-like (kaparda) fashion". A kaparda is a cowrie shell, or a braid of hair in the form of a shell, or, more generally, hair that is shaggy or curly. His hair is said to be like molten gold in color or being yellowish-white.
Blue throat: The epithet Nīlakaṇtha (Sanskrit नीलकण्ठ; nīla = "blue", kaṇtha = "throat"). Since Shiva drank the Halahala poison churned up from the Samudra Manthan to eliminate its destructive capacity. Shocked by his act, Goddess Parvati strangled his neck and hence managed to stop it in his neck itself and prevent it from spreading all over the universe, supposed to be in Shiva's stomach. However the poison was so potent that it changed the color of his neck to blue. (See Maha Shivaratri.)
Sacred Ganges: (The epithet "Gangadhara") Bearer of Ganga. Ganges river flows from the matted hair of Shiva. The Gaṅgā (Ganges), one of the major rivers of the country, is said to have made her abode in Shiva's hair. The flow of the Ganges also represents the nectar of immortality.
Tiger skin: (The epithet "Krittivasana").He is often shown seated upon a tiger skin, an honour reserved for the most accomplished of Hindu ascetics, the Brahmarishis.
Serpents: (The epithet "Nagendra Haara" or 'Vasoki"). Shiva is often shown garlanded with a snake.
Deer: His holding deer on one hand indicates that He has removed the Chanchalata of the mind (i.e., attained maturity and firmness in thought process). A deer jumps from one place to another swiftly, similar to the mind moving from one thought to another.
Trident: (Trishula): Shiva's particular weapon is the trident. His Trisul that is held in His right hand represents the three Gunas— Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. That is the emblem of sovereignty. He rules the world through these three Gunas. The Damaru in His left hand represents the Sabda Brahman. It represents OM from which all languages are formed. It is He who formed the Sanskrit language out of the Damaru sound.
Drum: A small drum shaped like an hourglass is known as a damaru (ḍamaru). This is one of the attributes of Shiva in his famous dancing representation known as Nataraja. A specific hand gesture (mudra) called ḍamaru-hasta (Sanskrit for "ḍamaru-hand") is used to hold the drum. This drum is particularly used as an emblem by members of the Kāpālika sect.
Axe: (Parashu):The parashu is the weapon of Lord Shiva who gave it to Parashurama, sixth Avatar of Vishnu, whose name means "Rama with the axe" and also taught him its mastery.
Nandī: (The epithet "Nandi Vaahana").Nandī, also known as Nandin, is the name of the bull that serves as Shiva's mount (Sanskrit: vāhana). Shiva's association with cattle is reflected in his name Paśupati, or Pashupati (Sanskrit: पशुपति), translated by Sharma as "lord of cattle" and by Kramrisch as "lord of animals", who notes that it is particularly used as an epithet of Rudra. Rishabha or the bull represents Dharma Devata. Lord Siva rides on the bull. Bull is his vehicle. This denotes that Lord Siva is the protector of Dharma, is an embodiment of Dharma or righteousness.
Gaṇa: The Gaṇas (Devanagari: गण) are attendants of Shiva and live in Kailash. They are often referred to as the bhutaganas, or ghostly hosts, on account of their nature. Generally benign, except when their lord is transgressed against, they are often invoked to intercede with the lord on behalf of the devotee. Ganesha was chosen as their leader by Shiva, hence Ganesha's title gaṇa-īśa or gaṇa-pati, "lord of the gaṇas".
Mount Kailāsa: Mount Kailash in the Himalayas is his traditional abode. In Hindu mythology, Mount Kailāsa is conceived as resembling a Linga, representing the center of the universe.
Varanasi: Varanasi (Benares) is considered to be the city specially loved by Shiva, and is one of the holiest places of pilgrimage in India. It is referred to, in religious contexts, as Kashi.
LINGAM
Apart from anthropomorphic images of Shiva, the worship of Shiva in the form of a lingam, or linga, is also important. These are depicted in various forms. One common form is the shape of a vertical rounded column. Shiva means auspiciousness, and linga means a sign or a symbol. Hence, the Shivalinga is regarded as a "symbol of the great God of the universe who is all-auspiciousness". Shiva also means "one in whom the whole creation sleeps after dissolution". Linga also means the same thing—a place where created objects get dissolved during the disintegration of the created universe. Since, according to Hinduism, it is the same god that creates, sustains and withdraws the universe, the Shivalinga represents symbolically God Himself. Some scholars, such as Monier Monier-Williams and Wendy Doniger, also view linga as a phallic symbol, although this interpretation is disputed by others, including Christopher Isherwood, Vivekananda, Swami Sivananda, and S.N. Balagangadhara.
JYOTIRLINGA
The worship of the Shiva-Linga originated from the famous hymn in the Atharva-Veda Samhitâ sung in praise of the Yupa-Stambha, the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless Stambha or Skambha, and it is shown that the said Skambha is put in place of the eternal Brahman. Just as the Yajna (sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the Soma plant, and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the Vedic sacrifice gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the Yupa-Skambha gave place in time to the Shiva-Linga. In the text Linga Purana, the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva.
The sacred of all Shiva linga is worshipped as Jyotir linga. Jyoti means Radiance, apart from relating Shiva linga as a phallus symbol, there are also arguments that Shiva linga means 'mark' or a 'sign'. Jyotirlinga means "The Radiant sign of The Almighty". The Jyotirlingas are mentioned in Shiva Purana.
SHAKTI
Shiva forms a Tantric couple with Shakti [Tamil : சக்தி ], the embodiment of energy, dynamism, and the motivating force behind all action and existence in the material universe. Shiva is her transcendent masculine aspect, providing the divine ground of all being. Shakti manifests in several female deities. Sati and Parvati are the main consorts of Shiva. She is also referred to as Uma, Durga (Parvata), Kali and Chandika. Kali is the manifestation of Shakti in her dreadful aspect. The name Kali comes from kāla, which means black, time, death, lord of death, Shiva. Since Shiva is called Kāla, the eternal time, Kālī, his consort, also means "Time" or "Death" (as in "time has come"). Various Shakta Hindu cosmologies, as well as Shākta Tantric beliefs, worship her as the ultimate reality or Brahman. She is also revered as Bhavatārini (literally "redeemer of the universe"). Kālī is represented as the consort of Lord Shiva, on whose body she is often seen standing or dancing. Shiva is the masculine force, the power of peace, while Shakti translates to power, and is considered as the feminine force. In the Vaishnava tradition, these realities are portrayed as Vishnu and Laxmi, or Radha and Krishna. These are differences in formulation rather than a fundamental difference in the principles. Both Shiva and Shakti have various forms. Shiva has forms like Yogi Raj (the common image of Himself meditating in the Himalayas), Rudra (a wrathful form) and Natarajar (Shiva's dance are the Lasya - the gentle form of dance, associated with the creation of the world, and the Tandava - the violent and dangerous dance, associated with the destruction of weary worldviews – weary perspectives and lifestyles).
THE FIVE MANTRAS
Five is a sacred number for Shiva. One of his most important mantras has five syllables (namaḥ śivāya).
Shiva's body is said to consist of five mantras, called the pañcabrahmans. As forms of God, each of these have their own names and distinct iconography:
Sadyojāta
Vāmadeva
Aghora
Tatpuruṣha
Īsāna
These are represented as the five faces of Shiva and are associated in various texts with the five elements, the five senses, the five organs of perception, and the five organs of action. Doctrinal differences and, possibly, errors in transmission, have resulted in some differences between texts in details of how these five forms are linked with various attributes. The overall meaning of these associations is summarized by Stella Kramrisch:
Through these transcendent categories, Śiva, the ultimate reality, becomes the efficient and material cause of all that exists.
According to the Pañcabrahma Upanishad:
One should know all things of the phenomenal world as of a fivefold character, for the reason that the eternal verity of Śiva is of the character of the fivefold Brahman. (Pañcabrahma Upanishad 31)
FORMES AND ROLES
According to Gavin Flood, "Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox," whose attributes include opposing themes.[168] The ambivalent nature of this deity is apparent in some of his names and the stories told about him.
DESTROYER AND BENEFACTOR
In the Yajurveda, two contrary sets of attributes for both malignant or terrific (Sanskrit: rudra) and benign or auspicious (Sanskrit: śiva) forms can be found, leading Chakravarti to conclude that "all the basic elements which created the complex Rudra-Śiva sect of later ages are to be found here". In the Mahabharata, Shiva is depicted as "the standard of invincibility, might, and terror", as well as a figure of honor, delight, and brilliance. The duality of Shiva's fearful and auspicious attributes appears in contrasted names.
The name Rudra (Sanskrit: रुद्र) reflects his fearsome aspects. According to traditional etymologies, the Sanskrit name Rudra is derived from the root rud-, which means "to cry, howl". Stella Kramrisch notes a different etymology connected with the adjectival form raudra, which means "wild, of rudra nature", and translates the name Rudra as "the wild one" or "the fierce god". R. K. Sharma follows this alternate etymology and translates the name as "terrible". Hara (Sanskrit: हर) is an important name that occurs three times in the Anushasanaparvan version of the Shiva sahasranama, where it is translated in different ways each time it occurs, following a commentorial tradition of not repeating an interpretation. Sharma translates the three as "one who captivates", "one who consolidates", and "one who destroys". Kramrisch translates it as "the ravisher". Another of Shiva's fearsome forms is as Kāla (Sanskrit: काल), "time", and as Mahākāla (Sanskrit: महाकाल), "great time", which ultimately destroys all things. Bhairava (Sanskrit: भैरव), "terrible" or "frightful", is a fierce form associated with annihilation.
In contrast, the name Śaṇkara (Sanskrit: शङ्कर), "beneficent" or "conferring happiness" reflects his benign form. This name was adopted by the great Vedanta philosopher Śaṇkara (c. 788 - 820 CE), who is also known as Shankaracharya. The name Śambhu (Sanskrit: शम्भु), "causing happiness", also reflects this benign aspect.
ASCETIC AND HOUSEHOLDER
He is depicted as both an ascetic yogi and as a householder, roles which have been traditionally mutually exclusive in Hindu society.[185] When depicted as a yogi, he may be shown sitting and meditating. His epithet Mahāyogi ("the great Yogi: Mahā = "great", Yogi = "one who practices Yoga") refers to his association with yoga. While Vedic religion was conceived mainly in terms of sacrifice, it was during the Epic period that the concepts of tapas, yoga, and asceticism became more important, and the depiction of Shiva as an ascetic sitting in philosophical isolation reflects these later concepts. Shiva is also depicted as a corpse below Goddess Kali, it represents that Shiva is a corpse without Shakti. He remains inert. While Shiva is the static form, Mahakali or Shakti is the dynamic aspect without whom Shiva is powerless.
As a family man and householder, he has a wife, Parvati and two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya. His epithet Umāpati ("The husband of Umā") refers to this idea, and Sharma notes that two other variants of this name that mean the same thing, Umākānta and Umādhava, also appear in the sahasranama. Umā in epic literature is known by many names, including the benign Pārvatī. She is identified with Devi, the Divine Mother; Shakti (divine energy) as well as goddesses like Tripura Sundari, Durga, Kamakshi and Meenakshi. The consorts of Shiva are the source of his creative energy. They represent the dynamic extension of Shiva onto this universe. His son Ganesha is worshipped throughout India and Nepal as the Remover of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles. Kartikeya is worshipped in Southern India (especially in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka) by the names Subrahmanya, Subrahmanyan, Shanmughan, Swaminathan and Murugan, and in Northern India by the names Skanda, Kumara, or Karttikeya.
Some regional deities are also identified as Shiva's children. As one story goes, Shiva is enticed by the beauty and charm of Mohini, Vishnu's female avatar, and procreates with her. As a result of this union, Shasta - identified with regional deities Ayyappa and Ayyanar - is born. Shiva is also mentioned in some scriptures or folktales to have had daughters like the serpent-goddess Manasa and Ashokasundari. Even the demon Andhaka is sometimes considered a child of Shiva.
NATARAJA
he depiction of Shiva as Nataraja (Tamil: நடராஜா,Kannada: ನಟರಾಜ, Telugu: నటరాజు, Sanskrit: naṭarāja, "Lord of Dance") is popular. The names Nartaka ("dancer") and Nityanarta ("eternal dancer") appear in the Shiva Sahasranama. His association with dance and also with music is prominent in the Puranic period. In addition to the specific iconographic form known as Nataraja, various other types of dancing forms (Sanskrit: nṛtyamūrti) are found in all parts of India, with many well-defined varieties in Tamil Nadu in particular. The two most common forms of the dance are the Tandava, which later came to denote the powerful and masculine dance as Kala-Mahakala associated with the destruction of the world. When it requires the world or universe to be destroyed, Lord Śiva does it by the tāṇḍavanṛtya. and Lasya, which is graceful and delicate and expresses emotions on a gentle level and is considered the feminine dance attributed to the goddess Parvati. Lasya is regarded as the female counterpart of Tandava. The Tandava-Lasya dances are associated with the destruction-creation of the world.
DAKSHINAMURTHY
Dakshinamurthy, or Dakṣiṇāmūrti (Tamil:தட்சிணாமூர்த்தி, Telugu: దక్షిణామూర్తి, Sanskrit: दक्षिणामूर्ति), literally describes a form (mūrti) of Shiva facing south (dakṣiṇa). This form represents Shiva in his aspect as a teacher of yoga, music, and wisdom and giving exposition on the shastras. This iconographic form for depicting Shiva in Indian art is mostly from Tamil Nadu. Elements of this motif can include Shiva seated upon a deer-throne and surrounded by sages who are receiving his instruction.
ARDANARISHVARA
An iconographic representation of Shiva called (Ardhanārīśvara) shows him with one half of the body as male and the other half as female. According to Ellen Goldberg, the traditional Sanskrit name for this form (Ardhanārīśvara) is best translated as "the lord who is half woman", not as "half-man, half-woman". According to legend, Lord Shiva is pleased by the difficult austerites performed by the goddess Parvati, grants her the left half of his body. This form of Shiva is quite similar to the Yin-Yang philosophy of Eastern Asia, though Ardhanārīśvara appears to be more ancient.
TRIRUPANTAKA
Shiva is often depicted as an archer in the act of destroying the triple fortresses, Tripura, of the Asuras. Shiva's name Tripurantaka (Sanskrit: त्रिपुरान्तक, Tripurāntaka), "ender of Tripura", refers to this important story.[216] In this aspect, Shiva is depicted with four arms wielding a bow and arrow, but different from the Pinakapani murti. He holds an axe and a deer on the upper pair of his arms. In the lower pair of the arms, he holds a bow and an arrow respectively. After destroying Tripura, Tripurantaka Shiva smeared his forehead with three strokes of Ashes. This has become a prominent symbol of Shiva and is practiced even today by Shaivites.
OTHER FORMS, AVATARS IDENTIFICATIONS
Shiva, like some other Hindu deities, is said to have several incarnations, known as Avatars. Although Puranic scriptures contain occasional references to "ansh" avatars of Shiva, the idea is not universally accepted in Saivism. The Linga Purana speaks of twenty-eight forms of Shiva which are sometimes seen as avatars. According to the Svetasvatara Upanishad, he has four avatars.
In the Hanuman Chalisa, Hanuman is identified as the eleventh avatar of Shiva and this belief is universal. Hanuman is popularly known as “Rudraavtaar” “Rudra” being a name of “Shiva”. Rama– the Vishnu avatar is considered by some to be the eleventh avatar of Rudra (Shiva).
Other traditions regard the sage Durvasa, the sage Agastya, the philosopher Adi Shankara, as avatars of Shiva. Other forms of Shiva include Virabhadra and Sharabha.
FESTIVALS
Maha Shivratri is a festival celebrated every year on the 13th night or the 14th day of the new moon in the Shukla Paksha of the month of Maagha or Phalguna in the Hindu calendar. This festival is of utmost importance to the devotees of Lord Shiva. Mahashivaratri marks the night when Lord Shiva performed the 'Tandava' and it is the day that Lord Shiva was married to Parvati. The holiday is often celebrated with special prayers and rituals offered up to Shiva, notably the Abhishek. This ritual, practiced throughout the night, is often performed every three hours with water, milk, yogurt, and honey. Bel (aegle marmelos) leaves are often offered up to the Hindu god, as it is considered necessary for a successful life. The offering of the leaves are considered so important that it is believed that someone who offers them without any intentions will be rewarded greatly.
BEYOND HINDUISM
BUDDHISM
Shiva is mentioned in Buddhist Tantra. Shiva as Upaya and Shakti as Prajna. In cosmologies of buddhist tantra, Shiva is depicted as active, skillful, and more passive.
SIKHISM
The Japuji Sahib of the Guru Granth Sahib says, "The Guru is Shiva, the Guru is Vishnu and Brahma; the Guru is Paarvati and Lakhshmi." In the same chapter, it also says, "Shiva speaks, the Siddhas speak."
In Dasam Granth, Guru Gobind Singh have mentioned two avtars of Rudra: Dattatreya Avtar and Parasnath Avtar.
OTHERS
The worship of Lord Shiva became popular in Central Asia through the Hephthalite (White Hun) Dynasty, and Kushan Empire. Shaivism was also popular in Sogdiana and Eastern Turkestan as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan. In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread ("Yajnopavita"). He is clad in tiger skin while his attendants are wearing Sodgian dress. In Eastern Turkestan in the Taklamakan Desert. There is a depiction of his four-legged seated cross-legged n a cushioned seat supported by two bulls. Another panel form Dandan-Uilip shows Shiva in His Trimurti form with His Shakti kneeling on her right thigh. It is also noted that Zoroastrian wind god Vayu-Vata took on the iconographic appearance of Shiva.
Kirant people, a Mongol tribe from Nepal, worship a form of Shiva as one of their major deity, identifying him as the lord of animals. It is also said that the physical form of Shiva as a yogi is derived from Kirants as it is mentioned in Mundhum that Shiva took human form as a child of Kirant. He is also said to give Kirants visions in form of a male deer.
In Indonesia, Shiva is also worshiped as Batara Guru. His other name is "Sang Hyang Jagadnata" (king of the universe) and "Sang Hyang Girinata" (king of mountains). In the ancient times, all kingdoms were located on top of mountains. When he was young, before receiving his authority of power, his name was Sang Hyang Manikmaya. He is first of the children who hatched from the eggs laid by Manuk Patiaraja, wife of god Mulajadi na Bolon. This avatar is also worshiped in Malaysia. Shiva's other form in Indonesian Hindu worship is "Maharaja Dewa" (Mahadeva). Both the forms are closely identified with the Sun in local forms of Hinduism or Kebatinan, and even in the genie lore of Muslims. Mostly Shiva is worshipped in the form of a lingam or the phallus.
WIKIPEDIA
Ruins of Catholic Church
East Gary, Indiana
Date: 1910
Source Type: Postcard
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: August F. Haase (#4)
Postmark: July 20, 1910, East Gary, Indiana
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This Catholic church was referred to as Church of St. Margaret's, and occasionally as Church at Lake. It was established in 1861 with a membership of twenty families, and a property valuation of $2,000. The church was abandoned as early as 1908.
The following article, which concerns this church, was published in the May 21, 1908, edition of The Chesterton Tribune:
LAKE COUNTY OFFICERS DRAG WESTCHESTER MAN INTO GRAVE MYSTERY
Sheriff Carter and Assistants Say That Frank VanDeusen, Wellknown [sic] Nurseryman, Can Tell Something of How Young Girl’s Body Research Abandoned Grave in Cemetery at Lake Station.
Henry VanKuren and Mrs. VanDeusen Are Also Sought by Officers -- They Are Working on the Theory that Body Found is that of Mildred Stewart -- VanDeusen Says Young Woman is Still Alive in Canadian Town.
Story of Many Matrimonial Alliances of Mrs. VanDeusen -- The History of “St. Margaret’s Parish,” as Told by an Indianapolis News Man -- Tribune Locates the Parties Desired by the Lake County Officers.
Through the caprices of fate the Lake Station grave mystery, involving the finding of the headless body of old Joe Schneider, an abandoned grave in the cemetery of St. Margaret’s parish, and the disintegrating body of a young woman, has been brought home to Chesterton, and as a result the whereabouts of Frank Van Deusen, the well known Westchester township nurseryman, is being sought with all possible diligence by Sheriff Carter and other police officers of Lake county. Fate has not only seen to connect Mr. Van Deusen’s name with the mystery that shook the little hamlet across the county line, but also involved in its meshes the divorced wife of the latter, her daughter, Mildred Stewart, and Henry Van Kuren, with whom Mrs. Van Deusen resided for years as his wife, but between whom the sacred vows of wedlock were never spoken, and as equally desirous of finding this trio is Mr. Van Deusen, are the Lake county officials.
Today The Tribune proposes to not only divulge the present whereabouts of the principals of the supposed solution of the grave mystery, but also to explode the theory upon which the Lake county authorities promised to solve the mystery surrounding the graveyard enigma.
More than a quarter of a century ago there resided in London, Ont., a comely young miss of 17 years by the name of Mary Hobbs. The girl was pretty of figure and fair of face and was considered the belle of her home community. Adjoining the property of her step-father was a well-to-do farmer of past middle age who, attracted by the grace and beauty of little Mary Mobbs [Hobbs?], sought her hand in marriage. The girl found not in the aged suitor the ideal sweetheart of her girlhood dreams, but a stern parent forced her into an unwilling matrimonial alliance with the aged man and in the due course of time she became Mrs. Stewart. One child was born to this union, a daughter, christened Mildred. Shortly after the child-wife became a mother the aged husband and father died and for three years Mrs. Stewart wore widow’s weeds.
Eventually a man named Fletcher met, wooed and won the pretty young widow and by this marriage a son was born. The happiness of the little home had been completely restored when one day, a woman came to the Stewart home and claimed she was the wife of Stewart by a marriage of several years prior. Fletcher admitted the claim and escaped prosecution through the generosity of Mrs. Stewart, No. 2. His departure from the hearthstone in the little Ontario town followed the discovery of his duplicity. After a time the abandoned wife left London and went to Detroit where she secured a position in a hotel and where she met Henry Van Kuren. A warm friendship grew up between the two and resulted in their departure from Detroit some weeks later. All trace of the couple is obliterated after their departure from Detroit until their arrival at Lake Station about nine or ten years ago where they and their family, then consisting f five children, resided for several months. From Lake Station the family oved to Hobart where Frank Van Deusen was drawn into the kaleidoscopic matrimonial career of the former pretty little Mary Hobbs. Through being a neighbor of the Van Kuren family, Van Deusen became intimately acquainted with their relations which, at that time, were more or less tempestious [sic]. By that time the daughter, Mildred Stewart, had grown to be a beautiful young girl of 18 years. Upon being acquainted with the cross currents in the family circle, Van Duesen [sic] says he offered the daughter Mildred financial assistance to return to her grandmother in London, Ont. He claims she accepted the offer and one night in the spring of 1901 or 1902 she departed from Hobart for Valparaiso. In the latter place she spent two or three days, so says Van Deusen, before going to Milwaukee, where she resided for a few weeks when she left for her old Canadian home. According to Mr. Van Deusen she was latter married at Londan [sic] to a well-to-do farmer and at the present time is residing in the country near that place.
Following the disappearance of Miss Stewart from Hobart, Van Kuren preferred [sic] a charge of adultery against his wife and Frank Van Deusen and their arrest on that charge followed. The case was venued to Porter county and came to trial in Judge H. B. Tuthill’s court in Valparaiso. Prior to the trial Mrs. Van Kuren and Van Deusen were married and at the hearing it was established that Van Kuren and the former Mary Hobbs were never married, notwithstanding the fact that they had resided together as man and wife for 15 years or so, during which time five children had been born to them. The jury, after hearing the facts, acquitted both Mr. and Mrs. Van Deusen on the charge of adultery, while the court scored Van Kuren unmercifully for exposing the fact that only a common law marriage had existed between him and the mother of his five children.
Mr. and Mrs. Van Deusen resided together until three years ago when the latter sought a divorce in both the Porter and Lake county courts, but was refused in both counties. During last March Van Deusen applied for a divorce and was granted legal separation in the Porter superior court. Though Mrs. Van Deusen was not present at the hearing, her whereabouts was well known at that time, a well known and prominent Valparaiso lawyer having communicated with her relative to the divorce suit of her husband, she then being at Rochester, Mich.
The Lake county authorities have been working on the theory that the body found in the abandoned grave in the cemetery of St. Margaret’s parish, Lake Station, is either that of Miss Mildred Stewart, or her mother, Mrs. Van Deusen, and it is for the purpose of throwing some light on this supposed solution that they may have been making a search for Van Deusen, his divorced wife, and Henry Van Kuren the past several days. The following dispatch from Crown Point gives the theory upon which Lake county officials are working:
“Officials of Lake county this week began a search for Mr. and Mrs. Henry Van Kuren, formerly of Hobart, Ind., in an effort to solve one of the most baffling mysteries of years -- that of how the body of a young girl came to be in a grave which was believed to be empty but had once been occupied by the corpse of Philip Schneider of Lake Station. A similarity, which is believed to exist between the 18-year-old daughter of the Van Kurens and the body found in the grave, led to the search of the Lake county officials have been unsuccessful.
The Van Kuren family was traced to Hobart from Lake Station, where they had lived prior to the disappearance of their daughter, and then to Whiting. No one in Whiting could tell where they had gone and for a time at least the trail has been lost.
The search for the Van Kurens began when Sheriff Carter and Coroner Shankland learned of the strange resemblance between the body found in the supposedly deserted grave and that of Mrs. Van Kuren. Both the body and the girl were 5 feet 6 inches in height, both had auburn hair and other resemblances were traced.
It was recalled that shortly before the Van Kurens left Lake Station in 1904 their daughter had not been seen around the house. It was found that they had gone to Hobart, Ind., but inquiries there developed that the girl had not accompanied them there.
All other efforts to find traces of the Van Kuren girl have as yet failed to meet with any success.
Coroner Shankland is also puzzled by another feature of the mystery -- the disappearance of a necklace which was grasped in the girl’s hand when the body was first discovered. This necklace seems to have been torn from the hand of the body, as a few beads from it remained in the rough box in which the body was buried.
The circumstances which followed and preceded the discovery of the body have convinced Coroner Shankland, he says, that he is on the trace of a crime.
“Everything connect with the finding of the body is strange,” he declared today. “The body was first discovered after the suicide of Joseph Schneider. The Schneider family owned a lot in the cemetery at Lake Station and they wanted to bury the decedent there. Joseph Schneider, a nephew, remembered that the grave which had formerly contained the body of Phillip Schneider, his father, had been opened six years ago and the body disinterred by relatives and buried elsewhere. He decided to bury his uncle in the grace of his father’s body had formerly occupied.”
“Young Schneider had the sexton of the cemetery started to dig and they had gone down less than three feet when they struck what they supposed was a coffin, but which appeared to be rather a strong box. This was broken open and in it was the body of the young woman.
“I am convinced from all the evi-circumstances [sic] connected with the discovery of the body that the finding of it has led to the unearthing of a crime. The fact that the box containing the body was only three feet below the ground seems to indicate that the persons who buried it expected to find a coffin if they went deeper. They, evidently did not know that the body of Schneider had been removed from the grave and thought that they had covered their traces safely by putting the body of the girl where no one would look for it.”
If the story told by Frank Van Deusen is true then the Lake county officials will be required to look to another quarter for the solution of the grave mystery. The truthfulness of Mr. Van Deusen’s statements can be easily determined by writing to the authorities at London, Ont., or Mrs. Mary Hobbs, of the same place, who is the grandmother of the supposed dead girl.
W. H. Herschell, a special writer with the Indianapolis News, was sent to Lake Station by his paper and his story of the tragedies of the little hamlet is as follows:
The Gunness tragedy at Laporte has revived interest in the mysteries and tragedies of the little parish of St. Margaret’s known on the railroad maps as Lake Station, a village of less than 200 inhabitants, lying here in the sand dunes, 35 miles east of Chicago.
“The parish of St. Margaret’s is one of the oldest settlements in northern Indiana, having been established back in Indian trading-post days. The village was founded by French traders on the banks of Deep river, a winding stream that empties into the Calumet, which disposes of its waters in Lake Michigan. When the Michigan Central railroad was built through here the company gave the perish the name of Lake Station because of its proximity to Lake Michigan, a short distance to the north. The village is an agricultural community, quiet and unprogressive, but it has had enough tragedy and mystery to make it take rank with the most austere city. A few years ago the Catholics of the community joined their brethren in the town of Hebron, 14 miles south, and built a new church in Hobart. This meant the abandonment of the church of St. Margaret’s, a quaint old wooden structure that has stood on the southern side of the village for 70 years.
Voices of the Dead Haunt the Parish.
“The voice of the dead seems to haunt the old parish of St. Margaret’s. The stranger here is at once impressed with the atmosphere which welds yesterday to today. The history of the village is one of sorrow and tragedy. The sun shines brightly on Deep river, and its silver reflections glow on the white sands of the dunes, yet life is not bright here. The old church of St. Margaret’s stands in a corner of the graveyard and the shadow of its tall tower darkens moss-grown tombstones that stand above the heads of citizens departed scores of years ago. The old cemetery is a tangle of trees and vines, of shrubbery and wild flowers. From the broken windows of the decaying church one looks out upon the town and its old-fashioned homes and streets. The picture is one that tells of a long ago.
Finding of Recluse’s Body.
“A continuation of the tragedies of St. Margaret’s came a few weeks after a lull of several months. Joseph Schneider, one of the pioneer settlers of the community, known as a recluse and loiterer, was found dead on a sand dune a mile east of town. Conrad Peterson, a citizen, found the body on the dune while inspecting some scrub oak trees on the property, which he had bought a few days before. Peterson examined the body and found the Schneider had evidently been dead several days. The throat was cut from ear to ear. Schneider had not been missed from the village, for he was a man of strange habits and made his home in the deserted church of St. Margaret’s.
“Schneider was an uncle of Philip Schneider, a young farmer living north east of Lake Station. The nephew had refused the old man a home because of his bad habits, but not until repeated efforts had been made by the nephew to make the old man be cleanly and of good deportment. Old Schneider was quarrelsome and fault-finding and the nephew finally had to tell him to seek another home. The separation between nephew and son [uncle?] came several months ago. The old man sullenly made his way to the deserted church in the graveyard, and there, behind the altar, made his nightly bed. From the good-hearted people of the community he got his daily bread.
Broods Near Forsaken Altar.
“There was something pathetic about the last days of the old man. He sought no company other than the old church and the tombstones in the graveyard. He walked among the stone as if they gave him communion with old friends that were dead. When the night came on he would steal through the creaking doors of St. Margaret’s and tramp down the plastered-covered floor to the altar. The wind whistled through the broken windows and sometimes grew so strong that it made the old bell in the belfry toll. This old bell, one of the sweetest toned in Indiana, is today the object of contention between the Catholics of St. Margaret’s and Hobart, the latter seeking it for the belfry of their new church. The parishoners [sic] of the old church cling to it, for it called them to worship for more than a half century. It was hauled across the sand dunes to St. Margaret’s on a wagon drawn by many oxen many years ago. The loving sentiment attaches the old parishioners of St. Margaret’s to it.
“The decaying church that gave Schneider his last earthly home is built of huge ax-hewn timbers that seem to stand the storms with the same fortitude that its builders withstood hardship. The plastering, however, and the old altar is a wreck. A few images yet remain on it. Above it hang several ecclesiastical pictures that are entwined by a withered wreath. In this solemn spot “old man Schneider” spent his last days.
“One morning early in April he was seen leaving the church by children on the way to school. They saw him turn to the east and follow a lane to the sand dunes along Deep river. That was the last seen of him alive. After the finding of the body Philip Schneider, the nephew, had it prepared for burial. Young Schneider remembered that [sic] his own father’s estate included the ownership of a lot in St. Margaret’s churchyard. His father had been buried in it years ago. Later the body had been removed to another lot in which other members of the family were buried. Young Schneider decided to give his uncle a grave in the place formerly occupied by his father. That decision brought to the parish of St. Margaret’s another mystery.
Find “The Woman of the Rosary.”
On the morning following the finding of the body of Joseph Schneider, two young men, Davy McMichael and Samuel Akers, went to St. Margaret’s churchyard to dig a grave for the suicide. They were digging away quite busily when suddenly young McMichael’s spade struck something that was hard. He called the attention of Akers to the incident and they carefully removed the earth from around the obstacle. To their utter amazement they covered a skull. Hurriedly summoning other citizens from the village as witnesses, the young men went on with the work and soon uncovered a skeleton that is now known in the parish as “The Woman of the Rosary.” Around the skull twined long strands of auburn hair. On the breast lay a rosary and a cross. The teeth of the cadaver were white and perfect, indicating that youth had been buried there.
“The find mystified the village. Hundreds gathered to see the skeleton and to try to reason out its story. The only trace of a clew was offered by Albert Smith, a carpenter, who a few years before had built a fence around the churchyard. Part of the fence was of wire. Smith recalled that one morning while he was building the fence, he came to work to find that several strands had been cut. He thought it the work of mischievous boys and made repairs. A few hours later several school children playing in the cemetery found a part of a white dress covered with blood. Smith paid not attention to the find and finished his fence without reporting to the county authorities.
“The finding of the skeleton leads many to believe that a murder has been committed near St. Margaret’s and that the perpetrators, familiar with the fact that the body of Philip Schneider’s father had been moved, threw the body into the grave and closed it. The work evidently was done quickly for the skeleton was lying in a half-crouched position. No marks on the skull or skeleton gave a clew to the cause of death. The young men soon replaced the body in the grave and covered it with board. Then they threw earth upon it and the mysterious “Woman of the Rosary” went back to sleep. The body has been placed there within the last seven years, for up to that time the body of Philip Schneider’s father had rested there. The coroner believes the boy to be that of Mrs. H. M. Van Deusen, who disappeared from Hobart, Ind., five years ago. Just before her disappearance she was married to Van Deusen, after she had been living with a man Van Kuren.
The Queer Case of Thompson.
“One of the most interesting of the tragedies in the parish of St. Margaret’s centers on George Thompson, known around here as ‘the meanest man that ever lived.’ Thompson, until a few months ago, owned a small farm adjoining Philip Schneider. He was of the hermit type and had no friends.
On day about a year ago Thompson became sick. The neighbors, in their largeness of heart, went to him. He would have none of their help, but asked that a nurse be sent him. A nurse was obtained from a nearby town. Thompson thought he was going to die and deeded his farm to the nurse. He got better, however, and took the farm away from her. Soon he was sick again and a woman from Lake Station nursed him She pulled him through a long siege. During his illness he again deeded his farm to his nurse. This one was not so easy as the other nurse. She immediately had the deed recorded.
“The loss of the farm angered Thompson. The woman offered it back if he would pay her for her services. He refused. The day following the recording of the deed Thompson went to Hobart and bought 200 half-galloon glass fruit jars. He also bought a large quantity of dynamite and dynamite caps. He then returned home and began making little engines of death to plant on the farm. He placed a quantity of dynamite in ach jar, together with some matched and paper. In the lid of each can he placed a dynamite cap and sealed the lid with beeswax. The 200 jars were then planted in the cornfields surrounding the place. The barn was literally mined with the explosive, as was also the house. Then Thompson poisoned his faithful old horse, ‘Prince.’ After seeing the animal die in great agony he went to the barn, set it on fire, cut his own throat and fell in a corner where he was found cremated after the fire. The neighbors, who had hurried to the place, where driven back by the explosion of the dynamite.
“Philip Schneider bought the farm from the nurse to whom Thompson had deeded it. The purchase came near proving a sorrowful one. Schneider’s plow came into contact with one of the glass fruit jars one morning last fall and the explosion blinded him for a time. He has partially recovered his sight. Since that time Davy McMichael, who has been doing most of the plowing on the place, has plowed up 67 of the would-be death dealers. He takes no chances, however. The plow he uses is one of the riding type, but he does not ride. He has tied long ropes to the lines and walks fully 40 feet back of the plow. Every now and then the plow turns up a can, but the horses were not hurt. The farm is now known in the community as “The dynamite Farm.”
Other Gloomy Mysteries.
“Dynamite played a mysterious part in another bit of the parish history. Federick Kappleman was a local reformer. Lake Station has several saloons, and Kappleman went after them. He also made war on other evils that he thought the community should be rid of. One night Kappleman’s home was wrecked by dynamite. One end of it was blown out. Kappleman thought that was enough and moved to another city.
“Not long ago Mrs. Frank Brock, the wife of a prominent and influential citizen, died in terrible agony, the result of an operation. Mrs. Brock’s husband became temporarily insane, and during a moment of deep grief, one morning last January, shot himself. He recovered, but is still grieving and his case is one that hold the pity of the community.
During the past two weeks two bodies of unknown dead were found in the sand dunes and in Deep river, and their identity is still a mystery. While Oren Simon, a young man living her, was crossing one of the sand dunes he came upon the dead body of a man whose throat was cut. He had evidently been dead for days. The coroner has thus far failed to learn whose body it is.
“Twenty-four hours after, William Kitzman saw the nude body of a man floating among the willows in Deep river. He pulled the body ashore, and called citizens of Lake Station to view it. Nobody could tell whose it was. The clothing was lying nearby under a tree, but no mark that would lead to identification was found. And the dead man’s name is still a mystery.”
Sources:
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; May 21, 1908; Volume 25, Number 8, Page 1, Columns 3-4, and Page 6, Columns 1-5.
Copyright 2019. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
I'm still months behind on posting my photos. These photos were taken in June and early July of this year (2022).
I'll try to get caught up in the near future.
I've had these nice very comfortable espadrilles with leather uppers for many years. I used to wear them to work in the city fairly often,. The soles are worn down, and somewhat rotted from getting wet in the rain.
Pieces are popping out and falling away, but they are still good to wear. When the soles completely disintegrate, I want to repair them. I've seen replacement rope soles for sale on the Internet. I need to look into that more.
I'm still months behind on posting my photos. These photos were taken in June and early July of this year (2022).
I'll try to get caught up in the near future.
I've had these nice very comfortable espadrilles with leather uppers for many years. I used to wear them to work in the city fairly often,. The soles are worn down, and somewhat rotted from getting wet in the rain.
Pieces are popping out and falling away, but they are still good to wear. When the soles completely disintegrate, I want to repair them. I've seen replacement rope soles for sale on the Internet. I need to look into that more.
Disintegrating Comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) & incoming meteor
18x20s ISO 1600 Nikon D600 Ha mod. Nikkor AIS 85mm @f/2,8
Urban sky. Lockdown
I'm still months behind on posting my photos. These photos were taken in June and early July of this year (2022).
I'll try to get caught up in the near future.
I've had these nice very comfortable espadrilles with leather uppers for many years. I used to wear them to work in the city fairly often,. The soles are worn down, and somewhat rotted from getting wet in the rain.
Pieces are popping out and falling away, but they are still good to wear. When the soles completely disintegrate, I want to repair them. I've seen replacement rope soles for sale on the Internet. I need to look into that more.
And no car show would be complete without the beauty that is Rolls Royce's best selling car, the Silver Shadow. Saving the best till last I give you the car that took Rolls Royce out of the hands of the aristocracy and placed it into the hands of the people, a tradition that has continued ever since. Once rock-stars, pop-stars, TV presenters and alike were seen driving around in a car that was once the exclusive pride and joy of the established gentry, it was then and there that the Class System had truly disintegrated. The Victorian-era divisions of society were well and truly dead.
In 1965 it was apparent that the nearly 10 year old Silver Cloud was starting to look its age, and as time continued to crawl on the aristocratic look of the Rolls Royce was no longer its biggest selling point. Prior to the 1960's society was clearly defined, with what was known as the 'Glass Ceiling' through which none of the lower classes could rise up through the ranks. It was very easy for the Upper Class and Aristocracy to lose their titles and come down, but even if you were a Lower Class person who'd made it rich, you'd still be socially unacceptable due to your background. However, after World War I the emergence of the new Middle Class was starting to bend the rules, and as time went on the ways in which money could be obtained started to become easier thanks to stage and screen. After World War II the influence of the new generation distorted the lines of society even more with the appearance of the Beatles and Elvis Presley, people from low backgrounds who had managed to get a free ticket to the top due to their fame in the music industry. Of course when someone gets money, the first thing they want to do is spend it on luxury items, and nothing back then was more luxury than owning a Rolls Royce.
However, when the Cloud was designed society was still very much in the same Victorian ideal as before, and so its aristocratic look was about as hip and with-it as a China Cabinet in a Discotheque. In order to survive, Rolls Royce was going to have to adapt, so in 1965 they launched the Silver Shadow, a car that was designed for the new money, and the first Roller to be brought to the masses. What made it so appealing was a case of many things.
For starters, it was the first Rolls Royce to be a 'Driver's' car. Previous models had always been built with chauffeur driven passengers in mind, but the Shadow with upgraded suspension, an updated Rolls Royce V8 engine and the same general driving feel of a regular car (if not better with innovative power steering), made it ideal for the 'posers' of the upmarket realm. Secondly, the car was the first to be built with a monocoque, where the body and chassis are part of the same structure. Previously, Rolls Royce would provide the owner with a chassis, and then it was up to the owner what body would be put on it, with a variety of coachbuilders available to do the job including H.J Muliner Park Ward, Hoopers of London and James Young. The advent of the monocoque meant that potential buyers didn't have to go through the rigmarole of buying a chassis and then having a body constructed for it at extra cost.
As mentioned though, reception was something of a mixed bag, whilst motoring press and many people gave it critical acclaim for its revolutionary design, the usual Rolls Royce customer base saw it as something of a mongrel, appealing to the lowest common denominator rather than holding up the traditional standard that the Double R was famed for. But just because it was built for the masses didn't make it any less a car, each individual Shadow cost £7,000 new, weighed 2.2 tonnes and took 3 months to build. The interior was compiled of 12 square feet of wood, and three cows had to sacrifice themselves to create the leather hides that line the seats. Soft and springy Wilton Carpets made up the floor and power from Rolls Royce's astounding V8 engine could whisk the car to about 100mph, but why would you want a sporty Rolls Royce anyway? *Cough* Rolls Royce Wraith *Cough*
After launch the Silver Shadow was whipped up by pretty much anyone and everyone who wanted to show off their wealth, with a total of 25,000 examples being built during its 15 year production life, making it the most numerous Rolls Royce ever built. The Silver Shadow also formed the basis of several other designs, including the convertible Rolls Royce Silver Shadow 2-Door Saloon which later became the Corniche in 1971, the Bentley T-Series which was exactly the same only with Bentley badge and grille, and the controversial Rolls Royce Camargue of 1975 which was designed by Pininfarina.
For a time the Shadow was on top of the world, but things started to crumble fast in the 1970's. New American legislation meant that the car had to conform at the cost of its class, with the chrome bumpers being replaced by composite or rubber, and the ditch lights being slumped underneath on a rather unsightly chin-spoiler. In 1977 this revised car was launched as the Silver Shadow II, which I consider to be but a shadow of its former self due to the fact that this was when Rolls Royce started to become downplayed and underwhelming. Indeed the best intentions were in mind with safety, but without the chrome to adorn its lovely body, the Shadow was merely a husk.
This was added to by the fuel crisis of the mid-1970's, which made motoring a very expensive practice, especially if you ran a Shadow. Shadow's are incredible gas guzzlers at less than 20MPG, and refilling one will set you back in today's money about £80. At the same time it was considered socially unacceptable to be seen driving around in one of these after such a blow, almost as if you were driving a giant middle-finger down the street to everyone else who couldn't afford to drive. Because of this, owners turned to more subtle cars such as Mercedes so as not to fall victim to vindictive passers by. With sales starting to drop, Rolls Royce had to see off the Silver Shadow as soon as possible. After nearly 10 years of development, 1980 saw the launch of the much more angular and somewhat mundane Silver Spirit/Spur range, and with that now on the go the shadows grew long for the Silver Shadow, which was killed off the same year. Spiritually however, the design of the 60's lived on in the Corniche, which was to be built for another 15 years before that too was ended in 1995.
In some ways the Shadow became a failure of its own success, with Rolls Royce building far too many cars for the market that intended to buy them, with the result that the 2nd hand market became saturated with nearly new cars that fell into some disreputable company. Throughout the 1980's the Shadow was noted for being the ride of sleazy salesmen, gang lords and Members of Parliament (pure evil!). Additionally, many Shadows were bought cheap simply for the way they made the owner look.
If you were intending to use your cheapy Shadow to plunder yourself some girls and didn't have the attraction of money to back you up, you'd be out of luck and soon out of cash, because the bills required to run a hand-built luxury car would very quickly be walking through the door, both in terms of fuel and maintenance. Critical failures are rare and these cars are very reliable (although Jeremy Clarkson would have you think otherwise), but when they do happen, it would probably be cheaper to buy yourself another car. The worst problem you could face is a failure of the hydraulics that controlled the rear suspension, the steering and the brakes, which would render the car inoperable if something were to go awry.
Frequent maintenance of a Shadow however (every 4 to 6 months) will probably even out at about £100, which when you consider the £10,000 or more you'd be paying to replace the hydraulic system, is a small sacrifice. Rust is another problem, especially for early Shadows. The Chrome sills and guttering on the roof are especially prone, although the most critical problem is rust on the chassis, which if left can compromise the whole car and essentially write it off. A bit of a buying tip, if the car's body looks good, be sure to check underneath because you may see some costly rust gremlins down there that could ruin your investment.
Another place the Shadow has found itself is in the world of movies. Of course any film that has an upper-crust theme or feel to it would have to include a Rolls, but since 2nd hand Shadows could be picked up for a song you could easily put them in your movie. Sadly, most movies that feature Shadows are ones which feature them being destroyed.
So why do I love Shadows so much? Basically because it's a mixture of all things you'd want in a car. It has a spacious, luxury interior, it has a world beating design dripping with chrome and adorned with the finest hood ornament, and because it's dimensions aren't that far off a normal car, it can easily be used as an everyday machine unlike the Silver Cloud which is simply too big for everyday use. The Shadow is also a very personable sort of machine, if I was to own one I would treat it like a pet, and probably name it Sally (old girlfriend of mine).
Today, Shadows are by no means rare and the ones you'll find on the road are probably the best. Most of the poorer 2nd Hand ones rusted away and died back in the 1980's and 90's (or were blown up in movies, or put in swimming pools), which means that the survivors are largely under the ownership of avid enthusiasts who cherish their cars. You can find Shadows for next to nothing, with some examples going for as little as £4,000, but you'd have to be very desperate to get one of those as they'd probably be in very bad condition. Minters however can go for about £15,000 to £20,000, which when compared to some of the other cars of comparative size and quality such as the BMW's and Mercs of this world, is not a bad deal.
biblehub.com/ephesians/5-11.htm: Have nothing to do with the fruitless deeds of darkness, but rather expose them.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Times_of_the_Day#Night
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/FourTimesNigh...
freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/hogarth_w/night.html
www.masonicdictionary.com/hogarth.html
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/268841/William-Hogarth
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth
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en.wiktionary.org/wiki/idle_hands_are_the_devil's_workshop
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biblehub.com/ephesians/5-12.htm: It is shameful even to mention what the disobedient do in secret.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_Club_(disambiguation)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_Club
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www.researchgate.net/publication/232029566_Apostle_of_Obs...(17921838)
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia#Alliances_wit...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Golitsyn#Other_notable_Gol...
orthodoxwiki.org/Alexander_Nikolaevich_Golitsyn
orthodoxwiki.org/Apostolic_Governing_Synod
www.encspb.ru/object/2804019597;jsessionid=8BE4DFFFAB6E2F...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Synod
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bible_Society
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philaret_Drozdov#Works
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Russian
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revivalist
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_revival
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Miloradovich
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration
Mikhail Magnitsky: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Miloradovich#Governor_of_Sa...
books.google.rs/books?id=H2ttBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT17&lpg... RUNICH&f=false
slovaria.ru/esbye/runich-dmitry-pavlovich
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Gretsch
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shishkov
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Arakcheyev
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin
books.google.rs/books?id=5sAeBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontc...
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app.box.com/s/ffwg3xca9nuo2ffitywq
www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/florovsky_ways.html
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adam_M%C3%B6hler
books.google.rs/books?id=KS7kAAAAMAAJ
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Terminus_Technicus
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracts_for_the_Times
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_theory#Eastern_Orthodox
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Movement
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Palmer_%28theologian%29
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware
orthodoxwiki.org/Friends_of_Mount_Athos
www.facebook.com/pages/The-Friends-of-Mount-Athos/1249806...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_de_Rothschild
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitorial_System
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddesdon_Church_of_England_School
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7c/Waddesdon_cofe_log...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rothschild,_4th_Baron_Rothschild
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor
www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0su39y7QOM
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biblehub.com/titus/1-15.htm: To the pure, all things are pure, but to those who are corrupted and do not believe, nothing is pure. In fact, both their minds and consciences are corrupted.
pictoumasons.org/library/Wilmshurst,%20Walter%20Leslie%20...
' The religions of the world, though all aiming at teaching truth, express that truth in different ways, and we are more prone to emphasize the differences than to look for the correspondences in what they teach.
[...]
Thus, then, was the origin and birth of Religion. And Religion is a word implying a "binding back" (re-ligare). As with the setting and bandaging a broken limb, so the collective soul of humanity, fractured and comminuted by its fall into countless individuations and their subsequent respective progenies, each separately damaged and imperfect, needed to be restored to the condition from which it had become dislocated and once more built up into a perfect harmonious whole.
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2778110/The-floating-mar...
To the spiritual guardians of primitive man, then, one must attribute the communication of that universal science of rebuilding the fallen temple of humanity, of which science we now surprisedly find traces in every race and religion of the world. To this source we must credit the distribution, in every land and among every people, of the same or equivalent symbols, practices and doctrines, modified only locally and in accordance with the intelligence of particular peoples, yet all manifesting a common root and purpose.
This was the one Holy Catholic (or universal) Religion "throughout all the world"; at once a theoretic doctrine and a practical science intended to reunite man to his Maker. That religion could only be one, as it could not be otherwise than catholic and for all men equally and alike; though, owing to the perverse distortive tendencies of humanity itself, it was susceptible of becoming (as has so happened) debased and sectarianized into as many forms as there are peoples. Moreover, its main principles could never be susceptible of alteration, though they might be (as they have been) exoterically understood by some and esoterically by others, and their full import would not all at once be apparent, but develop with increasing fidelity to and understanding of them. It provided the unalterable "landmarks" of knowledge concerning human nature, human potentialities and human destiny. It laid down the ancient and established "usages and customs" to be followed at all times by everyone content to accept its discipline and which none might deviate from or add innovations to, save at his own peril. It was the "Sacred Law" for the guidance of the fallen soul, a law valid from the dawn of time till its sunset, and of which it is written "As it was in the beginning, is now and ever shall be, world without end." It was the science of life – of temporal limited life lived with the intention of its conversion and sublimation into eternal universal life; and, therefore, it called for a scientific or philosophic method of living, every moment and action of which should be directed to that great goal; – a method very different from the modern method, which is entirely utilitarian in its outlook and totally unscientific in its conduct.
This Proto-Religion is related to have originated in the East, from which proverbially all light comes, and, as humanity itself became diffused and distributed over the globe, to have gradually spread towards the West, in a perpetual watchfulness of humanity's spiritual interests and an unfailing purpose to retrieve "that which was lost" – the fallen human soul.
We have already said that in early times the humanity then under its influence was far less materialized and far more spiritually sensitive and perceptive than it subsequently became or is now; and accordingly it follows that with the increasing age and density of the race the influence of the Proto-Religion itself became correspondingly diminished, though its principles remained as valid and effective as before; for the self-willed vagaries and speculative conceptions of man cannot alter the principles of static Truth and Wisdom.
[...]
The Mysteries came to an end as public institutions in the sixth century, when from political considerations they and the teaching of the secret doctrine and philosophy became prohibited by the Roman Government, under Justinian, who aimed at inaugurating an official uniform state-religion throughout its Empire. Subsequently, as the Roman Empire declined and broke up, the Roman Catholic Church emerged from it, which, as we know, has resolutely discountenanced any authority in religion and philosophy as a rival to her own and at the same time claimed supremacy and an over-riding jurisdiction in temporal matters also. For the Freemason the result of that Church's conduct is instructive. For when an authority upon matters wholly spiritual and belonging to a kingdom which is not of this world, lays claim to temporal power and secular possessions, as the Roman Church has done and still does, it at once vitiates and neutralizes its own spiritual qualifications. It becomes infected with the virus of "worldly possessions." It loads itself with the "money and metals" from which it is essential to keep divested. The result has been that what might have been, and was designed to be, the greatest spiritually educative force in the world's history, has become a materialized institution, exercising an intellectual tyranny which has estranged the minds of millions from religion altogether. As Lot's wife is metaphorically said to have crystallized into a pillar of salt through turning back in desire to what she ought to have renounced altogether, so in trying to serve Mammon and God at the same time the Roman Church has failed in both and, as the result of the false steps and abuses of centuries, the world is to-day a chaos of disunited sects and popular religious teaching is as materialistic as Masonry. It is a pity, for in its original design and practice Christianity was intended to serve as a system of initiation upon a catholic or universal scale, and to take over, supersede and amplify all that previously was taught, in a less efficacious way and to a more restricted public, in the Ancient Mysteries. It is not possible here to enter upon the extremely interesting questions involved in the transition from pre-Christian to Christian religion, or to explain why and how the Christian Mysteries are the efflorescence of the earlier ones and transcend them. In their central teachings, as in the philosophic method of life they demand, the two methods are identical. The differences between them are only such as are due to amplification and formal expression. Christianity came not to destroy, but to fulfil and expand. That fulfilment and expansion were consequent upon an event of cosmic importance which we speak of as The Incarnation. By that event something had happened affecting the very fabric of our planet and every item of the human family. What that something was and the nature of the change it wrought is too great and deep a theme to develop now, but, to illustrate it by Masonic symbolism, it was an event which is the equivalent of, and is represented by, the transference of the Sacred Symbol of the Grand Geometrician of the Universe from the ceiling of the Lodge, where it is located in the elementary grades of the Craft, to the floor, where it is found in the Royal Arch Degree surrounded with flaming lights and every circumstance of reverence and sanctity. How many Masons are there in the Order to-day who recognize that, in this piece of symbolism, Masonry is giving affirmation and ocular testimony to precisely the same fact as the churchman affirms when he recites in his Creed the words "He came down from heaven, and was incarnate and was made man?"
By a tacit and quite unwarranted convention the members of the Craft avoid mention in their Lodges of the Christian Master and confine their scriptural readings and references almost exclusively to the Old Testament, the motive being no doubt due to a desire to observe the injunction as to refraining from religious discussion and to prevent offence on the part of brethren who may not be of the Christian faith. The motive is an entirely misguided one and is negated by the fact that the "greater light" upon which every member is obligated, and to which his earnest attention is recommended from the moment of his admission to the Order, is not only the Old Testament, but the volume of the Sacred Law in its entirety. The New Testament is as essential to his instruction as the Old, not merely because of its moral teaching, but in virtue of its constituting the record of the Mysteries in their supreme form and historic culmination. The Gospels themselves, like the Masonic degrees, are a record of preparation and illumination, leading up to the ordeal of death, followed by a raising from the dead and the attainment of Mastership, and they exhibit the process of initiation carried to the highest conceivable degree of attainment. The New Testament is full of passages in Masonic terminology and there is not a little irony in the failure by modern Masons to recognize its supreme importance and relevancy to their Lodge proceedings and in the fact that in so doing they may be likening themselves to those builders of whom it is written that they rejected the chief Corner Stone. They would learn further that the Grand Master and Exemplar of Masonry, Hiram Abiff, is but a figure of the Great Master and Exemplar and Saviour of the world, the Divine Architect by whom all things were made, without whom is nothing that hath been made, and whose life is the light of men. If, in the words of the Masonic hymn:
"Hiram the architect
Did all the Craft direct
How they should build,"
it is equally true that the protagonist of the Christian Scriptures also taught universal humanity "how they should build" and reconstruct their own fallen nature, and that the method of such building is one which involves the cross as its working tool and one which culminates in a death and a raising from the dead. And, of those who attain their initiation and mastership by that method, is it not further written there that they become of the household of God and built into a spiritual temple not made with hands, but eternal and in the heavens and of which "Jesus Christ is the chief corner stone, in whom all the building, fitly framed together, groweth unto an holy temple builded for an habitation of God?"
Neither the Ancient Mysteries nor Modern Masonry, their descendant, therefore, can be rightly viewed without reference to their relation to the Christian evangel, into which the pre-Christian schools became assumed. The line of succession and evolution from the former to the latter is direct and organic. Allowing for differences of time, place and form of expression, both taught exactly the same truths and inculcated the necessity for regeneration. In such a matter there cannot be a diversity of doctrine. The truth concerning it must be static and uniform at all periods of the world's history.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School#Criticism
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Perennial_Philosophy
www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/889435-the-perennial-philos...
philosophyforlife.org/exploring-the-multiverse-of-spiritu...
archive.org/details/perennialphilosp035505mbp
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_philosophy#New_Age
en.metapedia.org/wiki/Perennial_Traditionalism
rationalwiki.org/wiki/Perennial_Traditionalism
When Christianity became a state-religion and the Church a world-power, the materialization of its doctrine proceeded apace and has only increased with the centuries. Instead of becoming the unifying force its leaders meant it to be, its association with "worldly possessions" has resulted in making it a disintegrative one. Abuses led to schisms and sectarianism, and whilst the parent-body, in the form of the Greek and Roman Churches, still possesses and jealously conserves all the original credentials, traditions and symbols in their superb liturgies and rites, more importance is attached to the outer husk of its heritage than to its kernel and spirit, whilst the Protestant communities and so-called "free" churches have unhappily become self-severed altogether from the original tradition and their imagined liberty and independence are in fact but a captivity to ideas of their own, having no relation to the primitive gnosis and no understanding of those Mysteries which must always lie deeper than the exoteric popular religion of a given period. Regeneration as a science has long been, and still is, entirely outside the purview of orthodox religion. The Christian Master's affirmation "Ye must be born again" is regarded as but a pious counsel towards an indefinite improvement of conduct and character, not as a reference to a drastic scientific revolution and reformation of the individual in the way contemplated by the rites of initiation prescribed in the Mysteries. Popular religion may indeed produce "good" men, as the world's standard of goodness goes. It does not and cannot produce divinized men endued with the qualities of Mastership, for it is ignorant of the traditional wisdom and methods by which that end is to be attained. '
www.brad.ac.uk/webofhiram/?section=walter_leslie_wilmshurst
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Leslie_Wilmshurst
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www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=relegere
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_return_(disambiguation)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_return:
"The concept is found in Indian philosophy and in ancient Egypt and was subsequently taken up by the Pythagoreans and Stoics. With the decline of antiquity and the spread of Christianity, the concept fell into disuse in the Western world, with the exception of Friedrich Nietzsche, who connected the thought to many of his other concepts, including amor fati."
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_occultes
www.youtube.com/watch?v=AiMR8LuWcLs
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mamy
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experience
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience
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www.goodreads.com/quotes/7090-the-intuitive-mind-is-a-sac...
Albert Einstein: " The intuitive mind is a sacred gift and the rational mind is a faithful servant. We have created a society that honors the servant and has forgotten the gift."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_revolution
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn_effect
www.dailymotion.com/video/xb9i7a_race-and-intelligence-1-...
viooz.ac/movies/1896-precious-2009.html
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www.brown.edu/academics/contemplative-studies/sites/brown...
www.brown.edu/academics/contemplative-studies/sites/brown...
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_%28musical%29
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_(film)
viooz.ac/movies/8802-hair-1979.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Messing
www.youtube.com/watch?v=aivQ8-ZOMqM
www.youtube.com/user/MultiCinema3d/about
www.youtube.com/user/North7even/about
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Rodriguez_Delgado
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kovak_Box
putlocker.is/watch-the-kovak-box-online-free-putlocker.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Evangelista_Purkyn%C4%9B
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cell
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_effect
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotronics
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Project
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Earth_Battalion
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Channon
www.linkedin.com/company/first-earth-battalion---project-...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi_census_phenomenon
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabriskie_Point_%28film%29
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VH_XOOfC6NQ
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esalen_Institute
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar_(disambiguation)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Jesus
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Benz_%28song%29
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_(disambiguation)
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/704347/New-Age-movement
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophical_Society
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Silence
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Arundale
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian#The_Netherlands_.2818...
en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian#1920s_and_later:
" Art on the contrary sought this harmony in practice (of art itself). More and more in its creations it has given inwardness to that what surrounds us in nature, until, in Neo-Plasticism, nature is no longer dominant. This achievement of balance may prepare the way for the fulfilment of man and signal the end of (what we call) art."
(1921/23), Michel Seuphor, Dell Publishing Co.,1964, p. 85
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_from_the_Earth
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucis_Trust
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Bailey
The Lucis Trust's publishing company was founded in the early 1920s as the Lucifer Publishing Company. The Lucis Trust says that the name was probably chosen to honor Lucifer. The name was changed in 1925 to the Lucis Publishing Company. In Latin lucem ferre means "to bear light" and lucis means of light. The company has headquarters in New York City, London, and Geneva.
The Trust is established in Great Britain under the title "Lucis Trust Ltd.", in Switzerland as "Lucis Trust Association", and in the Netherlands as the "Lucis Trust Stichting."
In order to place a closer focus on the work of the UN, the Lucis Trust has set up a new blog, World Goodwill at the UN, which will focus on defining new Sustainable Development Goals for humanity after 2015 when the Millennium Development Goals expire.
www.lucistrust.org/en/arcane_school/talks_and_articles/th...
www.lucistrust.org/en/service_activities/world_goodwill
www.goodreads.com/quotes/428072-the-devil-can-cite-script...
William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice:
" The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.
An evil soul producing holy witness
Is like a villain with a smiling cheek,
A goodly apple rotten at the heart.
O, what a goodly outside falsehood hath ! "
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Satan
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible
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www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5JkBs4lJak
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_neopaganism
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_paganism
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca_%28disambiguation%29
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Temple
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Awakening
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism
app.box.com/s/hmtekvh3m5v1q4tzi2rzbwm298d95t10
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Christianity
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_religious_US_states
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Belt
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Davidians
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_siege
www.zczfilms.com/shop/films/the-michelangelo-code-lost-se...
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_%28religious_group%29
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple
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www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/fathers_florovsk...
Corpus Areopagiticum:
' However, does not a false harmony arise in this process? Have not we overlooked the existence of evil? Perhaps Dionysius has too brief an answer to this question. God cannot be the cause of evil. Good always begets good. Therefore, evil "is not any sort of objective reality." It has a completely deprivative significance. Evil exists not in and of itself, but in another; evil is something incidental for objective reality, something extra which does not enter into its essential definitions. Evil only destroys and therefore presupposes objective reality and good. Evil does not create anything and is not the authentic beginning of origins.
Therefore there can be no pure, unadulterated evil; there can be no "self-evil." Evil always presupposes good as its foundation and support. As creations of God, the demons themselves are not evil by nature; there is something positive in them — reality, movement, life. Evil cannot be an independent principle, for then it would have to be invariable. However, invariability and self-identity are properties only of good. Evil is a wasting disease and similar to darkening, but light always remains light and also shines in the dark without turning into darkness.
Nothing which exists is evil as such — neither is matter evil. Evil is disharmony, disorder, αταξια. But pure disharmony is impossible and a total absence of form and order is tantamount to non-existence. Matter is not total chaos — it is connected with order and forms. It has the power of birth and preservation. Not matter as such, but an attraction for what is lower, is the reason for evil in the soul. By itself, matter cannot hinder souls from striving for good. The beginning and end of evil things lies in good. In other words, evil does not so much exist as "be present"; it exists in and upon something else. Evil is parasitical; its cause is impotence — ασθένεια. In all evil deeds and phenomena we see primarily feebleness. Evil is a certain stepping out of the measures of nature and objective reality, a "defection from true goodness," an unjust and improper action, a certain "blending of the dissimilar." '
app.box.com/s/99yk7420eb65qt3en37ft2pn3tesnmbe
www.uexpress.com/tell-me-a-story/2014/2/2/king-solomons-d...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bowen
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_%28psychology%29
viooz.ac/movies/1644-eraserhead-1977.html
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RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, England to New York City. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1,514 people in one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. She was the largest ship afloat at the time of her maiden voyage. One of three Olympic class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line, she was built between 1909–11 by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. She carried 2,224 people.
Her passengers included some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as over a thousand emigrants from Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere seeking a new life in North America. The ship was designed to be the last word in comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. She also had a powerful wireless telegraph provided for the convenience of passengers as well as for operational use. Though she had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, she lacked enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard. Due to outdated maritime safety regulations, she carried only enough lifeboats for 1,178 people – a third of her total passenger and crew capacity.
After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland before heading westwards towards New York. On 14 April 1912, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40 pm (ship's time; UTC-3). The glancing collision caused Titanic's hull plates to buckle inwards in a number of locations on her starboard side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea. Over the next two and a half hours, the ship gradually filled with water and sank. Passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partly filled. A disproportionate number of men – over 90% of those in Second Class – were left aboard due to a "women and children first" protocol followed by the officers loading the lifeboats. Just before 2:20 am Titanic broke up and sank bow-first with over a thousand people still on board. Those in the water died within minutes from hypothermia caused by immersion in the freezing ocean. The 710 survivors were taken aboard from the lifeboats by the RMS Carpathia a few hours later.
The disaster was greeted with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it. Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety. One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), which still governs maritime safety today. Many of the survivors lost all of their money and possessions and were left destitute; many families, particularly those of crew members from Southampton, lost their primary bread-winners. They were helped by an outpouring of public sympathy and charitable donations. Some of the male survivors, notably the White Star Line's chairman, J. Bruce Ismay, were accused of cowardice for leaving the ship while people were still on board, and they faced social ostracism.
The wreck of the Titanic remains on the seabed, gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet (3,784 m). Since its rediscovery in 1985, thousands of artefacts have been recovered from the sea bed and put on display at museums around the world. Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory kept alive by numerous books, films, exhibits and memorials.
Belfast has opened the Iconic Titanic Signature Building which will house Titanic Belfast ® it is iconic in design and houses a world class visitor attraction. It is located at Titanic Quarter (East Belfast). The exhibition is based on the theme of the Titanic and the wider subject of Belfast’s shipbuilding and maritime heritage. Of such scale, the building is likely to become Northern Ireland’s largest and most successful built attraction.
Meanwhile Victoria Square are marking the Anniversary with an uplifting sculpture.
Over 14,000 balloons were used to create the sculpture
A new 45-ft balloon sculpture celebrating the Titanic is being unveiled at Victoria Square in Belfast.
The sculpture will be covered in more than 14,000 balloons and is 1/22 scale model of the Titanic itself.
It was crafted by Portadown-based sculptor Fiona Fisher and her team.
The sculpture was commissioned by Victoria Square in conjunction with the Titanic Foundation.The floating artwork will act as a centre-piece for a month-long series of events for the Titanic's 100th anniversary.
As part of the commemorations, a Titanic-themed art exhibition will feature alongside a 3D representation of the ship's famous staircase.
It is hoped the model will qualify as the world's biggest balloon exhibition of the Titanic.
What began as a hobby for Ms Fisher soon turned into a full-time job that has taken her around the world over the last 13 years.
"Luckily I've been to Dallas, Las Vegas, Buenos Aires, Trinidad, Japan, Lebanon, Taiwan, Russia, and pretty much all over Europe," she said.
"I've made lots of sculptures. A replica of a Ferrari, a giant Guinness pint and lots of different things."
It is not the first time Victoria Square has attempted to attract customers using art work.
Last April, an 18-tonne sand sculpture of the Giant's Causeway was commissioned by the centre in conjunction with the National Trust.
Ultimately that ended in disappointment as vandals destroyed the attraction after just two weeks.
When asked if she was worried someone might destroy the sculpture, Ms Fisher warned it might not be a good idea.
"If somebody tried to jump on top of ours I think they'd be in for a shock. They'd fall 20-ft or more so I don't think that'd be a good idea."
“
I've made lots of sculptures. A replica of a Ferrari, a giant Guinness pint and lots of different things
Fiona Fisher, Balloon sculptor
The concept came about almost by accident as Ms Fisher was putting up elaborate balloon decorations in the shopping complex as part of last years' Halloween celebrations.
"Last October, we were putting up decorations for the centre and the manager suggested doing something for the Titanic anniversary. We suggested doing something in balloons and that's where it all started from."
Although the ambitious structure is not the world's largest balloon model, it is in the process of being verified by Guinness World Records as the biggest balloon model of the Titanic.
Victoria Square Centre manager Hugh Black said the display was "fabulous".
"The Titanic theme is great for Belfast. The whole Titanic experience is great for the Northern Ireland tourism industry and we want to be a part of it. I think it will bring a lot of people," he said.
The temporary sculpture will remain in place for about two to three weeks at which point air will begin to seep from the balloons.
good morning, herr doktor. say, have you seen murray today?
murray? why, er, yes, I have.
do you know where he is?
not exactly. but I do know where he isn't.
what?
he agreed to help me test my new invention, you see.
what invention?
it's a little device that captures and eviscerates mass protons.
sounds interesting. but where's murray?
well, he was right over there. but, as you can see, he's not there now.
you mean. . . my god! what happened to him?
actually, I'm not really sure. I need to run further tests.
further. . . ?
yes. you aren't busy right now, are you, my boy?
me? why, no. I mean, yes! very busy!
this will only take a minute, I promise.
but what about murray?
if you happen to see him, or some form of him, be sure and say hello for me.
"Shown disintegrating after 25 seconds of flight, this Little Joe II launch vehicle tests the Launch Escape System of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Apollo moon spacecraft. The malfunction automatically triggered the Apollo's escape system, sending the Command Module, on the rocket's nose, to a safe descent. Twenty-five months of testing has qualified the escape system as dependable for the moon spacecraft."
See also, at the fantastic George's Rockets website:
georgesrockets.com/GRP/Scale/DATA/JoePhotos2/apmisc-65-H-823(A-003).jpg
And good additional A-003 reading at:
www.airspacemag.com/space/confidence-booster-32681/
Amazing footage:
Apollo Launch Abort - View on Imgur: m.imgur.com/t/space/2WKROwy
Credit: imgur/willpatt
This shot was taken a couple of months back at a really neat little mill that was about a 1.5-hour walk from school. I went back there for you :D Anyways, enough of the cheesy pie.
Right now I am in Vienna waiting for my dad and sister to arrive, their flight was suppose to come in last night but it was cancelled so now I have some time to myself. I was thinking about these last few days and I have really been bored with life. To be honest, if I had the choice of being here or back at school I would choose the little, dinky town of Schladming (where school was). Here I have been living the “good life,” I have a hotel room all to myself with a nice view of the city and I have a public transit pass to get me anywhere in this beautiful city. Yet compared to experiencing God, it does not even come close. I say this because I feel that too few Christians truly experience Christ. They go to Church on Sunday, going through the motions, and then live life pretty normally throughout the week. Life with Christ is an adventure and if all you are doing is going through the motions then you are living how Satan wants you to live. And I have been just as bad at doing this in the past and it was so BORING!!! Going to Bible school was probably one of the biggest leaps of faith I have taken in my life and I experienced God in such awesome ways, I can’t go back to normal life. We consider it radical when one of our Church members decides to sell everything and go off to do missions work but I feel like this should be normal. Let’s take a look through the New Testament, I am honestly going to take a book out of Acts at random and I will find the “normal” for their Church. Chapter 12; Peter is arrested by Herod who intends to kill him as he also killed James, and “an angel of the Lord stood by him, and a light shone in the prison.” If you read after that “Bob sold his house and moved to Africa” you would think, well that is boring, what happens to Peter?!?! You see we get caught up in normal life and we think that is all there is. Life with Christ is an adventure and I really encourage you to live REAL Christian life. Don’t be worried about your circumstances, God’s word is full of promises to take care of us. So get out there and live life like an adventure!
“the eyes of your understanding being enlightened; that you may know what is the hope of His calling, what are the riches of the glory of His inheritance in the saints, and what is the exceeding greatness of His power toward us who believe, according to the working of His mighty power”
- Ephesians 1.18-19
If you are ever looking for a way to get fired up for Christ I recommend this video, it always works for me!
this one was found about 2 metres away from "disintegrated stone", and made of the same stuff. Both were on top of the glacier at the terminus where it is decaying.
On April 6, 2020, astronomers reported, on The Astronomer's Telegram, the possible disintegration of Comet ATLAS. The comet has fragmented into several pieces. The fragmentation may be the result of the outgassing causing an increase in centrifugal force of the comet. This Composite image includes 5 inverted images (taken by me) of the core taken on the 31st. March, 5th. 8th. 9th. & 11th. April 2020 showing how in 12 days the core has changed and faded considerably.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Nakajima J9N Kitsuka (中島 橘花, "Orange Blossom", pronounced Kikka in Kanji used traditionally by the Japanese) was Japan's first jet aircraft. In internal IJN documents it was also called Kōkoku Nigō Heiki (皇国二号兵器, "Imperial Weapon No.2"). After the Japanese military attaché in Germany witnessed trials of the Messerschmitt Me 262 in 1942, the Imperial Japanese Navy issued a request to Nakajima to develop a similar aircraft to be used as a fast attack bomber. Among the specifications for the design were the requirements that it should be able to be built largely by unskilled labor, and that the wings should be foldable. This latter feature was not intended for potential use on aircraft carriers, but rather to enable the aircraft to be hidden in caves and tunnels around Japan as the navy began to prepare for the defense of the home islands.
Nakajima designers Kazuo Ohno and Kenichi Matsumura laid out an aircraft that bore a strong but superficial resemblance to the Me 262. Compared to the Me 262, the J9N airframe was noticeably smaller and more conventional in design, with straight wings (lacking the slight sweepback of the Me 262) and tail surfaces. The triangular fuselage cross section characteristic of the German design was less pronounced, due to smaller fuel tanks. The main landing gear of the Kikka was taken from the A6M Zero and the nose wheel from the tail of a Yokosuka P1Y bomber.
The Kikka was designed in preliminary form to use the Tsu-11, a rudimentary motorjet style jet engine that was essentially a ducted fan with an afterburner. Subsequent designs were planned around the Ne-10 (TR-10) centrifugal-flow turbojet, and the Ne-12, which added a four-stage axial compressor to the front of the Ne-10. Tests of this powerplant soon revealed that it would not produce anywhere near the power required to propel the aircraft, and the project was temporarily stalled. It was then decided to produce a new axial flow turbojet based on the German BMW 003.
Development of the engine was troubled, based on little more than photographs and a single cut-away drawing of the BMW 003. A suitable unit, the Ishikawa-jima Ne-20, was finally built in January 1945. By that time, the Kikka project was making progress and the first prototype made its maiden flight. Due to the worsening war situation, the Navy considered employing the Kikka as a kamikaze weapon, but this was quickly rejected due to the high cost and complexity associated with manufacturing contemporary turbojet engines. Other more economical projects designed specifically for kamikaze attacks, such as the simpler Nakajima Tōka (designed to absorb Japanese stock of obsolete engines), the pulsejet-powered Kawanishi Baika, and the infamous Yokosuka Ohka, were either underway or already in mass production.
The following month the prototype was dismantled and delivered to Kisarazu Naval Airfield where it was re-assembled and prepared for flight testing. The aircraft performed well during a 20-minute test flight, with the only concern being the length of the takeoff run – the Ne 20 only had a thrust of 4.66 kN (1,047 lbf), and the engine pair had barely sufficient power to get the aircraft off the ground. This lack of thrust also resulted in a maximum speed of just 623 km/h (387 mph, 336 kn) at sea level and 696 km/h (432 mph; 376 kn) at 10,000 m (32,808 ft).
For the second test flight, four days later, rocket assisted take off (RATO) units were fitted to the aircraft, which worked and gave the aircraft acceptable field performance. The tests went on, together with a second prototype, but despite this early test stage, the J9N was immediately rushed into production.
By May 1945 approximately forty airframes had been completed and handed over to IJN home defense frontline units for operational use and conversion training. These were structurally identical with the prototypes, but they were powered by more potent and reliable Ne-130 (with 8.826 kN/900 kgf) or Ne-230 (8.679 kN/885 kg) engines, which finally gave the aircraft a competitive performance and also made the RATO boosters obsolete - unless an 800 kg bomb was carried in overload configuration. Most of them were J9N1 day fighter single seaters, armed with two 30 mm Type 5 cannons with 50 rounds per gun in the nose, but a few were unarmed two-seaters (J9N2) with dual controls and a second seat instead of the fuselage fuel tank, what markedly limited the aircraft’s range but was accepted for a trainer.
Some operational Kitsukas also had, due to the lack of equipment, the 30 mm guns replaced with lighter 20 mm Ho-5 cannon. A small number, both single- and two-seaters, were also equipped with an experimental centimeter waveband FD-2 radar in the nose with an “antler” antenna array, similar to German radar sets of the time. In order to fit the electronics, the machines typically had one of the nose-mounted guns replaced by a fixed, obliquely firing Ho-5 gun ("Schräge Musik"-style) behind the cockpit. These machine received the suffix “-S” and flew a few quite effective missions against American B-29 bombers, but their impact was minimal due to the aircrafts’ small numbers and poor reliability of the still experimental radar system.
Proposed follow-on versions had included a reconnaissance aircraft and a fast attack aircraft that was supposed to carry a single bomb under the fuselage against ships. There was also a modified version of the design to be launched from a 200 m long catapult, the "Nakajima Kikka-kai Prototype Turbojet Special Attacker". All these proposed versions were expected to be powered by more advanced developments of the Ne-20, the Ne-330 with 13 kN (1.330 kg) thrust, but none of them reached the hardware stage.
The J9Ns’ war contribution was negligible, and after the war, several airframes (including partial airframes) were captured by Allied forces. Three airframes (including a two-seat night fighter with FD-2 radar) were brought to the U.S. for study, two damaged day fighters were handed over to the RAF and transferred to RAF Seletar, where the airframes were, together with spares, combined into a single flyworthy J9N1 designated “FE (Foreign Equipment) 269” and tested by the Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit. These tests did not last long, though, because the engines were in poor condition and only lasted for four test flights until one failed fatally and caused a fire: at least one compressor blade had separated and ruptured fuel and oil lines. The pilot was able to leave the burning and disintegrating aircraft but was hit by the tail and was badly injured. However, he survived, but FE 269 crashed into the Street of Sohor.
Today, two J9N examples survive in the National Air and Space Museum: The first is a Kikka that was taken to the Patuxent River Naval Air Base, Maryland for analysis. This aircraft is very incomplete and is believed to have been patched together from a variety of semi-completed airframes. It is currently still in storage at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration and Storage Facility in Silver Hill, MD.
The second Kikka is on display at the NASM Udvar-Hazy Center in the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar.
General characteristics:
Crew: 1
Length: 8.125 m (26 ft 8 in)
Wingspan: 10 m (32 ft 10 in)
Height: 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Wing area: 13.2 m² (142 sq ft)
Empty weight: 2,300 kg (5,071 lb)
Gross weight: 3,500 kg (7,716 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 4,080 kg (8,995 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Ishikawajima Ne-130 or Ne-230 axial-flow turbojet engines
with 8.83 kN/900 kg or 8.68 kN/885 kg thrust, respectively
Performance:
Maximum speed: 812 km/h (505 mph, 438 kn)
Range: 980 km (610 mi, 530 nmi) with internal fuel
Service ceiling: 12,000 m (39,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 12.9 m/s (2,540 ft/min)
Wing loading: 265 kg/m² (54 lb/sq ft)
Thrust-to-weight ratio: 0.43
Armament:
2× 30 mm (1.181 in) Type 5 cannon with 50 RPG in the nose
1× ventral hardpoint for a 500 l drop tank or a single 500 kg (1,102 lb) or 800 kg (1,764 lb) bomb
The kit and its assembly:
This is submission #4 for the “Captured!” group build at whatifmodellers.com in late 2020. Loot from WWII certainly makes a good theme, and I remembered a real world J2M3 that I had built some time ago – in RAF markings and tested by the ATAIU-SEA in Singapore in late the 1945. For a more whiffy touch I delved through The Stash™ for options and found an AZ Models Nakajima “Kikka” single seater – as Japan’s first jet fighter, a suitable contender, even more so because no aircraft of this type made it in time to frontline units.
The AZ Models kit is a simple affair, but that's also its problem. In the box things looked quite good, detail level is on par with a classic Matchbox kit. But unlike a Matchbox kit, the AZ Models offering does not go together... I had to fight everywhere with poor fit, lack of locator pins, ejection marks - anything a short run model kit can throw at you! Things turned out really bad: One upper wing half was bent so much that I tried to counter the flaw with force - and the part broke! Furthermore, PSR was necessary almost everywhere – but especially around the wing/engine pod intersection and the area where the wings are inserted into the fuselage. Huh! What worked surprisingly well is the IP canopy, though.
Personal additions are lowered flaps (easy to realize) and some additional struts for the landing gear.
Painting and markings:
The captured aircraft theme was settled from the start, but I wanted to offer more than just a “rebadging” with RAF roundels on an IJN green/grey airframe. In order to add some visual spice, my idea became to present an irregular "one-aircraft-made-from-two-wrecks" finish, with parts in differing tones and even some primed or bare metal areas.
I gave the model an overall coat of aluminum (with Red Stars added, this would have made another interesting whif!) and started adding cloudy shades of IJN Green (ModelMaster and Tamiya) and sections with RAF Dark Green to the upper surfaces, and light grey underneath, with the aluminum underneath shining through here and there. One engine was furthermore painted in a shaggy Japanese primer red brown. I furthermore added overpainted IJN markings with U.S. olive drab for some more contrast, even though would later be at least partly hidden under decals.
The cockpit was painted in a greenish yellow primer (trying to simulate a typical “bamboo” shade that was used in some late-war IJN cockpits), while the landing gear and the flaps’ interior was painted in dull aluminum (Humbrol 56).
A black ink washing was applied for more weathering and contrast. the yellow leading edge markings were created with decal material. RAF roundels came from the scrap box, the “FE 269” code was created with single white 3mm letters. The “ATAIU-SEA” titles were painted with a thin brush and white acrylic paint, and sanded down a bit once dry, for a weathered look.
Finally, the kit received a mixed coat of semi-gloss and matt acrylic varnish.
I had the Kikka earmarked for a different build, but I think this ATAIU livery adds an interesting twist to the model, it looks pretty plausible. Besides, the Kitsuka is a pretty, elegant aircraft, and it's relatively small (even petit) when compared with a contemporary Me 262 or a Meteor!
Integral to hardcore punk’s politics was the disintegration of crowd/band barriers. In the above picture Ian Mackaye, of seminal DC Hardcore band Minor Threat, stoops to give the microphone to the crowd to participate. The dynamic here is crucial to understanding the new punk strain’s view of life and how to operate as a human being. With the “death of punk” in ‘79, the music media quickly rejected all of those who still clung to ideas in punk’s brevity, intelligence, and straightforwardness. The kids (literally, the hardcore scene was populated by young to older teens, generally speaking) took charge themselves. Ian Mackaye and Jeff Nelson (the drummer of Minor Threat, not pictured) started Dischord Records as a means to release their first band’s posthumous record. There was no profit here, just a dedication to an art form and culture that relied on ingenuity and economy to survive. With this as a back-story, we can see why barriers were demolished. Going to a hardcore show was not a passive action. You didn’t go just to “watch”. It was a participatory event.
Azerrad, Michael. Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground 1981-1991. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2001.
Friedman, Glen E. Fuck You Heroes. New York: Burning Flags Press, 1994.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dischord
Tsitsos, William. “Rules of Rebellion: Slamdancing, Moshing, and the American Alternative Scene,” Popular music Editorial 18, no. 3 (1999): 397-414. links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0261-1430(199910)18:3<397:RO...
a view of the remaining center pews and some spectacular stained glass behind the balcony of the abandoned bethlehem ev lutheran church in st. louis, missouri.
YOUR COMMENT IS THE GREATEST "AWARD" YOU COULD GIVE -- No graphics please.
THANKS IN ADVANCE FOR ANY COMMENTS!!!
Julia "Julie" is the daughter and second child of James and Margaret Power. James Power is an inventor who once made a device which (unbeknownst to him) could destroy large parts of the universe.
The alien race known as the Snarks came looking for the device and thus came into conflict with the Power kids, whom moments before had received amazing powers from Whitey, an alien who died trying to warn the Power family of the nearing danger of the Snarks.
Julie was given the power of flight. Her siblings also gained super powers: Alex could control gravity, Jack could manipulate his body density and Katie could disintegrate matter and then fire energy balls. Julie adopted the code-name Lightspeed.
Although they four of them now had amazing powers, they could not stop the Snarks from kidnapping their parents and taking them of into space for further study of the humans.
All seemed lost until the smart-ship (named Friday) of the now dead alien Whitey told the Power kids he could follow the Snarks and try helping them rescue their parents.
The foursome went of to outer space, in hot pursuit of the Snarks. After an intense battle the Power kids found their parents on the Snarks mother-ship, where able to save them and flee the forces of the Snarks.
Afterwards, Julie's parents didn't have any memory of the Snarks or their kidnapping. The four siblings decided to keep their powers a secret to their parents and the world. Especially Julie was in a moral dilemma thinking that her mother and father wouldn't love her anymore and think of her as a freak if she told them about her powers.
When Julie asked her mom, Margaret if she would love her no matter what, Margaret replied that "she would love her, even if she would start flying" (witch ironically was Julie's superhuman power), reassuring Julie it was all OK. And thus Power Pack was born, the world's youngest superhero team.
In battles, Julie possessed quick reflexes and was a strong fighter. In the Pack's initial conflict with Prince Jakal, Julie was able to single-handedly bring down the Snark's ship.
She was also the only member of Power Pack to be directly responsible for the death of another — Pestilence, who fell to her death when Julie struck her with the "Julie Hammer" battle technique.
At some point, Julie and the Power Pack teamed-up with Moon Girl, Devil Dinosaur and Gwenpool.
Having begun super-heroic activities as a child and spent nearly half her life in that role, Julie felt she had missed experiencing a normal life, and decided to retire from being a superheroine and focus more on her private life.
During her first meeting with the Loners, she explained that she wanted to become an actress. However, she (as well as the others within the group) agreed to go on the mission offered by Rick Jones to help bring in the Runaways for their own good. After the mission they decided that it was a one time thing and returned to their support group.
Julie however felt the urge to make use of her powers again and dove off a building and soared through the sky.
When Julie intruded during a battle between Hollow and Ricochet, she was stabbed through the shoulders by Hollow.
Fortunately, her alien metabolism allowed her to heal from the wound quickly. Later, she enjoyed a conversation over burgers with Ricochet and had him take her to Marvel Studios for an audition. Julie failed her audition but caught the eye of an action director who hired her and Ricochet to use their powers as stunt people, which meant she had to lie about having registered under the SHRA.
She quit this job quickly though when the director came onto her despite her being underage and completely uninterested and then began trying to be honest with her friends. Julie then helped the team as they fought against Nekra and then Phil Urich when he succumbed to mental illness and stole the Darkhawk amulet from Chris Powell.
Julie, along with many other members of the Loners, joined Avengers Academy. Soon after, the Academy came under attack by Hybrid.
After a couple of months, all of a sudden her brother Alex was transported to her apartment via Dragon Man's teleportation ability. He begged her to come with him as he needed help in saving the Future Foundation from dangerous creatures.
She agreed but wasn't given enough time to change her attire as Dragon Man brought them back to Asteroid 1984-JA. She freaked out that Alex didn't give her a chance to change her clothes which prompted Bentley-23 to make a snarky comment about how the Power siblings were useless.
But of course Julie was able to help as the creatures they were being attacked by were photophobic, so she used her light-speed powers to carry each member of the team to safety without any injury from the monsters as her body generated light as she flew.
After they made it back to the ship, Julie went to Alex's quarters to play catch up with what was going on in each other's lives. She conveyed that she had nothing worth going back to at home and asked if she could join the ranks of the FF to help Alex lead the team. He gave her an undeniable yes and the both of them hugged each other with a warm embrace.
Powers and Abilities
Powers
Julie Power received her powers from the Kymellian, Whitey, including:
Self-Propelled Flight: Julie can fly at supersonic speeds while creating a stream of refracted light. After regaining her powers from her sister Katie, Julie learned how to hover in the air without accelerating.
Speed: Julie's maximum speed is at least 800 mph, faster than the speed of sound. She has been shown creating sonic booms when flying.
Rainbow Trail: Julie also emitted a distinct rainbow colored trail while flying. She eventually learned to manipulate this trail so that she could stand on it, use it to cushion the falls of others, and even as a hammock.
Teleportation: The second manifestation of Julie's Acceleration powers, which manifested after Julie had a strong desire to be in two places at once. This power allowed her to traverse great distances, seemingly without effort. She teleports in a flash of pink light.
Limited Invulnerability: Lightspeed has survived direct energy blasts from Ultron, which previously disintegrated Marianella Mancha, meaning that Julie may have been able to draw on the powers of her siblings even though they were not nearby. Previous incidents have demonstrated a sharing and linking of these powers when the siblings are in proximity to each other.
Paraphernalia
Julie wears a special costume made of unstable molecules by the Kymellian Smartship Friday.
Personality
Julie was perhaps the most "normal" of the Power siblings. When she was not in "superhero mode" Julie could be quite shy and quiet.
Julie was also a voracious reader, and was frequently seen reading, carrying or quoting books. She frequently stepped into a maternal role with her siblings, caring for Katie and Franklin Richards and attempted to restore peace during conflicts.
Quotes
"All super heroes have secrets. Even ex-super heroes."
Profile
Real Name: Julie Power
Known Relatives: James Power (Father), Margaret Power (Mother), Katie Power (Sister), Jack Power (Brother), Alexander Power (Brother), Roy Craig (Grandfather).
Group Affiliation: Power Pack.
Base of Operations: New York City, New York, USA.
Power Pack Origin
Long ago the Kymellians destroyed their homeworld attempting to generate energy via a matter/anti-matter conversion, causing a cataclysmic chain reaction.
When Aelfyre "Whitey" Whitemane, a Kymellian studying humanity by tapping into mankind's transmissions and computer network, learned a human scientist, Dr. James Power, was about to test the same process on Earth, he felt he had to intervene in spite of his race's non-interference laws.
He sent a signal to his people requesting permission, but it was intercepted by the warlike Snarks (slang for the race translated to English as Z^nrx or Sn^rx), who sent ships to steal the process. They shot down Whitey's Smartship Friday, though not before he managed to remotely wipe Power's computers, leaving James the only person who knew the process.
The aerial battle was witnessed from the Powers' beachfront house by Katie, James' youngest daughter, but the rest of the family believed her sighting to be shooting stars.
Hoping for more stellar displays, the Power children-Alex, Julie, Jack and Katie-slept out on the porch; that night Katie spotted Friday floating in the sea, and they went to have a closer look.
Jack and Julie returned home to get their parents, but as they neared the house they saw the Snarks capturing James and Margaret Power. The children tried to stop the aliens, but were about to be killed when Whitey intervened.
Though he saved the kids, Whitey was badly wounded, and the Snarks escaped with the two adults. Before he expired, Whitey transferred his ability to control aspects of energy, mass, acceleration, and gravity to the children.
At Jack's suggestion they each chose super-hero names: Alex became Gee, able to control gravity; as Lightspeed, Julie could fly and left a trail of rainbow light; Katie became Energizer, able to convert physical objects to energy, then absorb and discharge it as destructive bolts; while Jack's ability to become cloud-like and later tiny and super-dense made him Mass Master (failing to appreciate that, perhaps due to human/Kymellian variation, he altered his density and volume, not his mass).
Friday provided them with unstable molecule costumes, and they dubbed themselves Power Pack.
They saved the world from annihilation by destroying their father's prototype conversion device, but his boss Carmody recognized them, assuming them to be mutants.
They rescued their parents from the Snarks, whose interrogation methods had destroyed portions of their father's memories, leaving him unable to recreate his process.
Carmody reported them to the government, but his anti-mutant obsession and attempts to harm them backfired; a mutant detector marked them as human, and after Carmody endangered the children, Dr. Power quit, taking a job in New York.
Within days of arriving in the Big Apple, Power Pack encountered Spider-Man, Cloak and Dagger, Dragon-Man, and Marina, as well as enduring the travails of starting new schools and making new friends.
They encountered the Morlocks and the X-Men in the sewers, being briefly kidnapped and brainwashed to replace Annalee's dead children. Carmody returned, using a Project: PEGASUS surplus battlesuit to become the Bogeyman, but was warned off by the children's new friends, the Asgardian Warriors Three.
Shortly after this, Franklin Richards, son of Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman, began to see Power Pack in prophetic dreams, while on Snarkworld Whitey's cousin Kofi learned that High Snark Jakal was heading to Earth to steal the children's abilities, hoping to use them to become the next Emperor.
Kofi raced to warn them, but was shot down, crashing near the Statue of Liberty. Franklin encountered the Power children in Central Park and led them to the injured Kymellian, but they were ambushed by Jakal. Assisted by Franklin and Kofi, they defeated him, and Franklin joined Power Pack as Tattletale.
Soon after they met the Beyonder during his super-hero phase, and fought Kurse after he hospitalized their mother, later assisting Thor and Beta Ray Bill in defeating the dark elf.
Next they stopped demons hoping to gain power to overthrow their ruler Magik (Illyana Rasputin), from sacrificing Katie, while Magik's teammate Mirage used her Valkyrie powers to keep Death from claiming Margaret Power.
Jakal's mother Maraud kidnapped the Power children and Kofi, taking them to Snarkworld, with Franklin pursuing in Friday.
Jakal stole the Pack's powers, and tried to kill Snark Emperor Bhadsha, but Franklin and an escaped Kofi rescued him. Meanwhile the transferred powers proved too much for Jakal, and they reverted back, but not to the original owners.
Alex gained the energy powers as Destroyer; Julie, the mass powers, becoming Molecula; Katie, the flight, to become Starstreak, while Jack became Counterweight with the gravity powers.
Jakal, his brain failing, allowed the dying Bhadsha's mind to be transferred into his healthy body.
Power Pack returned to Earth to be reunited with their worried parents, who learned of their unusual friends, but not their powers, at this juncture.
Soon after this, Power Pack fought Sabretooth during the Marauders massacre of the Morlocks and helped X-Factor rescue Leech and Caliban.
They met the Avengers and Fantastic Four, and Mr. and Mrs. Power befriended Franklin's superpowered parents.
Over the next few weeks Power Pack fought the drug dealing gang Trash and their employer, the Garbage Man, adventured with Madcap, stopped Master Mold from killing Franklin, and fought alongside X-Factor against the Horsemen of Apocalypse, preventing his ship from crashing into the Statue of Liberty.
They saved the young mutant Rebecca Littlehale from her out-of-control teleportation powers, but later she was kidnapped by the Bogeyman, who tried to sell her and Starstreak to the demon N'Astirh.
Though he was stopped by Power Pack and the New Mutants, he soon returned, transformed by N'Astirh into a demon, and attacked the Power family during Inferno, when demons invaded New York.
To save their parents, the children were forced to reveal their powers; Margaret and James seemed unable to cope with the revelation, so the New Mutant Mirage convinced them the superpowered children were illusions she had generated to fool the Bogeyman.
In the following months the Pack met Dakota North and the Punisher, and Katie fell into an extra-dimensional pocket of her costume, ending up in Elsewhere, the realm from which the costumes were cleaned and transported.
Then they visited the artificial Kymellian homeworld, where they met Force 4, Kymellian heroes, and learned that Kofi's father Yrik had brainwashed their parents to ensure the children's abilities could remain secret; it was this conditioning that had caused the adverse reactions when the powers were revealed.
Angered, Power Pack and Kofi ran away, just before Maraud attacked Kymellia. Meanwhile, Power Pack encountered Numinus, cosmic embodiment of the wonders of the universe, and learned she intended them to save the Kymellians from stagnation and extinction.
Returning to Kymellia, they ran into Maraud and were forced to transfer their powers to her, but when she broke her promise not to attack Kymellia again, they wrested them back.
Julie regained the flight powers, as Lightspeed; while Jack, Alex and Katie took the Destroyer, Mass Master, and Counterweight powers and names, respectively. They defeated Maraud, and the Kymellians moved from their artificial world to a verdant new planet, rejecting excessive technology.
The Kymellian Technocrat, unhappy with this, kidnapped the Power adults and replaced them with artificial duplicates at an unspecified point soon after, planning to extract the matter/anti-matter process from James Power's mind.
He hoped to use this to destroy the new homeworld and force his race back to an artificial one. Alex began to suspect the switch so he was also replaced.
Back on Earth Power Pack fought Typhoid Mary and prevented Mysterio from frightening everyone out of their apartment building.
"Alex" began to lose his hair, his form reverting to its true appearance. Power Pack battled the son of the Star-Stalker alongside Galactus' herald Nova (Frankie Raye), an Elan child, and a fireproof tramp called Raymond.
Seeing the battle on TV, "Margaret Power" had a breakdown, while "James" finally learned his children's secret. Soon after, "Alex" transformed physically into a Kymellian.
Mr. Fantastic tried to return him to normal, but an attack by the Red Ghost and his Super Apes interrupted the attempt. With "Margaret" catatonic and "Alex" stuck in his alien form, the Power family traveled the world looking for a cure, meeting Excalibur in Britain and the "Monster from the Lost Lagoon" family in the Caribbean.
Unable to find help on Earth, they flew to Kymellia, where Power Pack learned of the substitutions, and defeated both the Technocrat and Maraud. They switched powers around again, finally ending up with each having their original powers, and the reunited Power family returned to Earth.
⚡ Happy 🎯 Heroclix 💫 Friday! 👽
_____________________________
A year of the shows and performers of the Bijou Planks Theater.
Secret Identity: Julie Power
Publisher: Marvel
First appearance: Power Pack #1 (Aug 1984)
Created by: Louise Simonson (Writer)
June Brigman (Artist)
* Katie Power seen here!
www.flickr.com/photos/paprihaven/53094011876/
Jack Power seen here!
www.flickr.com/photos/paprihaven/53108536747/
Alex Power seen here!
Shot #9: Glinda lets go of the pendant, and it begins to disintegrate.
Evanora Fights Glinda
Oz The Great and Powerful
Re-enactment of the scene where Evanora tries to flee the Emerald City, but is stopped by Glinda. A fight between the Wicked Witch of the East versus the Good Witch of the South ensues. Used in these shots are the Evanora and Glinda 11.5 inch fashion dolls by the Disney Store, part of the Disney Film Collection. They are movie accurate depictions of the characters from Disney's Oz The Great and Powerful, which went into wide release on March 8, 2013.
Description of each shot in this re-enactment, which is a condensed version of the scene in the movie:
Shot #1: Evanora is crossing the Throne Room, trying to flee Emerald City.
Glinda [from the throne, offscreen]: ''Not so fast! You and I aren't finished here.''
Shot #2: Glinda confronts Evanora.
Evanora: ''You have the throne, Glinda. What more could you want?''
Glinda: ''You can't give me that. You took what mattered most from me: my father.''
Shot #3: Evanora knocks Glinda down with a lightning bolt.
Evanora, gloating: ''What's the matter, Glinda, out of bubbles?''
Glinda, getting up: ''I don't need them, bubbles are just for show!''
Shot #4: Evanora and Glinda square off against each other, floating in midair.
Shot #5: Evanora and Glinda grapple with each other in hand to hand combat. Evanora uses lightning, which Glinda contains with her wand. Glinda grasps Evanora's necklace, with the emerald amulet. Wide shot.
Shot #6: Evanora and Glinda grapple with each other in hand to hand combat. Evanora uses lightning, which Glinda contains with her wand. Glinda grasps Evanora's necklace, with the emerald amulet. Closeup shot.
Shot #7: Evanora has Glinda down on the ground, and is ready to finish her off.
Shot #8: Evanora cannot conjure up her lightning spell, and realizes that her magical emerald pendant is gone. Evanora: ''What have you done?''
Shot #9: Glinda lets go of the pendant, and it begins to disintegrate.
Shot #10: Evanora crawls away from Glinda, weak and aging rapidly. Evanora: ''Look what you've done to me!''
Sand Mold Clay Pit and Track Over Which Cars are Drawn up the Incline by Cable Direct to Hopper of Disintegrator.
Date: 1906
Source Type: Photograph
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: The Clay-Worker, March 1906
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: In 1890, the Chicago Hydraulic Pressed Brick Company established a large production facility at Porter. Two additional facilities were erected in Porter over the next decade. On October 21, 1904, the plant was destroyed by fire, with the exception of the barns, clay sheds, and some minor buildings. The fire resulted in a loss reported to be $50,000. Early in the spring of 1905 the plant was rebuilt, and the buildings were made to be more fire proof. The image shows the brick manufacturing facility in 1906 after it was rebuilt. The facility ceased operations in 1924 when clay was becoming scarce, and thereby too expensive, to make brick manufacturing profitable in the area.
This image was obtained from the following article published in the March 1906 issue in The Clay-Worker:
A MODEL PRESSED BRICK PLANT.
A MODEL PLANT, unique in more than one detail, is that put into commission by the Chicago Hydraulic Pressed Brick Co., at the beginning of the season just closed. Located at Porter, Ind., it has risen, Phoenix-like, (with apologies for that thread-bare phrase) from the ashes of the company's first plant, which was destroyed by fire October, 1904.
A device for using the waste heat from the cooling kilns in a dryer into which the brick are run on rack cars directly from the presses and again directly to the kilns, a truss roof stock shed absolutely without center supports to interfere with handling, and a movable shelter shed under which the clay is dug out from the rich clay bank, are among the features which make the Hydraulic's plant at Porter, remarkable among the other pressed brick plants in the country.
The Chicago Pressed Brick Company was incorporated February, 1890. It is controlled by the Hydraulic Pressed Brick Company of St. Louis, which, prior to 1890, had furnished practically ninety per cent. of the face brick of all colors used in Chicago. Operating at Porter, Ind., prior to 1890 were the Purington-Kimbell Brick Company, the Thomas Moulding Company, and the Hinchcliff and Owen Brick Company.
The Chicago Hydraulic Pressed Brick Company purchased the yards from the parties last named, and other acreage comprising a total of 420 acres. This area contains the only deposits of clay burning a deep red, within 150 miles of Chicago. As Porter is only 45 miles from Chicago, and with an unlimited supply of clay, the object of the Chicago Hydraulic Pressed Brick Company in securing this property is self-evident.
The plant up to October 1904 had a capacity of 20,000,000 brick a year. Then came the fire, entirely destroying this valuable and productive plant, at the close of a season when it had been worked to its limit. The Company was not long in preparing the recoup this loss and rebuild the plant. Rebuilding operations commenced March 2, 1905, were completed the following May, and the plant is now the most modern pressed brick plant owned by any company, according to Chicago experts. No expense was spared in rebuilding, and every advantage given be recent patents in handling the product in an up-to-date manner, was eagerly seized by the alert management. E. C. Kimbell himself, had immediate oversight of almost every detail, and spent the greater part of his time down at Porter during the building of the new plant.
The output of the plant during its first year was practically 18,000,000. Being located on the Michigan Central, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railways, with switch connections with the Pere Marquette and the Elgin, Joliet and Eastern, the shipping facilities are perfect. The plant is equipped to run winter and summer, and since rebuilding, has been run continually to its full capacity.
The officers of the company are: E. C. Eliot, president, St. Louis; F. G. Middlekauff, first vice-president, St. Louis; F. L. Joy, second vice-president and secretary, St. Louis; G. F. Baker, treasurer, St. Louis; and E. C. Kimbell, assistant secretary and general manager, Chicago.
At the Hydraulic's new plant it has been demonstrated for the first time that a pressed brick manufactured by the hydraulic process can be successfully passed through a dryer in which the waste heat from the cooling kilns is used, and this process in addition to turning out a superior product of brick, lessens the cost considerably, as the brick have only one handling from machine to kiln, ready to set. Reference to the cut will show the position of the rack car as bricks are being loaded onto the pallets direct from the machine. This will make it clear to any one interested in the manufacture of pressed brick wherein the advantage of handling brick in this manner lies.
A 50,000 per day Potts machine for the manufacture of sand molded brick, which are also handled through the dryer, is another feature of the plant, and the cut shows also the sand mold clay pit with the track cars are drawn up the incline by cable direct to the disintegrating hopper.
One of the prize features of the plant, however, is the temporary shelter shed which has been installed. This follows along the clay bank as the clay is dug out, enabling the shovelers to work in any kind of weather. This shed is thirty-two feet square. The corner supports are six by eight timbers. The "bank side" of the shelter is seven feet high and runs along the top of the bank on a grooved wheel which rides a track set on a plank. The low side is sixteen feet high and also rides along on grooved wheels set at the two lower corners, these also running on a track bent to a plank. This shed keeps twelve feet of the clay bank under operation. Two tracks run through it and the cars carry the clay away as it is "mined." A volcano stove rests on a platform which is hung from a truss in the roof by rods. The mean leave their dinner pails around this stove and have hot dinners, while on an ordinary winter day the temperature is so hot that the men work with their coats off. The shelter is equally good against the heat of summer, however. The shed is so strong that it has been found possible to explode a two-pound charge of dynamite under it without effecting [sic] it at all, and one man with a crowbar can "pinch," the whole structure along by working at the front wheel.
Another cut shows the main passageway into the kilns, and the track used to bring brick from the dryers direct to the kiln. Three transfer tracks run from the main kiln track, and each car on these tracks is a double transfer car. These double cars run on a four-foot guage [sic]. The pallet or rack cars are on a two-foot guage [sic]. These run out from the dryers to the double transfer cars, aboard the double transfer cars, down the movable tracks, running into the kilns. These movable tracks are also two-foot guage [sic], and the cars are run off the transfer car direct to the kilns.
The interior of the stock shed is also shown in a cut. It is 290 feet long and sixty-four feet wide. Its truss roof and absence of center posts make it absolutely unique. A loading track runs through the center of the shed. It is the first stock shed of its kind used for this purpose.
This model plant is in charge of W. J. Soper, the superintendent, who, with the exception of three years has been with the company since its organization.
Source:
Anonymous. 1906. A Model Pressed Brick Plant. The Clay-Worker 45(3):475-476.
Copyright 2021. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
In a not so distant America, the politics will split the country into 3 new countries before the invasion by Mexico, Japan and Canada. Alamo will be retaken by Mexico and Hawaii taken by Japan. Canada will take New York to Maine.
Size: 11 x 14 inches
paintings for sale: www.shawnshawn.co
Newsletter: www.shawnshawn.co/contact.html
Code: MM08204
I'm still months behind on posting my photos. These photos were taken in June and early July of this year (2022).
I'll try to get caught up in the near future.
I've had these nice very comfortable espadrilles with leather uppers for many years. I used to wear them to work in the city fairly often,. The soles are worn down, and somewhat rotted from getting wet in the rain.
Pieces are popping out and falling away, but they are still good to wear. When the soles completely disintegrate, I want to repair them. I've seen replacement rope soles for sale on the Internet. I need to look into that more.
Jasper Ave.
Entropy
When I was a kid, forty years ago, Jasper Ave. was the showboat street of Edmonton. It was the local hero — the strip — a place where the whole city co-mingled, from oil barons to labourers and everybody in between. It’s fall from grace has been gradual, a slow death from bad policy to a thousand cuts of a failing economy and economic transition in general.
Big retail has pulled out and independent retail has pretty much croaked. The only businesses that seem to prosper are vape shops and donair places. If you didn’t know the Avenue before, you might not notice. But if you do remember it from way back, it’s sort of like seeing an old friend with a terminal disease… Entropy. A measure of uncertainty has crept into the grid.
Iphone: 49961624601_fb7cf860c6_o