Chromatography photos on Flickr

Green, which occupies the middle station in the natural scale of colours and in relation to light and shade, is the most effective, distinct, and striking of the compound colours.... by ira tucker

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From citrine to olive, it contrasts more agreeably with all colours than any other individual colour. It has, accordingly, been adopted with perfect wisdom in nature as the general garb of the vegetal creation:-)

George Field, Chromatography, 1835–1841

HGGT!! Character Matters!

colocasia, 'Blue Hawaii', plant delights nursery, wake county, north carolina

Green is associated with vigour and freshness and is hence symbolical of youth, the spring of life. Poets call it cheerful. It is the symbol.... by ira tucker

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of hope and immortality; the figure of old Saturn or Time is crowned with evergreen :-)

George Field, Chromatography, 1835–1841

HGGT!! Words Matter! Character Matters!

galanthus plicatus, snowdrops, 'Beth Chatto' plant delights nursey, wake county, north carolina

Macro Monday Just white paper Chromatography by radleyfreak

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by Lori Whelan

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The east facade of the Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research features brightly coloured glass panels, reminiscent of genetic chromatography patterns. Opened in 2005 and designed by Behnisch Architects with architectsAlliance, the CCBR Building was built for the University of Toronto to support advanced interdisciplinary research in bioengineering and disease.

chromatography by Dimitrios Tsortanidis

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Laboratory bottles - In Explore DSC_6001 by Frank Wayman

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Incremental dilutions of vegetable extract demonstrate the Beer-Lambert Law (the absorbance of light is directly proportional to the concentration of a substance in solution). This is one of the principles behind all modern chromatography techniques, like those used to check athletes for doping in professional sport.

These glass bottles are just 2ml in volume and are arranged on my laboratory workbench with other items from around the lab.

Software used to correct some lens distortion and then clone the corners back in accordingly.

Red Hot Chilli Peppers by Vince :- An Skeusenner

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Shot taken for Saturday Self Challenge 19/07/2025 -- Heat .

First idea in the scorching heat was to capture some heat haze , either for the roads , or cars with shimmer coming off of the roofs - could I find any - NO !!

Next idea was looking down the barrel of a heat gun - a crafter's tool a bit like a hair dryer with a super-charger , got a shot but very under whelming !!

Third idea a Scotch Bonnet Chilli one of the hottest chillies around could I find one locally - NO !!

So you will have to make do with the hottest chillies the local supermarket had , pretty tame by Scotch Bonnets standards which in turn is quite mediocre compared to the Carolina Reaper !!!!!!!!!!

The Scoville scale is a measurement of spiciness of chili peppers and other substances, recorded in Scoville heat units (SHU). It is based on the concentration of capsaicinoids, among which capsaicin is the predominant component.

The scale is named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville, whose 1912 method is known as the Scoville organoleptic test . The Scoville organoleptic test is a subjective assessment derived from the capsaicinoid sensitivity by people experienced with eating hot chilis.

An alternative method, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), can be used to analytically quantify the capsaicinoid content as an indicator of pungency.

Unfortunately the obvious choice of a tune is The Red Hot Chili Peppers - not a group I like as a rule - but here is one of their tunes anyway --

youtu.be/GLvohMXgcBo?feature=shared

Column by Geoff Whiteway (off)

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Gas Chromatography pack style column. This is a glass column.

rafz_53_18082017_14'40 by Eduard Bürge

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Chili pepper 'Acapulco' (Capsicum annuum)

Die Scoville-Skala ist eine Skala zur Abschätzung der Schärfe von Früchten der Paprikapflanze. Auf der Scoville-Skala, die 1912 von dem Pharmakologen Wilbur L. Scoville entwickelt wurde, beruht der Scoville-Test (ursprüngliche Bezeichnung Scoville Organoleptic Test). Zunächst wurde der Schärfegrad indirekt und rein subjektiv ermittelt, heute kann er jedoch auch messtechnisch bestimmt werden. Der Wert ist abhängig vom Anteil des in der getrockneten Frucht enthaltenen Capsaicins, eines Alkaloids, welches Schmerzrezeptoren der Schleimhäute reizt und so die Schärfeempfindung auslöst.

The Scoville scale is a measurement of the pungency (spicy heat) of chili peppers-or other spicy foods, as reported in Scoville heat units (SHU), a function of capsaicin concentration. Capsaicin is one of many related active components found in chili peppers, collectively called capsaicinoids. The scale is named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville. His method, devised in 1912, is known as the Scoville Organoleptic Test.

In modern times, high-performance liquid chromatography is used to determine the pungency. The older method is a subjective measurement dependent on the capsaicin sensitivity of testers and so is not a precise or accurate method to measure capsaicinoid concentration.[

Palmistry by Peter Whitfield

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Another batch for this evening’s contribution to my 100x project, taken earlier this year and largely processed using Affinity Photo on the iPaddle.

#87 Uninverse - A simple two-image in-camera multiple exposure of a scene on one of my local walks. The first image was taken while holding the camera upside down, and then the images were aligned in the viewfinder with the camera the right way up to create a letterbox effect.

#88 Seismic Chromatography - This started out as a fairly unprepossessing image like that at www.flickr.com/gp/pixelatedsky/37q4J95i9c using an in-camera multiple exposure of several ICMs of vegetation. It was a bit bland so I souped up the colours and added a rippled effect to get something totally abstract.

#89 Hypersonic - Another idle play which started out as an “I wonder what we can do with this filter”. For what it’s worth the image is of a clearing in a pine forest in Skiathos, Greece, but with a circular halftone pattern added at about 40% opacity and a Soft Light blend.

#90 Alien Stargate - This is based on #91, an image of palm leaves from an abandoned beach hut in Skiathos, but in full colour with a mirror filter added.

#91 Palmistry - This is a monochrome and toned rendition of some abandoned palm leaves on Skiathos, processed in Silver Efex with blue/yellow toning and lots of structure to bring out the textures.

Thanks for taking the time to look. I hope you enjoy some of these. Happy New Year everyone, and thanks for the fun :)

calling Cladonia fimbriata by Richard Droker

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wet log, Lincoln Park, Seattle

image about 3.5cm across

in this photo it looks like granular soredia, but appears powdery when seen less magnified

"Adding to the difficulty of this group, a number of closely related and largely chemically defined species can be distinguished, but these usually require the use of thin-layer chromatography." - McCune, Bruce, and Geiser, Linda (2009) Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest, Second Edition (3rd edition should be out any day now - osupress.oregonstate.edu/book/macrolichens-of-pacific-nor...

K-

UV+ bright red (wonder what that chemical is!), but see description of www.flickr.com/photos/wanderflechten/52843870031/

my lichen photos by genus - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/collections/7215762439...

my photos arranged by subject, e.g. mountains - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/collections

Home Covid-19 Test - at 2 min by Tommie

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When I was in high school I did a lot of science projects based on paper chromatography. I loved watching the colors from mashed-up leaves or lichens or pureed fruit climb up a piece of paper at different rates. Watching the line on this test makes me remember those projects and admire the chemistry behind making this on an industrial scale and reliable enough that the results are useful even with the variation created by untrained users. (My results were rarely completely reproducible.)

Taken for Macro Mondays "Single Use"

Chromatography! by mercurylaser2012

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Glass Vials by PhotoLanda

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Viales de vidrio

Explore May 30, 2023 #500

Chromatography Quilt in Progress by Lisa Alexander

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Half of my Chromatography Quilt top. The colors will gradiate from pink to orange to yellow.

There's No Time Like Slow Time by Panorama Paul

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I like to ponder on things when I wander about in the forests... asking myself questions that I don't already know the answers to.

I can easily spend several hours each day asking Google to explain stuff to me. Whatever did we do in the days before Google? Of course most of my questions these days are related to plants and trees and fungi and other forest-related things. And as usual... the more I'm learning... the more I am discovering how stupid I really am! I know almost nothing about the plant kingdom... yet!

Here's a short (and simple) biology lesson for anyone who is interested...

Trees and plants are clever enough to have figured out how to convert air, water and sunlight into energy (by a process known as photosynthesis). That is the ultimate (and still slightly mind-boggling to us humans) "magic trick"! So how exactly do they do it? It's all thanks to the "chlorophyll" molecule, which is somehow able to convert light into energy. First hundreds of these chlorophyll molecules align themselves into arrays of antennae-like structures (called thylakoid disks). Many of these disks then stack up together to form a single chloroplast, and up to a hundred of these (power-generating) chloroplasts make up each plant cell. Each leaf is comprised of millions of individual plant cells, and a large (deciduous) tree might drop and regrow several million leaves each year. To do all of that with only air, water and sunlight? How is that not the ultimate magic trick? The more I learn about plants and trees... the more I am impressed by their magical skills... and the more questions I have to find answers to.

One recurring question that I still don't have any definitive answer to, is whether the forest is somehow "aware" of me when I walk along one of these trails? Since plants can't run away when they "sense" a potential danger approaching ... surely they wouldn't have evolved to become aware of passing strangers? I've recently learned (from several reliable sources) that with each footstep that I take in these forests, I am stepping on a dense carpet consisting of several hundred kilometres of (extremely fine) fungal threads called a mycelium. Just because we can't hear these threads making any sounds when we step on them, that doesn't mean that they're not somehow sending out warning signals throughout the rest of the mycelium network.

And just because they can't run away when they sense danger approaching, that also doesn't necessarily imply that trees and plants are not able to communicate with each other. Using extremely sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometers to measure volatile organic compounds released by the leaves of trees, a number of (highly-respected) botanists have been able to prove (beyond a shadow of a doubt) that all plants are in constant communication with all the other plants around them. Not only do they "talk" to each other by emitting (and receiving) volatile gasses, but trees and plants also communicate with each other via electrical signals transmitted through their roots (and the fungal mycelium surrounding those roots). We are now finally able to scientifically prove that all plants send out warning signals when they are being grazed by animals or stressed by drought... and we can now scientifically prove that a tomato plant squeals when we pluck its fruit... and that carrots would probably prefer to stay in the ground than be ripped out of it.

But I think that I'll continue that discussion some other time. Today is Sunday... it's my day of rest (from stirring up shit). ;)

Valentine's Day Wishes from Times Passed by raaen99

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I'd like to wish all my Flickr friends and followers a very happy Saint Valentine's Day. May you spend at least some of the day with those you love. It's not about chocolates, flowers or cards, but about the connection of hearts, minds and spirits.

Valentine's Day cards are often sent anonymously, giving the recipient the excitement of wondering who the sender may be. The tradition of sending cards or postcards to loved ones on Valentine's Day goes back hundreds of years and the very first cards were handmade and designed with a special valentine in mind.

This Valentine's Day postcard by an anonymous artist features Jack and the Beanstalk. With a cherubic face, blue eyes and a halo of golden hair, Jack is the epitome of Victorian and pre-war Edwardian childhood innocence.

Dressed smartly in a Tudor inspired outfit, he scales the beanstalk.

The card reads:

"Jack climbed the stalk,

But not for gold,

As stated in the rhyme of old,

'Twas for your heart,

More precious far,

Than gold or even jewels are."

Printed in Bavaria, for Ernest Nister of London and E.P. Dutton and Co. of New York, this card pre-dates the Great War. Prior to the First World War, it was common for British firms to have cards printed in Germany, Austria and Bavaria because their printing presses produced far better quality illustrations. This Valentine's Day card is number 3130 and features a small amount of gilding.

Although as stated earlier, Valentine's Day cards are usually anonymous, this card was given to Theodore from his Aunt Claire.

Blue cap. by Brian Kay

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Macrophotograph of a blue cap (1x1 inch) to a chromatography column in the laboratory. Image created from a stack of 7 shots and them masked with yellow background.

Happy Macro Monday, Everyone!

A lot of work for the Sampler by JayPiDee

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Sun bathing. by westernthunderer

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A large lace monitor, Australian lizard sunning itself at the Rockhampton Zoo. Read more from Wikipedia here.

The lace monitor or tree goanna (Varanus varius) is a member of the monitor lizard family native to eastern Australia. A large lizard, it can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in total length and 14 kilograms (31 lb) in weight. The lace monitor is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation.

John White, the surgeon-general of New South Wales, described this species as the variegated lizard (Lacerta varia) in 1790. George Shaw reported that several specimens were taken back to England. French naturalist François Marie Daudin gave it the name Tupinambis variegatus in 1802, and noted two forms. German naturalist Blasius Merrem established the genus Varanus in 1820, with V. varius as the first mentioned member set as its type species by John Edward Gray in 1827.

French zoologists André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron described two specimens in 1836, one in their possession and one from the collection of English zoologist Thomas Bell as Varanus bellii "Le Varan de Bell". This turned out to be a banded colour phase of the lace monitor that coexists with normal-coloured individuals, and is either autosomal dominant or codominant genetically. It is sometimes called the Bell's phase lace monitor.

The lace monitor is monotypic; no subspecies are recognised. However, genetic analysis of its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) across its range revealed three main clades: a north Queensland clade separated by the Burdekin Gap from a clade spanning from southern Queensland through inland New South Wales across the Murray–Darling basin and into southeastern South Australia. This is divided from a third clade that spans coastal eastern Australia (northern New South Wales to eastern Victoria) by the McPherson Range and Great Dividing Range. This last clade is thought to have diverged from the first two clades around 2.7 million years ago, while these clades separated around 850,000 years ago.

Genetic analysis of mtDNA shows the lace monitor to be the closest relative (sister taxon) of the Komodo dragon, with their common ancestor diverging from a lineage that gave rise to the crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) of New Guinea. The divergence between lace monitor and Komodo dragon lineages has been calculated to have occurred around 13 million years ago, 11 or 11.5 million years ago.

The species is commonly known as lace monitor, tree goanna, or lacy. It was known as wirriga to the Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin, and gugaa to the Wiradjuri people of southern New South Wales.

The second-largest monitor in Australia after the perentie, the lace monitor can reach 2 m (7 ft) in total length, or 76.5 cm snout–vent length (SVL). The male reaches sexual maturity when it has a SVL of 41.5 cm. Females are generally smaller than males, with a maximum SVL of 57.5 cm, and becoming sexually mature at a SVL of 38.5 cm.The tail is long and slender and about 1.5 times the length of the head and body. The tail is cylindrical at its base, but becomes laterally compressed towards the tip.

The maximum weight of lace monitor can be 14 kg (30 lb), but most adults are much smaller.

Historically, it has been described as growing as much as 8 ft long. Regardless of the accuracy of these reports, lace monitors of such size likely no longer exist.

Lace monitors are found in two forms. The main form is dark grey to dull bluish-black with numerous, scattered, cream-coloured spots. The head is black and the snout is marked with prominent black and yellow bands extending under the chin and neck. The tail has narrow black and cream bands, which are narrow and get wider towards the end of the tail. Juveniles have more defined and prominent banding, with five narrow black bands on the neck and eight bands on the body.

The other type, known as Bell's form, is typically found in west of the Great Dividing Range from Woodgate, Eidsvold, and Mitchell in Queensland to Bourke, Macksville and Port Macquarie in New South Wales. It has also been reported from Healesville, Rushworth, and Murchison in Victoria and the Flinders Ranges in South Australia.[9] It has a base colour of yellow-brown or yellow with fine black mottling and broad, black or dark brown bands from the shoulders to the tail. The top of the head is black.

These common terrestrial and often arboreal monitors are found in eastern Australia and range from Cape Bedford on Cape York Peninsula to south-eastern South Australia. They frequent both open and closed forests and forage over long distances (up to 3 km (1.9 mi) a day).

The lace monitor is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

They are mainly active from September to May, but are inactive in cooler weather and shelter in tree hollows or under fallen trees or large rocks.

Despite its large size and mass, the lace monitor is an adept climber. One was recorded climbing a brick wall to seek shelter in a thunderstorm. Young lace monitors are even more arboreal than adults. They often spend most of their adult lives in the same area; one individual was recorded living in the same tree for years.

In at least the temperate regions, the breeding season takes place in the summer.

Male lace monitors fight each other by grappling while standing on the hind legs in the breeding season, and up to six males may gather around a receptive female to try and court her. Mating takes several hours.

Females lay an average of eight eggs in active termite nests either on the ground or in the trees, although they may lay as many as 12 eggs. When such nests are in short supply, females often fight over them or lay the eggs in burrows and perhaps hollow logs. The eggs overwinter to hatch 6–7 months later. Hatchlings remain around the nest for about a week or more before leaving its vicinity. Females may return to the same termite nest to lay their next clutch of eggs. These monitors can potentially live to reach over 20 years of age.

Their diets typically consist of insects, reptiles, small mammals, birds, and birds' eggs. They are also carrion eaters, feeding on already dead carcasses of other wildlife. Lace monitors search for food on the ground, retreating to a nearby tree if disturbed. They also forage in areas inhabited by people, raiding chicken coops for poultry and eggs, and rummaging through unprotected domestic garbage bags and rubbish bins in picnic and recreational areas.

As they often swallow meat whole, they can be at risk of harm from some meat scraps; one was reported with a t-bone steak bone stuck in its throat and another with a plastic fork in its stomach. Another swallowed six golf balls that a chicken owner had placed in their coop to prompt their chickens to lay eggs.

They are preyed upon by dingoes and birds of prey, and like all Australian goannas, they were a favourite traditional food of Australian Aboriginal peoples, and their fat was particularly valued as a medicine and for use in ceremonies.

They frequently attack the large composting nests of scrub turkeys to steal their eggs, and often show injuries on their tails inflicted by male scrub turkeys pecking at them to drive them away.

Venom

In late 2005, University of Melbourne researchers discovered that all monitors may be somewhat venomous. Previously, bites inflicted by monitors were thought to be prone to infection because of bacteria in their mouths, but the researchers showed that the immediate effects were more likely caused by envenomation. Bites on the hand by lace monitors have been observed to cause swelling within minutes, localised disruption of blood clotting, and shooting pain up to the elbow, which can often last for several hours. In vitro testing showed lace monitor mouth secretion impact on platelet aggregation, drop blood pressure and relax smooth muscle; the last effect mediated by an agent with the same activity as brain natriuretic peptide. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry found ample proteins with molecular masses of 2-4 kilodaltons (corresponding with natriuretic peptide), 15 kilodaltons (type III Phospholipase A2), and 23-25 kilodaltons (cysteine-rich secretory proteins and kallikrein) in these secretions. Washington State University biologist Kenneth V. Kardong and toxicologists Scott A. Weinstein and Tamara L. Smith, have cautioned that labelling these species as venomous oversimplifies the diversity of oral secretions in reptiles, and overestimates the medical risk of bite victims.

The lace monitor was eaten by the Wiradjuri people; local wisdom advised eating lace monitors as they came down from trees as those that had eaten on the ground tasted of rotting meat. The Tharawal ate the species' eggs, collecting them in sand on riverbanks in the Nattai and Wollondilly. Goanna remains have been recovered in middens in what is now Sydney. The lace monitor is bred in captivity as an exotic pet

SILICA by  Hamim [Read My Profile b4 you follow me]

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,Pay Visit to my: Getty Image I Twitter I Face Book I My Blog I My Modern Met I Red Bubble I perf Spot I deviant ART Here

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206808042011-silica Gel-1

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.

.Description

.

Silica gel is a granular, vitreous, highly porous form of silica made synthetically from sodium silicate. Despite its name, silica gel is a solid. It is a naturally occurring mineral that is purified and processed into either granular or beaded form. As a desiccant, it has an average pore size of 2.4 nanometers and has a strong affinity for water molecules.

Silica gel is most commonly encountered in everyday life as beads packed in a vapor-permeable plastic. In this form, it is used as a desiccant to control local humidity in order to avoid spoilage or degradation of some goods. Because of poisonous dopants (see below) and their very high absorption of moisture, silica gel packets usually bear warnings for the user not to eat the contents. If consumed, the pure silica gel is unlikely to cause acute or chronic illness. Food-grade desiccant should not include any poisons which would cause long-term harm to humans if consumed in the quantities normally included with the items of food.

.

History

The synthetic route for producing silica gel was patented by chemistry professor Walter A. Patrick at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA in 1919. It was used in World War I for the absorption of vapors and gases in gas mask canisters, as part of his patent. The substance was in existence as early as the 1640s as a scientific curiosity.[3]

In World War II, silica gel was indispensable in the war effort for keeping penicillin dry, protecting military equipment from moisture damage, as a fluid cracking catalyst for the production of high octane gasoline, and as a catalyst support for the manufacture of butadiene from ethanol, feedstock for the synthetic rubber program.

Properties

Silica gel's high surface area (around 800 m²/g) allows it to absorb water readily, making it useful as a desiccant (drying agent). Once saturated with water, the gel can be regenerated by heating it to 120 °C (250 °F) for two hours. Some types of silica gel will "pop" when exposed to enough water.

Preparation

A solution of sodium silicate is acidified to produce a gelatinous precipitate that is washed, then dehydrated to produce colorless silica gel.[4] When a visible indication of the moisture content of the silica gel is required, ammonium tetrachlorocobaltate(II) (NH4)2CoCl4 or cobalt chloride CoCl2 is added.[4] This will cause the gel to be blue when dry and pink when hydrated.[4]

Applications

Desiccant

See also

Chili grenade, a type of weapon made with chili peppers

Hatch, New Mexico, known as the "Chile Capital of the World"

History of chocolate, which the Maya drank with ground chili peppers

International Connoisseurs of Green and Red Chile, organization for the promotion of chili peppers

Peppersoup

Ristra, an arrangement of dried chili pepper pods

Salsa (sauce)

Sweet chili sauce, a condiment for adding a sweet, mild heat taste to food

Taboo food and drink, which in some cultures includes chili peppers

London Chromatography by josefrancisco salgado

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In London working with Tom Bailey on the new BSP show.

www.facebook.com/BaileySalgadoProject

baileysalgadoproject.com/

Nikon D3s + 24-70mm f/2.8G | Bankside, Southwark, London, UK, 10 Mar 2012

Do not use without permission.

Sayão, Brazilian Kalanchoe, Forest Hills, Brazil by Sebastiao Pereira-Nunes

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SN/NC: Kalanchoe brasiliensis, Crassulaceae Family

Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae), known as "saião" and "coirama", have wide popular use in the treatment of peptic ulcers and cutaneous inflammations. It is worth mentioning that K. pinnata is present in the National List of Plants of Interest of the Unified Health System - RENISUS (2009). Within this context, the objective of the present study was to characterize the chemical markers in the leaf juices of both species and to evaluate the gastroprotective and topical anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochemical characterization was performed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometer (UHPLC- MS). Gastroprotective activity was evaluated in ethanol and indomethacin induced acute ulcer models, whereas gastric secretion was evaluated in the pylorus ligature model in Wistar rats. Pre-treatment was performed with the juices at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg and ranitidine (50 mg/kg) orally. The topical anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in the carrageenan induced paw edema model and croton oil-induced ear edema in Swiss mice using gel formulations containing the juices at different concentrations (1,25%, 2,5% and 5%) and as the standard drug dexamethasone (1mg/g), all administered topically immediately after induction. The TLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid stains in the juices of both species after revelation with the Natural Reagent A, being observed that the two species have different flavonoid profiles. In the analysis by UHPLC-MS the K. brasiliensis leaf juice showed glycosylated flavonoids derived mainly from patuletin, while that of K. pinnata presented glycosylated flavonoids derived mainly from quercetin. The pre-treatment with the K. brasiliensis leaf juice at doses of 125 mg/kg (P<0,01), 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg (P<0,001) and K. pinnata at doses of 125 mg/kg (P<0,01), 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg (P<0,001) significantly reduced the lesions compared to the positive control in the ethanol induction model. In the indomethacin induction model, the K. brasiliensis leaf juice showed significant results at doses of 250 mg/kg (P<0,05) and 500 mg/kg (P<0,01) and K. pinnata at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg (P<0,001). Reduction of lesions was accompanied by an increase in total glutathione content and reduction of malondialdehyde levels. In addition, levels of myeloperoxidase, IL-1β and TNF-α were reduced. Cytoprotective effect was also observed in histological evaluation with H&E and maintenance of mucus production with PAS, as well as reduction of iNOS and NF-κB p65 expression and increased expression of ZO-1 by immunohistochemistry. Leaf juices from both species did not change the acidity, pH and volume of the gastric juice. In the ear edema model, the formulations containing the three concentrations of the K. brasiliensis leaf juice significantly reduced the edema when compared to the placebo group (1,25% P<0,05, 2,5% P<0,01 and 5% P<0,01). However, only the formulation containing the juice of the K. pinnata leaf juice at 5% concentration showed a significant result (P<0,01). In the paw edema model, the formulations containing the K. brasiliensis leaf juice at concentrations of 1,25 and 2,5% significantly reduced (P<0,05) the edema in the time 4 h. The formulation at 5% concentration significantly reduced edema at 1 h (P <0,001), 2 h, 3 h and 4 h (P <0,01). Regarding the formulations containing the K. pinnata leaf juice, the concentration of 1,25% significantly reduced the edema in the time 1 h (P<0,01) and 2 h (P<0,05), in the concentration of 5% significantly reduced in time 1 h (P<0,05). The decrease in edema was followed by reduction of miloperoxidase. It was concluded that the juices of both species presented gastroprotective and topical anti-inflammatory activity in vivo models, results that justify the popular use of the species.

Nome científico: Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. Família Crassulaceae.Nome botânico aceito: Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. Outros nomes populares: coerana, coirama, folha-da-fortuna, folha-da-costa, erva-da-costa, folha-grossa, orelha-de-monge ou saião. Sua origem é africana e ela também é conhecida como kalandiva. Constituintes químicos: tanino; mucilagem; bioflavonóides (quercetina); ácidos orgânicos.Propriedades medicinais: cicatrizante, emolientes. Indicações: afecções pulmonares, aftas, asma, cálculos renais, calos, diabete, doenças do pulmão, erisipelas, feridas, frieiras, picadas de inseto, queimaduras, tosse, tuberculose, tumores, úlceras, verrugas. Parte utilizada: folhas. Contra-indicações/cuidados: não encontrados na literatura consultada. Modo de usar: suco da folha: uso interno: afecções pulmonares, diabete, emolientes, cálculos renais; infusão: uso interno: tosse, asma; folha murcha: uso externo: erisipelas, tumores, verrugas, calos, picadas de inseto

Los Kalanchoe este es un género de plantas tropicales, dentro de este se encuentra aproximadamente 125 especies, se le conoce también como planta de Goethe esto a honor de un poeta y botánico alemán llamado Michel Adanson, otros nombres populares de esta planta en Latinoamérica son: bruja, prodigiosa, hoja de aire, siempre viva, hierba de bruja, también se conoce como Kalanchoe oreja de burro entre otros, conoce más sobre ella a continuación. Estas tres especies de Kalanchoe se puede ingerir sus hojas crudas en ensaladas o jugo fresco o té, sirvieron para combatir eficazmente el cáncer, los tumores y los abscesos, la hipertensión, los cólicos renales, la diarrea, las enfermedades psicológicas como esquizofrenia, ataques de pánico y miedos. Los estudios clínicos en Kalanchoe indican que puede ser tóxica si se utiliza en exceso la planta e indican que el consumo de más de 5 gramos / día por kilo de peso de la persona, es tóxico, la dosis recomendada es 10 veces menos que esta cantidad, 30 gramos de hoja fresca en dos dosis.

Esta planta Reduce las contracciones uterinas y su consumo debe evitarse durante el embarazo, es tóxico para perros y gatos, se ha visto que las flores de Kalanchoe pinnata eran tóxicas para el corazón en el ganado.

En la India se utiliza para las enfermedades del hígado, muchos laboratorios de universidades y hospitales de todo el mundo han encontrado sus efectos anticancerígenos, el Kalanchoe contiene diferentes productos químicos, incluyendo: flavonoides, ácidos grasos, y como triterpenoides bufadienólidos que tienen actividad citotóxica contra varias líneas celulares de cáncer.

Los esteroides cardiofácticos bufadienólidos son conocidos por los antiguos egipcios y romanos, Los bufadienólidos son compuestos orgánicos encontrados en algunas plantas como kalanchoe y ranas venenosas, los numerosos estudios existentes demuestran que los bufadienólidos tienen actividad antitumoral.

Mucho se habla de esta planta y su acción sobre el cáncer te dejo un video con mas información.

El agricultor catalán Josep Pàmies señala que por su fuerza y capacidad de regeneración y multiplicación, el kalanchoe podría ser considerado una maleza, pero estas mismas cualidades podrían ser las victorias contra las células cancerígenas agresivas e invasoras que se dividen sin control. (www.hablemosdeflores.com)

VEB Chromatron (De) by Reginald Van de Velde

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10:30 A.M. I'm finding myself all alone in this awful smelling laboratory called VEB Chromatron, a former DDR Volkseigener Betrieb. It's an old chemical laboratory that focussed its business on gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the analysis of substances. The place was filled with very beautiful glass columns in which substances get ionized and split into fragments based on their mass to charge ratio. Interesting stuff, quoi.

Just days before my visit this place was the setting of a crime scene. Two illegal crooks were residing inside the lab. With an illegal tap on a nearby electricity pole they've made the place livable and performed felonies in the surroundings towns. Unfortunately three explorers visited the buildings and bumped into those guys. They were threatened by a handgun and had to leave their photo equipment. They got out safe and warned the police. Minutes later the place was flooded with cops and a SWAT team took them out. Finding the handgun was crucial as it was used in many steams & robberies.

Upon my visit I didn't knew about those events yet. I just had finished shooting (pictures, that is), when I heard a noise coming from the main entrance. Security!

Now I'm not the kind of person that starts running from security. "Leave foot's, print nothing", Mrtnski once said. But the thing was: I had a date. I had to travel all the way to the other side of Berlin to be on time for my rendez-vous with the ravishing Antitude, to explore Beelitz. And I hate to be late on a date. Time was running out. The security guy would reach me within 10 seconds. I packed my gear and got out in seven.

Next stop: Beelitz Heilstätten (and how we got locked inside).

Как-то в дождливую погоду. -------------------------------------------------- #photographer #morozovdmitry #water #instagood #design #instadesign #building #radcar #fashiongram #art #Chromatography #rainy #instaart #instacar by Дмитрий Морозов

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GC vials DSC_9838 by Frank Wayman

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Water samples undergoing analysis on an Agilent 7890B fitted with a 7693A liquid autosampler.

Chromatography by DANI LC

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Oporto, Portugal

SFR Hazardous Materials 11 by Castle Beach FD

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SFR Hazmat 11 is the serves as the backbone to the Hazardous Materials team for Studington and is thoroughly equipped to mitigate a wide variety of situations including hazardous materials, weapons of mass destruction, and CBRNE. On each tour, there are 6 men who man the apparatus.

The 6-man cab was built by Seagrave and sent to Rescue 1 for body fabrication. The area directly behind the cab is a command center and mobile lab. The lab features a Flow Sciences hood for unknown substances.

Technical specs:

2017 Seagrave Marauder II/Rescue 1 Hazmat

Code 3 Lighting

Federal Signal Q2B Siren

Whelen Epsilon Siren

Grover Air horns

NightScan PowerLite

Radios and command equipment

Detection cameras (heat sensitive, infrared)

Wilburt Telescoping Pneumatic Mast

Pelco Command Camera System

Climatronics Tecmet II weather station

Battery operated Holmatro extraction tools

Vanair Pro Air Compressor

Harrison On-Board generator

Flow Sciences model FS2009 bench hood

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer

Extensive library of MSDS handbooks

CO monitors

Level A and B entry suits

Testing equipment and meters

Cascade system

60 minute air bottles

Leak and spill kits for chlorine and other dangerous chemicals

Sparkless power-tools

Decontamination equipment

Oil Absorbents

Recovery drums

Emulsifiers

Immersion suits

lab view by breeze

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Fuji Instax Mini film, by Mint TL70.

Globe Amaranth (Gomphrena Globosa) by HISTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

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Gomphrena globosa, commonly known as globe amaranth, is an edible plant from the family Amaranthaceae. The round-shaped flower inflorescences are a visually dominant feature and cultivars have been propagated to exhibit shades of magenta, purple, red, orange, white, pink, and lilac. Within the flowerheads, the true flowers are small and inconspicuous.

Gomphrena globosa is native to Central America including regions Panama, and Guatemala, but is now grown globally. As a tropical annual plant, G. globosa blooms continuously throughout summer and early fall. It is very heat tolerant and fairly drought resistant, but grows best in full sun and regular moisture. The plant fixes carbon through the C4 pathway. At maturity, the flowerheads are approximately 4 centimetres (1.6 in) long and the plant grows up to 24 inches (61 cm) in height.

Gomphrena globosa is an outcrossing species that is pollinated by butterflies, bees, and other insects. Floral volatiles likely play a significant role in the reproductive success of the plant by promoting the attraction of pollinators.

Uses

In Hawaii, it is commonly used in long-lasting leis since it retains its shape and color after drying.

In Nepal, the flower is known commonly as makhamali ful and is used to make a garland during Bhai Tika, last day of Tihar festival. The garland is put around the brother's neck by their sister for protection. The slow withering character of the flower symbolizes a long life for the brother. The flower was included in the gift sent to Britain by Jung Bahadur Rana in 1855. This flower is known as Rakta Mallika in Sanskrit.

This plant is common in landscape design and cutting gardens for its vivid colors and color retention.

The edible plant G. globosa has been used in herbal medicine.

The flowers of G. globosa are rich in betacyanins which have a wide range of applications as additives and supplements in the food industry, cosmetics, and livestock feed. Stable between pH 3 and 7, the betacyanins in globe amaranth are well suited to be used as natural food dye and have a red-violet color.

Chemical properties

Phytochemicals

At least twenty-seven phytochemicals have been detected in G. globosa including six phenolic acid derivatives and fifteen specific flavonoids. The most abundant phenolic compounds present are flavonoids. A major phenol was found to be kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside based on chromatographic and mass spectrometry techniques. Gomphrenol derivatives also contribute to phenolic content. Other flavanols include quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin derivatives.

Betacyanins

The major betacyanins identified in globe amaranth are gomphrenin, isogomphrenin II, and isogomphrenin III. These compounds are stored in vacuoles in the plant.

Volatiles

Cultivars of G. globosa vary in the identity of floral volatiles but the volatile compounds of nonanal, decanal, geranyl acetone, and 4,8,12-tetradecatrienal, 5,9,13-trimethyl, were commonly detected by chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The cultivar ‘Fireworks’ has a high abundance of volatile esters such as geranyl propionate, geranyl isovalerate, benzyl isovalerate, and benzyl tiglate. The floral volatile emission of this cultivar of G. globosa was found to exhibit a diurnal pattern independent of light. Emission of floral volatiles can be regulated by phytohormone and defense signaling molecules. Experimentally, the ethylene inhibitor silver thiosulphate increased volatile emission of molecules derived from the terpenoid pathway. Defense signaling molecules can have temporal effects on floral volatile emission such as increased emission after four hours and reduced emission of volatiles after 24 hours in time studies analyzed with chromatography-mass spectrometry.

chromatography by jenny downing

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Monumental #3 by Master's Diary

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One of a series of expressionist abstracts inspired by monumental and monotithic structures both man made and natural. Many of these works fuse the man made with the organic. Nirvana's comment that there are elements of plasticity in the works is accurate as is Gary's (Skinjester) point that there is a "conversation between horizontal, vertical and emptiness" in the works.

LC-Autosampler by JayPiDee

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Chromatographic lab by Robert S. (ChemiQ)

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Pracownia chromatografii cieczowej (LC-MS).

Laboratoř kapalinové chromatografii.

Whisky in the jar - DSC_2522 by Frank Wayman

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Samples of effluent from a distillery (after testing by gas chromatography in a laboratory). I wouldn't recommend tasting them, but they look nice.

Science by Geoff Whiteway (off)

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Vial, gas chromatography column and syringe. A good read: www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/chandra-payi...

Chromatographic lab by Robert S. (ChemiQ)

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Pracownia chromatografii cieczowej (LC-MS).

Laboratoř kapalinové chromatografii.

Life Force #2 by Master's Diary

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Sunset chromatography by Spacey101

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Chromatography experiment mkI - independent observer by Jonathan Millar

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Pansy Petals by HelenHates Peas

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Pansys are one of my most favourite flowers, I could stare at them for ages, its the impact of the flowerhead- like someones pen leaked and droped ink right in the middle which caused chromatography to occur (check out the shhience baby!)

It was when I laid this scene out, it made me realise- on the page I am drawn to the patterned petal, the one with all the colour and shape, however when I tried placing these petals together to make a Mega Pansy, it was too much- it looked fake and flat- no depth.

The plain petals play as much of a role as the patterned ones, they are all equally as important, and together they are perfection.

Only a true designers eye could have come up with that.

27-29"Has anyone by fussing in front of the mirror ever gotten taller by so much as an inch? All this time and money wasted on fashion—do you think it makes that much difference? Instead of looking at the fashions, walk out into the fields and look at the wildflowers. They never primp or shop, but have you ever seen color and design quite like it? The ten best-dressed men and women in the country look shabby alongside them.

30-33"If God gives such attention to the appearance of wildflowers—most of which are never even seen—don't you think he'll attend to you, take pride in you, do his best for you? What I'm trying to do here is to get you to relax, to not be so preoccupied with getting, so you can respond to God's giving. People who don't know God and the way he works fuss over these things, but you know both God and how he works. Steep your life in God-reality, God-initiative, God-provisions. Don't worry about missing out. You'll find all your everyday human concerns will be met.

34"Give your entire attention to what God is doing right now, and don't get worked up about what may or may not happen tomorrow. God will help you deal with whatever hard things come up when the time comes.

~Matthew 6:30-34 (The Message)

Depths I (Purgatory) by Master's Diary

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A mixed media acrylic/digital abstract from my 'Under the Skin - New (Chromatographic) Abstracts' series.

01 Tritia nitida COMPARISON T. reticulata by Morddyn

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Comparison of (on left) T. nitida, height 26.3 mm, with T. reticulata, height 27.2 mm.

Beached shells collected together from Blackwater Estuary, Essex, England in September 2019 by S. Taylor.

Recognition of Tritia nitida (Jeffreys, 1867) in Britain and Ireland.

Ian F. Smith (text) and Simon Taylor (fieldwork).

A pdf of this article can be downloaded from www.researchgate.net/publication/336441072_Recognition_of...

[Click 'file available' and then 'download'.]

Odd numbers for T. nitida. Even numbers for T. reticulata sensu stricto (Linnaeus, 1758).

1: spire whorls convex. (Tumidity of T. nitida varies in Mediterranean.)

2: spire whorls almost flat.

3: translucent parietal lip exposes colour of underlying body whorl. (Occasionally opaque in Mediterranean.)

4: opaque white parietal lip, semicircular, conceals colour of body whorl.

5: protoconch eroded on this one and nearly all T. nitida in sample. (Generally eroded on live T. nitida in Ria de Vigo.)

6: protoconch intact. (Generally intact on T. reticulata in Ria de Vigo.)

7: siphonal canal meets palatal lip at obtuse angle (120° in this case).

8: siphonal canal meets palatal lip at acute or right angle (80° in this case).

(Angle on both species alters if eroded; fresh unworn shells required.)

Tritia nitida was first described by Jeffreys (1867) from the muddy estuaries of the Thames, Orwell and Roach rivers in Essex, south-east England. The Blackwater is a similar muddy estuary located between the Orwell and Roach. Jeffreys wrote, “I propose it as a distinct species with some misgiving; for, although I have not yet seen any intermediate form, it has not been ascertained that the two live together, and the present form seems to be peculiar to brackish water and mud.” In September 2019, S. T. collected a sample of 220 shells from the Blackwater. His find almost replicated Jeffreys’ experience as all accorded with his description, with the exception of a single typical T. reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758), shown in fig. 1, which stood out as paler, having almost flat whorls, and being larger than all but four of the others (Jeffreys stated that those he found were smaller than T. reticulata). The exception diminishes Jeffreys’ misgiving about the two species not living together as it was in good condition, suggesting it had not been transported far and probably lived near the T. nitida.

Sympatric populations of the two species living in the Ria de Vigo, Spain, have been described in detail by Rolan and Luque (1994). Some of the differentiating features that they listed, and which are visible in fig.1, are listed above and have been labelled by odd numbers for T. nitida and even numbers for T. reticulata.

The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) accepts T. nitida as a valid species, supported by chromotology (Collyer, 1961), comparative morphology (Rolan & Luque, 1994), allozymes (Sanjuan et al., 1997) and DNA (Couceiro et al., 2012). There is widespread recognition of it by recorders in continental Europe and continental identification guides such as Trigo et al. (2018) but, strangely for a species first described by an Englishman with English specimens, virtually no recognition of it by recorders in Britain and Ireland. In 1895 in the Journal of Conchology, Marshall wrote;

“This is so obviously a variety of N. reticulata, that it has been tacitly ignored as a species as published in [Jeffreys, 1867] British Conchology. - - - the number of ribs [costae] in the type [N. reticulata] are exceedingly variable, being nearly twice as many in some specimens as in others.”

The numbers of costae vary within each species, and an overlap occurs between the species in southern Europe, but other morphological features and DNA separate them. No overlap in number of costae on the body whorl of non-juveniles was found in a comparison of T. nitida (10 to 14) from Essex with T. reticulata (15 to 23) from widespread sites in Britain (I.F.S. pers. obs.).

Marshall’s opinion has held sway in Britain and Ireland through Chaster et al. (1901), McClelland (1926), Winckworth (1932), and Turk (1973). Some publications mention it as a variety of T. reticulata. McMillan (1968), Fretter and Graham (1985) and Graham (1988) mention the possibility that it might be a separate species, but deal with it within the description of T. reticulata.

At the time of writing, NBN Atlas does not have a U.K. distribution map for T. nitida, but the UK Species Inventory, on which the NBN Atlas Species Dictionary is based, is to be altered to encapsulate the current concept of T. reticulata into a sensu lato concept for all the pre-split records and to create the two new concepts of T. reticulata sensu stricto (Linnaeus, 1758) and T. nitida (Jeffreys, 1867), (C. Raper, [the Natural History Museum] 2019, pers.comm. 27th September). There are no on-line available records of it in Ireland, but its distinctive egg capsules, in the proximity of adults, have been photographed in County Galway at Aughrus Pier and Killary Fjord (fig. 2 flic.kr/p/2hqPSy3 ). T. nitida egg capsules have also been photographed in the Oosterschelde (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/2hqSEns ) on the Dutch coast facing the Essex coast. All these sites are sheltered waters, like the Essex estuaries and Ria de Vigo.

The lack of recognition of T. nitida in Britain and Ireland has probably been perpetuated by the species account of T. reticulata [as Hinia reticulata] in Graham (1988), which is widely regarded as the standard British identification guide for shelled marine gastropods. T. reticulata is also described at greater length in its forerunner, Fretter and Graham, (1985). In both books, the same two specimens are illustrated. One from Harwich near the mouth of the Orwell Estuary, the type locality of T. nitida, captioned Hinia reticulata var. nitida is obviously T. nitida, though the lack of columellar or parietal tubercles often found on T. reticulata and absent from T. nitida is explained away by saying it is not fully mature, despite being 24mm high and near the maximum height of T. nitida from Essex. The other specimen illustrated, though not labelled var. nitida, is also T. nitida with convex whorls, no tubercles/teeth within either outer or inner lips and coming from Hellebaek on the low and variably saline Øresund, suited to the tolerant T. nitida. Egg capsules with the shape of those of T. nitida, drawn by G. Thorson who studied the marine invertebrates in the Øresund, are illustrated and labelled T. reticulata in Yonge and Thompson (1976).

Users of Graham (1988) with a specimen of T. nitida to identify will have found a close fit with the images purporting to be T. reticulata and almost certainly recorded it as such. Conversely, many, including I.F.S. will have been puzzled by the poor match of the illustrations when identifying typical flat-whorled T. reticulata specimens.

With the help of several contributors, an illustrated account is being created which will compare the two species in more detail. In the meantime, we hope this will raise awareness of the situation and prompt close examination of Tritia specimens, especially from sheltered waters such as the rias of south-west England. We have many specimens of beached T. nitida shells, but the colours are faded and most are partially eroded. We would be very grateful to receive recently live-collected T. nitida shells from Britain or Ireland for photography for the account. (We have generous contributions of live-collected shell images in standard postures from the Adriatic.)

Acknowledgements

We are most grateful to Mark Thomas and Bas van der Sanden for use of their images in this article.

Links and references

Chaster, G.W.; Knight, G.A.F.; Melvill, J.C. and Hoyle, W.E. 1901. List of British marine mollusca and brachiopoda. Manchester, Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Collyer, D.M. 1961. Differences revealed by paper partition chromatography between the gastropod Nassarius reticulatus (L.) and specimens believed to be N. nitida (Jeffreys). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 41(3): 683 to 693.

Couceiro, L., López, L., Sotka, E.E., Ruiz, J.M. & Barreiro, R. 2012. Molecular data delineate cryptic Nassarius species and characterize spatial genetic structure of N. nitidus. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 92(5): 1175 to 1182.

Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1985. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 8 – Neogastropoda. Suppl. 15, J. Moll. Stud.

Graham, A. 1988. Molluscs: prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.2 (Second edition). Leiden, E.J.Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. 662 pages.

Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 4 (1867). London, van Voorst. (As Nassa reticulata) p346 in pdf archive.org/stream/britishconcholog04jeffr#page/346/mode/2up .

Original description of T. nitida (as Nassa nitida) on p349 at archive.org/stream/britishconcholog04jeffr#page/348/mode/2up

Marshall, J. T. 1895. Alterations in ‘British Conchology’. J. Conch. 8: 24 to 41.

www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/99811#page/60/mode/1up [p38 as Nassa nitida]

McClelland, H. 1926. General index of all families, genera, species and varieties described and noted in the Journal of Conchology vols. I – XVI, 1874 to 1922. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London vols. I – XV, 1893 to 1923. The Conchologist vols I – II, 1891 to 1893, continued as the Journal of Malacology vols. III – XII, 1894 to 1905. Birmingham, Birbeck and sons.

McMillan, N.F. 1968. British shells. London, F. Warn.

Rolan, E. and Luque, A.A. 1994. Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Nassarius nitidus (Jeffreys, 1867) (Gastropoda, Nassariidae), dos especies válidas de los mares de

Europa. Iberus, 12 (2): 59-76.

www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32628640#page/153/mode/1up

Sanjuan, A., Pérez-Losada, M. & Rolan, E. 1997. Allozyme evidence for cryptic speciation in sympatric populations of Nassarius spp. (Mollusca: Gastropoda). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 77(3): 773 to 784.

Thorson, G. 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates; with special reference to the planktonic larvae in the Sound (Øresund). Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri- og Havundersøgelser. Serie Plankton. 4 (1): 1–523.

Trigo, J.E.; Diaz Agras, G.J.; Garcia Alvarez, O.L.; Guerra, A.; Moreira, J.; Pérez, J.; Rolán, E.; Troncoso, J.S,; Urgorri, V.. 2018. Guia de los Moluscos Marinos de Galicia. Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo.

Yonge, C.M. and Thompson, T.E. 1976. Living marine molluscs. Collins, London. [Fig. 52G shows Danish egg capsules of T. nitida labelled as Nassarius reticulatus.]

Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=890057

NASA VIKING Mars GCMS Portable Power Unit by Steve Jurvetson

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The Viking GCMS (Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer) was used to first try to detect signs of life on the surface of Mars in 1976.

This power unit is in the front of the custom shipping case with the GCMS unit. It provides the power rail and can be used for sterilization and testing.

NASA summary: "In the wake of the Mariner missions to Mars, the search for signs of life was paramount. The instrument responsible for finding evidence of life in the soil was the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GCMS). Developing a GCMS for the billion-dollar Viking project proved very challenging. During the early seventies, Dr. Klaus Biermann of MIT, leader of the molecular organic analysis team, had a GCMS the size of a room-its operator could literally walk through it. The instrument for Viking needed to be the equivalent of a 15 kg hatbox.

For several years, the GCMS topped Viking project manager Jim Martin's "Top Ten Problems" list. Martin managed to remove the GCMS from his Top Ten Problems list in May 1975, just weeks before the first Viking launch."

I also did a recent video overview of the Viking Lander Biological Instrument (VLBI) and GCMS.

Milford Beach, low tide on a summer evening - Sand Chromatography by Den Robinson

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Home sweet home by antefixus21

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Jackfruit prepared by and for MAC, purchased at Centra, Barrie, Ontario Canada.

The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), also known as jack tree,[7] is a species of tree in the fig, mulberry, and breadfruit family (Moraceae) native to southwest India.[8][9][10]

The jackfruit tree is well-suited to tropicallowlands, and its fruit is the largest tree-borne fruit, reaching as much as 55 kg (120 lb) in weight, 90 cm (35 in) in length, and 50 cm (20 in) in diameter.[10][11] A mature jackfruit tree can produce about 100 to 200 fruits in a year. The jackfruit is a multiple fruit, composed of hundreds to thousands of individual flowers, and the fleshy petals are eaten.[10][12]

Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines.[13][14] The ripe and unripe fruit and seeds are consumed. The jackfruit tree is a widely cultivated throughout tropical regions of the world. It is the national fruit of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and the state fruit of the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Etymology and history:

The word "jackfruit" comes from Portuguese jaca, which in turn is derived from the Malayalamlanguage term chakka (Malayalam chakka pazham).[12][15] When the Portuguese arrived in India at Kozhikode (Calicut) on the Malabar Coast(Kerala) in 1498, the Malayalam name chakka was recorded by Hendrik van Rheede (1678–1703) in the Hortus Malabaricus, vol. iii in Latin. Henry Yuletranslated the book in Jordanus Catalani's (f. 1321–1330) Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East.[16]

The common English name "jackfruit" was used by physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta in his 1563 book Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India.[17][18] Centuries later, botanist Ralph Randles Stewart suggested it was named after William Jack (1795–1822), a Scottish botanist who worked for the East India Company in Bengal, Sumatra, and Malaya.[19]

The jackfruit was domesticated independently in South Asia and Southeast Asia, as evidenced by the fact that the Southeast Asian names for the fruit are not derived from the Sanskrit roots. It was probably first domesticated by Austronesians in Java or the Malay Peninsula. The word for jackfruit in Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian is reconstructed as *laŋkaq. Modern cognates include Javanese, Malay, Balinese, and Cebuano nangka; Tagalog, Pangasinan, Bikol and Ilocano langka; Chamorro lanka or nanka; Kelabit nakan; Wolio nangke; Ibaloi dangka; and Lun Dayeh laka. Note, however, that the fruit was only recently introduced to Guam via Filipino settlers when both were part of the Spanish Empire.[20][21]

Botanical description:

Shape, trunk and leaves:

Artocarpus heterophyllus grows as an evergreen tree that has a relatively short trunk with a dense treetop. It easily reaches heights of 10 to 20 meters and trunk diameters of 30 to 80 centimeters. It sometimes forms buttress roots. The bark of the jackfruit tree is reddish-brown and smooth. In the event of injury to the bark, a milky juice is released.

The leaves are alternate and spirally arranged. They are gummy and thick and are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 1 to 3 inches long. The leathery leaf blade is 7 to 15 inches long, and 3 to 7 inches wide and is oblong to ovate in shape.

In young trees, the leaf edges are irregularly lobed or split. On older trees, the leaves are rounded and dark green, with a smooth leaf margin. The leaf blade has a prominent main nerve and starting on each side six to eight lateral nerves. The stipules are egg-shaped at a length of 1.5 to 8 centimeters.

Flowers and fruit:

The inflorescences are formed on the trunk, branches or twigs (caulifloria). Jackfruit trees are monoecious, that is there are both female and male flowers on a tree. The inflorescences are pedunculated, cylindrical to ellipsoidal or pear-shaped, to about 10-12 centimeters long and 5-7 centimeters wide.

Inflorescences are initially completely enveloped in egg-shaped cover sheets which rapidly slough off.

The flowers are very small, there are several thousand flowers in an inflorescence, which sit on a fleshy rachis.[22] The male flowers are greenish, some flowers are sterile. The male flowers are hairy and the perianth ends with two 1 to 1.5 millimeters membrane. The individual and prominent stamens are straight with yellow, roundish anthers. After the pollen distribution, the stamens become ash-gray and fall off after a few days. Later all the male inflorescences also fall off. The greenish female flowers, with hairy and tubular perianth, have a fleshy flower-like base. The female flowers contain an ovary with a broad, capitate or rarely bilobed scar. The blooming time ranges from December until February or March.

The ellipsoidal to roundish fruit is a multiple fruit formed from the fusion of the ovaries of multiple flowers. The fruits grow on a long and thick stem on the trunk. They vary in size and ripen from an initially yellowish-greenish to yellow, and then at maturity to yellowish-brown. They possess a hard, gummy shell with small pimples surrounded with hard, hexagonal tubercles. The very large and variously shaped fruit have a length of 30 to 100 centimeters and a diameter of 15 to 50 centimeters and can weigh 10-25 kilograms or more.

The fruits consist of a fibrous, whitish core (rachis) about 5-10 centimeters thick. Radiating from this are many 10 centimeter long individual fruits. They are elliptical to egg-shaped, light brownish achenes with a length of about 3 centimeters and a diameter of 1.5 to 2 centimeters.

There may be about 100-500 seeds per fruit. The seed coat consists of a thin, waxy, parchment-like and easily removable testa (husk) and a brownish, membranous tegmen. The cotyledons are usually unequal in size, the endosperm is minimally present.[23]

The fruit matures during the rainy season from July to August. The bean-shaped achenes of the jackfruit are coated with a firm yellowish aril (seed coat, flesh), which has an intense sweet taste at maturity of the fruit. [3] The pulp is enveloped by many narrow strands of fiber (undeveloped perianth), which run between the hard shell and the core of the fruit and are firmly attached to it. When pruned, the inner part (core) secretes a very sticky, milky liquid, which can hardly be removed from the skin, even with soap and water. To clean the hands after "unwinding" the pulp an oil or other solvent is used. For example, street vendors in Tanzania, who sell the fruit in small segments, provide small bowls of kerosene for their customers to cleanse their sticky fingers.[citation needed]

An average fruit consists of 27% edible seed coat, 15% edible seeds, 20% white pulp (undeveloped perianth, rags) and bark and 10% core.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 56.[24]

As food:

Ripe jackfruit is naturally sweet, with subtle flavoring.[10] It can be used to make a variety of dishes, including custards, cakes, or mixed with shaved ice as es teler in Indonesia or halo-halo in the Philippines. For the traditional breakfast dish in southern India, idlis, the fruit is used with rice as an ingredient and jackfruit leaves are used as a wrapping for steaming. Jackfruit dosas can be prepared by grinding jackfruit flesh along with the batter. Ripe jackfruit arils are sometimes seeded, fried, or freeze-dried and sold as jackfruit chips.

The seeds from ripe fruits are edible, and are said to have a milky, sweet taste often compared to Brazil nuts. They may be boiled, baked, or roasted. When roasted, the flavor of the seeds is comparable to chestnuts. Seeds are used as snacks (either by boiling or fire-roasting) or to make desserts. In Java, the seeds are commonly cooked and seasoned with salt as a snack. They are quite commonly used in curry in India in the form of a traditional lentil and vegetable mix curry.

Aroma:

Jackfruit has a distinctive sweet and fruity aroma. In a study of flavour volatiles in five jackfruit cultivars, the main volatile compounds detected were ethyl isovalerate, propyl isovalerate, butyl isovalerate, isobutyl isovalerate, 3-methylbutyl acetate, 1-butanol, and 2-methylbutan-1-ol.[25]

A fully ripe and unopened jackfruit is known to "emit a strong aroma", with the inside of the fruit described as smelling of pineapple and banana.[10] After roasting, the seeds may be used as a commercial alternative to chocolate aroma.[26]

Nutritional value:

The flesh of the jackfruit is starchy and fibrous and is a source of dietary fiber. The pulp is composed of 74% water, 23% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat. In a 100-g portion, raw jackfruit provides 400 kJ (95 kcal) and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B6 (25% DV). It contains moderate levels (10-19% DV) of vitamin C and potassium, with no other nutrients in significant content.

The jackfruit also provides a potential part of the solution for tropical countries facing problems with food security,[12] such as several countries of Africa.[27]

Culinary uses:

The flavor of the ripe fruit is comparable to a combination of apple, pineapple, mango, and banana.[10][13] Varieties are distinguished according to characteristics of the fruit flesh. In Indochina, the two varieties are the "hard" version (crunchier, drier, and less sweet, but fleshier), and the "soft" version (softer, moister, and much sweeter, with a darker gold-color flesh than the hard variety). Unripe jackfruit has a mild flavor and meat-like texture and is used in curry dishes with spices in many cuisines. The skin of unripe jackfruit must be peeled first, then the remaining jackfruit flesh is chopped in a labor-intensive process[28] into edible portions and cooked before serving.

The cuisines of many Asian countries use cooked young jackfruit.[13] In many cultures, jackfruit is boiled and used in curries as a staple food. The boiled young jackfruit is used in salads or as a vegetable in spicy curries and side dishes, and as fillings for cutlets and chops. It may be used by vegetarians as a substitute for meat such as pulled pork. It may be cooked with coconut milk and eaten alone or with meat, shrimp or smoked pork. In southern India, unripe jackfruit slices are deep-fried to make chips.

South Asia:

In Bangladesh, the fruit is consumed on its own. The unripe fruit is used in curry, and the seed is often dried and preserved to be later used in curry.[29] In India, two varieties of jackfruit predominate: muttomvarikka and sindoor. Muttomvarikka has a slightly hard inner flesh when ripe, while the inner flesh of the ripe sindoor fruit is soft.[30]

A sweet preparation called chakkavaratti (jackfruit jam) is made by seasoning pieces of muttomvarikka fruit flesh in jaggery, which can be preserved and used for many months. The fruits are either eaten alone or as a side to rice. The juice is extracted and either drunk straight or as a side. The juice is sometimes condensed and eaten as candies. The seeds are either boiled or roasted and eaten with salt and hot chilies. They are also used to make spicy side dishes with rice. Jackfruit may be ground and made into a paste, then spread over a mat and allowed to dry in the sun to create a natural chewy candy.

Southeast Asia:

In Indonesia and Malaysia, jackfruit is called nangka. The ripe fruit is usually sold separately and consumed on its own, or sliced and mixed with shaved ice as a sweet concoction dessert such as es campur and es teler. The ripe fruit might be dried and fried as kripiknangka, or jackfruit cracker. The seeds are boiled and consumed with salt, as it contains edible starchy content; this is called beton. Young (unripe) jackfruit is made into curry called gulai nangka or stewed called gudeg.

In the Philippines, jackfruit is called langka in Filipino and nangkà[31] in Cebuano. The unripe fruit is usually cooked in coconut milk and eaten with rice; this is called ginataang langka. The ripe fruit is often an ingredient in local desserts such as halo-halo and the Filipino turon. The ripe fruit, besides also being eaten raw as it is, is also preserved by storing in syrup or by drying. The seeds are also boiled before being eaten.

Thailand is a major producer of jackfruit, which are often cut, prepared, and canned in a sugary syrup (or frozen in bags or boxes without syrup) and exported overseas, frequently to North America and Europe.

In Vietnam, jackfruit is used to make jackfruit chè, a sweet dessert soup, similar to the Chinese derivative bubur cha cha. The Vietnamese also use jackfruit purée as part of pastry fillings or as a topping on xôi ngọt (a sweet version of sticky rice portions).

Jackfruits are found primarily in the eastern part of Taiwan. The fresh fruit can be eaten directly or preserved as dried fruit, candied fruit, or jam. It is also stir-fried or stewed with other vegetables and meat.

Americas:

In Brazil, three varieties are recognized: jaca-dura, or the "hard" variety, which has a firm flesh, and the largest fruits that can weigh between 15 and 40 kg each; jaca-mole, or the "soft" variety, which bears smaller fruits with a softer and sweeter flesh; and jaca-manteiga, or the "butter" variety, which bears sweet fruits whose flesh has a consistency intermediate between the "hard" and "soft" varieties.[32]

Africa:

From a tree planted for its shade in gardens, it became an ingredient for local recipes using different fruit segments. The seeds are boiled in water or roasted to remove toxic substances, and then roasted for a variety of desserts. The flesh of the unripe jackfruit is used to make a savory salty dish with smoked pork. The jackfruit arils are used to make jams or fruits in syrup, and can also be eaten raw.

Wood and manufacturing:

The golden yellow timber with good grain is used for building furniture and house construction in India. It is termite-proof and is superior to teak for building furniture. The wood of the jackfruit tree is important in Sri Lanka and is exported to Europe. Jackfruit wood is widely used in the manufacture of furniture, doors and windows, in roof construction,[10] and fish sauce barrels.[33]

The wood of the tree is used for the production of musical instruments. In Indonesia, hardwood from the trunk is carved out to form the barrels of drums used in the gamelan, and in the Philippines, its soft wood is made into the body of the kutiyapi, a type of boat lute. It is also used to make the body of the Indian string instrument veena and the drums mridangam, thimila, and kanjira.

Cultural significance:

The jackfruit has played a significant role in Indian agriculture for centuries. Archeological findings in India have revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago.[34] It has also been widely cultivated in Southeast Asia.

The ornate wooden plank called avani palaka, made of the wood of the jackfruit tree, is used as the priest's seat during Hindu ceremonies in Kerala. In Vietnam, jackfruit wood is prized for the making of Buddhist statues in temples[35] The heartwood is used by Buddhist forest monastics in Southeast Asia as a dye, giving the robes of the monks in those traditions their distinctive light-brown color.[36]

Jackfruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh,[29] and the state fruit of the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.[37][38]

Cultivation:

In terms of taking care of the plant, minimal pruning is required; cutting off dead branches from the interior of the tree is only sometimes needed.[10] In addition, twigs bearing fruit must be twisted or cut down to the trunk to induce growth for the next season.[10] Branches should be pruned every three to four years to maintain productivity.[10]

Some trees carry too many mediocre fruits and these are usually removed to allow the others to develop better to maturity.

Stingless bees such as Tetragonula iridipennis are jackfruit pollinators, so play an important role in jackfruit cultivation.[39]

Production and marketing:

Edit

In 2017, India produced 1.4 million tonnes of jackfruit, followed by Bangladesh, Thailand, and Indonesia.[40]

The marketing of jackfruit involves three groups: producers, traders, and middlemen, including wholesalers and retailers.[41] The marketing channels are rather complex. Large farms sell immature fruit to wholesalers, which helps cash flow and reduces risk, whereas medium-sized farms sell the fruit directly to local markets or retailers.

Commercial availability:

Outside of its countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at food markets throughout Southeast Asia.[10][42] It is also extensively cultivated in the Brazilian coastal region, where it is sold in local markets. It is available canned in sugary syrup, or frozen, already prepared and cut. Jackfruit industries are established in Sri Lanka and Vietnam, where the fruit is processed into products such as flour, noodles, papad, and ice cream.[42] It is also canned and sold as a vegetable for export.

Outside of countries where it is grown, jackfruit can be obtained year-round, both canned or dried. Dried jackfruit chips are produced by various manufacturers.

Invasive species:

Edit

In Brazil, the jackfruit can become an invasive species as in Brazil's Tijuca Forest National Park in Rio de Janeiro. The Tijuca is mostly an artificial secondary forest, whose planting began during the mid-19th century; jackfruit trees have been a part of the park's flora since it was founded.

Recently, the species has expanded excessively, and its fruits, which naturally fall to the ground and open, are eagerly eaten by small mammals, such as the common marmoset and coati. The seeds are dispersed by these animals; this allows the jackfruit to compete for space with native tree species. Additionally the supply of jackfruit as a ready source of food has allowed the marmoset and coati populations to expand. Since both prey opportunistically on birds' eggs and nestlings, increases in marmoset or coati population are detrimental for local bird populations.

References:

Under its accepted name Artocarpus heterophyllus (then as heterophylla) this species was described in Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 209. (1789) by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, from a specimen collected by botanist Philibert Commerson. Lamarck said of the fruit that it was coarse and difficult to digest. "Larmarck's original description of tejas". Retrieved 2012-11-23. On mange la chair de son fruit, ainsi que les noyaux qu'il contient; mais c'est un aliment grossier et difficile à digérer.

^ "Name - !Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

^ "TPL, treatment of Artocarpus heterophyllus". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

^ "Name – Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. synonyms". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

^ "Artocarpus heterophyllus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2012-11-23.

^ "Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. — The Plant List". Theplantlist.org. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2014-06-17.

^ "Artocarpus heterophyllus". Tropical Biology Association. October 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-08-15. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

^ Love, Ken; Paull, Robert E (June 2011). "Jackfruit" (PDF). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

^ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants:Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 107.

^ a b c d e f g h i j k Morton, Julia. "Jackfruit". Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Retrieved 19 April 2016.

^ "Jackfruit Fruit Facts". California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. 1996. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

^ a b c Silver, Mark. "Here's The Scoop On Jackfruit, A Ginormous Fruit To Feed The World". NPR. Retrieved 19 April 2016.

^ a b c Janick, Jules; Paull, Robert E. The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts. p. 155.

^ The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, By Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull, pp. 481–485

^ Pradeepkumar, T.; Jyothibhaskar, B. Suma; Satheesan, K. N. (2008). Prof. K. V. Peter, ed. Management of Horticultural Crops. Horticultural Science Series. 11. New Delhi, India: New India Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-89422-49-3. The English name jackfruit is derived from Portuguese jaca, which is derived from Malayalam chakka.

^ Friar Jordanus, 14th century, as translated from the Latin by Henry Yule (1863). Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East. Hakluyt Society. p. 13. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

^ Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989, online edition

^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. Bartleby. 2000. Archived from the original on 2005-11-30.

^ Stewart, Ralph R. (1984). "How Did They Die?". Taxon. 33 (1): 48–52. doi:10.2307/1222028. JSTOR 1222028.

^ Blench, Roger= (2008). "A history of fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland" (PDF). In Osada, Toshiki; Uesugi, Akinori. Occasional Paper 4: Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past. Indus Project. pp. 115–137. ISBN 9784902325331.

^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2013). "The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress". Oceanic Linguistics. 52 (2): 493–523. doi:10.1353/ol.2013.0016.

^ D. KN G Pushpakumara: Floral and Fruit Morphology and Phenology of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae). In: Sri Lankan J. Agric. Sci. Vol. 43, 2006, pp. 82-106, online (PDF), on researchgate.net, accessed May 24, 2018.

^ N. Haq: Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus. International Center for Underutilized Crops, 2006, ISBN 0-85432-785-1, p. 4-11, 72 f.

^ Artocarpus heterophyllus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

^ Ong, B.T.; Nazimah, S.A.H.; Tan, C.P.; Mirhosseini, H.; Osman, A.; Hashim, D. Mat; Rusul, G. (August 2008). "Analysis of volatile compounds in five jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) cultivars using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 21 (5): 416–422. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2008.03.002. Retrieved 2013-02-02.

^ Spada, Fernanda Papa; et al. (21 January 2017). "Optimization of Postharvest Conditions To Produce Chocolate Aroma from Jackfruit Seeds". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65 (6): 1196–1208. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04836. PMID 28110526.

^ Mwandambo, Pascal (11 March 2014). "Venture in rare jackfruit turns farmers' fortunes around". Standard Online. Standard Group Ltd. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

^ Gene Wu [@@GeneforTexas] (2018-08-21). "Look for this thread later when we do: "You don't know Jackfruit."" (Tweet) – via Twitter.

^ a b Matin, Abdul. "A poor man's fruit: Now a miracle food!". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2015-06-12.

^ Ashwini. A (2015). Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Jackfruit. Artocarpus heterophyllus. Kerala Agricultural University.

^ Wolff, John U. (1972). "Nangkà". A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan. 2. p. 698.

^ General information Archived 2009-04-13 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Agriculture, State of Bahia

^ "Nam O fish sauce village". Danang Today. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2015-09-22.

^ Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross; Patel, Vinood B., eds. (2011). Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention (1st ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. p. 678. ISBN 978-0-12-375689-3.

^ "Gỗ mít nài". Nhagoviethung.com. Retrieved 2014-06-17.

^ Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeast Thailand, J.L. Taylor 1993 p. 218

^ Subrahmanian, N.; Hikosaka, Shu; Samuel, G. John; Thiagarajan, P. (1997). Tamil social history. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 88. Retrieved 2010-03-23.

^ "Kerala's State fruit!". Retrieved 2018-03-17.

^ Kothai, S. (2015). "Environmental Impact on Stingless Bee Propolis (Tetragonula iridipennis) Reared from Two Different Regions of Tamilnadu — A Comparative Study". International Journal of ChemTech Research.

^ Benjamin Elisha Sawe (25 April 2017). "World Leaders In Jackfruit Production". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 23 May 2018.

^ Haq, Nazmul (2006). Jackfruit: Artocarpus heterophyllus (PDF). Southampton, UK: Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-85432-785-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-05.

^ a b Goldenberg, Suzanne (23 April 2014). "Jackfruit heralded as 'miracle' food crop". The Guardian, London, UK. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

Rage Against Rape by Master's Diary

16 10

This piece, which (to me) represents a woman beating her fist against a closed door, expresses my outrage at the crime of rape, most often, but not always, perpetrated by men upon women and so often employed as a weapon of war (now combined with the passing on of HIV to the victems especially in Africa) .

"The word rape originates from the Latin verb rapere: to seize or take by force. The word originally had no sexual connotation and is still used generically in English. The history of rape, and the alterations of its meaning, is quite complex. The Latin terms for the crime of rape were iniuria (assault) or per vim stuprum (fornication achieved by force), but the ancient Romans regarded rape only as an extenuated form of adultery, and could punish the victim by execution while allowing the perpetrator a lesser punishment such as banishment. Raptus was a general term used to refer to abduction, elopement, or rape in its modern meaning. Confusion over the term led ecclesial commentators on the law to differentiate the terms into raptus seductionis (elopement without parental consent) and raptus violentiae (ravishment) during Late Antiquity. Both forms of raptus had a civil penalty and possible excommunication for the family and village receiving the abducted woman, although raptus violentiae also incurred punishments of mutilation or death.

Rape, in the course of war, also dates back to antiquity, ancient enough to have been mentioned in the Bible. The Israelite, Greek, Persian and Roman troops would routinely rape women and boys in the conquered towns. In the modern era, rape is considered to be a war crime when committed by soldiers in combat.

As many as 80,000 women were raped by the Japanese soldiers during the six weeks of the Nanking Massacre. The term "Comfort women" is a euphemism for the estimated 200,000 women who were forced into prostitution in Japanese military brothels during World War II. At the end of World War II, Red Army soldiers are estimated to have raped around 2,000,000 German women and girls. French Moroccan troops known as Goumiers, committed rapes and other war crimes after the Battle of Monte Cassino."

An estimated 200,000 women were raped during the Bangladesh Liberation War by the Pakistani army and at least 20,000 Bosnian Muslim women were raped by Serb forces during the Bosnian War.

In peacetime, at least, alcohol and/or other drug uses is frequently involved in rape. In 47% of rapes, both the victim and the perpetrator had been drinking. In 17%, only the perpetrator had been. 7% of the time, only the victim had been drinking. Rapes where neither the victim nor the perpetrator had been drinking were 29% of all rapes.

The issue of the rapist's motivation seems to be multifactoral and is controversial. Most experts assert the primary cause of rape is an aggressive desire to dominate the victim rather than an attempt to achieve sexual fulfillment. "We can think of no other assertion in the social sciences, that has achieved such wide acceptance based on so little evidence," wrote Felson and coauthor Tedeschi, pioneers of the controversial Social-Interactionist Perspective which asserts that sexual desire can be a motivating factor in rape. They consider rape an act of violence rather than principally a sexual encounter. Other groups, such as the Catholic Church, consider some rapes to be motivated by lust. Cundiff (2004) argued that the inavailability of another outlet for male sexual desires, such as prostitution, may contribute to the prevalance of rape.

Most rapists do not have a preference for rape over consensual sex. Around 90% of rapists who participated in a 1986 study by Baxter et al. were more aroused by depictions of mutually enjoyable sex than violent rape. There are not significant differences between the arousal patterns of rapists and nonrapists.

Contrary to widespread belief, rape outdoors is rare. Over two thirds of all rapes occur in someone's home. 30.9% occur in the perpetrators' homes, 26.6% in the victims' homes and 10.1% in homes shared by the victim and perpetrator. 7.2% occur at parties, 7.2% in vehicles, 3.6% outdoors and 2.2% in bars.

According to a news report on BBC1 channel presented in 12 November 2007, there were 85000 women raped in UK last year or about 230 cases every day. The report also showed that 800 persons only were convicted in rape crimes that year.

After being raped it is common for the victim to experience intense, and sometimes unpredictable, emotions, and they may find it hard to deal with their memories of the event. Victims can be severely traumatized by the assault and may have difficulty functioning as well as they had been used to prior to the assault, with disruption of concentration, sleeping patterns and eating habits, for example. They may feel jumpy or be on edge. In the month(s) immediately following the assault these problems may be severe and very upsetting and may prevent the victim from revealing their ordeal to friends or family, or seeking police or medical assistance. This may result in Acute Stress Disorder."

Adapted from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape

Centra Food Market 320 Bayfield Street Unit M101 Barrie Ontario L4M 3C1 Canada by antefixus21

5 4

Whole Jackfruit $1.29 cents/pound from Mexico.

Phone: 1-705-727-1818

Business hours: 9:00AM - 9:00PM 7/7.

We highly recommend shopping at this supermarket.

www.centrafoods.ca

Jackfruit, or Artocarpus heterophyllus, is the largest tree-borne fruit in the world, capable of reaching 100 pounds. And it grows on the branches — and the trunks — of trees that can reach 30, 40, 50 feet. Growing to the hefty weight of 80 pounds. It is also the national fruit of Bangladesh and may have been cultivated in India as early as 6,000 years ago. Related to the breadfruit and marang, its buttery flesh is thick with fiber and often described as starchy in flavor.

Many say it tastes like a cross between an apple, pineapple, and banana.One popular way to prepare this fruit is to deep fry it into crunchy jackfruit chips.

Jackfruits are also a nutritional bonanza: high in protein, potassium and vitamin B. And, with about 95 calories in about a half a cup, they aren't quite as high-carb or caloric as staples like rice or corn.