View allAll Photos Tagged Cataclysm
Неаполитанский залив
Exhibition of Aivazovsky . Russia, St. Petersburg,
Выставка Айвазовского. Россия. Санкт-Петербург.
Venus Transit-
Large black spot on top is Venus eclipsing / passing in front of the sun.
This wont happen again until 2117-
"Do you feel cold and lost in desperation?
You build up hope, but failures all you've known.
Remember all the sadness and frustration
And let it go.
Let it go..."
Been a while since I have done any abstract so sorry to inflict this one you, I have to let the real me out once in a while :-)
This was driving home last week, all guns blazing, great way to deal with traffic :-),
hey they baned mobile use whilst driving- didn't say anything about laser canons.....
View Large Crazy lights On Black
shot: 3.2secs f13 ISO400
Taken from Savannah Skies Observatory using an SBIG STXL-6303 camera and 41-cm RCOS telescope on a Software Bisque PME Mount.
2021.6.12.81 UT; Mag 12.4 C
LINKS
David Bishop's Supernova Website: www.rochesterastronomy.org/snimages/
Transient Name Server: www.wis-tns.org/
Info about supernovae: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova
J'ai longtemps aimé le silence pour lire. La quiétude d'un néant quelconque, impersonnel, pour savourer pleinement le cataclysme sonore des mots.
Maxime Drouot
This dark, tangled web is an object named SNR 0454-67.2. It is a supernova remnant, created after a massive star ended its life in a cataclysmic explosion and threw its material out into surrounding space. This created the messy formation we see in this Hubble Space Telescope image, with threads of red snaking amidst dark, turbulent clouds.
SNR 0454-67.2 is situated in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf spiral galaxy that lies close to the Milky Way. The remnant is likely the result of a Type Ia supernova explosion; this category of supernovae is formed from the death of a white dwarf star, which grows and grows by siphoning material from a stellar companion until it reaches a critical mass and then explodes.
Credit: ESA/Hubble, NASA
For more information, visit: www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1848a/
The ranger said that this geyser was experiencing a surge in activity. It turned out that they closed that area the next day for fear of a cataclysmic event.
Le léviathan (de l'hébreu: לויתן, liwjatan) est un monstre marin évoqué dans la Bible. C'est un monstre colossal, dragon, serpent et crocodile, dont la forme n'est pas précisée ; il peut être considéré comme l'évocation d'un cataclysme terrifiant capable de modifier la planète, et d'en bousculer l'ordre et la géographie, sinon d'anéantir le monde.
Léviathan est également, selon certaines versions, le nom donné à un des démons principaux de l'enfer. Il est représenté au Moyen Âge sous la forme d'une gueule ouverte qui avale les âmes, représenté ainsi comme l'entrée des enfers.
Il peut être associé au démon de l'ouest Jörmungand, le serpent né de Loki, le dieu du Mal, et responsable de la fin du monde.
Le léviathan est souvent représenté sous la forme d'un gigantesque serpent de mer, dont les ondulations sont à l'origine des vagues.
Il est souvent identifié à la Bête de l'Apocalypse.
(source WIKI et JF :o))
A very impressive erosion hole just on the side of the main Rhône Valley in Central Wallis. Fortunatly the region has a typical, very dry, mediterranean climate. But, it there is big storm, it's better to fly, since all comes down to the Rhône valley, cutting it.
Astronomers reject the idea of Nibiru, and have made efforts to inform the public that there is no threat to Earth.[56] They point out that such an object so close to Earth would be easily visible to the naked eye, and would create noticeable effects in the orbits of the outer planets. Most photographs purporting to show "Nibiru" beside the Sun are lens flares, false images of the Sun created by reflections within the lens. Claims that the object has been concealed behind the Sun are untenable.[
An orbit like that of Nibiru within our Solar System is inconsistent with celestial mechanics. David Morrison, NASA space scientist explains that after just one previous flyby of Earth, such as they claim happened in Sumerian times, Earth itself would no longer be in its current near circular orbit and would be likely to have lost its Moon. If Nibiru were a brown dwarf it would have even worse effects, as brown dwarfs are far more massive..Since Pluto is now frequently observed by backyard telescopes, any giant planet beyond Pluto would be easily observed by an amateur astronomer. And if such an object existed in our Solar System, it would have passed through the inner Solar System a million times by now.
Astronomer Mike Brown notes that if this object's orbit were as described, it would only have remained in the Solar System for about a million years before Jupiter expelled it, and, even if such a planet existed, its magnetic field would have no effect on Earth's.Lieder's assertions that the approach of Nibiru would cause the Earth's rotation to stop or its axis to shift violate the laws of physics. In his rebuttal of Immanuel Velikovsky's Worlds in Collision, which made the same claim that the Earth's rotation could be stopped and then restarted, Carl Sagan noted that, "the energy required to brake the Earth is not enough to melt it, although it would result in a noticeable increase in temperature: The oceans would [be] raised to the boiling point of water ... [Also,] how does the Earth get started up again, rotating at approximately the same rate of spin? The Earth cannot do it by itself, because of the law of the conservation of angular momentum."
In a 2009 interview with the Discovery Channel, Mike Brown noted that, while it is not impossible that the Sun has a distant planetary companion, such an object would have to be lying very far from the observed regions of the Solar System to have no detectable gravitational effect on the other planets. A Mars-sized object could lie undetected at 300 AU (10 times the distance of Neptune); a Jupiter-sized object at 30,000 AU. To travel 1000 AU in two years, an object would need to be moving at 2400 km/s – faster than the galactic escape velocity. At that speed, any object would be shot out of the Solar System, and then out of the Milky Way galaxy into intergalactic space.
The Nibiru cataclysm is a supposed disastrous encounter between the Earth and a large planetary object (either a collision or a near-miss) which certain groups believe will take place in the early 21st century. Believers in this doomsday event usually refer to this object as Nibiru or Planet X. The idea was first put forward in 1995 by Nancy Lieder,founder of the website ZetaTalk. Lieder describes herself as a contactee with the ability to receive messages from extraterrestrials from the Zeta Reticuli star system through an implant in her brain. She states that she was chosen to warn mankind that the object would sweep through the inner Solar System in May 2003 (though that date was later postponed) causing Earth to undergo a physical pole shift that would destroy most of humanity.
The prediction has subsequently spread beyond Lieder's website and has been embraced by numerous Internet doomsday groups. In the late 2000s, it became closely associated with the 2012 phenomenon. Since 2012, the Nibiru cataclysm has frequently reappeared in the popular media, usually linked to newsmaking astronomical objects such as Comet ISON or Planet Nine. Although the name "Nibiru" is derived from the works of the ancient astronaut writer Zecharia Sitchin and his interpretations of Babylonian and Sumerian mythology, he denied any connection between his work and various claims of a coming apocalypse. A prediction by self-described "Christian numerologist" David Meade that the Nibiru cataclysm would occur on 23 September 2017 received extensive media coverage.
The idea that a planet-sized object will collide with or closely pass by Earth in the near future is not supported by any scientific evidence and has been rejected by astronomers and planetary scientists as pseudoscience and an Internet hoax.[5][6] Such an object would have destabilised the orbits of the planets to the extent that their effects would be easily observable today.Astronomers have hypothesized many planets beyond Neptune, and though many have been disproved, there are some that remain viable candidates such as Planet Nine. All the current candidates are in orbits that keep them well beyond Neptune throughout their orbit, even when they are closest to the sun.
Every week NASA receives thousands of requests from people wanting to know more about Nibiru, also known as the Planet of Crossing, or Planet X. It is due to pass through our solar system in the year 2020, and when it does, the asteroid belt will once again be disrupted. This will cause unimaginable damage throughout the system,
including here on earth, as our recurring cycle of mass extinctions tells us. But the experts still haven’t answered a very important question: Is Nibiru really a planet?
Finally, one must know how to renounce lies. We must dare to face the truth when the hiding veil is opening. To look at the truth is not innocent, for it drives you to believe it. Believe it, why not? As long as it’s without believing.
The Lone Planet Theory is certainly the most popular among Nibiru scholars. It was first opined in the 1970s by the speculative writer Zecharia Sitchin. The theory goes something like this: the vast asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter along with the bizarre positions of Neptune and Uranus didn’t just happen. Some mysterious massive object changed forever the structure of the Solar System. Proponents of this theory believe that Nibiru was never able to reach a resonant frequency with the rest of the planets. So it was flung out of the system and into its wildly elliptical orbit. This process destroyed its moons - leaving only the rubble that we call the asteroid belt. This violent event also tossed Neptune and Uranus into their current positions. Luckily though, once Nibiru was gone, the remaining planets were able to find stable and harmonious orbits around the sun.
Those who believe this theory are divided into two camps as to how the Anunnaki’s could have survived this catastrophe. On the one hand, there are those who believe the planet was colonized AFTER the ejection. The Anunnaki’s were already advanced, self-sufficient space travelers. They chose Nibiru, perhaps for the very extreme qualities that would be lethal to humans. On the other hand, there are those who believe the planet had an existing population at the time of its ejection. They were immediately forced to move deep underground for survival. Over the eons life there evolved to suit the bizarre environment and the 3,500 year orbit. All the life forms on Nibiru had to begin processing geothermal energy, or perish. Examples of this very type of adaptation can be seen here on earth near thermal vents at the bottom of our deepest oceans.
Nibiru is the name that Anunna give their wandering planet. Zecharia Sitchin and Sumer
The word Nibiru comes from the writings of the Azerbaijani American author and ancient astronaut theorist Zecharia Sitchin. Zecharia Sitchin has speculated that Nibiru would be an additional planet in our solar system, a planet that have escaped astronomers because it describes a disconcerting orbit. In fact, according to Sitchin, Nibiru planet leaves the solar system for thousands of years. What is indisputable, since all the myths say the same thing.
The argument in favor of the Lone Planet Theory is the evidence that the Anunnaki themselves left here on earth after their visits. Examples include the ancient Sumerian civilization, the elongated skulls that can be seen in natural history museums worldwide, and the strange codes they placed in our DNA. They used early hominid, animal, and their own genetic material to create the modern human race, which they used as slave labor to extract the minerals they needed for their long journey.
I’m sorry to say Sitchin is mistaken about Nibiru itself, about its true nature. Peeling the Sumerian writings, I have become convinced that Nibiru is not a planet, even though it has the dimensions. The texts call it the roaming planet of Anunna. That’s why. Nibiru is a sapceship, a mother ship. To know where it came from, to know the secret it hides, we just have to reverse the letters of its name: NIBIRU becomes URIBIN. Language of the Goslings. A small detour by the Tudesque gives the grid of reading: UR I(ch) BIN, I AM UR, I am the origin.
We all remember the Death Star / Black Star in Star Wars saga. Nibiru is far wider, more terrible even. Bottom view, it is black and gloomy because it hides the sunlight. View from above, or side view, it is welcoming and clear. Nibiru is a tropical bubble of light and sweetness that moves at will throughout the galaxy. There is an ocean in the transparent bubble, an ocean that moves in space, with a circular central island surrounded by lagoons and concentric lidos.
The form and appearance of this wandering planet is found in a line-by-line fashion in the compasses of the navy, as I have already explained.
The Nemesis Theory is similar in many ways to the Lone Planet theory. The difference is that proponents assert that Nibiru is a planet orbiting a Dwarf Star called Nemesis. This dwarf brown or red star is the “dark twin” of our own sun. It states, in fact, that we live in a binary system. This idea hasn’t gained much traction with the general populous, but is widely endorsed by many scientists. And it’s easy to see why. NASA has in fact discovered a dimly radiating star called Nemesis on the outskirts of our system. It’s about twice the mass of Jupiter, and could very well have a planet - or several planets - orbiting it. They calculate that Nemesis wreaks havoc in our neighborhood about once every 3,500 years.
If some of you recognized the description of Atlantis that Plato gives, chance has nothing to do with it. Nor random, since it does not exist. Plato ignored a few things. Among them, Atlantis was not an ordinary island, but a mother ship floating in the middle of the Atlantic. You can not blame Plato who lived 25 centuries ago, because if the thing is difficult to admit today, it was totally inconceivable in those days.
In this gigantic spaceship shaped transparent bubble, there is this island that remains horizontal as it floats in the ocean. When the mother ship lands on the ocean, it floats there, and the sky of the bubble is retracted as a cockpit, so that no one can tell the difference between this island vessel and an ordinary island. Except, perhaps, its perfect circularity described by Plato, which didn’t catch attention of any researcher, although it seems quite unnatural.
The heat and light from the dwarf star would be enough keep Nibiru habitable, and somewhat earth-like. In this scenario, the Anunnaki were never hurled into space. Rather they have enjoyed a stable orbit around their star Nemesis, which in turn orbits our sun in a somewhat lopsided binary system. When the two stars are at their closest, it causes complete mayhem in both systems. Our asteroid belt is just one piece of evidence supporting this.
Nancy Lieder and ZetaTalk
Nancy Lieder
The idea of the Nibiru encounter originated with Nancy Lieder, a Wisconsin woman who claims that as a girl she was contacted by gray extraterrestrials called Zetas, who implanted a communications device in her brain. In 1995, she founded the website ZetaTalk to disseminate her ideas.[8] Lieder first came to public attention on Internet newsgroups during the build-up to Comet Hale–Bopp's 1997 perihelion. She stated, claiming to speak as the Zetas, that "The Hale–Bopp comet does not exist. It is a fraud, perpetrated by those who would have the teeming masses quiescent until it is too late. Hale–Bopp is nothing more than a distant star, and will draw no closer."[10] She claimed that the Hale–Bopp story was manufactured to distract people from the imminent arrival of a large planetary object, "Planet X", which would soon pass by Earth and destroy civilization. After Hale–Bopp's perihelion revealed it as one of the brightest and longest-observed comets of the last century, Lieder removed the first two sentences of her initial statement from her site, though they can still be found in Google's archives.[10] Her claims eventually made the New York Times.
Lieder described Planet X as roughly four times the size of the Earth, and said that its closest approach would occur on May 27, 2003, resulting in the Earth's rotation ceasing for exactly 5.9 terrestrial days. This would be followed by the Earth's pole destabilising in a pole shift (a physical pole shift, with the Earth's pole physically moving, rather than a geomagnetic reversal) caused by magnetic attraction between the Earth's core and the magnetism of the passing planet. This in turn would disrupt the Earth's magnetic core and lead to subsequent displacement of the Earth's crust.
Roughly a week before the supposed arrival of Planet X in May 2003, Lieder appeared on KROQ-FM radio in Los Angeles, and advised listeners to euthanize their pets in anticipation of the event as she had done.This led the Fortean Times to conclude that she had put down her dog(s) to save them from further suffering during the Pole Shift.[15] Later, in a 2004 interview she said that she had euthanized her dog because it was acting aggressively.[16] After the 2003 date passed without incident, Lieder said that it was merely a "white lie ... to fool the establishment."She refused to disclose the true date, saying that to do so would give those in power enough time to declare martial law and trap people in cities during the shift, leading to their deaths.
Although Lieder originally referred to the object as "Planet X", it has become deeply associated with Nibiru, a planet from the works of ancient astronaut proponent Zecharia Sitchin, particularly his book The 12th Planet. According to Sitchin's interpretation of ancient Mesopotamian religious texts, which contradicts conclusions reached by credited scholars on the subject, a giant planet (called Nibiru or Marduk) passes by Earth every 3,600 years, allowing its sentient inhabitants to interact with humanity. Sitchin identified these beings with the Anunnaki in Sumerian mythology and claimed that they were humanity's first gods.[22][19] Lieder first made the connection between Nibiru and her Planet X on her site in 1996 ("Planet X does exist, and it is the 12th Planet, one and the same.").
However, Sitchin, who died in 2010, denied any connection between his work and Lieder's claims. In 2007, partly in response to Lieder's proclamations, Sitchin published a book, The End of Days, which set the time for the last passing of Nibiru by Earth at 556 BC, which would mean, given the object's supposed 3,600-year orbit, that it would return sometime around AD 2900. He did however say that he believed that the Annunaki might return earlier by spaceship, and that the timing of their return would coincide with the shift from the astrological Age of Pisces to the Age of Aquarius, sometime between 2090 and 2370
Believers in the Nemesis Theory say the Anunnaki need nothing from us. They were our teachers, not slave drivers. They helped us survive the great flood, rather than being the cause of it. Since our only record of their visits is in ancient Sumerian tablets - which are still in the process of being translated - it’s easy to see how these ideas could be confused.
As if all that weren’t enough, there is one other idea worth discussing: the Space Vessel Theory. It is certainly the least researched, but possibly the most intriguing of all the speculations regarding Nibiru. The theory goes like this: like Star Trek, there really is a kind of United Nations of planets and alien civilizations in our galaxy. They built this giant vessel, and many others like it, for purposes we are only just beginning to understand. What many refer to as “planet” Nibiru is actually a planet-sized space ship that is on a 3,500-year continual mission in our part of the Galaxy. It is equipped to research, patrol, protect, police, and even punish growing populations that were long ago seeded by the Anunnaki.
When Nibiru must regain altitude, the bubble is closed, and the gigantic machine take off the ocean. The mass of water it displaces, tearing digs a more terrible tsunami and even more devastating than that one day will cause the collapse of Cumbre Vieja. Both sides of the Atlantic are buried under a huge wave, the human and material damage is considerable, many believe that the end of the world is coming. This trauma is the origin of the myth of the flood. The disappearance of Atlantis is the cause and not the consequence of the flood.
Atlantis is one of the names that the ancients gave this mother ship which received a lot across countries and over time. If the Greeks called Atlantis, Nibiru is Sumerian name. The Romans called Hercolobus. Christians have made Eden or Paradise, which for them is a past paradise on earth and also a future heavenly paradise. It corresponds to the status of a modern and technological mother ship, resembling a wandering planet that comes and goes. The Hebrews called the Heavenly Jerusalem, which they want the return of all their wishes, the unfortunate.
The Bible speaks with regret of “time where the gods lived among men.” This time is lost at times when Nibiru arose.
Because Anunnaki came more than once, we bet they will come back again. After all, they are at home here. And they put on all the world’s oceans in order to develop, teach and use of all global populations. When they landed in the Indian Ocean, their floating island was named the Land of Punt, which some rebaptiseront later Lemuria. When they landed on the Pacific Ocean, their bubble ship was called Mu, the fabulous empire Naacals.
Those who favor this theory point to the recent uptick in UFO sightings and crop circle messages as a sign that the Anunnaki are preparing to meet with us again, as they have on their previous passes. The ancient Sumerians greeted the Anunnaki as gods. However, our current level of civilization and scientific understanding will enable us to greet them as equals. But it still remains to be seen whether our meeting will be a friendly one. No doubt, despite all our advancements, the Anunnaki are, literally, light years ahead of us.
As Nibiru comes ever closer, our scientists will gather more information, and all will eventually become clear. But for now the questions outnumber the answers by a maddening margin. There are some who say they are already in contact with the Anunnaki. There are some who say this is all nonsense. I tend to think the truth is somewhere in between those two extremes.
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From left:
Temblor - Robert Coleman was a supervillain for hire who used a pair of gauntlets to generate shockwaves. From small blasts that knocked pursuers off their feet to block-levelling tremors, Temblor seemed to be a formidable mercenary until a building he had been hired to destroy collapsed on top of him. Rescued by Batgirl, Coleman hung up the gloves for good and became little more than a footnote in supercriminal history, although he was briefly blamed for the Cataclysm that rendered Gotham a no-man's land.
Anarky - Lonnie Machin was originally a teenage hacker under the alias Money_Spider, stealing millions of dollars from multinational corporations. Once caught, Lonnie refused to lend his talents to the NSA unlike his co-conspirator Hadrian "The General" Armstrong, and wound up incarcerated in a brutal home for young offenders. These horrific conditions radicalized Lonnie against the capitalist system, and he used money squirreled away from his past cyber heists to start giving to the poor and to begin his new career as the vigilante Anarky. Pursued by Armstrong (now a government agent), Lonnie's benevolent intentions won him enough favor with Batman to briefly be considered a candidate for the next Robin. His staunch rejection of Batman's methods, however, put the two at deeply personal odds.
Gearhead - Nathan Finch was gravely injured in a street race. Left for dead by his peers, Finch was rescued by a back alley doctor who grafted his body to a mobile life support machine with modular cybernetic attachments. Unwilling to die, yet appalled that the doctor had simply experimented on him for his own gratification, Finch escaped and began a campaign of revenge against those he blamed for his loss of humanity. Years later, when the Justice League's own Cyborg went rogue due to the Grid virus, Gearhead himself succumbed to Grid and joined many other infected technological villains as part of the Crime Syndicate's invasion army.
Copperhead - The anonymous assassin Copperhead used a mechanical tail to suffocate her victims. She took contracts all over the globe, pitting her against many of the world's heroes and often finding herself hired as muscle in a variety of other supervillains' schemes.
Nicodemus - Thomas Hart was a corrupt councillor in an equally corrupt City Hall. Taking the biblical name Nicodemus, he sought to divert attention from his own crimes coming to light by instead amplifying those of his coworkers. Nicodemus held live broadcasts of the "trials" he put on for his kidnapped colleagues, which invariably ended with Hart burning them to death. Faking his own murder at the hands of Nicodemus was not enough to fool Batman, however, and Hart perished for good in a fire he intended for the Dark Knight.
Cornelius Stirk - A metahuman with the ability to alter his appearance through psychic means, Cornelius Stirk is unfortunately more well known for a series of canniballistic murders. A long-time resident of the Arkham Institute, Stirk seems to have reformed and is occasionally allowed to indulge his more benign culinary pursuits in the facility's mess hall. Yet he still remains on a very short leash - "kiss the cook" is not a risk any of the staff or other inmates want to take.
Did Tyrannosaurus Rex use red toothpaste?
The head of existing T. Rex skeletons are almost my height. Lucky for us it went extinct in one of the mass extinction cataclysms suffered by our planet Earth.
The teeth of Tyrannosaurus rex displayed marked heterodonty (differences in shape).[13][23] The premaxillary teeth at the front of the upper jaw were closely packed, D-shaped in cross-section, had reinforcing ridges on the rear surface, were incisiform (their tips were chisel-like blades), and curved backward. The D-shaped cross-section, reinforcing ridges, and backward curve reduced the risk that the teeth would snap when Tyrannosaurus bit and pulled. The remaining teeth were robust, like "lethal bananas" rather than daggers; more widely spaced and also had reinforcing ridges.[24] Those in the upper jaw were larger than those in all but the rear of the lower jaw. The largest found so far is estimated to have been 30 centimeters (12 in) long including the root when the animal was alive, making it the largest tooth of any carnivorous dinosaur yet found.[3]
Tyrannosaurus rex was one of the largest land carnivores of all time; the largest complete specimen, FMNH PR2081 ("Sue"), measured 12.8 metres (42 ft) long and was 4.0 metres (13.1 ft) tall at the hips.[3] Mass estimates have varied widely over the years, from more than 7.2 metric tons (7.9 short tons),[2] to less than 4.5 metric tons (5.0 short tons),[5][6] with most modern estimates ranging between 5.4 and 6.8 metric tons (6.0 and 7.5 short tons).[4][7][8][9] Packard et al. (2009) tested dinosaur mass estimation procedures on elephants and concluded that dinosaur estimations are flawed and produce over-estimations; thus, the weight of Tyrannosaurus could be much less than usually estimated.[10]
Although Tyrannosaurus rex was larger than the well known Jurassic theropod Allosaurus, it was slightly smaller than some other Cretaceous carnivores, such as Spinosaurus and Giganotosaurus.[11][12]
The neck of Tyrannosaurus rex formed a natural S-shaped curve like that of other theropods, but was short and muscular to support the massive head. The forelimbs had only two clawed fingers,[13] along with an additional small metacarpal representing the remnant of a third digit.[14] In contrast, the hind limbs were among the longest in proportion to body size of any theropod. The tail was heavy and long, sometimes containing over forty vertebrae, in order to balance the massive head and torso. To compensate for the immense bulk of the animal, many bones throughout the skeleton were hollow, reducing its weight without significant loss of strength.[13]
The largest known Tyrannosaurus rex skulls measure up to 5 feet (1.5 m) in length.[15] Large fenestrae (openings) in the skull reduced weight and provided areas for muscle attachment, as in all carnivorous theropods. But in other respects, Tyrannosaurus’ skull was significantly different from those of large non-tyrannosauroid theropods. It was extremely wide at the rear but had a narrow snout, allowing unusually good binocular vision.[16][17] The skull bones were massive and the nasals and some other bones were fused, preventing movement between them; but many were pneumatized (contained a "honeycomb" of tiny air spaces) which may have made the bones more flexible as well as lighter. These and other skull-strengthening features are part of the tyrannosaurid trend towards an increasingly powerful bite, which easily surpassed that of all non-tyrannosaurids.[18][19][20] The tip of the upper jaw was U-shaped (most non-tyrannosauroid carnivores had V-shaped upper jaws), which increased the amount of tissue and bone a tyrannosaur could rip out with one bite, although it also increased the stresses on the front teeth.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus
T.Rex was not the largest Therapod:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Largesttheropods.png
IMG_0368
Reality exhausts the day, and so weakened, succumbs to night.
And time, burdened by care, sleeps so we may dream.
Heroic dreams of travail, betrayal and forgiveness.
Mythic dreams of creation, cataclysm and redemption.
And dreams unkempt by reason, full of original promise;
Of reality nurturing day, and so strengthened, transfiguring night.
And time, relieved of care, sleeps so we may dream.
- Prose poem composed by two glasses of sangria over the course of a winter evening.
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Image Basis: A tree encircled in vines, located in a wooded area of a local nature preserve.
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Locale: Schlitz Audubon Nature Center ("SANC") - Bayside, Wisconsin, (USA).
Sub-Locale: Northwestern portion of Lake Terrace Trail.
Year & Season: 2014 ; Mid summer
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Camera: Sony Alpha a7 Mirrorless
Sensor: Full-frame
IBIS: n/a ; OIS: n/a
Support: Tripod
Lens: Sony-Zeiss Vario-Tessar FE 24-70mm f/4 OSS T* ZA
Filters: (none)
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Exposure Program: Manual
Metering Mode: Average
Drive/Focus Mode: Single-shot/Manual focus
Focus Area: Focus magnifier (center of tree trunk)
Exposure Quality: Raw (Lightroom DNG)
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Processing: Lightroom 6.12 (CR 9.12)
LR Presets: (none) ; Processing Plug-Ins: (none)
JPG Size: 11.8MP (4872 x 2415)
File ID: Polyptych02 Milw.SANC.20140813-01 ltRmPrntMdlJ100.jpg
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Tech Note 1: Each frame of this polyptych was created from the same base exposure, using Adobe Lightroom. The base exposure is of a vine encircled tree in a wooded area. Each frame was created entirely within Lightroom, without the aid of any third-party add-ins or other tools.
The third frame appears to show a male figure kneeling before a slender female figure. Less distinctly, there also appears to be another, rather ominous male figure (giant in aspect), lurking behind them, with the hilt of a sword (or a cross) held in his upraised right hand. In fact, the third frame is a rather extreme example of the phenomenon of pareidolia (perceiving patterns where none actually exist), bought about through inverse-linear processing ("ILP") in Lightroom.
Lightroom ILP begins with inverting the Tone Curve (by setting it to fall from the upper left-hand corner to the the lower right-hand corner). In ILP the sense of most, but not all, Lightroom controls invert. Proficiency in ILP requires patience and experimentation, but the results can reveal extraordinary imagery hidden in otherwise straight-forward exposures.
Tech Note 2: The base exposure is actually a vertical panorama of two exposures, merged together in Lightroom using the Photomerge function.
Tech Note 3: The first processing step was to convert the base exposure to a B&W image. Subsequent processing steps included global tinting using split toning, and spot tinting using graduated and radial filters. Overall, processing was such as to produce results reminiscent of certain alternate print methods, such as gum bichromate, cyanotype, and gumoil.
Tech note 4: Lightroom Print module settings: Print to: JPEG file ; Print Sharpening: Standard ; JPEG Quality: 100 ; Custom File Dimensions: 41.25cm x 20.45 (each frame is 20cm x 10cm) ; Profile: RGB ; Intent: Relative ; Page Background Color (border color): "Old Gold" RGB H50,S19,L52 (HEX 9C946D).
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Rvw'd 190724
On Sunday, Guatemala’s Volcán de Fuego erupted, sending a river of lava and plumes of ash, gas, and soot into nearby villages. It is a cataclysmic event that has killed hundreds of people and injured many more.
They need our help. Rescue operations have been hampered by dangerous conditions, and the death toll is expected to rise, according to BBC.
People are using social media to spread awareness about the need for assistance, usually accompanied by the hashtag #VolcanDeFuego and #PrayforGuatemala. If you want to help, here are ways to get involved:
GoFundMe has also compiled a list of verified campaigns to help those affected by the Fuego volcano eruption
Arca de Noé, the largest pet store chain in Guatemala, is collecting donations for animals and humans alike at their shops.
The U.S.-based God’s Child Project, which operates facilities in Guatemala, expects to “feed, clothe, shelter, and provide medical assistance to thousands of people in the upcoming weeks.”
The Guatemalan consulate in L.A. is accepting donations.
Cruz Roja Guatemalteca—the Guatemalan division of the Red Cross—is on the ground running blood drives, collecting supplies, and providing medical care. You can donate to them directly through the bank information they released on Twitter.
Alternatively, you can also donate to the U.S. Red Cross who is also responding to the crisis.
for Flickriver - Sophie Shapiro
.
Having slowly cooled over a billion years from the molten core of a planet that blasted apart in a cataclysmic collision in our solar system's formation.
Peter Thoeny shot it during his last visit to our Space Museum, and upscaled from 24 to 90MP with the Topaz Gigapixel AI, , a model trained with millions of photos. The detail is amazing... but it comes filtered from the mind of an alien AI. 👽 Here is the full 90 megapixel upload.
Most of the Seymchan Meterorite is at the Russian Academy of Sciences (which I recently visited and found captivating). I also voyaged through Eastern Russia near Magadan years ago.
This huge slice of a Seymchan meteorite shows the internal structure which appears as an intricate latticework — actually the crystalline pattern of the alloys that comprise the meteorite — known as the Widmanstätten pattern. This unique "fingerprint" serves as a diagnostic in the identification of iron meteorites as different meteorites feature distinct patterns.
This Pallasite-PMG comes from the Magadan District, Russia and was found in 1967. This meteorite now classified as a rare ungrouped Pallasite. The new pieces are a mixture of some pieces being iron only, some with a few silicates.
37.47 x 26.04 x .79 cm (14.75 x 10.25 x .3125 inches) and 3964.9 grams (8.74 pounds).
Terre de deserts et de beauté où la vie parait insensée.Sensation de sentir naître notre planète ou de découvrir la renaissance de la vie après un cataclysme...Etranges impressions
The Dow lost 395 points yesterday as tech stocks dragged down the major indexes. A star system in our galaxy is primed for an intense explosion that could wipe out the ozone layer in our atmosphere (though the system is eight thousand light years away from us).
Here’s the good news: we’re not living in AD 536, which one Harvard historian considers the worst year in human history. The reason: a cataclysmic volcanic eruption in Iceland spewed ash across the Northern Hemisphere, blanketing the land in a mysterious fog for eighteen months.
Temperatures fell; crops failed; people starved. Bubonic plague followed, wiping out one-third to one-half of the population of the eastern Roman Empire and hastening its collapse.
How does this dismal story relate to Thanksgiving?
“Give thanks in all circumstances”
I’ve been contemplating a challenging sentence in Scripture: “Give thanks in all circumstances; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you” (1 Thessalonians 5:18).
“Give thanks” translates eucharisteite, from which we get “eucharist.” The Greek verb is a present tense imperative second person plural and thus can be literally translated, “Each and every one of you is commanded continually to express gratitude without ceasing.”
“In all circumstances” translates panti, meaning “in each and every place and time.” The Greek adjective admits no exceptions or qualifications. Such gratitude is God’s will “for you,” referring to each and every believer.
Why does our Lord command every Christian to express thanks in every circumstance of life? Does this imperative mean that God’s self-esteem is so low that he needs our constant affirmations of gratitude? Or could it be that this command is for our sake rather than his?
An attitude of gratitude in hard times
The latter is obviously the case. Why, then, does our Father want his children to live in a continuing state of thanksgiving?
The answer is not that every circumstance is inherently deserving of thanks. Jesus sweated drops of blood in Gethsemane and cried out in agony on the cross. Paul pled with the Lord to remove his “thorn in the flesh” (2 Corinthians 12:8) and had “great sorrow and unceasing anguish” for his fellow Israelites who rejected their Messiah (Romans 9:2).
Remember the sufferings of Job, the persecution faced by God’s prophets, and the martyrdoms of early Christians.
God’s word calls us to give thanks in all circumstances, not for all circumstances. But why is such an attitude of gratitude best for us even in hard times?
One reason is that giving thanks in all circumstances reinforces our status as creatures rather than the Creator, a life-giving lesson our souls constantly need to remember.
Our debt and our gratitude
Think about the last time you were genuinely grateful to someone. Did you deserve what he or she did for you? Or was your gratitude motivated by your need and their grace?
If my car breaks down on my way to the office this morning, I will have to call a mechanic to tow the vehicle or repair it. If the mechanic fixes it, I will pay him (or her) and express my thanks. But my thanksgiving will be somewhat cursory since the mechanic will do what mechanics do for a living.
But if a fellow driver stops on the side of the road and repairs my car, my depth of gratitude will be far greater. We express genuine thanksgiving when we receive grace (getting what we don’t deserve) and mercy (not getting what we do deserve). The greater our debt, the greater our gratitude.
Will you be deceived or grateful?
Here’s why our Father wants us to live in recognition of our need for his grace: he wants to give us his best and use us for his glory, but he can give only what we will receive and lead only if we will follow.
In today’s First15, Craig Denison comments on Matthew 5:3, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.” He notes: “To be poor in spirit is to accomplish far more than you ever could in your own strength. . . . It positions you to receive the grace of God whereby your works are of an eternal nature and filled with the anointing and power of your loving, near, heavenly Father.”
As a result, we can expect Satan to tempt us to be our own god (Genesis 3:5). He is especially opposed to thanksgiving because he knows that gratitude is the antidote for pride.
So, our Father wants us to recognize our need for his grace and to respond with an attitude of gratitude that enables him to empower and use us. Our enemy wants us to reject our status as creatures and thus forfeit the blessings God gives to the humble.
The choice is ours.
James warned us: “Do not be deceived, my beloved brothers. Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights” (James 1:16-17).
Will you be deceived today, or will you be grateful?
Jim Denison
[FR version above / EN version below]
Mesdames et messieurs, les Dentelles du Cygne ! (V3)
Cette nébuleuse est le rémanent d'une supernova, une explosion cataclysmique signant la fin de vie d'une étoile et parfois le début d'une autre (les supernovæ finissent soir par l'explosion complète de l'étoile, soit par l'éjection des couches supérieures de l'étoile, le reste s'effondrant sous sa propre masse et finissant en naine blanche, étoile à neutron ou trou noir). Cette supernova a du se produire il y a environ une dizaine de milliers d'années et se trouve à 1440 années lumières. Autrement dit, si elle a explosé il y a 10000 ans exactement, votre ancêtre d'il y a 8560 ans (10000-1440) en est encore à tailler des pointes de flèche en silex un peu moches (mésolithique) tandis qu'en Chine ils sont au néolithique. A la même époque, la mer monte, passant d'un niveau de -15m à -3m (par rapport au niveau actuel) et la Manche se forme. Bref, à ce moment là, dégustant un des derniers mammouths au coin du feu, il assiste à un formidable spectacle céleste, éblouissant, même en pleine nuit : la supernova dont on observe les traces maintenant.
Les astronomes qui aiment bien découper les objets célestes en petits bouts, principalement pour distinguer les parties bien visibles des extensions faiblement lumineuses, distinguent la grande dentelle, la plus lumineuse à gauche, et la petite dentelle, à droite. Oui, je sais, c'est paradoxal car la grande dentelle est la plus petite sur l'image et la petite est la plus grande ; une histoire de luminosité probablement ... La grande dentelle est composée de NGC 6992 (la partie la plus brillante) et de NGC 6995 (la partie qui rebique), ainsi qu'IC 1340, les extensions faiblement lumineuses de la petite dentelle. La petite dentelle est composée de NGC 6990 (quasiment toute la petite dentelle) et de 2 petites parties en haut, NGC 6979 et NGC 6974. Les Dentelles du Cygne ne sont pas visible à l'œil nu et à peine aux jumelles avec un très bon ciel si vous savez où les chercher (je l'ai fait le soir même et c'est parce que je savais quoi chercher que je les ai identifiées aux jumelles, sinon c'est vraiment difficile), mais la petite dentelle est collée à une étoile visible (magnitude 4.2) par un très bon ciel, 52 cygni (la 52ème étoile de la constellation du cygne), ce qui permet en se servant également de l'étoile Aljanah (epsilon cygni), une étoile très brillante, de localiser la nébuleuse, de pointer dessus (ce que j'ai fait avec un viseur point rouge sur mon appareil photo) et de cadrer la photo.
Sur cette photo, il y a également d'autres étoiles de la constellation du cygne qui sont identifiées comme 41, 48, 49 cygni, ainsi que 2 étoiles de la constellation du petit renard (vulpecula en latin ; renard = vulpes), 26 et 27 vulpeculi.
De plus, on observe sans peine à droite de l'image un amas ouvert, NGC 6940, âgé de 720 millions d'années et situé à 2500 années lumière de nous. Ses dimensions apparentes étant de 25' d'arc (1 seconde d'arc = 1/60 degré), je vous laisse faire le calcul de sa dimension réelle, un peu de trigonométrie ne peut pas vous faire de mal !
Enfin, toujours sur cette image, j'ai attrapé une galaxie qui, certes, apparaît toute petite vu la faible focale employée ici, NGC 7013. Ne cherchez pas sur l'image non annotée, sauf si vous vous ennuyez à mort. C'est un point vaguement nébuleux et allongé verticalement tout en bas de l'image, au premier quart gauche de celle-ci. C'est une galaxie dont la classification la situe entre les galaxies spirales et lenticulaires. Elle est distante d'environ 40 millions d'années lumières et fait 43680 années lumières de diamètre. En comparaison, la notre (la voie lactée) en fait environ 120000. Là où je suis assez content, c'est d'arriver à la faire sortir sur cette photo car sa magnitude est de 12.4 (donc assez faible).
Pour vous aider à vous y retrouver dans tout ça, je vous encourage à aller jeter un oeil à l'image annotée sur astrometry.net : nova.astrometry.net/annotated_full/6780553
Bon, parlons techno maintenant. Pour cette reprise de mes sessions astro, j'y suis allé tranquille ; j'ai fonctionné à l'objectif seulement ; pas de telescope. Donc, ce sont 416 photos de 45 secondes de pose unitaire (espacées de 5 secondes), iso 800, prises au Canon 1200D DP-Photomax + objectif Samyang 135 mm f/2 ouvert à f/2.8 (très ouvert donc, ce qui me vaut un léger halo sur les étoiles non centrées, les brillantes principalement), prises entre 22h34 (samedi 30/07/22) et 4h09 (dimanche 31 donc), que j'ai triées pour ne conserver que les 315 meilleures, cumulant ainsi 3h56 de signal. Le suivi était assuré par une monture Star Adventurer 2i.
Tout le pré-traitement jusqu'à l'empilement des images a été fait sous Siril 1.3 en utilisant 35/35/35 DOF.
Pour le post-traitement, la photo a subit une réduction d'étoiles. J'ai commencé par faire une starless (virer les étoiles) en utilisant StarNet V2. J'ai ensuite fait tout le reste sous Gimp : masque d'étoiles, recombinaison des images nébuleuse seule + étoiles seules, travail sur le niveau de noir / balance des blancs, ... Cette version est un retraitement complet effectué à partir des photos d'origine.
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Ladies and gentlemen, the Cygnus Loop (V3)
This nebula is the remnant of a supernova, a cataclysmic explosion that ends a star's life and sometimes sounds the birth of another one. Supernovae indeed end either with the complete explosion of the star, or with the ejection of the layers of the star, the remains collapsing under their own mass and ending up as a white dwarf, neutron star or black hole.
This supernova must have occurred about ten thousand years ago and is located 1440 light years away. In other words, if it exploded exactly 10,000 years ago, your ancestor from 8,560 years ago (10,000-1440) was carving ugly flint arrowheads (Mesolithic) while in China Neolithic yet started. At the same time, the seas were rising, going from a level of -15m to -3m (compared to the current level) and the Channel formed. At that moment, tasting one of the last mammoths by the fireside, your ancestor witnessed a formidable celestial spectacle, dazzling, even in the middle of the night: the supernova whose traces we now observe.
Astronomers who often cut celestial objects into small pieces, distinguish the bright visible parts from the weakly luminous extensions. The brightest part on the left is called the Western veil, and the weaker part, on the right, is called the Eastern veil. The Eastern veil is composed of NGC 6992 (the brightest part of the Eastern veil) and NGC 6995 (the part that bends), as well as IC 1340, the weakly luminous extensions of the Eastern veil. The Western veil is composed of NGC 6990 (almost all the western part of the nebula) and 2 small parts at the top, NGC 6979 and NGC 6974. The Cygnus loop is not visible to the naked eye and barely to binoculars with a very good skies ... if you know where the nebula stays of course. The Western veil is stuck to a star that can be observed under good skies (magnitude 4.2), 52 cygni (the 52nd star of Cygnus constellation). If you also locate the star Aljanah (epsilon cygni), a very bright star, you will be able to locate the nebula that stands between the two.
In this photo there are also other stars in the Cygnus constellation which are identified as 41, 48, 49 cygni, as well as 2 stars in the constellation of the Little Fox (vulpecula in Latin; fox = vulpes), 26 and 27 vulpeculi.
Moreover, we easily observe on the right of the image an open cluster, NGC 6940, 720 million years old and located 2500 light years from us. Its apparent dimensions being 25' of arc (1 second of arc = 1/60 degree), I let you do the calculation of its real dimensions, a bit of trigonometry can't hurt you!
Finally, I caught a galaxy which, admittedly, appears very small given the low focal length used here, NGC 7013. Don't try to look for it on the non-annotated image, unless you are bored to death. It is a vaguely nebulous and vertically elongated point at the very bottom of the image, in the first left quarter. It is a galaxy classified between spiral and lenticular galaxies. It is about 40 million light years away and 43680 light years diameter. In comparison, ours (the Milky Way) is about 120,000 LY. I'm quite happy is to get it because its magnitude is 12.4 (therefore quite low : 86000 times less brighter than Vega).
To help you figure it all, may I encourage you to take a look at the annotated image on astrometry.net: nova.astrometry.net/annotated_full/6780553
Let's talk tech now. I took 416 photos of 45 seconds of exposure (5 seconds between each), iso 800, taken with a Canon 1200D filter partially removed + Samyang 135 mm f/2 lens opened to f/2.8 (very open, therefore, which produced a slight halo on the non-centered stars, mainly the bright ones). Photos were taken between 10:34 p.m. (Saturday 07/30/22) and 4:09 a.m. (Sunday 31 therefore). I kept only the best 315 ones, thus accumulating 3:56 signal. Tracking was provided by a Star Adventurer 2i mount.
All pre-processing up to image stacking was done in Siril 1.3 using 35/35/35 DOF.
For post-processing, the photo underwent star reduction. I started by doing a starless (turning the stars) using StarNet V2. Post-treatment was done with Gimp: star mask, recombination of nebula images only + stars alone, ...
This version is a new treatment from scratch from original data.
- www.kevin-palmer.com - On this day the Elk Fire made a huge run to the southeast, jumping Highway 14 along the face of the Bighorn Mountains. Smoke blocked out the sun, ash fell from the sky, and the scene was apocalyptic. Prior to this the largest fire on record in these mountains was 18,000 acres, but this one burned up 96,000 acres of forest.
With all of the buzz about asteroid strikes causing mass extinctions, I have decided to travel into our interplanetary solar system to map and track the orbits of these dangerous miniature worlds. After tagging countless lifeless rocks, I stumbled upon this gem. Naturally, I was curious to take the pathway to see if the other side was greener . . .
This photo was taken with an Asahi Pentax 6 X 7 medium format film camera with a Super Takumar/6X7 1:2.4/105 lens and HOYA 67mm INFRARED (R72) filter using Rollei IR 400 film, the negative scanned by an Epson Perfection V600 and digitally rendered using Photoshop.
Chaotic in appearance, these filaments of shocked, glowing gas break across planet Earth's sky toward the constellation of Cygnus, as part of the Veil Nebula. The Veil Nebula itself is a large supernova remnant, an expanding cloud born of the death explosion of a massive star. Light from the original supernova explosion likely reached Earth over 5,000 years ago. Blasted out in the cataclysmic event, the interstellar shock waves plow through space sweeping up and exciting interstellar material. The glowing filaments are really more like long ripples in a sheet seen almost edge on, remarkably well separated into the glow of ionized hydrogen and sulfur atoms shown in red and green, and oxygen in blue hues. Also known as the Cygnus Loop, the Veil Nebula now spans nearly 3 degrees or about 6 times the diameter of the full Moon. While that translates to over 70 light-years at its estimated distance of 1,500 light-years, this field of view spans less than one third that distance. Identified as Pickering's Triangle for a director of Harvard College Observatory and cataloged as NGC 6979, the complex of filaments might be more appropriately known as Williamina Fleming's Triangular Wisp. via NASA 1.usa.gov/1Ll71V5
Chaotic in appearance, these filaments of shocked, glowing gas break across planet Earth's sky toward the constellation of Cygnus, as part of the Veil Nebula. The Veil Nebula itself is a large supernova remnant, an expanding cloud born of the death explosion of a massive star. Light from the original supernova explosion likely reached Earth over 5,000 years ago. Blasted out in the cataclysmic event, the interstellar shock waves plow through space sweeping up and exciting interstellar material. The glowing filaments are really more like long ripples in a sheet seen almost edge on, remarkably well separated into the glow of ionized hydrogen and sulfur atoms shown in red and green, and oxygen in blue hues. Also known as the Cygnus Loop, the Veil Nebula now spans nearly 3 degrees or about 6 times the diameter of the full Moon. While that translates to over 70 light-years at its estimated distance of 1,500 light-years, this field of view spans less than one third that distance. Identified as Pickering's Triangle for a director of Harvard College Observatory and cataloged as NGC 6979, the complex of filaments might be more appropriately known as Williamina Fleming's Triangular Wisp. via NASA ift.tt/1FOtV0X
it was late in the afternoon
and the Portland Aerial Tram
lay mostly in the cold blue shadows
of the west hills.
as we approached the lower tower,
you could see the south waterfront district
and the sun reflecting off
the new facility
built by the Oregon Health & Science University.
beyond it is the river,
the city and,
to the right,
a huge crane.
it is said that the lower tower
is 197 feet tall
and i found myself thinking
about the Missoula Floods.
less than 15,000 years ago,
huge ice dams were formed
on the Clark Fork River,
creating Glacial Lake Missoula.
every 55 years or so,
the ice dams would rupture
and the waters of the lake
would sweep across
what is now eastern Washington
at speeds approaching 65 mph.
as the icy waters
came blasting down
the Columbia River,
they would back up
at the narrows near
what is now the
city of Kalama, Washington,
in turn pushing water
in excess of 400 feet deep
up the Willamette Valley.
this led to rampant alcoholism
among the locals
inasmuch as
there was not much fishing
to be had for quite awhile
after each of these cataclysmic events.
a geologist named J. Harlen Bretz
figured all of this stuff out
in the mid-1920s.
i don’t know what the “J”
stands for in his name,
but I bet his buddies
just called him “Harl.”
word has it that he
was a helluva good trout fisherman.
in any event,
by my calculation,
during one of these floods,
the top of the tower would still be
under a couple hundred feet of water.
i don’t what this has to do with anything,
but what with global warming and all,
i found myself thinking about it
as we all hung suspended
from a steel cable
high above the I-5 freeway.
it’s all relative, I guess.
fuji 100f
color slide film
zero image 69
pinhole camera,
held for 5 seconds or so
against the glass
at the front of the tram.
These 2,000 year old tree fragments were recently unearthed by shifting sands:
"It's theorized that around 2,000 years ago a massive, cataclysmic earthquake abruptly dropped this forest possibly more than 25 feet. Then, somehow, they were preserved by sand and mud, rather then being destroyed and scattered, as natural erosion might've done."
(via www.beachconnection.net/news/nesko0606_29013.htm)
Many thanks to fellow flickr'r Unsettler for the heads up on the site.
Terre de deserts et de beauté où la vie parait insensée.Sensation de sentir naître notre planète ou de découvrir la renaissance de la vie après un cataclysme...Etranges impressions
Commentary.
A myriad of lochans and pools
interspersed with drumlins, roche moutonée, erratic boulders,
islets and peaty bog.
This vast, wet, boggy expanse indicates cataclysmic change.
Not by humans.
Not by animals.
Not even by glaciers.
(though several will have merged here, many times).
No, it was by that thing that we are conditioned to think
started in the 19th. century and still exists today…..
Climate change.
Preserving peat bog is now seen as vital in combatting radical climate change. They act as a vast carbon lock and should become protected areas.
A very wet period drowned the native Scots Pine and this steaming bog is all that remains of a once vast forest.
Here at sunrise, the mist rises, as the sun’s rays catch the peaks.
A mystical, ancient, primeval, ethereal feeling catches one’s imagination.
Rannoch Moor rarely fails to amaze and entrance!
Chaotic in appearance, these filaments of shocked, glowing gas break across planet Earth's sky toward the constellation of Cygnus, as part of the Veil Nebula. The Veil Nebula itself is a large supernova remnant, an expanding cloud born of the death explosion of a massive star. Light from the original supernova explosion likely reached Earth over 5,000 years ago. Blasted out in the cataclysmic event, the interstellar shock waves plow through space sweeping up and exciting interstellar material. The glowing filaments are really more like long ripples in a sheet seen almost edge on, remarkably well separated into the glow of ionized hydrogen and sulfur atoms shown in red and green, and oxygen in blue hues. Also known as the Cygnus Loop, the Veil Nebula now spans nearly 3 degrees or about 6 times the diameter of the full Moon. While that translates to over 70 light-years at its estimated distance of 1,500 light-years, this field of view spans less than one third that distance. Identified as Pickering's Triangle for a director of Harvard College Observatory and cataloged as NGC 6979, the complex of filaments might be more appropriately known as Williamina Fleming's Triangular Wisp. via NASA ift.tt/1FOtV0X
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Feel the heat, feel the burn, feel your world breaking into millions of tiny pieces.
Set: Greyhound: Cataclysm
E X P L O R E # 2 9 5
An evening HDR Wizard Island from the Watchman panorama point after taking the watchman trail. This is one of the best locations for an unobstructed overview of Wizard Island. The trail to Watchman Lookout Station is approximately three-quarters of a mile up a modest grade.
9 frame HDR x PHotomatix
The Watchman Lookout Station No. 168 is one of two fire lookout towers in Crater Lake National Park. For many years, National Park Service personnel used the lookout to watch for wildfires during the summer months. It is also a popular hiking destination because it offers an excellent view of
Crater Lake and the surrounding area. The building is unusual because it serves the dual purpose of fire lookout and museum. The Watchman Lookout Station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
-Source: www.wikipedia.org
Wizard Island is a volcanic cinder cone which forms an island at the west end of
Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. The top of the island reaches about 755 feet (230 m) above the average surface of the lake. The cone is capped by a volcanic crater about 500 feet (150 m) wide and 100 feet (30 m) deep. The crater was named the "Witches Cauldron" by Will G. Steel in 1885, who also gave Wizard Island its name at the same time. The land area of the island is 315.85 acres.
Wizard Island was created after Mount Mazama, a large stratovolcano, erupted violently approximately 7,700 years ago, forming its caldera which now contains Crater Lake. Following the cataclysmic caldera-forming eruption, which left a hole about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) deep where the mountain had once stood, a series of smaller eruptions over the next several hundred years formed several cinder cones on the caldera floor. The highest of these cones, the only one to rise above the current lake level, is Wizard Island, which rises over 2,700 feet (820 m) above the lowest point on the caldera floor and the deepest point in the lake.
Source: www.wikipedia.org
August 27, 2011, from the Watchman Panorama point on Crater Lake, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, taken from here.
Cosmic Cataclysm
An explosion of radiant energy, where light and shadow collide in a dance of creation. A vision of the universe in flux—chaotic, fierce, and infinitely alive.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A horrible cataclysm breaks the tearful ground and the river rushes through the new bed; Through the walls of luminous granite itarare, fearful and violent.
Suddenly he stops to take a breath, here in the dark cave, in the shady silence; But soon he jumps on, rude and noisy, to disappear beyond, elusive and silent.
In the afternoon, the swallows, in wild revolts, threw themselves at the grottoes, the arrows of which were fired, seeking the solitude of spontaneous exile.
And the mystery of the river remains inviolable ...
Nothing escapes from within the unfathomable abyss.
Only the swallows know ... but keep it a secret.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typhon was flying through the spirit of consciousness, when I designed thus engine in 1987 for Alice v W.......
There is also a shining white comet with silver "hair,"
shining in such a way that it can scarcely be looked at,
and of human appearance,
showing in itself the form of a god.
―Joannes Lydus, in De Ostentis
I suppose that the comets may be the agents
which have already effected great changes in all the planets,
and that they may be destined to effect many others―
till, in defined periods, the planets, by means of these agents,
may be all reduced to a state of fusion or gas ....
―Godfrey Higgins, Anacalypsis, Volume II
Typhon (/ˈtaɪfɒn, -fən/; Greek: Τυφῶν, Tuphōn [typʰɔ̂ːn]), also Typhoeus (/taɪˈfiːəs/; Τυφωεύς, Tuphōeus), Typhaon (Τυφάων, Tuphaōn) or Typhos (Τυφώς, Tuphōs), was a monstrous snaky giant and the most deadly creature in Greek mythology. According to Hesiod, Typhon was the son of Gaia and Tartarus. However one source has Typhon as the son of Hera alone, while another makes Typhon the offspring of Cronus. Typhon and his mate Echidna were the progenitors of many famous monsters. Typhon attempted to overthrow Zeus for the supremacy of the cosmos. The two fought a cataclysmic battle, which Zeus finally won with the aid of his thunderbolts. Defeated, Typhon was cast into Tartarus, or buried underneath Mount Etna, or the island of Ischia. In later accounts Typhon was often confused with the Giants.According to Hesiod's Theogony (c. 8th – 7th century BC), Typhon was the son of Gaia (Earth) and Tartarus: "when Zeus had driven the Titans from heaven, huge Earth bore her youngest child Typhoeus of the love of Tartarus, by the aid of golden Aphrodite".The mythographer Apollodorus (1st or 2nd century AD) adds that Gaia bore Typhon in anger at the gods for their destruction of her offspring the Giants.Numerous other sources mention Typhon as being the offspring of Gaia, or simply "earth-born", with no mention of Tartarus.However, according to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (6th century BC), Typhon was the child of Hera alone. Hera, angry at Zeus for having given birth to Athena by himself, prayed to Gaia, Uranus, and the Titans, to give her a son stronger than Zeus, then slapped the ground and became pregnant. Hera gave the infant Typhon to the serpent Python to raise, and Typhon grew up to become a great bane to mortals.
Depiction by Wenceslas Hollar
Several sources locate Typhon's birth and dwelling place in Cilicia, and in particular the region in the vicinity of the ancient Cilician coastal city of Corycus (modern Kızkalesi, Turkey). The poet Pindar (c. 470 BC) calls Typhon "Cilician,"and says that Typhon was born in Cilicia and nurtured in "the famous Cilician cave",[8] an apparent allusion to the Corycian cave in Turkey.[9] In Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, Typhon is called the "dweller of the Cilician caves",and both Apollodorus and the poet Nonnus (4th or 5th century AD) have Typhon born in Cilicia.
The b scholia to Iliad 2.783, preserving a possibly Orphic tradition, has Typhon born in Cilicia, as the offspring of Cronus. Gaia, angry at the destruction of the Giants, slanders Zeus to Hera. So Hera goes to Zeus' father Cronus (whom Zeus had overthrown) and Cronus gives Hera two eggs smeared with his own semen, telling her to bury them, and that from them would be born one who would overthrow Zeus. Hera, angry at Zeus, buries the eggs in Cilicia "under Arimon", but when Typhon is born, Hera, now reconciled with Zeus, informs him.
According to Hesiod, Typhon was "terrible, outrageous and lawless",immensely powerful, and on his shoulders were one hundred snake heads, that emitted fire and every kind of noise:
Strength was with his hands in all that he did and the feet of the strong god were untiring. From his shoulders grew a hundred heads of a snake, a fearful dragon, with dark, flickering tongues, and from under the brows of his eyes in his marvellous heads flashed fire, and fire burned from his heads as he glared. And there were voices in all his dreadful heads which uttered every kind of sound unspeakable; for at one time they made sounds such that the gods understood, but at another, the noise of a bull bellowing aloud in proud ungovernable fury; and at another, the sound of a lion, relentless of heart; and at another, sounds like whelps, wonderful to hear; and again, at another, he would hiss, so that the high mountains re-echoed.
The Homeric Hymn to Apollo describes Typhon as "fell" and "cruel", and neither like gods nor men.Three of Pindar's poems have Typhon as hundred-headed (as in Hesiod), while apparently a fourth gives him only fifty heads, but a hundred heads for Typhon became standard. A Chalcidian hydria (c. 540–530 BC), depicts Typhon as a winged humanoid from the waist up, with two snake tails below.Aeschylus calls Typhon "fire-breathing".For Nicander (2nd century BC), Typhon was a monster of enormous strength, and strange appearance, with many heads, hands, and wings, and with huge snake coils coming from his thighs.
Apollodorus describes Typhon as a huge winged monster, whose head "brushed the stars", human in form above the waist, with snake coils below, and fire flashing from his eyes:
In size and strength he surpassed all the offspring of Earth. As far as the thighs he was of human shape and of such prodigious bulk that he out-topped all the mountains, and his head often brushed the stars. One of his hands reached out to the west and the other to the east, and from them projected a hundred dragons' heads. From the thighs downward he had huge coils of vipers, which when drawn out, reached to his very head and emitted a loud hissing. His body was all winged: unkempt hair streamed on the wind from his head and cheeks; and fire flashed from his eyes.
The most elaborate description of Typhon is found in Nonnus's Dionysiaca. Nonnus makes numerous references to Typhon's serpentine nature,giving him a "tangled army of snakes",snaky feet,and hair.According to Nonnus, Typhon was a "poison-spitting viper",whose "every hair belched viper-poison", and Typhon "spat out showers of poison from his throat; the mountain torrents were swollen, as the monster showered fountains from the viperish bristles of his high head",and "the water-snakes of the monster's viperish feet crawl into the caverns underground, spitting poison!".
Following Hesiod and others, Nonnus gives Typhon many heads (though untotaled), but in addition to snake heads,Nonnus also gives Typhon many other animal heads, including leopards, lions, bulls, boars, bears, cattle, wolves, and dogs, which combine to make 'the cries of all wild beasts together',and a "babel of screaming sounds". Nonnus also gives Typhon "legions of arms innumerable", and where Nicander had only said that Typhon had "many" hands, and Ovid had given Typhon a hundred hands, Nonnus gives Typhon two hundred.
According to Hesiod's Theogony, Typhon "was joined in love" to Echidna, a monstrous half-woman and half-snake, who bore Typhon "fierce offspring".First, according to Hesiod, there was Orthrus,the two-headed dog who guarded the Cattle of Geryon, second Cerberus,the multiheaded dog who guarded the gates of Hades, and third the Lernaean Hydra,the many-headed serpent who, when one of its heads was cut off, grew two more. The Theogony next mentions an ambiguous "she", which might refer to Echidna, as the mother of the Chimera (a fire-breathing beast that was part lion, part goat, and had a snake-headed tail) with Typhon then being the father.
While mentioning Cerberus and "other monsters" as being the offspring of Echidna and Typhon, the mythographer Acusilaus (6th century BC) adds the Caucasian Eagle that ate the liver of Prometheus, the mythographer Pherecydes of Leros (5th century BC), also names Prometheus' eagle,and adds Ladon (though Pherecydes does not use this name), and the dragon that guarded the golden apples in the Garden of the Hesperides (according to Hesiod, the offspring of Ceto and Phorcys).The lyric poet Lasus of Hermione (6th century BC) adds the Sphinx.
Later authors mostly retain these offspring of Typhon by Echidna, while adding others. Apollodorus, in addition to naming as their offspring Orthrus, the Chimera (citing Hesiod as his source) the Caucasian Eagle, Ladon, and the Sphinx, also adds the Nemean lion (no mother is given), and the Crommyonian Sow, killed by the hero Theseus (unmentioned by Hesiod).
Hyginus (1st century BC),in his list of offspring of Typhon (all by Echidna), retains from the above: Cerberus, the Chimera, the Sphinx, the Hydra and Ladon, and adds "Gorgon" (by which Hyginus means the mother of Medusa, whereas Hesiod's three Gorgons, of which Medusa was one, were the daughters of Ceto and Phorcys), the Colchian Dragon that guarded the Golden Fleece and Scylla.The Harpies, in Hesiod the daughters of Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra,[48] in one source, are said to be the daughters of Typhon.
The sea serpents which attacked the Trojan priest Laocoön, during the Trojan War, were perhaps supposed to be the progeny of Typhon and Echidna.
According to Hesiod, the defeated Typhon is the source of destructive storm winds.
Typhon challenged Zeus for rule of the cosmos.The earliest mention of Typhon, and his only occurrence in Homer, is a passing reference in the Iliad to Zeus striking the ground around where Typhon lies defeated.Hesiod's Theogony gives us the first account of their battle. According to Hesiod, without the quick action of Zeus, Typhon would have "come to reign over mortals and immortals".In the Theogony Zeus and Typhon meet in cataclysmic conflict:
[Zeus] thundered hard and mightily: and the earth around resounded terribly and the wide heaven above, and the sea and Ocean's streams and the nether parts of the earth. Great Olympus reeled beneath the divine feet of the king as he arose and earth groaned thereat. And through the two of them heat took hold on the dark-blue sea, through the thunder and lightning, and through the fire from the monster, and the scorching winds and blazing thunderbolt. The whole earth seethed, and sky and sea: and the long waves raged along the beaches round and about at the rush of the deathless gods: and there arose an endless shaking. Hades trembled where he rules over the dead below, and the Titans under Tartarus who live with Cronos, because of the unending clamor and the fearful strife.
Zeus with his thunderbolt easily overcomes Typhon,who is thrown down to earth in a fiery crash:
So when Zeus had raised up his might and seized his arms, thunder and lightning and lurid thunderbolt, he leaped from Olympus and struck him, and burned all the marvellous heads of the monster about him. But when Zeus had conquered him and lashed him with strokes, Typhoeus was hurled down, a maimed wreck, so that the huge earth groaned. And flame shot forth from the thunderstricken lord in the dim rugged glens of the mount, when he was smitten. A great part of huge earth was scorched by the terrible vapor and melted as tin melts when heated by men's art in channelled crucibles; or as iron, which is hardest of all things, is shortened by glowing fire in mountain glens and melts in the divine earth through the strength of Hephaestus. Even so, then, the earth melted in the glow of the blazing fire.
Defeated, Typhon is cast into Tartarus by an angry Zeus.
Epimenides (7th or 6th century BC) seemingly knew a different version of the story, in which Typhon enters Zeus' palace while Zeus is asleep, but Zeus awakes and kills Typhon with a thunderbolt.Pindar apparently knew of a tradition which had the gods, in order to escape from Typhon, transform themselves into animals, and flee to Egypt.Pindar calls Typhon the "enemy of the gods",and says that he was defeated by Zeus' thunderbolt.In one poem Pindar has Typhon being held prisoner by Zeus under Etna,and in another says that Typhon "lies in dread Tartarus", stretched out underground between Mount Etna and Cumae.In Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, a "hissing" Typhon, his eyes flashing, "withstood all the gods", but "the unsleeping bolt of Zeus" struck him, and "he was burnt to ashes and his strength blasted from him by the lightning bolt."
According to Pherecydes of Leros, during his battle with Zeus, Typhon first flees to the Caucasus, which begins to burn, then to the volcanic island of Pithecussae (modern Ischia), off the coast of Cumae, where he is buried under the island.Apollonius of Rhodes (3rd century BC), like Pherecydes, presents a multi-stage battle, with Typhon being struck by Zeus' thunderbolt on mount Caucasus, before fleeing to the mountains and plain of Nysa, and ending up (as already mentioned by the fifth-century BC Greek historian Herodotus) buried under Lake Serbonis in Egypt.
Like Pindar, Nicander has all the gods but Zeus and Athena, transform into animal forms and flee to Egypt: Apollo became a hawk, Hermes an ibis, Ares a fish, Artemis a cat, Dionysus a goat, Heracles a fawn, Hephaestus an ox, and Leto a mouse.
The geographer Strabo (c. 20 AD) gives several locations which were associated with the battle. According to Strabo, Typhon was said to have cut the serpentine channel of the Orontes River, which flowed beneath the Syrian Mount Kasios (modern Jebel Aqra), while fleeing from Zeus,and some placed the battle at Catacecaumene ("Burnt Land"),a volcanic plain, on the upper Gediz River, between the ancient kingdoms of Lydia, Mysia and Phrygia, near Mount Tmolus (modern Bozdağ) and Sardis the ancient capital of Lydia.
In the versions of the battle given by Hesiod, Aeschylus and Pindar, Zeus' defeat of Typhon is straightforward, however a more involved version of the battle is given by Apollodorus.No early source gives any reason for the conflict, but Apollodorus' account seemingly implies that Typhon had been produced by Gaia to avenge the destruction, by Zeus and the other gods, of the Giants, a previous generation of offspring of Gaia. According to Apollodorus, Typhon, "hurling kindled rocks", attacked the gods, "with hissings and shouts, spouting a great jet of fire from his mouth." Seeing this, the gods transformed into animals and fled to Egypt (as in Pindar and Nicander). However "Zeus pelted Typhon at a distance with thunderbolts, and at close quarters struck him down with an adamantine sickle"Wounded, Typhon fled to the Syrian Mount Kasios, where Zeus "grappled" with him. But Typhon, twining his snaky coils around Zeus, was able to wrest away the sickle and cut the sinews from Zeus' hands and feet. Typhon carried the disabled Zeus across the sea to the Corycian cave in Cilicia where he set the she-serpent Delphyne to guard over Zeus and his severed sinews, which Typhon had hidden in a bearskin. But Hermes and Aegipan (possibly another name for Pan)stole the sinews and gave them back to Zeus. His strength restored, Zeus chased Typhon to mount Nysa, where the Moirai tricked Typhon into eating "ephemeral fruits" which weakened him. Typhon then fled to Thrace, where he threw mountains at Zeus, which were turned back on him by Zeus' thunderbolts, and the mountain where Typhon stood, being drenched with Typhon's blood, became known as Mount Haemus (Bloody Mountain). Typhon then fled to Sicily, where Zeus threw Mount Etna on top of Typhon burying him, and so finally defeated him.
Oppian (2nd century AD) says that Pan helped Zeus in the battle by tricking Typhon to come out from his lair, and into the open, by the "promise of a banquet of fish", thus enabling Zeus to defeat Typhon with his thunderbolts.
The longest and most involved version of the battle appears in Nonnus's Dionysiaca (late 4th or early 5th century AD).Zeus hides his thunderbolts in a cave, so that he might seduce the maiden Plouto, and so produce Tantalus. But smoke rising from the thunderbolts, enables Typhon, under the guidance of Gaia, to locate Zeus's weapons, steal them, and hide them in another cave.Immediately Typhon extends "his clambering hands into the upper air" and begins a long and concerted attack upon the heavens.Then "leaving the air" he turns his attack upon the seas.Finally Typhon attempts to wield Zeus' thunderbolts, but they "felt the hands of a novice, and all their manly blaze was unmanned."
Now Zeus' sinews had somehow – Nonnus does not say how or when — fallen to the ground during their battle, and Typhon had taken them also.But Zeus devises a plan with Cadmus and Pan to beguile Typhon.Cadmus, desguised as a shepherd, enchants Typhon by playing the panpipes, and Typhon entrusting the thuderbolts to Gaia, sets out to find the source of the music he hears.Finding Cadmus, he challenges him to a contest, offering Cadmus any goddess as wife, excepting Hera whom Typhon has reserved for himself.Cadmus then tells Typhon that, if he liked the "little tune" of his pipes, then he would love the music of his lyre – if only it could be strung with Zeus' sinews.So Typhon retrieves the sinews and gives them to Cadmus, who hides them in another cave, and again begins to play his bewitching pipes, so that "Typhoeus yielded his whole soul to Cadmos for the melody to charm".
With Typhon distracted, Zeus takes back his thunderbolts. Cadmus stops playing, and Typhon, released from his spell, rushes back to his cave to discover the thunderbolts gone. Incensed Typhon unleashes devastation upon the world: animals are devoured, (Typhon's many animal heads each eat animals of its own kind), rivers turned to dust, seas made dry land, and the land "laid waste".
The day ends with Typhon yet unchallenged, and while the other gods "moved about the cloudless Nile", Zeus waits through the night for the coming dawn.Victory "reproaches" Zeus, urging him to "stand up as champion of your own children!"Dawn comes and Typhon roars out a challenge to Zeus. And a cataclysmic battle for "the sceptre and throne of Zeus" is joined. Typhon piles up mountains as battlements and with his "legions of arms innumerable", showers volley after volley of trees and rocks at Zeus, but all are destroyed, or blown aside, or dodged, or thrown back at Typhon. Typhon throws torrents of water at Zeus' thunderbolts to quench them, but Zeus is able to cut off some of Typhon's hands with "frozen volleys of air as by a knife", and hurling thunderbolts is able to burn more of typhon's "endless hands", and cut off some of his "countless heads". Typhon is attacked by the four winds, and "frozen volleys of jagged hailstones."Gaia tries to aid her burnt and frozen son.Finally Typhon falls, and Zeus shouts out a long stream of mocking taunts, telling Typhon that he is to be buried under Sicily's hills, with a cenotaph over him which will read "This is the barrow of Typhoeus, son of Earth, who once lashed the sky with stones, and the fire of heaven burnt him up".
Most accounts have the defeated Typhon buried under either Mount Etna in Sicily, or the volcanic island of Ischia, the largest of the Phlegraean Islands off the coast of Naples, with Typhon being the cause of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
Though Hesiod has Typhon simply cast into Tartarus by Zeus, some have read a reference to Mount Etna in Hesiod's description of Typhon's fall: And flame shot forth from the thunderstricken lord in the dim rugged glens of the mount when he was smitten. A great part of huge earth was scorched by the terrible vapor and melted as tin melts when heated by men's art in channelled crucibles; or as iron, which is hardest of all things, is shortened by glowing fire in mountain glens and melts in the divine earth through the strength of Hephaestus. Even so, then, the earth melted in the glow of the blazing fire.
The first certain references to Typhon buried under Etna, as well as being the cause of its eruptions, occur in Pindar:Son of Cronus, you who hold Aetna, the wind-swept weight on terrible hundred-headed Typhon, and:among them is he who lies in dread Tartarus, that enemy of the gods, Typhon with his hundred heads. Once the famous Cilician cave nurtured him, but now the sea-girt cliffs above Cumae, and Sicily too, lie heavy on his shaggy chest. And the pillar of the sky holds him down, snow-covered Aetna, year-round nurse of bitter frost, from whose inmost caves belch forth the purest streams of unapproachable fire. In the daytime her rivers roll out a fiery flood of smoke, while in the darkness of night the crimson flame hurls rocks down to the deep plain of the sea with a crashing roar. That monster shoots up the most terrible jets of fire; it is a marvellous wonder to see, and a marvel even to hear about when men are present. Such a creature is bound beneath the dark and leafy heights of Aetna and beneath the plain, and his bed scratches and goads the whole length of his back stretched out against it. Thus Pindar has Typhon in Tartarus, and buried under not just Etna, but under a vast volcanic region stretching from Sicily to Cumae (in the vicinity of modern Naples), a region which presumably also included Mount Vesuvius, as well as Ischia.
Many subsequent accounts mention either Etna[98] or Ischia. In Prometheus Bound, Typhon is imprisoned underneath Etna, while above him Hephaestus "hammers the molten ore", and in his rage, the "charred" Typhon causes "rivers of fire" to pour forth. Ovid has Typhon buried under all of Sicily, with his left and right hands under Pelorus and Pachynus, his feet under Lilybaeus, and his head under Etna; where he "vomits flames from his ferocious mouth". And Valerius Flaccus has Typhon's head under Etna, and all of Sicily shaken when Typhon "struggles". Lycophron has both Typhon and Giants buried under the island of Ischia. Virgil, Silius Italicus and Claudian, all calling the island "Inarime", have Typhon buried there. Strabo, calling Ischia "Pithecussae", reports the "myth" that Typhon lay buried there, and that when he "turns his body the flames and the waters, and sometimes even small islands containing boiling water, spout forth." In addition to Typhon, other mythological beings were also said to be buried under Mount Etna and the cause of its vocanic activity. Most notably the Giant Enceladus was said to be entombed under Etna, the volcano's eruptions being the breath of Enceladus, and its tremors caused by the Giant rolling over from side to side beneath the mountain. Also said to be buried under Etna were the Hundred-hander Briareus,and Asteropus who was perhaps one of the Cyclopes.
Typhon's final resting place was apparently also said to be in Boeotia.The Hesiodic Shield of Heracles names a mountain near Thebes Typhaonium, perhaps reflecting an early tradition which also had Typhon buried under a Boeotian mountain.And some apparently claimed that Typhon was buried beneath a mountain in Boeotia, from which came exhaltations of fire.
Homer describes a place he calls the "couch [or bed] of Typhoeus", which he locates in the land of the Arimoi (εἰν Ἀρίμοις), where Zeus lashes the land about Typhoeus with his thunderbolts.[107] Presumably this is the same land where, according to Hesiod, Typhon's mate Echidna keeps guard "in Arima" (εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν). But neither Homer nor Hesiod say anything more about where these Arimoi or this Arima might be. The question of whether an historical place was meant, and its possible location, has been, since ancient times, the subject of speculation and debate. Strabo discusses the question in some detail. Several locales, Cilicia, Syria, Lydia, and the island of Ischia, all places associated with Typhon, are given by Strabo as possible locations for Homer's "Arimoi".
Pindar has his Cilician Typhon slain by Zeus "among the Arimoi",[111] and the historian Callisthenes (4th century BC), located the Arimoi and the Arima mountains in Cilicia, near the Calycadnus river, the Corycian cave and the Sarpedon promomtory.[112] The b scholia to Iliad 2.783, mentioned above, says Typhon was born in Cilicia "under Arimon",and Nonnus mentions Typhon's "bloodstained cave of Arima" in Cilicia. Just across the Gulf of Issus from Corycus, in ancient Syria, was Mount Kasios (modern Jebel Aqra) and the Orontes River, sites associated with Typhon's battle with Zeus,and according to Strabo, the historian Posidonius (c. 2nd century BC) identified the Arimoi with the Aramaeans of Syria.
Alternatively, according to Strabo, some placed the Arimoi at Catacecaumene, while Xanthus of Lydia (5th century BC) added that "a certain Arimus" ruled there. Strabo also tells us that for "some" Homer's "couch of Typhon" was located "in a wooded place, in the fertile land of Hyde", with Hyde being another name for Sardis (or its acropolis), and that Demetrius of Scepsis (2nd century BC) thought that the Arimoi were most plausibly located "in the Catacecaumene country in Mysia".[119] The 3rd-century BC poet Lycophron placed the lair of Typhons' mate Echidna in this region.
Another place, mentioned by Strabo, as being associated with Arima, is the island of Ischia, where according to Pherecydes of Leros, Typhon had fled, and in the area where Pindar and others had said Typhon was buried. The connection to Arima, comes from the island's Greek name Pithecussae, which derives from the Greek word for monkey, and according to Strabo, residents of the island said that "arimoi" was also the Etruscan word for monkeys.
Typhon's name has a number of variants. The earliest forms of Typhoeus and Typhaon, occur prior to the 5th century BC. Homer uses Typhoeus,Hesiod and the Homeric Hymn to Apollo use both Typhoeus and Typhaon. The later forms Typhos and Typhon occur from the 5th century BC onwards, with Typhon becoming the standard form by the end of that century.
Though several possible derivations of the name Typhon have been suggested, the derivation remains uncertain.Consistent with Hesiod's making storm winds Typhon's offspring, some have supposed that Typhon was originally a wind-god, and ancient sources associated him with the Greek words tuphon, tuphos meaning "whirlwind".Other theories include derivation from a Greek root meaning "smoke" (consistent with Typhon's identification with volcanoes), from an Indo-European root meaning "abyss" (making Typhon a "Serpent of the Deep"), and from Sapõn the Phoenician name for the Ugaritic god Baal's holy mountain Jebel Aqra (the classical Mount Kasios) associated with the epithet Baʿal Zaphon.
Mythologist Joseph Campbell makes parallels to the slaying of Leviathan by YHWH, about which YHWH boasts to Job. Ogden calls the Typhon myth "the only Graeco-Roman drakōn-slaying myth that can seriously be argued to exhibit the influence of Near Eastern antecedents", connecting it in particular with Baʿal Zaphon's slaying of Yammu and Lotan, as well as with the Hittite myth of Illuyankas. From its first reappearance, this latter myth has been seen as a prototype of the battle of Zeus and Typhon. Walter Burkert and Calvert Watkins each note the close agreements.
Comparisons can also be drawn with the Mesopotamian monster Tiamat and her slaying by Babylonian chief god Marduk.The similarities between the Greek myth and its earlier Mesopotamian counterpart do not seem to be merely accidental. A number of west Semitic (Ras Shamra) and Hittite sources appear to corroborate the theory of a genetic relationship between the two myths.
Typhon's story seems related to that of another monstrous offspring of Gaia: Python, the serpent killed by Apollo at Delphi, suggesting a possible common origin. Besides the similarity of names, their shared parentage, and the fact that both were snaky monsters killed in single combat with an Olympian god, there are other connections between the stories surrounding Typhon, and those surrounding Python. Although the Delphic monster killed by Apollo is usually said to be the male serpent Python, in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, the earliest account of this story, the god kills a nameless she-serpent (drakaina), subsequently called Delphyne, who had been Typhon's foster-mother. Delphyne and Echidna, besides both being intimately connected to Typhon—one as mother, the other as mate—share other similarities.Both were half-maid and half-snake,a plague to men,and associated with the Corycian cave in Cilicia.
Python was also perhaps connected with a different Corycian Cave than the one in Cilicia, this one on the slopes of Parnassus above Delphi, and just as the Corcian cave in Cilicia was thought to be Typhon and Echidna's lair, and associated with Typhon's battle with Zeus, there is evidence to suggest that the Corycian cave above Delphi was supposed to be Python's (or Delphyne's) lair, and associated with his (or her) battle with Apollo.
Typhon bears a close resemblance to an older generation of descendants of Gaia, the Giants.They, like their younger brother Typhon after them, challenged Zeus for supremacy of the cosmos,were (in later representations) shown as snake-footed,and end up buried under volcanos.
While distinct in early accounts, in later accounts Typhon was often confused or conflated with the Giants.The Roman mythographer Hyginus (64 BC – 17 AD) includes Typhon in his list of Giants,while the Roman poet Horace (65 – 8 BC), mentions Typhon, along with the Giants Mimas, Porphyrion, and Enceladus, as together battling Athena, during the Gigantomachy.The Astronomica, attributed to the 1st-century AD Roman poet and astrologer Marcus Manilius,and the late 4th-century early 5th-century Greek poet Nonnus, also consider Typhon to be one of the Giants.
From apparently as early as Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC), Typhon was identified with Set, the Egyptian god of destruction.This syncretization with Egyptian mythology can also be seen in the story, apparently known as early as Pindar, of Typhon chasing the gods to Egypt, and the gods transforming themselves into animals.Such a story arose perhaps as a way for the Greeks to explain Egypt's animal-shaped gods.Herodotus also identified Typhon with Set, making him the second to last divine king of Egypt. Herodotus says that Typhon was deposed by Osiris' son Horus, whom Herodutus equates with Apollo (with Osiris being equated with Dionysus),and after his defeat by Horus, Typhon was "supposed to have been hidden" in the "Serbonian marsh" (identified with modern Lake Bardawil) in Egypt.
Feel the heat, feel the burn, feel your world breaking into millions of tiny pieces.
Set: Greyhound: Cataclysm
Chaotic in appearance, these filaments of shocked, glowing gas break across planet Earth's sky toward the constellation of Cygnus, as part of the Veil Nebula. The Veil Nebula itself is a large supernova remnant, an expanding cloud born of the death explosion of a massive star. Light from the original supernova explosion likely reached Earth over 5,000 years ago. Blasted out in the cataclysmic event, the interstellar shock waves plow through space sweeping up and exciting interstellar material. The glowing filaments are really more like long ripples in a sheet seen almost edge on, remarkably well separated into the glow of ionized hydrogen and sulfur atoms shown in red and green, and oxygen in blue hues. Also known as the Cygnus Loop, the Veil Nebula now spans nearly 3 degrees or about 6 times the diameter of the full Moon. While that translates to over 70 light-years at its estimated distance of 1,500 light-years, this field of view spans less than one third that distance. Identified as Pickering's Triangle for a director of Harvard College Observatory and cataloged as NGC 6979, the complex of filaments might be more appropriately known as Williamina Fleming's Triangular Wisp. via NASA ift.tt/1FOtV0X
About 3.5 million years ago, the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy unleashed an enormous burst of energy. Our primitive ancestors, already afoot on the African plains, likely would have witnessed this flare as a ghostly glow high overhead in the constellation Sagittarius. It might have persisted for 1 million years.
Now, eons later, astronomers are using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope's unique capabilities to uncover even more clues about this cataclysmic explosion. Looking to the far outskirts of our galaxy, they found that the black hole's floodlight reached so far into space it illuminated a vast train of gas trailing the Milky Way's two prominent satellite galaxies: the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and its companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC).
The black hole outburst was probably caused by a large hydrogen cloud up to 100,000 times the Sun's mass falling onto the disk of material swirling near the central black hole. The resulting outburst sent cones of blistering ultraviolet radiation above and below the plane of the galaxy and deep into space.
The radiation cone that blasted out of the Milky Way’s south pole lit up a massive ribbon-like gas structure called the Magellanic Stream. The flash lit up a portion of the stream, ionizing its hydrogen (enough to make 100 million Suns) by stripping atoms of their electrons.
"The flash was so powerful that it lit up the stream like a Christmas tree — it was a cataclysmic event!" said Principal Investigator Andrew Fox of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore. "This shows us that different regions of the galaxy are linked — what happens in the galactic center makes a difference to what happens out in the Magellanic Stream. We're learning about how the black hole impacts the galaxy and its environment."
Fox's team used Hubble's ultraviolet capabilities to probe the stream by using background quasars — the bright cores of distant, active galaxies — as light sources. Hubble's Cosmic Origins Spectrograph can see the fingerprints of ionized atoms in the ultraviolet light from the quasars. The astronomers studied sightlines to 21 quasars far behind the Magellanic Stream and 10 behind another feature called the Leading Arm, a tattered and shredded gaseous "arm" that precedes the LMC and SMC in their orbit around the Milky Way.
"When the light from the quasar passes through the gas we're interested in, some of the light at specific wavelengths gets absorbed by the atoms in the cloud," said STScI's Elaine Frazer, who analyzed the sightlines and discovered new trends in the data. "When we look at the quasar light spectrum at specific wavelengths, we see evidence of light absorption that we wouldn't see if the light hadn’t passed through the cloud. From this, we can draw conclusions about the gas itself."
The team found evidence that the ions had been created in the Magellanic Stream by an energetic flash. The burst was so powerful that it lit up the stream, even though this structure is about 200,000 light-years from the galactic center.
Unlike the Magellanic Stream, the Leading Arm did not show evidence of being lit up by the flare. That makes sense, because the Leading Arm is not sitting right below the south galactic pole, so it was not showered with the burst's radiation.
The same event that caused the radiation flare also "burped" hot plasma that is now towering about 30,000 light-years above and below the plane of our galaxy. These invisible bubbles, weighing the equivalent of millions of Suns, are called the Fermi Bubbles. Their energetic gamma-ray glow was discovered in 2010 by NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. In 2015, Fox used Hubble's ultraviolet spectroscopy to measure the expansion velocity and composition of the ballooning lobes.
Now his team managed to stretch Hubble's reach beyond the bubbles. "We always thought that the Fermi Bubbles and the Magellanic Stream were separate and unrelated to each other and doing their own things in different parts of the galaxy’s halo," said Fox. "Now we see that the same powerful flash from our galaxy's central black hole has played a major role in both."
This research was possible only because of Hubble's unique ultraviolet capability. Because of the filtering effects of Earth's atmosphere, ultraviolet light cannot be studied from the ground. "It's a very rich region of the electromagnetic spectrum — there's a lot of features that can be measured in the ultraviolet," explained Fox. "If you work in the optical and infrared, you can't see them. That's why we have to go to space to do this. For this type of work, Hubble is the only game in town."
The findings, to be published in the Astrophysical Journal, will be presented during a press conference on June 2 at the 236th meeting of the American Astronomical Society, which will be conducted virtually this year.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy in Washington, D.C.
For more information: www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/intense-flash-from-milk...
Credits: NASA, ESA, G. Cecil (UNC, Chapel Hill) and J. DePasquale (STScI)
This dark, tangled web is an object named SNR 0454-67.2. It formed in a very violent fashion — it is a supernova remnant, created after a massive star ended its life in a cataclysmic explosion and threw its constituent material out into surrounding space. This created the messy formation we see in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image, with threads of red snaking amidst dark, turbulent clouds.
SNR 0454-67.2 is situated in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf spiral galaxy that lies close to the Milky Way. The remnant is likely the result of a Type Ia supernova explosion; this category of supernovae is formed from the death of a white dwarf star, which grows and grows by siphoning material from a stellar companion until it reaches a critical mass and then explodes.
As they always form via a specific mechanism — when the white dwarf hits a particular mass — these explosions always have a well-known luminosity, and are thus used as markers (standard candles) for scientists to obtain and measure distances throughout the universe.
For more information, please visit:
www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/hubble-captures-t...
Image credit: European Space Agency (ESA)
Text credit: ESA/Hubble, NASA
This is what my previously uploaded shot, Caesious Cataclysm, was taken from, after a bit more swirling and what not.
View the final result here: Caesious Cataclysm
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Chaotic in appearance, these filaments of shocked, glowing gas break across planet Earth's sky toward the constellation of Cygnus, as part of the Veil Nebula. The Veil Nebula itself is a large supernova remnant, an expanding cloud born of the death explosion of a massive star. Light from the original supernova explosion likely reached Earth over 5,000 years ago. Blasted out in the cataclysmic event, the interstellar shock waves plow through space sweeping up and exciting interstellar material. The glowing filaments are really more like long ripples in a sheet seen almost edge on, remarkably well separated into the glow of ionized hydrogen and sulfur atoms shown in red and green, and oxygen in blue hues. Also known as the Cygnus Loop, the Veil Nebula now spans nearly 3 degrees or about 6 times the diameter of the full Moon. While that translates to over 70 light-years at its estimated distance of 1,500 light-years, this field of view spans less than one third that distance. Identified as Pickering's Triangle for a director of Harvard College Observatory and cataloged as NGC 6979, the complex of filaments might be more appropriately known as Williamina Fleming's Triangular Wisp. via NASA ift.tt/1FOtV0X