View allAll Photos Tagged CHRU
Garanti sans trucage ! 😁
(pourquoi devrais-je me gêner pour raconter des bobards , puisque ceux qui nous gouvernent le font à longueur de journée , et des bien plus graves...)
www.francebleu.fr/infos/sante-sciences/les-propos-tenus-p...
Après , tout recommencera comme avant .....
Visiting once again the hospital where I was some months ago. Found a new staircase to service the 9 floors. Hope you like it. What a building :-)
spend 2 days in a hospital. With 9 floors and great stairs. Practical to do some physical exercise :-)
hopital claude huriez, CHRU, lille
Poids en ordre de marche : 54 900 - 85 500 kg
Hauteur de travail : 34 m
Déconstruction de la Tour Paul-Louis Drouet sur le site du CHRU de Nancy-Brabois. Ce bâtiment comprenait les services de Maladies Infectieuses et d'Insuffisants Respiratoires avec 226 lits. Ces services avaient déménagé depuis 2010.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy (54511)
Quartier : Brabois
Adresse : rue du Morvan
Fonction : Hôpitaux
Construction : 1972 → 1973
• Architecte : Noël Le Maresquier
Déconstruction : 2016 → 2017
• Entreprise : Melchiorre Démolition
Niveaux max : R+9
Hauteur max : ≈30 m
«D'année en année en passant par Noël». Exposition d'un groupe d'Art-thérapie / Peinture de l'Unité de Psychosomatique (CHRU, Hôpital Saint Eloi) à l'Espace culturel du CHRU Montpellier, à l'hôpital de La Colombière. Accrochage le 14 décembre 2010. Exposition jusqu’au 15 janvier. Ouvert en semaine de 10h à 17h. Fermé samedi et dimanche.
Photo extraite de l'exposition "L'impact du COVID à Besançon" issue de la MasterClass Grain d'Pixel animée par Raphaël Helle.
- Aurore est anesthésiste aux urgences gynécologique du CHRU de Besançon. « À l’hôpital, c’était Beyrouth on improvisait comme en médecine de guerre. » Lors du premier confinement comme de nombreuses collègues, elle fût réaffectée aux services en première ligne contre la pandémie pour faire face à l’afflux de victimes du COVID. « Imaginez un prof de math à qui on demanderait de faire les cours de sport et à qui on dirait : Après tout vous êtes un prof, non ? »
Europa, Frankreich, Franche-Comté, Département Doubs, Besançon, südöstlich der Haltestelle CHRU Minjoz
Today's Net Flicks upload sees CHRU's EC-135 F-HMGI
'SAMU 37' outside Shoreham based A2B Helicopters
276A8830
Photo for this weeks theme choir/drive (the same word kör in swedish) for the group Fotosöndag (Photo Sunday)
Is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (Vietnamese: Biển Đông), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
The people of Vietnam regained independence and broke away from China in AD 938 after their victory at the battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive dynasties flourished along with geographic and political expansion deeper into Southeast Asia, until it was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. Efforts to resist the French eventually led to their expulsion from the country in the mid-20th century, leaving a nation divided politically into two countries. Fighting between the two sides continued during the Vietnam War, ending with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
Emerging from this prolonged military engagement, the war-ravaged nation was politically isolated. The government’s centrally planned economic decisions hindered post-war reconstruction and its treatment of the losing side engendered more resentment than reconciliation. In 1986, it instituted economic and political reforms and began a path towards international reintegration. By 2000, it had established diplomatic relations with most nations. Its economic growth had been among the highest in the world in the past decade.[vague] These efforts resulted in Vietnam joining the World Trade Organization in 2007.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnam
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam
Other info
Flags from cities
Oficial Name:
Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
Independence:
Date September 2, 1945 - Recognized 1954
Area:
332.501km2
Inhabitants:
82.481.000
Language :
Akha [ahk] 1,261 in Viet Nam (1995 Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, Hanoi). Quang Binh and Quang Tri Provinces both sides of the Viet Nam-Laos border, northeast of Phuc Trach. Alternate names: Kaw, Ekaw, Ikaw, Aka, Ak'a, Ahka, Ko, Khako, Kha Ko, Khao Ikor, Aini, Yani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani, Ha-Ya
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Arem [aem] 20 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). Population total all countries: 40. Ethnic population: 100 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). Tan Trach and one or two families of Thuong Trach in Bo Trach District, Quang Binh Province. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: A-Rem, Chomrau, Chombrau, Umo. Dialects: Other dialects or ethnic names: Tu-vang, Pa-leng, Xo-lang, To-hung, Chà-cu, Tac-cui, Nhà Chút. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut Nearly extinct.
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Bahnar [bdq] 158,456 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen provinces, central highlands. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Bana. Dialects: Tolo, Golar, Alakong (A-La Cong), Jolong (Gio-Lang, Y-Lang), Bahnar Bonom (Bomam), Kontum, Krem. Other dialects or ethnic names: Roh, Kpang Cong. Closest to Alak 1, Tampuan, and Lamam. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
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Brao [brb] 313 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Kon Tum Province, Cambodia-Laos border area. Alternate names: Brau, Braou, Proue, Brou, Love, Lave, Laveh, Rawe. Dialects: Palau. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet
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Bru, Eastern [bru] 55,559 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Dac Lac provinces. Alternate names: Bru, Brou, Van Kieu, Quang Tri Bru. Dialects: Mangkong, Tri. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Brou-So
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Cao Lan [mlc] 147,315 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 187,315. The San Chay are mainly concentrated in Tuyen Quang, Bac Can, and Thai Nguyen provinces. They are also found scattered in certain areas of Yen Bai, Vinh Phuc, Phu Tho, Bac Giang, and Quang Ninh provinces. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Caolan, San Chay, San Chi, "Man Cao-Lan", Sán-Chi, "Mán", Cao Lan-Sán Chi. Dialects: Maintains some features from Northern Tai. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central
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Cham, Eastern [cjm] 72,873 in Viet Nam (2002). Binh Thuan, Ninh Thuan, Dong Nai provinces and Ho Chi Minh City. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Tjam, Chiem, Chiem Thành, Bhamam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Cham-Chru
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Cham, Western [cja] 25,000 in Viet Nam. Population includes 4,000 in Saigon. An Giang and Tay Ninh provinces and Ho Chi Minh City. Alternate names: Cambodian Cham, Tjam, Cham, New Cham, Chiem. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Cham-Chru
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Chinese, Yue [yue] 862,371 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Soc Trang, Can Tho, Vinh Long, Tra Vinh, Dong Nai, and Kieng Giang provinces and in the cities of Ho Chi Minh, Hanoi, and Haiphong, and along the northern Viet Nam-China border regions. Alternate names: Suòng Phóng, Quang Dong, Hai Nam, Ha Xa Phang, Minh Huong, Chinese Nung, Nung, Lowland Nung, Hoa, Han, Trièu Chau, Phúc Kién, Liem Chau, Samg Phang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chrau [crw] 22,567 (1999 census). Few monolinguals. Dòng Nai Province. The Tamun group live in Tayninh and Binhlong provinces. Alternate names: Chauro, Choro, Ro, Tamun. Dialects: Jro, Dor (Doro), Prang, Mro, Voqtwaq, Vajieng, Chalah, Chalun, Tamun. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau
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Chru [cje] 14,978 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lam Dong and Binh Thuan provinces. Also spoken in France, USA. Alternate names: Churu, Choru, Chu Ru, Chu, Cru, Kru, Chrau Hma, Cadoe Loang, Seyu. Dialects: Rai, Noang (La-Dang). Close to Cham. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Cham-Chru
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Chut [scb] 3,829 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 4,279. Quang Binh Province, Thuong Hoa, Hoa Son, Dan Hoa communes, near the Laos border at the same latitude as Mu Gia Pass. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Sach, Salang, Ruc, May. Dialects: Sach, May, Ruc ( Kha Mu Gia, Tac Cui). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
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Côông [cnc] 2,000 (2002 Edmondson). Lai Chau Province, Muong Te District, east of Sila, south of Mang. 4 villages at Ban Nam Luong in Xa Can Ho, Bo Lech in Xa Can Ho, Nam Kha Co area at Ban Bo, Muong Tong at Nam Ke near the Lao border. Alternate names: "Xa Coong", "Xa Xam", Khoong, "Xa Xeng". Dialects: Quite different from Akha, Lahu, and Sila of this location. The northern and southern varieties in Viet Nam are different, but inherently intelligible to speakers. Bisu, Pyen, and Mpi are closely related. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Phunoi
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Cua [cua] 27,766 (1999 census). Quang Ngai and Quang Nam provinces. Alternate names: Bong Miew, Bòng Mieu. Dialects: Kol (Kor, Cor, Co, Col, Dot, Yot), Traw (Tràu, Dong). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East, Cua-Kayong
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En [enc] 200 (1998 Edmondson). Cao Bang Province, Noi Thon village, about 20 km directly east on foot from Ho Quang City, Ho Quang District. Alternate names: Nung Ven. Dialects: Lexical similarity less than 50% with Laha, Qabiao (Laqua), Lachi, Gelao, Buyang, Hlai. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao
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Gelao, Green [giq] 300 (2002 Edmondson). Yen Minh District, Pho La and Dong Van. Alternate names: Hoki Gelao, Cape Draping Gelao, Klau, Qau. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi
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Gelao, Red [gir] 20. Yen Minh District. Alternate names: Voa Dê, Vandu Gelao. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi Nearly extinct.
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Gelao, White [giw] 20 (2002 Edmondson). Yen Minh District, Pho La and Dong Van. Alternate names: Tú Du, Telue, Southwestern Gelao. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi Nearly extinct.
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Giáy [pcc] 49,098 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lao Cai, Hà Giang, and Lai Chau provinces. Alternate names: Bouyei, Bo-Y, Bo-I, Buyi, Pu-I, Puyi, Pui, Chang Chá, Trong Ggia, Tu-Dìn, Nhaang, Nyang, Niang, Yai, Yay, Giai, Giang, Dang, Dioi, Pau Thin, Pú Nà, Pu-Nam, Cùi Chu, Xa Chung Chá, Chung Cha, Sa. Dialects: Tu-Dí, Nhang, Pú Nà. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern
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Haiphong Sign Language [haf] Haiphong. Dialects: Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Halang [hal] 13,500 in Viet Nam (2000). Population total all countries: 17,500. Kon Tum Province. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Salang, Koyong. Dialects: Close to Jeh. Salang in Laos may be a different but related language. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang
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Halang Doan [hld] 2,000 in Viet Nam(1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population total all countries: 4,346. Kon Tum Province, between the Sedang and the Cua. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Halang Duan, Duan, Doan. Dialects: May be intelligible with Takua, Kayong, Halang Daksut, or Rengao. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Duan
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Hani [hni] 17,535 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces in northern Viet Nam. One variety is east, one west of Muong Te City. Not in Thailand. Alternate names: Hànhì, Haw, Uni, U Ní, Xauni, Xá U Ní. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani, Ha-Ya
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Hanoi Sign Language [hab] Hanoi. Dialects: Related to sign languages in Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Haroi [hro] 35,000 (1998). Binh Dinh and Phu Yen provinces. Alternate names: Hrway, Hroi, Hroy, Hoi, Aroi, Bahnar Cham. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Plateau
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Hmong Daw [mww] All Hmong in Viet Nam: 787,604 (1999 census). Most live in several provinces of northern Viet Nam, now over 10,000 resettled in Dac Lac province in southern Viet Nam. Alternate names: White Meo, Meo Kao, White Lum, Mán Tráng, Bai Miao. Dialects: Hmong Xi (Meo Do). Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Dô [hmv] Ha Giang Province, Dong Van and Meo Vae districts; Lao Cai Province, Bac Ha District. Dialects: Largely intelligible with Hmong Daw. Lexical similarity 80% with Hmong Daw. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Don [hmf] Ha Giang Province, Hua Binh, YenBai, Nghia Lo. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Njua [blu] Living in many provinces of northern Viet Nam, probably some in Dac Lac Province in southern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Blue Meo, Green Miao, Tak Meo, Hmong Njwa, Hmong Leng. Dialects: Hmong Hoa. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Shua [hmz] 60 (2003). Ha Giang Province, 3 villages. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language [hos] Ho Chi Minh City. Dialects: Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Haiphong, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Hre [hre] 113,111 (1999 census). Quang Ngai and Binh Dinh provinces. Alternate names: Davak, Davach, Moi Da Vach, Moi, Moi Luy, Cham-Re, Chom, Tachom. Dialects: Rabah (Tava), Creq (Kare, Kre), Hre. Closest to Sedang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang
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Hung [hnu] 700 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). Pong dialect in Tam Thai commune, Tuong Duong District, Nghe An Province, and Dan Lai and Ly Ha dialects in Mon Son and Luc Da communes, Con Cuong District. Alternate names: Cuói, K'katiam-Pong-Houk. Dialects: Pong (Poong, Phong, Tay Pong, Toum Phong, Khong Kheng, Xa La Vang, Pong 1, Pong 2), Dan Lai, Ly Ha. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi
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Iu Mien [ium] 350,000 in Viet Nam (1999 H. Purnell). Throughout the highland regions of northern Viet Nam, about 16,000 in Dac Lak Province in the south. Alternate names: Kim Mien, Yu Mien, Mien, "Mán", Yao, Myen, Highland Yao, Dao Do, Red Dao, "Dong", "Trai", "Xá", Dìu, Yao Kimmien, Yao Ogang, Dao Thanh Phan. Dialects: Dao Do, Deo Tien, Dao Lan Tien, Dao Lo Gang, Cham, Quan Chet, Quan Trang. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
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Jarai [jra] 317,557 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 332,557. Mainly in Gia Lai and Kon Tum Provinces, some in Dac Lac Province. Also spoken in Cambodia, USA. Alternate names: Djarai, Gia-Rai, Jorai, Cho-Rai, Chor, Mthur, Chrai, Gio-Rai. Dialects: Puan, Hodrung (Hdrung), Jhue, Aráp, Habau (Ho-Bau), To-Buan, Sesan, Chuty, Pleikly, Golar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Plateau
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Jeh [jeh] 15,243 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Population total all countries: 23,256. Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Die, Yeh, Gie. Dialects: Jeh Bri La (Bri-La), Jeh Mang Ram. Related to Halang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang
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Katu, Eastern [ktv] 50,458 (1999 census). Quang Nam and Thua Thien provinces. Alternate names: High Katu. Dialects: A different language variety and orthography in Laos. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
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Katua [kta] 3,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Gia Lai-Cong Tum Province, around Mang Buk, west of the Kayong language. Alternate names: Ca Tua. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric
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Kayong [kxy] 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Remote mountains of Cong Tum Province. Alternate names: Kagiuong, Ca Giong, Katang. Dialects: Close to Takua and Cua. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East, Cua-Kayong
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Kháng [kjm] 3,921 (1985 F. Proschan). Son La and Lai Chau provinces in northern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Khaang, Tayhay, Tay Hay, Xa, Xá Khao, Xa Xua, Xa Don, Xa Dang, Xa Hoc, Xa Ai, Xa Bung, Quang Lam, Hang, Bren, Ksakautenh, Putenh, Pouteng, Teng, Theng. Dialects: Kháng Clau, Kháng Ai (Xa Khao, Xa Cau, Sakau). Related to Puoc and Phong-Kniang in Laos. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul
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Khao [xao] 10,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northwest, near the Ma River, north of Pa Ma. Dialects: Related to Bit in Laos and China. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Khao
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Khmer, Central [khm] 1,055,174 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Mainly in Hau Giang, Tra Vinh, Vinh Long, Kien Giang, An Giang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Binh Phuoc, and Tay Ninh provinces and Ho Chi Minh City. Alternate names: Cambodian, Kho Me, Cur Cul, Cu Tho, Viet Go Mien, Khome, Krom. Dialects: Central Khmer, Southern Khmer. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer
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Khmu [kjg] 56,542 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Son La, Lai Chau, Nghe An, and Yen Bai provinces. Alternate names: Kmhmu, Khomu, Khamu, Mun Xen, Xa Cau, Kha Cau, Cam Mu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu', Khmu'
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Khua [xhv] 3,000 in Viet Nam (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population total all countries: 5,000. West central; southeast of Giap Tam. Also spoken in Laos. Dialects: Related to Bru, Mangkong, Leun. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Brou-So
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Kim Mun [mji] 170,000 in Viet Nam (1999 J. Edmondson). Alternate names: Mun, Lanten, Lan Ten, Lantin, "Man Lan-Tien", Lowland Yao, Coc Mun, Jinmen, Dao Quan Trang, Red Trouser Yao, Dao Thanh Y, Dao Ao Dai, Great Tunic Yao, Dao Lam Dinh. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
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Koho [kpm] 128,723 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lam Dòng, Binh Thuan, Ninh Thuan and Khanh Hoa provinces. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Coho, Caho, Kohor. Dialects: Chil (Kil), Tring (Trinh), Sre, Kalop, Sop, Laya, Rion, Nop (Xre Nop, Tu-Lop), Tala (To La), Kodu (Co-Don), Pru, Lac (Lat, Lach). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre
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Lachi [lbt] 7,863 in Viet Nam (1990 census). Population includes 3,990 women, in 1,450 households (1990 Liang Min), including Black Lachi 2,500 in 550 households, Long-Haired Lachi 4,500 in 900 households. 10,765 for all La Chi in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 9,016. Ethnic population: 9,600 (2000 D. Bradley). Hà Giang Province, mostly west of Hà Giang in the upper Clear River valley (Riviere Claire) on the China border: Black Lachi at Manyou, Long-Haired Lachi at Manpeng. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: La Chi, Lachí, Laji, Lati, Tai Lati, Lipulio, Y To, Y Pí, Y Póng, Y Mia, Cù Te, Cu-Tê. Dialects: Liputiõ (Black Lachi), Lipupi (Long-Haired Lachi). Related to Gelo. Long-Haired Lachi of Viet Nam (4,806 speakers) has 80% lexical similarity with Flowery Lachi of China; White Lachi of Viet Nam (1,602) has 30% to 40% similarity with the others, and should be considered a separate language. Lexical similarity 36% with Gelo, 33% with Laqua, 34% with Buyang, 28% with Northern Zhuang, 22% with Dong, 23% with Laka, 25% with Hlai. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi
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Lachi, White [lwh] 1,602 (1990 Liang Min). 300 households. Hà Giang Province, northern Viet Nam south of Maguan in China, Manbang and Manmei. Alternate names: White Lachi, Lipupõ. Dialects: Lexical similarity 30% to 40% with other Lachi. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi
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Laghuu [lgh] 300 (2002 Edmondson). Northwestern Viet Nam. Lao Cai Province, Sa Pa District, Nam Sa village. 15 km south and east of Sa Pa City, in the valley below the highest mountain in Viet Nam, Phan Si Pan (3,198 meters). Alternate names: Laopa, Xá Phó. Dialects: It is not known how this relates to Laopang (Laopa) of Myanmar, also in the Lolo group. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi
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Laha [lha] 5,686 (1999 census). Lao Cai and Son La provinces, along the Red and Black rivers. Alternate names: Xá Khao, Khlá Phlao, Klá Dong, Khlá Don, Khlá Dung, Khlá Liik, La Ha Ung, La Ha, Xá Chien, Xá Lay. Dialects: Close to Qabiao. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao
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Lahu [lhu] 6,874 All Lahu (Yellow, Black, White) in Viet Nam (1999 census). Northwestern border of Viet Nam with Laos. Black Lahu are north of Muong Te City near the China border, at Ban Kiem Tra, Phu Nam Ma, Phu Nam Cau, Phu Nam Ha. White Lahu are in one village just to the east of Nha Ca in Muong Te. Alternate names: Lohei, Lahuna, Launa, Laku, Kaixien, Namen, Mussuh, Muhso, Musso, Mussar, Mooso. Dialects: Na (Black Lahu, Khucong, Musser Dam), Nyi (Red Lahu, Musseh Daeng), Shehleh, Lahu Phung (White Lahu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu
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Lahu Shi [kds] 6,874 all Lahu (Yellow, Black, White) in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lai Chau Province, just to the west of Muong Te City on the Son Da (Black River). Alternate names: Kutsung, Kucong, Khutsho, Yellow Lahu, Shi, Kui, Kwi, Ne Thu, La Hu Si. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu
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Lü [khb] 4,964 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lai Chau Province, northern Viet Nam in the Binh Lu area. Alternate names: Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I, Lue, Tai Lu, Nhuon, Duon. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest
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Maa [cma] 33,338 (1999 census). Lam Dong, Dong Nai provinces, spread over a wide area. Alternate names: Maaq, Ma, Maa', Chauma, Ma Ngan, Che Ma, Ma Xop, Ma To, Ma Krung. Dialects: Sometimes considered a Koho dialect. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre
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Maleng [pkt] 200 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). Malieng in Thanh Hoa and Lam Hoa communes, Tuyen Hoa District, dan Hoa in Minh Hoa District, northern Quang Binh Province; Huong Lien commune in Huong Khe District, Ha Tinh Province, 2 or 3 villages bordering Laos, and another to the southeast. Alternate names: Malieng, Malang. Dialects: Malieng (Pa Leng), Kha Phong (Maleng Kari, Maleng Bro, Kha Nam Om). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
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Mang [zng] 2,663 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 3,168. Ethnic population: 4,500 (2000 D. Bradley). Lai Chau Province, in villages in a triangle-shaped area between the Song Da (Black River) and the Nam Na at places such as Nam Nghe, Nam Xung, Nam Ban, Ban Nam Voi. Also spoken in China, Thailand. Alternate names: Mang U, Xá Mang, Xá Ó, Nieng Ó, Chaman, Manbu, Ba'e, Xá Lá Vàng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Mang
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Mantsi [nty] 1,100 (2002 Edmondson). Hà Giang Province at Meo Vac and Dong Van districts. Alternate names: Lolo, Flowery Lolo, Black Lolo, Red Mantsi. Dialects: Called 'Southeast Vernacular' type of Yi. May be related to what is called Southeastern Yi or Guizhou Yi in China. Not intelligible with Sichuan Yi (Nosu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi
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Mnong, Central [cmo] 32,451 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Population total all countries: 52,451. Southwest of the Rade, mainly in Song Bé and western Dac Lac provinces. Also spoken in Cambodia. Alternate names: Pnong, Budong, Budang, Phanong. Dialects: Préh (Pre), Biat (Bhiét), Bu Nar, Bu Rung, Dih Bri (Di-Pri), Bu Dang. Biat may be a separate language related to Eastern Mnong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong
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Mnong, Eastern [mng] 30,000 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Southeast of the Rade in Dac Lac and Lam Dòng provinces. Also spoken in USA. Dialects: Mnong Rolom (Rolom, Rolam, Rlam, Ralam), Mnong Gar (Gar), Mnong Kwanh, Chil. Biat may be closer to Eastern Mnong than to Central Mnong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Eastern Mnong
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Mnong, Southern [mnn] 30,000 (2002). Mostly in Binh Phuoc Province south of the Central Mnong and north of the Stieng. Dialects: Bunong (Nong, Pnong), Prang (Po Rang). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong
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Monom [moo] 5,000 (1973 SIL). Eastern Gia Lai and Kon Tum provinces. Alternate names: Bonom, Menam, Monam. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom
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Muong [mtq] 1,137,515 (1999 census). Hoa Bình, Thanh Hóa, Vinh Phú, Yen Bai, Son La, and Ninh Binh provinces, mostly in the mountains of north central Viet Nam. Dialects: Thang, Wang, Mol, Mual, Moi 1, Boi Bi (Moi Bi), Ao Tá (Au Tá). Related to Sach, May, Ruc, Arem, Thavung, Pakatan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong
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Ná-Meo [neo] 1,200 (2002). Northwest part of Lang Son Province, Trang Dinh District, Cao Minh Village and Khuoi Phu Dao Village, Khanh Long Hamlet; Thach An District, Ca Liec Village. Classification: Unclassified
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Nguôn [nuo] 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Minh Hoa District, northeastern Quang Binh Province. Alternate names: Ngouan. Dialects: Diffloth (1992) groups Nguon as a separate language close to Vietnamese, but Doi (1996) and Ferlus (1996) group it with Muong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong
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Nung [nut] 856,412 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Mainly in Cao Bang and Lang Son provinces. A number of Nung now live in Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, Lam Dong, and Dac Lac. Also spoken in Australia, Canada, Laos, USA. Alternate names: Nong, Bu-Nong, Highland Nung, Tai Nung, Tay, Tày Nùng. Dialects: Xuòng, Giang, Nùng An, Nùng Phan Slình (Nùng Fan Slihng), Nùng Cháo, Nùng Lòi, Nùng Qúy Rin (Guiren), Khen Lài, Nùng Inh. Close to Tày and Southern Zhuang (Ningming, Longzhou varieties). Dialect cluster with Southern Zhuang in China. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central
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O'du [tyh] 301 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 495. Nghe Tinh Province in northern Viet Nam. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: O Du, Iduh, 'Iduh, "Tay Hat", Hat, Haat. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu', Khmu'
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Pa Di [pdi] 300 in Viet Nam. Lao Cai Province, Muong Khuong District. Alternate names: Padi. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern
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Pacoh [pac] 16,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Population total all countries: 29,224. Quang Tri Province. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Paco, Pokoh, Bo River Van Kieu. Dialects: Pahi (Ba-Hi). Related to Phuong. 'Koh' in 'Pacoh' means 'mountain'. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
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Pa-Hng [pha] 5,569 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Tuyên Quang and Hà Giang provinces. Alternate names: Pa Hng, Paheng, Baheng, Bahengmai, Pà Hung, Pà Then. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Pa-hng
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Phu Thai [pht] 209,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Northern. Alternate names: Putai, Phutai, Puthay, Puthai. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Lao-Phutai
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Phula [phh] 9,046 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 13,246. Ethnic population: 13,246. Lao Cai Province, near Lao Cai City and one village in Xin Mun District of Hà Giang Province, also Lai Chau and Son La provinces. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Phu La, Phu Khla, Phu Kha, Fu Khla. Dialects: Related to Laghuu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Unclassified
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Phuong [phg] 15,112 (2000 WCD). Quang Nam-Da Nang and Gia Lai-Cong Tum provinces, southeast of the Pacoh language. Alternate names: Phuang, Phuong Catang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
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Puoc [puo] 18,018 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 20,182. Lai Chau and Son La provinces in northern Viet Nam, along the Laos border. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Kha Puhoc, Puhoc, Puok, Pua, Xinh Mul, Xinh-Mun, Xin Mul, Sing Mun, Ksing Mul. Dialects: Related to Khang and Pong 3. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul
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Qabiao [laq] 307 in Viet Nam (2002 Edmondson). Population total all countries: 614. Hà Giang Province, Viet Nam-Yunnan-Kwangsi border, upper Clear River valley, Dunshi, Pugao, Pula, Pubang, Manong; Yên Minh and Mèo Vac districts; Dông Van District, Phô Là and Sung Chang villages. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Ka Beo, Ka Bao, Ka Biao, Laqua, Pubiao, Pupeo, Pu Péo, Pen Ti Lolo, Bendi Lolo. Dialects: Lexical similarity 38% with Gelo, 33% with Lati, 38% with Buyang, 30% with Northern Zhuang, 29% with Dong, 23% with Laka, 26% with Hlai, 10% with Hmong, 7% with Mien. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao
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Rade [rad] 270,348 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Dac Lac and part of Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa provinces, centered around Banmethuot. Possibly also Cambodia. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Rhade, Raday, Rde, E-De, Edeh, De. Dialects: Bih, Ndhur (Mdhur), Adham (A-Dham), Blo, Kodrao (Kdrao), Krung 1, Rde Kpa (Kpa). Bih (1,000) may be a separate language. The Krung 1 dialect is different from the Bahnaric language Krung 2, in Cambodia. Other names of dialects or ethnic groups: Ktul, Dlie, Rue, E-pan, Dong Kay, Arul, Kah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Plateau
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Rengao [ren] 16,000 (2002). Kon Tum Province, from northwest of Dak To to southeast of Kontum city between Sedang and Bahnar. Alternate names: Ro-Ngao. Dialects: Western Rengao, Sedang-Rengao, Bahnar-Rengao. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Rengao
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Roglai, Cacgia [roc] 3,000 (2002). Ninh Thuan Province, on the coast northeast of Phan Rang. Alternate names: Ra-Glai. Dialects: It is considerably different from other Roglai dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Roglai
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Roglai, Northern [rog] 52,931 (2002). Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa and Lam Dong provinces, in the mountains west and south of Nhatrang, and some near Dalat. Alternate names: Radlai, Adlai, Rayglay, Ra-Glai, Rang Glai, Noang, La-Oang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Roglai
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Roglai, Southern [rgs] 41,000 (1999 census). Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan provinces, southern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Rai. Dialects: Rai. Close to Chru and Northern Roglai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Roglai
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Romam [rmx] 250 (1993 Dang Nghiem Van). On the Viet Nam-Cambodian border. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
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Sedang [sed] 100,648 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 101,434. Kon Tum, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai provinces. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Hadang, Hdang, Hoteang, Roteang, Rotea, Hotea, Xodang, Xa Dang, Cadong, Tang, Kmrang. Dialects: Central Sedang, Greater Sedang, Dak Sut Sedang, Kotua Sedang, Kon Hring Sedang. Closest to Hre. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang
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Sila [slt] 840 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lai Chau Province, Cú Dè Xù, Khá Pé. 3 villages: Ban Xeo Hai in Xa Can Ho, Xi Thao Chai of Pa Ha, Nam Xin of Muong Nhe. Alternate names: Sida. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani
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Stieng, Budeh [stt] Southern Stieng area, Binh Phuoc and Tay Ninh provinces. Alternate names: Lower Stieng, Southern Stieng. Dialects: Different enough from Bulo Stieng that intelligibility is not functional. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric
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Stieng, Bulo [sti] Population total all countries: 6,059. Binh Phuoc, Lam Dong, and Tay Ninh provinces. Also spoken in Cambodia. Alternate names: Xtieng, Xa-Dieng, Budíp, Rangah, Upper Stieng, Northern Stieng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau
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Sui [swi] 120 in Viet Nam (2002 Edmondson). Tuyen Quang, Chiem Hoa. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui
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Tai Daeng [tyr] 140,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Population total all countries: 165,000. North central Viet Nam in the area of Thanh Hoa Province, south of Sam Nuea. Also spoken in Laos, Thailand, USA. Alternate names: Red Tai, Tai Rouge, Thai Do, Thai Dang, Tai Deng, Daeng, Táy-Môc-Châu, Môc-Châu. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tai Dam [blt] 699,000 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Population total all countries: 763,700. Northern Viet Nam along the Red and Black rivers. Some moved south and are settled in Tung Nghia (Lam Dam),Tho Thanh (Dac Lac), Pleiku (Gia Lai), and elsewhere. Also spoken in Australia, China, France, Laos, Thailand, USA. Alternate names: Tai Noir, Thái Den, Táy-Dam, Black Tai, Tai Do. Dialects: Táy Mu'ò'i (Tai Mueai, Meuay). Close to Song and Tai Dón, but not inherently intelligible with Tai Dón. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tai Do [tyj] 300 (2002). Northern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Tay-Jo, Tay Yo, Tay Muoi, Tay Quy Chau. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai
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Tai Dón [twh] 280,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Population total all countries: 490,000. North Viet Nam along the Red and Black rivers. Some are settled in southern Viet Nam, mainly in Tung Nghia (Lam Dong Province). Also spoken in China, France, Laos. Alternate names: Tai Blanc, Thái Tráng, Tai Lai, Tai Kao, Táy Khao, White Tai. Dialects: Not intelligible with Tai Dam. Lao has influenced the speech of some Tai Dón speakers. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tai Hang Tong [thc] 10,000 (2002). Northern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Hàng Tong, Tày Muòng. Dialects: Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Pu Thay, Tay Thanh, and Tho Da Bac. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tai Thanh [tmm] 20,000 (2002). Northern Viet Nam, Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces. Alternate names: Táy Thanh, Thanh, Tai Man Thanh. Dialects: Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Tai Hang Tong, Pu Thay, and Tho Da Bac. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern
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Takua [tkz] 12,768 (2000 WCD). Quang Nam and Da Nang provinces. Alternate names: Quang Tin Katu, Langya. Dialects: Closest to Cua and Kayong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East, Takua
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Ta'oih, Upper [tth] 19,000 in Viet Nam (2002). 70% monolingual. Thua Thien-Hue Province and Quang Tri Province. Alternate names: T-Oy, Tà-Oi, Tau Oi, Ta Hoi, Toi-Oi, Kantua. Dialects: Pasoom, Kamuan', Palee'n, Leem, Ha'aang (Sa'ang). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta'oih
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Tày [tyz] 1,477,514 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Cao Bàng, Lang Son, Hà Giang, Tuye Quang, Bác Thái, Quang Ninh, Hà Bac, and Lam Dòng provinces, central and northeastern Viet Nam near the China border. Some moved south and settled in Tung Nghia and Song Mao. Also possibly in Laos. Also spoken in France, USA. Alternate names: "Thô", Thu Lao, T'o, Tai Tho, Ngan, Phen. Dialects: Central Tày, Eastern Tày, Southern Tày, Northern Tày, Tày Trung Khanh, Thu Lao, Tày Bao Lac. Dialect continuum to Southern Zhuang in China. Close to Nung. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central
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Tày Sa Pa [tys] 300 (2002 Edmondson). Lao Cai Province, Muong Khuong District. Alternate names: Tai Sa Pa. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern
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Tày Tac [tyt] Northwestern Viet Nam, Muong Tâc District in eastern Son La Province. Alternate names: Tai Tac. Dialects: Related to Tai Dam, Tai Dón, Tai Daeng. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tho [tou] 68,394 (1999 census). Northern Nghe An Province, highland areas. Cuoi Cham is in Tan Hop commune, Tan Ky District. Alternate names: Cuoi, Cuoi Cham, Keo, Ho Muong Meridional. Dialects: Cuoi Cham (Uy Lo), Mon. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi
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Thu Lao [tyl] 200 (2002 Edmondson). Cao Bàng, Lang Son, Hà Giang, Tuye Quang, Bác Thái, Quang Ninh, Hà Bac, and Lam Dòng provinces, central and northeastern Viet Nam near the China border. Some moved south and settled in Tung Nghia and Song Mao. Also possibly in Laos. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Todrah [tdr] 9,142 (2000 WCD). Kon Tum Province, northeast of Kon Tum City from Kon Hring to Kon Braih. Alternate names: Todrá, Didrah, Didra, Podra, Modra, Kodra. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom
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Trieng [stg] 15,000 (2002). Mainly in Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces. Alternate names: Strieng, Gie-Trieng, Tareh, Treng, Ta-Rieng, Talieng, Dgiéh, Giang Ray, Pin. Dialects: May be related to Jeh or Talieng in Laos. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West
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Ts'ün-Lao [tsl] 10,000 (1993 Dang Nghiem Van). Lai Chau Province, northwestern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Lao. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central
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Vietnamese [vie] 65,795,718 in VIet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 67,439,139. The entire country. Also spoken in Australia, Cambodia, Canada, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, France, Germany, Laos, Martinique, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Norway, Philippines, Senegal, Thailand, United Kingdom, USA, Vanuatu. Alternate names: Kinh, Gin, Jing, Ching, Viet, Annamese. Dialects: Northern Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Hanoi), Central Vietnamese (Hue), Southern Vietnamese. Numerous dialects. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese
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Extinct languages
Tay Boi [tas] Extinct. Was used in the major ports of French Indo-China. Alternate names: Tay Boy, Annamite French, Vietnamese Pidgin French. Classification: Pidgin, French based
Capital city:
Hanoi
Meaning country name:
(Cognate of the Chinese: 越南), "Beyond the southern border", as referred to by ancient Chinese, or "South Yue", after the Yue peoples of ancient southeast China.
Description Flag:
The flag of Vietnam, officially known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is also known as "Red flag with Yellow star". This flag was adopted as the National flag of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) on November 30, 1955. It became the national flag of Vietnam following the Vietnam War on July 2, 1976.
The flag has a red background with a yellow five-pointed star in the center. There has been 2 versions of the yellow star's meaning. In the years following 1945, during the independence movement of Vietnam, red represents the struggle for independence, yellow represents the color of Vietnamese people, and the five points of the star were widely believed to represent the 5 traditional classes of people: the scholars(Si 士), the peasants(Nong 農), the craftmen(Cong 工), the merchants(Thuong 商), and the soldiers(Binh 兵). However, after the Communist Party of Vietnam had established complete rule over North Vietnam in 1954 and South Vietnam in 1975, the yellow star was often described in political training sessions as representing the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam, and red represents the proletarian revolution.
The flag was designed by Nguyen Huu Tien (Vietnamese: Nguyễn Hữu Tiến), a communist revolutionary of the 1940 Cochinchina Uprising ("Nam Kỳ Khởi nghĩa") against French colonialism, when the flag was seen on the first time. The uprising failed, and he was arrested and executed along with other leaders of the uprising.
The Western heraldic blazon is Gules, a mullet Or.
The flag of North Vietnam in the period of 1945–1955 was similar to the current flag of Vietnam but with a fatter star.
Coat of arms:
The coat of arms of Viet Nam is modelled after Communist Party symbols, including the yellow star on a red field. The cog and crops represent the cooperation of agriculture and industrial labor in the Communist model. It is similar to the coat of arms of People's Republic of China, and was adopted as the Coat of Arms of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) on November 30, 1955. It became national following reunification with South Vietnam on July 2, 1976.
Motto:
Độc lập - Tự do - Hạnh phúc
"Independence - Freedom - Happiness"
National Anthem: Tiến Quân Ca
Verse 1
Đoàn quân Việt Nam đi
Chung lòng cứu quốc
Bước chân dồn vang trên đường gập ghềnh xa
Cờ in máu chiến thắng mang hồn nước,
Súng ngoài xa chen khúc quân hành ca.
Đường vinh quang xây xác quân thù,
Thắng gian lao cùng nhau lập chiến khu.
Vì nhân dân chiến đấu không ngừng,
Tiến mau ra sa trường,
Tiến lên, cùng tiến lên.
Nước non Việt Nam ta vững bền.
The sixth line was originally: "Thề phanh thây uống máu quân thù"
Verse 2
Đoàn quân Việt Nam đi
Sao vàng phấp phới
Dắt giống nòi quê hương qua nơi lầm than
Cùng chung sức phấn đấu xây đời mới,
Đứng đều lên gông xích ta đập tan.
Từ bao lâu ta nuốt căm hờn,
Quyết hy sinh đời ta tươi thắm hơn.
Vì nhân dân chiến đấu không ngừng,
Tiến mau ra sa trường,
Tiến lên, cùng tiến lên.
Nước non Việt Nam ta vững bền.
English translation
Verse 1
Armies of Vietnam, forward!
With the single determination to save the Fatherland,
Our hurried steps resound on the long and arduous road.
Our flag, red with the blood of victory, bears the spirit of the country.
The distant rumbling of the guns mingles with our marching song.
The path to glory passes over the bodies of our foes.
Overcoming all hardships, together we build our resistance bases.
Ceaselessly for the People's cause let us struggle,
Let us hasten to the battlefield!
Forward! All together advancing!
Our Vietnam is strong, eternal.
The sixth line was originally: "We swear to flay the enemies and drink their blood" This was changed to current wordings in 1955 by the Fifth Plenum of the First National Assembly.
Verse 2
Soldiers of Vietnam, forward!
The gold star afluttering
Leading the people of our native land out of misery and suffering.
Let us join our efforts in the fight to build a new life.
Arise and break these chains.
For too long have we swallowed our hatred.
Be ready for all sacrifices and life will be radiant.
Ceaselessly for the People's cause, let us struggle,
Let us hasten to the battlefield!
Forward! All together advancing!
Our Vietnam is strong, eternal.
Internet Page: www.chinhphu.vn
Vietnam in diferent languages
eng | ast | cat | ces | cor | dan | dsb | est | eus | fao | fin | fur | glg | hau | hsb | hun | ibo | ina | jav | jnf | nld | nor | oci | roh | ron | rup | scn | slk | slv | sme | spa | srd | swa | swe | tur | vor | wln | zza: Vietnam
crh | gag | kaa | uzb: Vyetnam / Вьетнам
deu | ltz | nds: Vietnam / Vietnam
bre | frp: Viêt Nam
csb | pol: Wietnam
cym | fry: Fietnam
ind | msa: Vietnam / ۏيتنام
ita | lld: Viet Nam; Vietnam
kin | run: Viyetnamu
mol | slo: Vietnam / Виетнам
afr: Viëtnam
arg: Bietnam; Viet Nam
aze: Vyetnam / Вјетнам
bam: Wiyɛtinamu
bos: Vijetnam / Вијетнам
epo: Vjetnamo; Vjetnamio
fra: Viêt Nam; Viet Nam; Vietnam; Viêtnam
gla: Bhiet-Nam; Bhietnam
gle: Vítneam / Vítneam
glv: Yn Vietnam
hat: Vyetnam
hrv: Vijetnam
isl: Víetnam
kmr: Vîêtnam / Виетнам / ڤیێتنام ; Vêtnam / Ветнам / ڤێتنام
kur: Viyetnam / ڤیەتنام
lat: Vietnamia
lav: Vjetnama
lim: Viëtnam; Vietnam
lin: Vietnami; Vietnam
lit: Vietnamas
mlg: Vietnama
mlt: Vjetnam
mri: Whitināmu
nrm: Vyitename
pap: Viètnam
por: Vietname / Vietnã
que: Witnam
rmy: Vyetnam / व्येत्नाम
smg: Vietnams
smo: Viatename
som: Fiyetnaam
sqi: Vietnami
szl: Wjetnam
tet: Vietname
tgl: Byet-Nam; Biyetnam
ton: Vietinemi
tuk: Wýetnam / Вьетнам
vie: Việt Nam
vol: Vietnamän
wol: Wiyetnaam
abq | alt | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Вьетнам (V'jetnam)
bul | mkd: Виетнам (Vietnam)
bak: Вьетнам / Vyetnam
bel: В’етнам / Vietnam; Віетнам / Vijetnam
kaz: Вьетнам / Vyetnam / ۆيەتنام
srp: Вијетнам / Vijetnam
tat: Вьетнам / Vietnam
tgk: Виетнам / ویتنم / Vietnam
ukr: В’єтнам (V’jetnam)
ara: فييتنام (Fiyītnām); فيتنام (Fiyatnām); الفييتنام (al-Fiyītnām); الفيتنام (al-Fiyatnām)
fas: ویتنام / ویتنام / Viyetnâm
prs: ویتنام (Vētnām)
pus: وېتنام (Wetnām)
uig: ۋيېتنام / Wyétnam / Вьетнам
urd: ویتنام / ویتنام (Viyatnām); ویٹنام (Viyaṫnām)
div: ވިއެޓްނާމް (Vi'eṫnām); ވިއެޓުނާމު (Vi'eṫunāmu)
heb: ויאטנם (Vî'eṭnam); ויאטנאם (Vî'eṭnâm); ויטנם / וייטנם (Vyeṭnam); וייטנאם (Vyeṭnâm)
lad: ב'ייטנאם / Vietnam
yid: װיעטנאַם (Vyetnam)
amh: ቪየትናም (Viyätnam)
ell-dhi: Βιετνάμ (Vietnám)
ell-kat: Βιετνάμ (Vietnám); Βιὲτ-Νάμ (Vièt-Nám)
hye: Վյետնամ (Vyetnam); Վիետնամ (Vietnam)
kat: ვიეტნამი (Vietnami)
hin: वियतनाम (Viyatnām); विअतनाम (Viatnām); वीतनाम (Vītnām)
nep: भियतनाम (Bʰiyatnām)
ben: ভিয়েতনাম (Bʰiyetnām)
pan: ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮ (Vīatnām)
kan: ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮ್ (Viyeṭnām)
mal: വിയറ്റ്നാം (Viyaṟṟnāṁ)
tam: வியட்நாம் (Viyaṭnām)
tel: వియత్నాం (Viyatnāṁ); వియత్నామ్ (Viyatnām)
zho: 越南 (Yuènán)
yue: 越南 (Yuhtnàahm)
jpn: ヴィエトナム (Vietonamu); ベトナム (Betonamu)
kor: 베트남 (Beteunam)
bod: ཝའི་ནམ་ (Wa'i.nam.); ཡོས་ནན་ (Yos.nan.); ཡོ་ནན་ (Yo.nan.)
dzo: བེཊ་ནཱམ་ (Beṭ.nām.)
mya: ဗီယက္နမ္ (Biyeʿnã)
tha: เวียดนาม (Wiyatnām)
lao: ຫວຽດນາມ ([h]Wẏatnām)
khm: វៀតណាម (Vietṇām); យៀកណាម (Yiekṇām)
Exotic, lush-voiced Gertrude Nieson, former singing star of the Follies makes her screen debut in Universal's musical extravaganza, "Top of the Town." The musical film is the greatest ever produced in the film capital. The Moonbeam Room set (shown in photo) is the most beautiful and largest ever built in Hollywood. It covers more than an acre of space and cost approximately $100,000. Doris Nolan, George Murphy, Hugh Herbert, Gregory Ratoff, Gertrude Niesen, Ella Logan, Henry Armetta, Ray Mayer, Mischa Auer and others appear in the fine cast.
[12:14] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): guess what?!
[12:15] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): what what ? You marrying ?
[12:15] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): oh wait ... you're out dancing !
[12:16] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): LOL
[12:16] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): yes, our wedding is tomorrow
[12:16] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): Cool I'll get on the next flight Xd
[12:18] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): haha!
[12:18] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): SL wedding is at 12.30
[12:18] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): didnt find a priest, so we will just improvise
[12:19] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): Just cal I've done a few weddingsi n SL .. can't remember if it's 2 or 3 :P
[12:19] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): but chru will be </3 when he finds out!
[12:20] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): He'll survive
.
.
.
.
[12:25] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): right..so you got less than 4 mins to get a wedding dress and grab a priestL(O}L
[12:25] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): i dont have an SL ring to give you
[12:26] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): a piece of string will have to do
[12:26] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): I accept cash too
[12:26] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): so much for 'no strings' lloll
[12:26] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): hahah
[12:26] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): I guess I gotta hurry fixing up the avenue I'm building then eh
[12:27] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): lol
[12:28] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): 2 minutes 25 seconds remaining
[12:28] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): how hard can it be
[12:35] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): ok, so it;s gone 12.35... you did say ';I DO!' right?
[12:35] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): Sure
[12:35] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): in which case we are pronounced SL husband and wife
[12:36] ღ ѕтяαωвєяяу ღ (Hanne Kenin): I did mention I'm a spoiled princess, right ?
[12:36] Second Life:
мαχтσя ƒяιѕк has given you this object: = REBELLION "MENACE" SKULL RING (GREEN)
[12:36] мαχтσя ƒяιѕк (MaxtorFrisk Resident): our wedding ring
-----------------
Head: Lelutka - Chloe (Bento)
Body: Maitreya - Lara Mesh Body
Skin: Glam Affair - Hazel ( LeLutka Applier ) Artic
Eyes: Lelutka hud - gray
Lipstick: [Pink Fuel] - My My Matte Autumn (Powder Pack SL- LELUTKA (September 2018))
Eyeshadow/face lace: MESANGE - Shaani Miraj Adornment Lelutka 1
Hair: Dreaming Thicket - Veiled Promise Hair
Dress: 17. Dead Dollz - The House of Brides - Bridal Gown RARE (Gacha)
Neckcover: {AS} Rekha Rigged Mesh Neck Cover
Shirt: alaskametro<3 "Norma" shirt - White
Gloves: [Aleutia] Rowan Gloves (Maitreya) Red Pear
Shoes: !!BH!! GLASS SLIPPERS MID V2 MAITREYA
Bouquet: Evocative Floral "Calla&Rose" Claret Bridal Bouquet v1
Necklace: Lazuri Valentina Necklace
Ring: = REBELLION = "MENACE" SKULL RING (GREEN)
Pose: Poet's Heart - mermaidgown 9
Background: {moss&mink} Drop Curtain L (G)
Poids en ordre de marche : 54 900 - 85 500 kg
Hauteur de travail : 34 m
Déconstruction de la Tour Paul-Louis Drouet sur le site du CHRU de Nancy-Brabois. Ce bâtiment comprenait les services de Maladies Infectieuses et d'Insuffisants Respiratoires avec 226 lits. Ces services avaient déménagé depuis 2010.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy (54511)
Quartier : Brabois
Adresse : rue du Morvan
Fonction : Hôpitaux
Construction : 1972 → 1973
• Architecte : Noël Le Maresquier
Déconstruction : 2016 → 2017
• Entreprise : Melchiorre Démolition
Niveaux max : R+9
Hauteur max : ≈30 m
Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego
The bell in the grounds of the museum dedicated to General Antoni Chruściel (code name "Monter").
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Chru%C5%9Bcielwww.1944.pl/
Construction d'un bâtiment commun entre le CHRU de Nancy et l'Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine pour regrouper les activités de biologie et de biopathologie.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy (54500)
Quartier : Brabois
Adresse : rue du Morvan
Fonction : Hôpital
Construction : 2017 → 2020
• Architecte : ART & BUILD
• Gros œuvre : Eiffage Construction Lorraine
Niveaux : R+2
Hauteur : ≈ 11m
Surface de plancher : 8 000 m²
Crush, snif, party, sex, paint, smoak, high..again..again and again..thats all it takes..one mistake.
One try, one shot, one joint, one smoak, one sniff, one party, one sex, one chrus...again..again and again..one mistake
Crush it, sniff it, snort it , needle it in..again..again.. and again...one mistake...one mistake..
Max & Marlies
PS catch up later.....having a party!
Is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a kingdom, a constitutional monarchy with King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who has reigned since 1946, making him the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king is officially titled as the Head of State, the Head of the Armed Forces, an Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths. The largest city in Thailand is Bangkok, the capital, which is also the country's center of political, commercial, industrial and cultural activities.
Thailand is the world's 50th largest country in terms of total area (slightly smaller than Yemen and slightly larger than Spain), with a surface area of approximately 513,000 km2 (198,000 sq mi), and the 21st most-populous country, with approximately 64 million people. About 75% of the population is ethnically Thai, 14% is of Chinese origin, and 3% is ethnically Malay; the rest belong to minority groups including Mons, Khmers and various hill tribes. There are approximately 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants in Thailand. Thailand has also attracted a number of expatriates from developed countries. The country's official language is Thai.
Thailand has a prevalence of Buddhism that ranks among the highest in the world. The national religion is Theravada Buddhism which is practiced by more than 94.7% of all Thais. Muslims make up 4.6% of the population and 0.7% belong to other religions. Thai culture and traditions are mainly influenced by Chinese, and to a lesser degree, by Indian culture, along with Burma, Laos and Cambodia. Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1995 and is a newly industrialized country with tourism, due to well-known tourist destinations such as Pattaya, Bangkok, and Phuket, and exports contributing significantly to the economy.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand
Other info
Flags from Provinces
Oficial Name:
ราชอาณาจักรไทย
Ratcha Anachak Thai
Kingdom of Thailand
Formation:
Sukhothai kingdom 1238–1368
- Ayutthaya kingdom 1350–1767
- Thonburi kingdom 1767 to April 6, 1782
- Rattanakosin kingdom April 6, 1782 to date
Area:
513.115km2
Inhabitants:
63.577.000
Language:
Aheu [thm] 750 in Thailand (1996 Ferlus). Population total all countries: 2,520. The Thavung live in Sakon Nakhon Province, Song Daw District, 3 villages. The Phon Soung live about 100 km south of the Thavung. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Phon Soung, So, Sotawueng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Thavung
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Akha [ahk] 60,000 in Thailand (1998). Chiangmai, Chiangrai, Maehongson provinces. 250 villages. Alternate names: Kaw, Ekaw, Ko, Aka, Ikaw, Ak'a, Ahka, Khako, Kha Ko, Khao Kha Ko, Ikor, Aini, Yani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani, Ha-Ya
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Ban Khor Sign Language [bfk] Northeastern Thailand, a few villages. Dialects: Not related to the original sign languages of Thailand, but there is some similarity. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Bisu [bii] 1,000 in Thailand (1987 Purnell). Southwest Chiangrai, North Lampang. Two main villages, the largest with 100 houses. Alternate names: Mbisu, Mibisu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Phunoi
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Blang [blr] 1,200 in Thailand (1998 SIL). Chiangrai; 1,000 live outside Mae Sai near the northern border, a village of 200 to 300 is near Mae Chan. About 200 live west of Bangkok and work in gardens. Alternate names: Sen Chun, Hkawa, Kawa, K'wa, K'ala, Bulang, Pulang, Pula, Plang, Wa, Khon Doi, Kontoi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Waic, Bulang
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Bru, Eastern [bru] 5,000 in Thailand (1983 SIL). Sakon Nakhon Province. Tri are in Kusuman District, Kok Sa-at Bru are in Phanna Nikom and Phang Khon District, about 12 villages; one village in Amnat Charoen Province. Dialects: Tri, Bru Kok Sa-At, Bru Dong Sen Keo. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Brou-So
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Bru, Western [brv] 20,000 in Thailand(1991). Dong Luang District of Mukdahan Province. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Bruu, B'ru, Baru. Dialects: It is partially intelligible with Eastern Bru. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Brou-So
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Cham, Western [cja] 4,000 in Thailand. Ban Khrue, Bangkok, and possibly in refugee camps. Alternate names: Cambodian Cham, Tjam, Cham, New Cham. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Cham-Chru
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Chiangmai Sign Language [csd] Chiangmai. Alternate names: Chiengmai Sign Language. Dialects: Related to present sign languages in Laos and Viet Nam (Haiphong, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City). A distinct language from Thai Sign Language. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Chinese, Hakka [hak] 58,800 in Thailand (1984). Cities. Alternate names: Hakka. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chinese, Mandarin [cmn] 5,880 in Thailand (1984). Bangkok, provincial towns, and Kra Peninsula in the south. Dialects: Ho (Haw, Cin Haw, Yunnanese, Western Mandarin, Hui, Hui-Tze, Hwei, Panghse, Pantha, Panthe, Pathee). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chinese, Min Dong [cdo] Alternate names: Eastern Min. Dialects: Fuzhou (Fuchow, Foochow). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chinese, Min Nan [nan] 1,081,920 in Thailand. Population includes 1,058,400 Chaochow (18%), 17,640 Fujian (.3%), 5,880 Hainanese (.1%) (1984). Cities. Alternate names: Min Nan, Minnan. Dialects: Chaozhou (Chaochow, Tiuchiu, Teochow, Techu), Shantou (Swatow), Hainan, Fujian (Fukien, Hokkien). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chinese, Yue [yue] 29,400 in Thailand (1984). Alternate names: Cantonese, Yue, Yueh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chong [cog] 500 in Thailand. Chantaburi, four villages, Trat Province, northwest of Par. Alternate names: Shong, Xong, Chawng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong
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Hmong Daw [mww] 32,395 in Thailand (2000 WCD). Petchabun, Tak, Maehongson, Chiangmai, Nan, Chiangrai, Pitsanalok, Loei, Sukhothai, Kamphaengphet, Prae, Phayao, Uttaradit, Lampang. Alternate names: White Meo, White Miao, Meo Kao, White Lum, Peh Miao, Pe Miao, Chuan Miao, Bai Miao. Dialects: Hmong Gu Mba (Hmong Qua Mba, Striped Hmong, Miao Lai), Mong Leng, Petchabun Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Njua [blu] 33,000 in Thailand (1987). Tak, Nan, Chiangmai, Maehongson, Petchabun, Chiangrai, Phayao, Phrae, Loei, Sukhothai, Kamphaengphet, Uthai provinces. Alternate names: Chuanqiandian Miao, Chuanchientien Miao, Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan Hmong, Tak Miao, Meo, Miao, Western Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Iu Mien [ium] 40,000 in Thailand (1999). Chiangmai, Chiangrai, Phayao, Lampang, Kampaengphet, Nan, and Sukhothai provinces, 159 villages. Alternate names: Mien, Yao, Mian, Myen, Yiu Mien, Youmian, Highland Yao, Pan Yao. Dialects: Chiangrai. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
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Karen, Pa'o [blk] 743 in Thailand (2000). Maehongson. Alternate names: Taungtu, Black Karen, Pa-U, Pa'0, Pa Oh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pa'o
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Karen, Phrae Pwo [kjt] Northern Thailand, eastern provinces including Phrae Province. Alternate names: Pwo Phrae, Phrae, Prae, Northeastern Pwo Karen. Dialects: Not intelligible with other Pwo Karen languages. Lexical similarity 87% with Northern Pwo Karen of Thailand, 67% to 71% with other Pwo Karen varieties. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo
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Karen, Pwo Northern [pww] 60,000 (1983 SIL). Mae Sarieng town in northwest Thailand, Mae Ngaw along the Salween River, 15 to 25 villages, Hot to Mae Sarieng (Highway 1099 which runs south to Omkoi). Alternate names: Phlong. Dialects: Mae Ping, Omkoi (Hod), Mae Sarieng. Three dialects are intelligible with each other. The Pwo Karen of Phrae, Kanchanaburi, and Hua Hin are not intelligible with these. Lexical similarity 87% with Phrae Province Pwo Karen of Thailand, 68% to 73% with other Pwo Karen. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo
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Karen, Pwo Western Thailand [kjp] 50,000 in Thailand (1998). Tak (Mae Sot south), Ulthaithani, Suphanburi, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi, and Prachuapkhirikhan (Huahin District) provinces. Kanchanaburi dialect is northern, Ratchaburi-Phetchaburi dialect is southern. Alternate names: Phlou, Southern Pwo Karen. Dialects: Kanchanaburi Pwo Karen, Ratchaburi Pwo Karen (Phetchaburi Pwo Karen). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo
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Karen, S'gaw [ksw] 300,000 in Thailand (1987 E. Hudspith). Tak, Maehongson, Chiangmai, and Chiangrai provinces, near the Myanmar border. Alternate names: S'gaw, S'gau, S'gaw Kayin, Kanyaw, Paganyaw, Pwakanyaw, White Karen, Burmese Karen, Yang Khao. Dialects: Panapu, Palakhi (Palachi). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw
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Kayah, Eastern [eky] 98,642 in Thailand (2000 WCD). Maehongson Province, east of the Salween River. Alternate names: Red Karen, Karennyi, Kayay, Kayah. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah
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Kensiu [kns] 300 in Thailand. Southern Yala Province, Phattaloong, Satun, Narathiwat provinces, Thai-Malay border. Some in a resettlement camp in Yala. Alternate names: Kense, Kensieu, Kenseu, Kensiw, Sakai, Moniq, Monik, Maniq, Moni, Menik, Meni, Ngok Pa, Orang Bukit, Orang Liar, Mos, Mengo, Tiong, Mawas, Belubn. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western
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Khmer, Northern [kxm] 1,117,588 (2000 WCD). Very few are monolingual. Northeastern Thailand, mainly Surin, Sisaket, Buriram, Khorat provinces. Alternate names: Khmer Lue, Thailand Khmer. Dialects: Buriram, Surin, Sisaket. Different from Central Khmer. Dialects are intelligible with each other. Many local varieties. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer
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Khmu [kjg] 31,403 in Thailand (2000 WCD). Scattered through Thailand, Chiangrai, Nan, Phayao. Alternate names: Kmhmu, Khamu, Khmu', Khamuk, Kamhmu, Kamu, Kha Khmu, Kammu, Tmooy, Mou, Luu, Pouteng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu', Khmu'
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Khün [kkh] 6,281 in Thailand (2000 WCD). Chiangrai, Chiangmai. May not be in Thailand. Alternate names: Hkun, Khun Shan, Gon Shan, Tai Khun, Khuen. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest
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Kintaq [knq] Kedah-Perak border area, Thai border. Overlaps slightly into Southern Yala Province of Thailand. Alternate names: Kenta, Kintk, Kintaq Bong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western
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Korean [kor] Bangkok. Classification: Language Isolate
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Kuy [kdt] 300,000 in Thailand (1992 Diffloth). Few monolinguals. Population total all countries: 366,675. East central Thailand, provinces of Buriram, Surin, Sisaket, Ubon, Roi Et. Also spoken in Cambodia, Laos. Alternate names: Sui, Suai, Suay, Suoi, Soai, Suei, Cuoi, Kui Souei, Kui, Kuoy, Kuuy, Khamen-Boran. Dialects: Chang (Suai Chang), Nheu, Kuay. In Cambodia there are four Kuy dialects, based on the use of their word for 'what': Kuy Antra (northern Kompong Thom, southern Preah Vihear), Kuy Anthua (central Preah Vihear), Kuy May or Ma'ay (in Kratie), Kuy Mlor (one village in northern Preah Vihear); only the older people still speak the last two dialects. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay-Nheu
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Lahu [lhu] 32,000 in Thailand (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Chiangmai, Chiangrai, Maehongson, Lampang, Tak provinces, 119 known villages. There has been some migration from Myanmar and Laos. Alternate names: Lohei, Muhsur, Mussuh, Muhso, Musso, Musser. Dialects: Na (Black Lahu, Musser Dam, Northern Lahu, Loheirn), Nyi (Red Lahu, Southern Lahu, Musseh Daeng, Luhishi, Luhushi), Shehleh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu
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Lahu Shi [kds] 20,000 in Thailand (1998). In refugee camps near Laos border; formerly in Chiang Kham camp, but now in camps near Pua, Nan, or elsewhere. Alternate names: Kutsung, Kucong, Kui, Kwi, Shi, Yellow Lahu, Musseh Kwi, Musseh Lyang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu
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Lamet [lbn] 100 in Thailand. Lampang, Chiangrai. Alternate names: Kha Lamet, Khamet, Kamet, Lemet. Dialects: Upper Lamet, Lower Lamet. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Lametic
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Lawa, Eastern [lwl] 7,000 (1987 D. Schlatter). Northern; Chiangmai, Chiangrai, one village: Wiang Papao. Alternate names: Wiang Papao Lua, Northern Lawa. Dialects: Phalo, Phang. Not intelligible with Western Lawa. Phalo (100) and Phang (100) are treated as distinct languages in Wurm and Hattori 1981. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Waic, Lawa
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Meaning of the flag
The flag of Thailand shows five horizontal stripes in the colours red, white, blue, white and red, with the middle blue stripe being twice as wide as each of the other four. The three colours red-white-blue stand for nation-religion-king, an unofficial motto of Thailand.[citation needed] The flag was adopted on 28 September 1917, according to the royal decree about the flag in that year. The Thai name for the flag is ธงไตรรงค์ (Thong Trairong), which simply means tricolour flag.
The first flag used for Siam was probably a plain red one, first used under King Narai (1656-1688). Naval flags later used different symbols on the red ground—a white chakra (the weapon of god Vishnu which use as the symbol of the House of Chakri), or a white elephant inside the chakra.
Officially the first flag was created in 1855 by King Mongkut (Rama IV), showing a white elephant (a royal symbol) on red ground, as the plain coloured flag was not distinct enough for international relations.
In 1916 the flag was changed to the current design, but with the middle colour being the same red as the outer stripe. The story goes that during a flood King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) saw the flag hanging upside-down, and to prevent this from happening again created a new flag which was symmetrical. In 1917 the middle color was changed to dark blue, the auspicious colour for Saturday in Thai astrology, the day King Vajiravudh was born. According to other sources, the blue colour was also chosen to show solidarity with the Allies of World War I, which also had the colours blue-red-white in their flags.
The flag resembles the flag of Costa Rica, which was adopted 11 years prior to Thailand's. The main difference is that the blue and red colors are inverted.
Coat of arms
The National Emblem (National Symbol) of Thailand features the Garuda, a figure from both Buddhist and Hindu mythology. In Thailand, this figure is used as a symbol of the royal family and authority. This version of the figure is referred to as Krut Pha, meaning "garuḍa acting as the vehicle (of Vishnu)."
The Garuda also features in the coat of arms of Indonesia and the city of Ulan Bator (the capital of Mongolia). The coat of arms of Indonesia is different from that of Thailand in one respect, because it does not feature a heraldic shield
Motto:
National Anthem: Phleng Chat
ประเทศไทยรวมเลือดเนื้อชาติเชื้อไทย
เป็นประชารัฐ ไผทของไทยทุกส่วน
อยู่ดำรงคงไว้ได้ทั้งมวล
ด้วยไทยล้วนหมาย รักสามัคคี
ไทยนี้รักสงบ แต่ถึงรบไม่ขลาด
เอกราชจะไม่ให้ใครข่มขี่
สละเลือดทุกหยาดเป็นชาติพลี
เถลิงประเทศชาติไทยทวี มีชัย ชโย
Transcription
Prathet Thai Ruam Lueat Nuea Chat Chuea Thai,
Pen Pracha Rat, Phathai Khong Thai Thuk Suan
Yu Damrong Khong Wai Dai Thang Muan
Duai Thai Luan Mai, Rak Samakkhi
Thai Ni Rak Sa-ngop, Tae Thueng Rop Mai Khlat
Ekkarat Cha Mai Hai Khrai Khom Khi,
Sala Lueat Thuk Yat Pen Chat Phli
Thaloeng Prathet Chat Thai Thawi Mi Chai Cha-yo
English Translation
Thailand unites flesh and blood of Thais.
Nation of the people; belonging to the Thais in every respect.
Long maintained [has been] the independence
Because the Thais seek, and love, unity.
Thais are peace-loving;
But at war we're no cowards.
Sovereignty will not be threatened
Sacrificing every drop of blood for the nation
Hail the nation of Thailand, long last the victory, Hurrah
Royal anthem: Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami
ข้าวรพุทธเจ้า
เอามโนและศิรกราน
นบพระภูมิบาล บุญญะดิเรก
เอกบรมจักริน
พระสยามินทร์
พระยศยิ่งย
เย็นศิระเพราะพระบริบาล
ผลพระคุณ ธ รักษา
ปวงประชาเป็นศุขสานต์
ขอบันดาล
ธ ประสงค์ใด
จงสฤษดิ์
ดังหวังวรหฤทัย
ดุจจะถวายชัย ชโย!
Transliteration
Kha Wora Phutthachao
Ao Mano Lae Sira Kran
Nop Phra Phummiban Bunyadirek
Ek Boromma Chakkrin
Phra Sayamin
Phra Yotsa Ying Yong
Yen Sira Phro Phra Boriban
Phon Phra Khuntha Raksa
Puang Pracha Pen Suk San
Kho Bandan
Tha Prasong Dai
Chong Sarit
Dang Wang Wora Haruethai
Dutcha Thawai Chai Cha-yo
English
I, servant of His Majesty,
Extend my heart and body to his feet,
To pay respect and give praise
To the protector of the country,
To the great Chakri Dynasty,
To the leader of the Siamese people in might and splendor,
The people, in peace and contentment
From his tireless labor and guidance,
Pray, that whatever he wills,
Will come to pass for his glory
Internet Pages:
www.www.thailandtourismdirectory.com
amazingthailand.tourismthailand.org
Thailand in diferent languages
eng | afr | bre | dan | fao | jav | lim | nld | nor | swa | swe: Thailand
arg | ast | eus | glg | scn | spa: Tailandia
ina | ita | lat | lld: Thailandia
deu | ltz | nds: Thailand / Thailand
frp | kin | run: Tayilande
gag | kaa | uzb: Tailand / Таиланд
cat | oci: Tailàndia
ces | slk: Thajsko
dsb | hsb: Thailandska
est | vor: Tai
fra | jnf: Thaïlande
ind | msa: Thailand / تايلند
mlg | roh: Tailanda
mlt | szl: Tajlandja
tur | zza: Tayland
aze: Tayland / Тајланд
bam: Tayilandi
bos: Tajland / Тајланд
cor: Pow Tay
crh: Tayland / Тайланд
csb: Tajlandiô
cym: Gwlad y Tai
epo: Tajlando
fin: Thaimaa
fry: Tailân
fur: Tailandie
gla: Tài-lann
gle: An Téalainn / An Téalainn
glv: Yn Çheer Thai
hat: Tayiland
hau: Thai; Thailand
hrv: Tajland
hun: Thaiföld
ibo: Tailand
isl: Tæland; Taíland
kmr: Tayland / Т’айланд / تایلاند
kur: Tayland / تایلاند
lav: Taizeme
lin: Tailandi
lit: Tailandas
mol: Thailanda; Tailanda / Таиланда
nrm: Thaïlaunde
pol: Tajlandia
por: Tailândia
que: Taylandya
rmy: Ťailand / थाइलान्द
ron: Thailanda; Tailanda
rup: Thailanda
slo: Taizem / Таизем
slv: Tajska; Thajska
sme: Thaieana
smg: Tailands
smo: Tailani
som: Taylaand
sqi: Tajlanda
srd: Thailàndia
tet: Tailándia
tgl: Tayland; Taylanda
ton: Taileni
tuk: Taýland / Таиланд
vie: Thái Lan
vol: Tayän
wln: Taylande
wol: Taaylaand
alt | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Таиланд (Tailand)
bak | tat: Таиланд / Tailand
bul | mon: Тайланд (Tajland)
abq: Таиланд (Taiłand)
bel: Тайланд / Tajłand; Тайлянд / Tajland
kaz: Таиланд / Taïland / تايلاند
mkd: Тајланд (Tajland)
srp: Тајланд / Tajland
tgk: Таиланд / تئیلند / Tailand
ukr: Таїланд (Taïland)
ara: تايلاند (Tāylānd); تايلند (Tāyland); تايلاندا (Tāylāndā); تايلندا (Tāylandā)
fas: تایلند / Tâyland; تائیلند / Tâiland; تائیلاند / Tâilând
prs: تایلند (Tāyland)
pus: تايلنډ (Tāylənḋ); تايلېنډ (Tāylenḋ); ټايلنډ (Ṫāylənḋ); ټايلېنډ (Ṫāylenḋ)
snd: ٿائيلينڊ (Tʰāʾīlenḍa)
uig: تايلاند / Tayland / Таиланд
urd: تھائیلینڈ (Tʰāʾīlænḋ); تھائلینڈ (Tʰāʾilænḋ)
div: ތައިލޭންޑް (Ta'ilēnḋ)
heb: תהילנד (Thayland); תהאילנד (Thâyland); תילנד (Tayland); תאילנד (Tâyland); תאילאנד (Tâylând)
lad: טאיילאנדיה / Taylandia
yid: טײַלאַנד (Tayland)
amh: ታይላንድ (Tayland)
ell: Ταϊλάνδη (Taïlándī)
hye: Թաիլանդ (Ṭailand)
kat: ტაილანდი (Tailandi)
hin: थाईलैंड (Tʰāīlæṁḍ); थाइलैंड (Tʰāilæṁḍ)
nep: थाइलैंड (Tʰāiləiṁḍ); थाइल्यान्ड (Tʰāilyānḍ)
ben: থাইল্যান্ড (Tʰāilænḍ); থাইল্যাণ্ড (Tʰāilæṇḍ)
guj: થાઇલેન્ડ (Tʰāilenḍ)
pan: ਥਾਈਲੈਂਡ (Tʰāīlæ̃ḍ)
sin: තායිලන්තය (Tāyilantaya)
kan: ಥಾಯ್ಲಂಡ್ (Tʰāylaṁḍ)
mal: തായ്ലന്ഡ് (Tāylanḍ)
tam: தாய்லாந்து (Tāylāntu)
tel: థాయిలాండ్ (Tʰāyilāṁḍ)
zho: 泰國/泰国 (Tàiguó)
yue: 泰國/泰国 (Taaigwok)
jpn: タイ (Tai)
kor: 타이 (Tai); 태국 (Taeguk)
bod: ཐའེ་གོ་ (Tʰa'e.go.)
dzo: ཐཱའི་ལེནཌ་ (Tʰā'i.lenḍ.)
mya: ထုိင္း (Tʰaĩ̀)
tha: ไทย (Tʰai[y]); เมืองไทย (Mʉ̄aṅ Tʰai[y]); ประเทศไทย (Pratʰēt Tʰai[y])
lao: ໄທ (Tʰai); ເມືອງໄທ (Mʉ̄aṅ Tʰai); ປະເທດໄທ (Patʰēt Tʰai)
khm: ថៃ (Tʰai); ថៃឡង់ដ៏ (Tʰaiḷăṅ[d])
Construction d'un bâtiment commun entre le CHRU de Nancy et l'Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine pour regrouper les activités de biologie et de biopathologie.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy (54500)
Quartier : Brabois
Adresse : rue du Morvan
Fonction : Hôpital
Construction : 2017 → 2020
• Architecte : ART & BUILD
• Gros œuvre : Eiffage Construction Lorraine
Niveaux : R+2
Hauteur : ≈ 11m
Surface de plancher : 8 000 m²
is a country in South East Asia, famous as the successor state of the once powerful Hindu and Buddhist Khmer Empire, which ruled most of the Indochinese Peninsula between the 11th and 14th centuries. Today, the country borders Thailand to its west and northwest, Laos to its northeast and Vietnam to its east and southeast. In the south it faces the Gulf of Thailand. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by the Mekong River (colloquial Khmer: Tonle Thom (ទន្លេធំ) or "the great river") and the Tonlé Sap (ទន្លេសាប; "the fresh water lake"), an important source of fish.
Along with Brunei, Thailand and Malaysia, Cambodia still maintains the monarchy. In 2004, bachelor Norodom Sihamoni was crowned king, succeeding his father Norodom Sihanouk. Phnom Penh is the kingdom's capital and largest city and is the center for industry, political headquarters, tourism services, commercial, economic power and culture for the whole country. Siem Reap is a site for tourism and recreation. Battambang is known for rice production and Sihanoukville is the primary port.
Cambodia has an area of approximately 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi) and a population of over 14 million ethnic Khmer. A citizen of Cambodia is usually identified as "Cambodian" or "Khmer", though the latter strictly refers to ethnic Khmers. Most Cambodians are Theravada Buddhists of Khmer extraction, but the country also has a substantial number of predominantly Muslim Cham, as well as ethnic Chinese, Vietnamese and small animist hill tribes.
Agriculture has long been the most important sector of the Cambodian economy, with around 59% of the population relying on agriculture for their livelihood (with rice being the principal crop). Garments, tourism, and construction are also important, yielded, foreign visitors to Angkor Wat numbered more than 4 million. In 2005, oil and natural gas deposits were found beneath Cambodia's territorial waters, and once commercial extraction begins in 2011, the oil revenues could profoundly affect Cambodia's economy. Observers fear much of the revenue could end up in the hands of the political elites if not monitored correctly.
Etymology
Cambodia is the traditional English name, taken from the French Cambodge, while Kâmpŭchea (កម្ពុជា), formerly the name of the country in English, is the direct transliteration, more faithful to the Khmer pronunciation. The Khmer Kampuchea is derived from the ancient Khmer kingdom of Kambuja (Kambujadeśa (कम्बोजदेश; "Land of Kambuja")). Kambuja or Kamboja (Devangari: कम्बोज) is the ancient Sanskrit name of the Kambojas, an early tribe of north India, named after their founder Kambu Svayambhuva, believed to be a variant of Cambyses. See Etymology of Kamboja.
Preahreachanachâk Kampuchea means "Kingdom of Cambodia". Etymologically, its components are: Preah- ("sacred"); -reach- ("king, royal, realm", from Sanskrit); -ana- (from Pāli āṇā, "authority, command, power", itself from Sanskrit ājñā, same meaning) -châk (from Sanskrit chakra, meaning "wheel", a symbol of power and rule).
The name used on formal occasions, such as political speeches and news programs, is Prâteh Kampuchea (Khmer: ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា), literally "the Country of Cambodia". Prâteh is a formal word meaning "country." The colloquial name most used by Khmer people, is Srok Khmae (Khmer: ស្រុកខ្មែរ), literally "the Khmer Land". Srok is a Mon-Khmer word roughly equal to prâteh, but less formal. Khmer is spelled with a final "r" in the Khmer alphabet, but the word-final "r" phoneme disappeared from most dialects of Khmer in the 19th century and is not pronounced in the contemporary speech of the standard dialect.
Since independence, the official name of Cambodia has changed several times, following the troubled history of the country. The following names have been used in English and French since 1954.
Kingdom of Cambodia/Royaume du Cambodge under the rule of the monarchy from 1953 through 1970;
Khmer Republic/République Khmère under the Lon Nol led government from 1970 to 1975;
Democratic Kampuchea/Kampuchea démocratique under the rule of the communist Khmer Rouge from 1975 to 1979;
People's Republic of Kampuchea/République populaire du Kampuchea under the rule of the Vietnamese-sponsored government from 1979 to 1989;
State of Cambodia/État du Cambodge (a neutral name, while deciding whether to return to monarchy) under the rule of the United Nations transitional authority from 1989 to 1993;
Kingdom of Cambodia/Royaume du Cambodge reused after the restoration of the monarchy in 1993.
History
Prehistory
The sparse evidence for a Pleistocene human occupation of present day Cambodia are quartz and quartzite pebble tools found in terraces along Mekong River, in Stung Treng and Kratié provinces, and in Kampot Province, but their dating is not reliable.
Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of hunter-gatherers inhabited Cambodia during Holocene: the most ancient Cambodian archeological site is considered to be the cave of Laang Spean, in Battambang Province, which belongs to the so-called Hoabinhian period. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of radiocarbon dates as of 6000 BC.
Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to Neolithic, containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Cambodia.
Archeological records for the period between Holocene and Iron Age remain equally limited. Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are Samrong Sen (not far from ancient capital of Oudong), where first investigations started just in 1877, and Phum Snay, in the northern province of Banteay Meanchey.Prehistoric artifacts are often found during mining activities in Ratanakiri.
The most outstanding prehistoric evidence in Cambodia however are probably "circular earthworks", discovered in the red soils near Memot and in adjacent region of Vietnam as of the end of the 1950s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from 2nd millennium BC at least.
A pivotal event in Cambodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from North, which begun in the late 3rd millennium BC. They probably spoke ancestral Mon-Khmer.
Iron was worked by about 500 BC. The most part of evidence come from Khorat Plateau, Thai country nowadays. In Cambodia some Iron Age settlement were found beneath Angkorian temples, like Baksei Chamkrong, others were circular earthworks, like Lovea, a few kilometers north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer, testify improvement of food availability and trade (even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and the existence of a social structure and labor organization.
Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian polities
During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the Indianised states of Funan and Chenla coalesced in what is now present-day Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam. These states are assumed by most scholars to have been Khmer. For more than 2,000 years, Cambodia absorbed influences from India and China passing them on to other Southeast Asian civilisations that are now Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. The Khmer Empire flourished in the area from the 9th to the 13th century. Around the 13th century, Theravada Buddhism was introduced to the area through monks from Sri Lanka. From then on Theravada Buddhism grew and eventually became the most popular religion. The Khmer Empire declined yet remained powerful in the region until the 15th century. The empire's centre of power was Angkor, where a series of capitals was constructed during the empire's zenith. Angkor could have supported a population of up to one million people. Angkor, the world's largest pre-industrial civilization[citation needed], and Angkor Wat, the most famous and best-preserved religious temple at the site, are reminders of Cambodia's past as a major regional power.
Dark ages of Cambodia
After a long series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the Thai and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown. The court moved the Capital to Lovek where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The attempt was short-lived, however, as continued wars with the Thai and Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and Lovek was conquered in 1594. During the next three centuries, the Khmer kingdom alternated as a vassal state of the Thai and Vietnamese kings, with short-lived periods of relative independence between.
Modernity and French Indochina
In 1863, King Norodom, who had been installed by Thailand, sought the protection of France from the Thai and Vietnamese, after tensions grew between them. In 1867, the Thai king signed a treaty with France, renouncing suzerainty over Cambodia in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. The provinces were ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Thailand in 1906.
Cambodia continued as a protectorate of France from 1863 to 1953, administered as part of the colony of French Indochina, though occupied by the Japanese empire from 1941 to 1945. After King Norodom's death in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, Norodom Sihanouk, who was eighteen years old at the time, was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control. They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia gained independence from France on November 9, 1953.
Cambodia became a constitutional monarchy under King Norodom Sihanouk. When French Indochina was given independence, Cambodia lost official control over the Mekong Delta as it was awarded to Vietnam. The area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since 1698 with King Chey Chettha II granting Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.
Independence and Cold War
In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father in order to be elected Prime Minister. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of Prince. As the Vietnam War progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of neutrality in the Cold War. However, Cambodians began to take sides, and he was ousted in 1970 by a military coup led by Prime Minister General Lon Nol and Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak with the back-up support of the United States, while on a trip abroad. Settling in the next alternative country, Beijing, China, Sihanouk was forced to realign himself with the Chinese communist. Soon the Khmer Rouge rebels would use him for gaining territory in the regions. The King urged his followers to help in overthrowing the pro-United States government of Lon Nol, hastening the onset of civil war.
Between 1969 and 1973, Republic of Vietnam forces and U.S. forces bombed and briefly invaded Cambodia in an effort to disrupt the Viet Cong and Khmer Rouge. Some two million Cambodians were made refugees by the war and fled to Phnom Penh. Estimates of the number of Cambodians killed during the bombing campaigns vary widely, as do views of the effects of the bombing. The US Seventh Air Force argued that the bombing prevented the fall of Phnom Penh in 1973 by killing 16,000 of 25,500 Khmer Rouge fighters besieging the city. However, journalist William Shawcross and Cambodia specialists Milton Osborne, David P. Chandler and Ben Kiernan argued that the bombing drove peasants to join the Khmer Rouge. Cambodia specialist Craig Etcheson argued that the Khmer Rouge "would have won anyway", even without US intervention driving recruitment although the US secretly played a major role behind the leading cause of the Khmer Rouge.
As the war ended, a draft US AID report observed that the country faced famine in 1975, with 75% of its draft animals destroyed, and that rice planting for the next harvest would have to be done "by the hard labour of seriously malnourished people". The report predicted that
"Without large-scale external food and equipment assistance there will be widespread starvation between now and next February ... Slave labour and starvation rations for half the nation's people (probably heaviest among those who supported the republic) will be a cruel necessity for this year, and general deprivation and suffering will stretch over the next two or three years before Cambodia can get back to rice self-sufficiency".[
The Khmer Rouge reached Phnom Penh and took power in 1975. The regime, led by Pol Pot, changed the official name of the country to Democratic Kampuchea, and was heavily influenced and backed by China. They immediately evacuated the cities and sent the entire population on forced marches to rural work projects. They attempted to rebuild the country's agriculture on the model of the 11th century, discarded Western medicine, and destroyed temples, libraries, and anything considered Western. Over a million Cambodians, out of a total population of 8 million, died from executions, overwork, starvation and disease.
Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million. This era gave rise to the term Killing Fields, and the prison Tuol Sleng became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand. The regime disproportionately targeted ethnic minority groups. The Cham Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated. In the late 1960s, an estimated 425,000 ethnic Chinese lived in Cambodia, but by 1984, as a result of Khmer Rouge genocide and emigration, only about 61,400 Chinese remained in the country. The professions, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, were also targeted. According to Robert D. Kaplan, "eyeglasses were as deadly as the yellow star" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism.
In November 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia to stop Khmer Rouge incursions across the border and the genocide in Cambodia. Violent occupation and warfare between the Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge holdouts continued throughout the 1980s. Peace efforts began in Paris in 1989, culminating two years later in October 1991 in a comprehensive peace settlement. The United Nations was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire, and deal with refugees and disarmament.
Geography
Cambodia has an area of 181,035 square kilometers (69,898 sq mi) and lies entirely within the tropics. It borders Thailand to the north and west, Laos to the northeast, and Vietnam to the east and southeast. It has a 443-kilometer (275 mi) coastline along the Gulf of Thailand.
The most distinctive geographical feature is the lacustrine plain, formed by the inundations of the Tonle Sap (Great Lake), measuring about 2,590 square kilometers (1,000 sq mi) during the dry season and expanding to about 24,605 square kilometers (9,500 sq mi) during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Cambodia. Much of this area has been designated as a biosphere reserve.
Most (about 75%) of the country lies at elevations of less than 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level, the exceptions being the Cardamom Mountains (highest elevation 1,813 m / 5,948 ft) and their southeast extension the Dâmrei Mountains ("Elephant Mountains") (elevation range 500–1,000 m or 1,640–3,280 ft), as well the steep escarpment of the Dângrêk Mountains (average elevation 500 m / 1,640 ft) along the border with Thailand's Isan region. The highest elevation of Cambodia is Phnom Aoral, near Pursat in the center of the country, at 1,813 meters (5,948 ft).
Other Info
Oficial name:
Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea
Kingdom of Cambodia
Independence:
from France 1953
- from Vietnam 1989
Area:
178.035km2
Inhabitants:
14.488.000
Language:
Brao [brb] 5,286 in Cambodia (1980 Diffloth). Northeastern Cambodia on the Laos border, Ratanakiri Province. Alternate names: Braou, Proue, Brou, Love, Lave, Laveh. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet
More information.
Cham, Western [cja] 220,000 in Cambodia (1992 govt. figure). Population total all countries: 253,100. Near the major cities and along the Mekong. Also spoken in Australia, France, Indonesia, Libya, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, USA, Viet Nam, Yemen. Alternate names: Cambodian Cham, Tjam, Cham, New Cham. Dialects: The language differs somewhat from Eastern Cham of central Viet Nam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Cham-Chru
More information.
Chong [cog] 5,000 in Cambodia. Population total all countries: 5,500. Thai-Cambodia border southeast of Chantaburi, Pursat Province. Also spoken in Thailand. Alternate names: Chawng, Shong, Xong. Dialects: Somray in Cambodia is a separate but related language. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong
More information.
English [eng] Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
More information.
French [fra] Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French
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Jarai [jra] 15,000 in Cambodia (1998). Ratanakiri Province, principally the districts of Bokeo, Andons, Meas, O Yadou, along northeast border near Viet Nam. Alternate names: Djarai, Gia-Rai, Jorai, Cho-Rai, Chor, Mthur, Chrai, Gio-Rai. Dialects: Puan, Hodrung (Hdrung), Jhue, Aráp, Habau (Ho-Bau), To-Buan, Sesan, Chuty, Pleikly, Golar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Plateau
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Kaco' [xkk] 2,000 (1992 G. Diffloth). Ratanakiri Province. Alternate names: Kachah'. Dialects: Not intelligible to Tampuan speakers. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
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Khmer, Central [khm] 12,110,065 in Cambodia (2004). Population total all countries: 13,276,639. Throughout the country. Also spoken in Canada, China, France, Laos, USA, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Khmer, Cambodian. Dialects: Distinct from Northern Khmer of Thailand. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer
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Kraol [rka] 2,600 (1992 G. Diffloth). Kratie Province. Dialects: Not intelligible to Mnong speakers. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong
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Kravet [krv] 3,012 (1988 govt. figure). Northeastern Cambodia. Alternate names: Kowet, Khvek, Kavet. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet
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Kru'ng 2 [krr] 9,368 (1982 G. Diffloth). Northeastern, Ratanakiri Province and eastern Stung Treng. Alternate names: Krueng. Dialects: Brao, Kravet, Krung 2 in Cambodia are inherently intelligible with each other. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet
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Kuy [kdt] 15,495 in Cambodia (1989). Northeastern Cambodia, most districts of Preah Vihear, eastern Siem Reap, northern Kampong Thom, western Stung Traeng, and several areas of Kratie Province. Alternate names: Kuay. Dialects: Kuy Antra, Kuy Anthua, Kuy May (Kuy Ma'ay), Kuy Mlor. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay-Nheu
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Lamam [lmm] 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Near northeast corner on the Viet Nam border. Alternate names: Lmam. Dialects: Related to Bahnar, Tampuan, Alak 1. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
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Mnong, Central [cmo] 20,000 in Cambodia (2002). Northeastern, 80% of Mondolkiri Province, all districts. Alternate names: Phong, Phnong, Bunong, Budong, Phanong. Dialects: Biat, Preh, Bu Nar, Bu Rung, Dih Bri, Bu Dang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong
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Pear [pcb] 1,300 (1988 govt.). Southwestern, Kompong Thom. Alternate names: Por, Kompong Thom. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Eastern
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Samre [sxm] 50 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 200 (2000 D. Bradley). Just north of Siemreap. Dialects: Related to Sa'och, Suoy, Pear. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Samre
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Sa'och [scq] 500 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Southwest near Kompong Som on the coast. Alternate names: Sauch, Saotch. Dialects: Related to Samre, Suoy, Pear. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong
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Somray [smu] 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). West; north, east, and west of Phum Tasanh, and Tanyong River around Phum Pra Moi; 2 areas. Dialects: Related to Chong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Samre
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Stieng, Bulo [sti] 6,059 in Cambodia (2000 WCD). Eastern, Kratie Province, Snuol District, and southern Mondolkiri. Alternate names: Kajiang. Dialects: Budip, Bulo. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau
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Suoy [syo] 200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Central, northwest of Phnom Penh. Dialects: Related to Sa'och, Samre, Pear. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Suoy
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Tampuan [tpu] 25,000 (1998). Northeast border area, south of Brao, west of Jarai, Central Ratanakiri Province. Alternate names: Tamphuan, Tampuen, Tampuon, Kha Tampuon, Campuon, Proon, Proons. Dialects: Related to Bahnar, Lamam, Alak 1, but geographically separated. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
Capital city:
Phnom Penh
Meaning of country name:
The name "Cambodia" derives from that of the ancient Khmer kingdom of Kambuja (Kambujadesa). The ancient Sanskrit name Kambuja or Kamboja referred to an early Indo-Iranian tribe, the Kambojas, named after the founder of that tribe, Kambu Svayambhuva, apparently a variant of Cambyses, Kambujiya or Kamboja. See Etymology of Kamboja.
Kampuchea (local name): derived in the same fashion. It also served as the official English-language name from 1975 to 1989.
Description Flag:
The national flag of Cambodia was readopted in 1993, after elections returned the monarchy to rule.
Since around 1850, the Cambodian flag has featured a depiction of Angkor Wat in the center. The current flag, with a blue border and red central (the stripes are in the ratio 1:2:1) was adopted following Cambodia's independence in 1948. It was used until October 9, 1970, when a new flag was introduced for Lon Nol's Khmer Republic. The subsequent state of Democratic Kampuchea, which existed from 1975 to 1979, used a red flag with the Angkor Wat design retained in yellow. When the People's Republic of Kampuchea was established in 1979 the flag was modified slightly. Other flags were used from 1989-1991 and 1992-1993, in the latter case an UNTAC flag. In 1993 the original flag was readopted.
Coat of arms:
The royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Cambodia are the symbol of the Cambodian monarchy. They have existed in some form close to the one depicted since the establishment of the independent Kingdom of Cambodia in 1953. It is the symbol on the Royal Standard of the reigning monarch of Cambodia, Norodom Sihamoni (ascended 2004).
Description
Depicted on the coat of arms are two mythical animals which are a gajasimha on the left, a lion with an elephant trunk, and a singha, a lion, on the right. Supported by the animals, are two five-tiered parasols. In between is a royal crown with a ray of light at its top. Beneath the crown are two pedestaled platters layered on top of each other with a sacred sword and a Khmer version of the symbol for Aum sitting on top. The Khmer language phrase on the bottom the royal coat of arms translates to: preah'jao (royal or auspicious ruler) - krung (area, or in this case, kingdom) - Kampuchea (Cambodia), thus, King of the Kingdom of Cambodia.
History
The arms were discontinued with the overthow of the monarchy during the Khmer Republic era (1970-1975) and remained in disguise during Democratic Kampuchea (i.e., Khmer Rouge era: 1975-1979), the People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979-1989), and the State of Cambodia (1989-1993). They have since been resurrected for official use with the restoration of the monarchy under Norodom Sihanouk in Cambodia in 1993.
Motto:
"Nation, Religion, King"
National Anthem: Nokoreach
សូមពួកទេវត្តាថែរក្សាមហាក្សត្រយើង
ឱយបានរុងរឿងដោយជ័យមង្គលសិរីសួស្តី
យើងខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គសូមជ្រកក្រោមម្លប់ព្រះបារមី
នៃព្រះនរបតីវង្សក្សត្រាដែលសាងប្រាសាទថ្ម
គ្រប់គ្រងដែនខ្មែរបូរាណថ្កើងថ្កាន។
ប្រាសាទសីលាកំបាំងកណ្តាលព្រៃ
គួរឱយស្រមៃនឹកដល់យសស័ក្តិមហានគរ
ជាតិខ្មែរដូចថ្មគង់វង្សនៅល្អរឹងប៉ឹងជំហរ
យើងសង្ឃឹមពរភ័ព្វព្រេងសំណាងរបស់កម្ពុជា
មហារដ្ឋកើតមានយូរអង្វែងហើយ។
គ្រប់វត្តអារាមឮតែសូរស័ព្ទធម៌
សូត្រដោយអំណររំឮកគុណពុទ្ធសាសនា
ចូរយើងជាអ្នកជឿជាក់ស្មោះស្ម័គ្រតាមបែបដូនតា
គង់តែទេវត្តានឹងជួយជ្រោមជ្រែងផ្គត់ផ្គង់ប្រយោជន៍ឱយ
ដល់ប្រទេសខ្មែរជាមហានគរ។
Som pouk tepda rak sa moha khsath yeung
Oy ben roung roeung doy chey monkol srey soursdey
Yeung Khnom preah ang som chrok Krom molup preah Baromey
Ney preah Noropdey vong Khsattra del sang preah sat thm¬r
Kroup Kraung dèn Khmer borann thkoeung thkann.
Prasath séla kombang kan dal prey
Kuor oy sr¬may noeuk d¬l yuos sak Moha Nokor
Cheat Khmer dauch Thmar kong vong n¬y l¬ar rung peung chom hor.
Yeung sang Khim por pheap preng samnang robuos Kampuchea.
Moha r¬th koeut mien you ang veanh hey.
Kroup vath aram lu tè so sap thoeur
Sot doy am no rom lik koun poth sasna
Chol yeung chea neak thioeur thiak smos smak tam bep donnta
Kong tè thévoda nùng chuoy chrom chrèng phkot phkang pra yoch oy
Dol prateah Khmer chea Moha Nokor
English Translation
Heaven protects our King
And gives him happiness and glory
To reign over our souls and our destinies,
The one being, heir of the Sovereign builders,
Guiding the proud old Kingdom.
Temples are asleep in the forest,
Remembering the splendour of Moha Nokor.
Like a rock the Khmer race is eternal.
Let us trust in the fate of Cambodia,
The empire which challenges the ages.
Songs rise up from the pagodas
To the glory of holy Buddhist faith.
Let us be faithful to our ancestors' belief.
Thus heaven will lavish its bounty
Towards the ancient Khmer country, the Moha Nokor.
Internet Page: www.cambodia-tourism.org
Cambodia in diferent languages
eng | cym: Cambodia
ces | dsb | est | hrv | hsb | lav | lit | slk | slv | szl | vor: Kambodža
bre | fao | fry | mlt | swe: Kambodja
cor | kin | run: Kamboji
dan | lim | nld: Cambodja
deu | ltz | nds: Kambodscha / Kambodſcha
ibo | mlg | wol: Kambodia
ita | lld | rup: Cambogia
ast | spa: Camboya
ina | ron: Cambodgia
jav | tet: Kamboja
kaa | uzb: Kambodja / Камбоджа
afr: Kambodja; Kampuchea
arg: Campuchia; Kampuchia; Cambocha
aze: Kamboca / Камбоҹа; Kamboçiya / Камбочија
bam: Kambɔji
bos: Kambodža / Камбоџа
cat: Cambodja; Cambotja
cos: Campuccià
crh: Kamboçiya / Камбочия
csb: Kambòdżô
epo: Kamboĝo
eus: Kanbodia; Kanputxea
fin: Kambodža / Kambodzha
fra: Cambodge
frp: Cambodg•e
fur: Cambogje
gla: Cambuidea; Campuitìa; Cambodia
gle: An Chambóid / An Ċambóid
glg: Camboxa
glv: Yn Chamboyd
hat: Kanbòdj
hun: Kambodzsa
ind: Kamboja / كمبوجا
isl: Kambódía
jnf: Cambodge; Cambodia
kmr: Kamboca / Камбоща / کامبۆجا
kur: Kamboçya / کامبۆچیا
lat: Cambodia; Cambosia
lin Kamboji; Kambodji; Kambozi
mol: Cambodgia / Камбоӂия
mri: Kamapōtia
msa: Kemboja / كمبوجا
nor: Kambodsja
nrm: Caumboudge
oci: Cambòtja
pol: Kambodża
por: Camboja
que: Kambuya
rmy: Kambojiya / काम्बोजिया
roh: Cambodscha
scn: Camboggia
slo: Kambogxia / Камбоджиа
sme: Kampučea
smg: Kambuodža
smo: Kamepotia
som: Kamboodiya
sqi: Kamboxhia
srd: Cambòdia
swa: Kampuchea
tgl: Kambodya
ton: Kamapusia
tuk: Kamboja / Камбоҗа; Kamboçiýa / Камбочия
tur: Kamboçya; Kamboç; Kambodya
vie: Căm Bốt; Cam Bốt; Cam-pu-chia
vol: Kambocän
wln: Cambodje
zza: Kamboçya
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm | ukr: Камбоджа (Kambodža)
bak: Камбоджа / Kambodja
bel: Камбоджа / Kambodža
chv: Камбоджӑ (Kambodžă)
kaz: Камбоджа / Kambodja / كامبودجا
kbd: Камбоджэ (Kambodžă)
kir: Камбоджа (Kambodǧa)
mkd: Камбоџа (Kambodža)
mon: Камбож (Kamboǧ); Кампучи (Kampuči)
oss: Камбоджӕ (Kambodžä)
srp: Камбоџа / Kambodža
tat: Камбоджа / Kamboca
tgk: Камбоҷа / کمباجه / Kamboça
ara: كمبوديا (Kambūdiyā); كامبوديا (Kāmbūdiyā); كمبوتشيا (Kambūtšiyā); الكامبوج (al-Kambūǧ); الكامبودج (al-Kambūdǧ)
fas: کامبوج (Kāmboj); کامبوژ (Kāmbož)
prs: کمبوجیا (Kambōjiyā); کمبودیا (Kambōdiyā)
pus: کمبوډيا (Kamboḋiyā); کمبوديا (Kambodiyā)
uig: كامبوجا / Kamboja / Камбоджа
urd: کمبوڈیا (Kamboḋiyā)
div: ކެމްބޯޑިއާ (Kembōḋi'ā)
heb: קמבודיה (Qambôdyah); קאמבודיה (Qâmbôdyah); קמבוג׳יה (Qambôjyah)
lad: קאמבוג'ה / Kambodja
yid: קאַמבאָדזשע (Kambodže)
amh: ካምቦዲያ (Kambodiya); ካምቦድያ (Kambodya)
ell: Καμπότζη (Kampótzī); Καμπόδζη (Kampódzī)
hye: Կամբոջա (Kamboǧa); Քամբոջա (Ḳamboǧa)
kat: კამბოჯა (Kamboǧa)
hin: कंबोडिया (Kaṁboḍiya); कम्बोडिया (Kamboḍiyā); कम्पूचिया (Kampūčiyā)
mar: कम्बोडिया (Kamboḍiyā)
ben: কম্বোডিয়া (Kômboḍiyā); কাম্বোজ (Kāmbojô); কাম্বোজিয়া (Kāmbojiyā)
guj: કમ્બોડિયા (Kamboḍiyā)
pan: ਕੰਬੋਡੀਆ (Kaṁboḍīā)
kan: ಕಾಂಬೋಡಿಯ (Kāṁbōḍiya)
mal: കംബോഡിയ (Kaṁbōḍiya); കമ്പോഡിയ (Kampōḍiya); കന്പോഡിയ (Kanpōḍiya)
tam: கம்போடியா (Kampōṭiyā)
tel: కంబోడియా (Kaṁbōḍiyā)
zho: 柬埔寨 (Jiǎnbùzhài)
yue: 柬埔寨 (Gáanpóuchoi)
jpn: カンボディア (Kanbodia); カンボジア (Kanbojia)
kor: 캄보디아 (Kambodia)
bod: ཁམ་བ་ཛ་ (Kʰam.ba.dza.); ཁམ་པོ་ཛ་ (Kʰam.po.dza.); ཅིའན་ཕུ་ཀྲེ་ (Č'in.pʰu.kre.); ཇན་ཕུ་ཀྲེ་ (Jan.pʰu.kre.)
dzo: ཀམ་བོ་ཌི་ཡ་ (Kam.bo.ḍi.ya.)
mya: ကမ္ဗောဒီးယား (Kãbɔ̀dìyà)
tha: กัมพูชา (Kâmpūčʰā)
lao: ກຳພູຊາ (Kāṁpʰūsā); ກຳປູເຈັຽ (Kāṁpūčiẏa)
khm: កម្ពុជា (Kampučā)
Construction d'un bunker de radiothérapie à l'Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine - Alexis Vautrin au CHRU à Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy (54500)
Quartier : Brabois
Adresse : 6, avenue de Bourgogne
Fonction : Hôpital
Construction : 2016 → 2017
• Architecte : AUA Lorraine
• Gros œuvre : ABM Construction
PC n° 54 547 16 R0012 délivré le 17 mai 2016
Agrandissement du centre Alexis Vautrin sur le site du CHRU de Nancy-Brabois.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy (54511)
Quartier : Brabois
Adresse : rue du Morvan
Fonction : Hôpitaux
Construction : 2005 → 2007
• Gros œuvre : Spie Batignolles
Niveaux : R+4
Hauteur max. : ≈17.00 m
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twitter.com/Memoire2cite #coronavirus #chloroquine #PriseDeConscience #CONFINEMENTJOUR19 #confinement #CriseSanitaire #COVID2019 #COVID19 #covidchallenge #loire #chu #mapad #epahd #mémoire2cité
#applaudissements20h du courage a toutes &tous #soignants #ash #hospitalier #forez #CHRU #applaudissements #Ville #Architecture #Logementsocial #saintetienne #Beaulieu l'1 des six 1er #Grandensemble de FRANCE mise à l’étude dès 1950. Il débute en 1953 & comprend 1221 lgts, un groupe scolaire et 35 boutiques.Des parrains prestigieux et l’élite de l’architecture stéphanoise Hur/Gouyon/Farat Les 30 Glorieuses . com et la carte postale.. Il existe de nos jours, de nombreux photographes qui privilégient la qualité artistique de leurs travaux cartophiles. A vous de découvrir ces artistes inconnus aujourd’hui, mais qui seront peut-être les grands noms de demain.Les films du MRU -Industrialiser la construction, par le biais de la préfabrication.Cette industrialisation a abouti, dans les années 1950, à un choix politique de l'Etat, la construction massive de G.E. pour résoudre la très forte crise du logement dont souffrait la France www.youtube.com/watch?v=zR_jxCANYac&fbclid=IwAR2IzWlM... … Le temps de l'urbanisme, 1962, Réalisation : Philippe Brunet www.dailymotion.com/video/xgj2zz?playlist=x34ije … … … … -Les grands ensembles en images Les ministères en charge du logement et leur production audiovisuelle (1944-1966) MASSY - Les films du MRU - La Cité des hommes, 1966, Réalisation : Fréderic Rossif, Albert Knobler www.dailymotion.com/video/xgiqzr?playlist=x34i - Les films du MRU @ les AUTOROUTES - Les liaisons moins dangereuses 1972 la construction des autoroutes en France - Le réseau autoroutier 1960 Histoire de France Transports et Communications - www.dailymotion.com/video/xxi0ae?playlist=x34ije … - A quoi servaient les films produits par le MRU ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme ? la réponse de Danielle Voldman historienne spécialiste de la reconstruction www.dailymotion.com/video/x148qu4?playlist=x34ije … -les films du MRU - Bâtir mieux plus vite et moins cher 1975 l'industrialisation du bâtiment et ses innovations : la préfabrication en usine, le coffrage glissant... www.dailymotion.com/video/xyjudq?playlist=x34ije … - TOUT SUR LA CONSTRUCTION DE NOTRE DAME LA CATHEDRALE DE PARIS Içi www.notredamedeparis.fr/la-cathedrale/histoire/historique... -MRU Les films - Le Bonheur est dans le béton - 2015 Documentaire réalisé par Lorenz Findeisen produit par Les Films du Tambour de Soie içi www.dailymotion.com/video/x413amo?playlist=x34ije Noisy-le-Sec le laboratoire de la reconstruction, 1948 L'album cinématographique de la reconstruction maison préfabriquée production ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme, 1948 L'album cinématographique içi www.dailymotion.com/video/xwytke
archipostcard.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2009-02-13T... -Créteil.un couple à la niaiserie béate exalte les multiples bonheurs de la vie dans les new G.E. www.youtube.com/watch?v=FT1_abIteFE … La Ville bidon était un téléfilm d'1 heure intitulé La Décharge.Mais la censure de ces temps de présidence Pompidou en a interdit la diffusion télévisuelle - museedelacartepostale.fr/periode-semi-moderne/ - archipostalecarte.blogspot.com/ - Hansjörg Schneider BAUNETZWOCHE 87 über Papiermoderne www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen_BAUNETZWOCHE_87_ueber_... … - ARCHITECTURE le blog de Claude LOTHIER içi leblogdeclaudelothier.blogspot.com/2006/ - - Le balnéaire en cartes postales autour de la collection de David Liaudet, et ses excellents commentaires.. www.dailymotion.com/video/x57d3b8 -Restaurants Jacques BOREL, Autoroute A 6, 1972 Canton d'AUXERRE youtu.be/LRNhNzgkUcY munchies.vice.com/fr/article/43a4kp/jacques-borel-lhomme-... … Celui qu'on appellera le « Napoléon du prêt-à-manger » se détourne d'ailleurs peu à peu des Wimpy, s'engueule avec la maison mère et fait péricliter la franchise ... museedelacartepostale.fr/blog/ -'être agent de gestion locative pour une office H.L.M. en 1958' , les Cités du soleil 1958 de Jean-Claude Sée- les films du MRU içi www.dailymotion.com/video/xgj74q présente les réalisations des HLM en France et la lutte contre l'habitat indigne insalubre museedelacartepostale.fr/exposition-permanente/ - www.queenslandplaces.com.au/category/headwords/brisbane-c... - collection-jfm.fr/t/cartes-postales-anciennes/france#.XGe... - www.cparama.com/forum/la-collection-de-cpa-f1.html - www.dauphinomaniac.org/Cartespostales/Francaises/Cartes_F... twitter.com/Memoire2cite tout içi sig.ville.gouv.fr/atlas/ZUS/ - media/InaEdu01827/la-creatio" rel="noreferrer nofollow">fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu01827/la-creatio Bâtir mieux plus vite et moins cher 1975 l'industrialisation du bâtiment et ses innovations : www.dailymotion.com/video/xyjudq?playlist=x34ije la préfabrication en usine www.dailymotion.com/video/xx6ob5?playlist=x34ije , le coffrage glissant www.dailymotion.com/video/x19lwab?playlist=x34ije ... De nouvelles perspectives sont nées dans l'industrie du bâtiment avec les principes de bases de l'industrialisation du bâtiment www.dailymotion.com/video/x1a98iz?playlist=x34ije ,
www.dailymotion.com/video/xk6xui?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1dh2?playlist=x34ije : mécanisation, rationalisation et élaboration industrielle de la production. Des exemples concrets sont présentés afin d'illustrer l'utilisation des différentes innovations : les coffrages outils, coffrage glissant, le tunnel, des procédés pour accélérer le durcissement du béton. Le procédé dit de coffrage glissant est illustré sur le chantier des tours Pablo Picasso à Nanterre. Le principe est de s'affranchir des échafaudages : le coffrage épouse le contour du bâtiment, il s'élève avec la construction et permet de réaliser simultanément l'ensemble des murs verticaux. Au centre du plancher de travail, une grue distribue en continu le ferraillage et le béton. Sur un tel chantier les ouvriers se relaient 24h / 24 , www.dailymotion.com/video/xwytke?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/x1bci6m?playlist=x34ije
Le reportage se penche ensuite sur la préfabrication en usine. Ces procédés de préfabrication en usine selon le commentaire sont bien adaptés aux pays en voie de développement, cela est illustré dans le reportage par une réalisation en Libye à Benghazi. Dans la course à l'allégement des matériaux un procédé l'isola béton est présenté. Un chapitre sur la construction métallique explique les avantage de ce procédé. La fabrication de composants ouvre de nouvelles perspectives à l'industrie du bâtiment.
Lieux géographiques : la Grande Borne 91, le Vaudreuil 27, Avoriaz, Avenue de Flandres à Paris, tours Picasso à Nanterre, vues de la défense, Benghazi Libye www.dailymotion.com/video/xk6xui?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1dh2?playlist=x34ije : mécanisation, rationalisation et élaboration industrielle de la production. Des exemples concrets sont présentés afin d'illustrer l'utilisation des différentes innovations : les coffrages outils, coffrage glissant, le tunnel, des procédés pour accélérer le durcissement du béton. Le procédé dit de coffrage glissant est illustré sur le chantier des tours Pablo Picasso à Nanterre. Le principe est de s'affranchir des échafaudages : le coffrage épouse le contour du bâtiment, il s'élève avec la construction et permet de réaliser simultanément l'ensemble des murs verticaux. Au centre du plancher de travail, une grue distribue en continu le ferraillage et le béton. Sur un tel chantier les ouvriers se relaient 24h / 24 , www.dailymotion.com/video/xwytke?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/x1bci6m?playlist=x34ije
Le reportage se penche ensuite sur la préfabrication en usine. Ces procédés de préfabrication en usine selon le commentaire sont bien adaptés aux pays en voie de développement, cela est illustré dans le reportage par une réalisation en Libye à Benghazi. Dans la course à l'allégement des matériaux un procédé l'isola béton est présenté. Un chapitre sur la construction métallique explique les avantage de ce procédé. La fabrication de composants ouvre de nouvelles perspectives à l'industrie du bâtiment.www.dailymotion.com/playlist/x34ije_territoiresgouv_cinem... - mémoire2cité - le monde de l'Architecture locative collective et bien plus encore - mémoire2cité - Bâtir mieux plus vite et moins cher 1975 l'industrialisation du bâtiment et ses innovations : www.dailymotion.com/video/xyjudq?playlist=x34ije la préfabrication en usine www.dailymotion.com/video/xx6ob5?playlist=x34ije , le coffrage glissant www.dailymotion.com/video/x19lwab?playlist=x34ije ... De nouvelles perspectives sont nées dans l'industrie du bâtiment avec les principes de bases de l'industrialisation du bâtiment www.dailymotion.com/video/x1a98iz?playlist=x34ije ,www.dailymotion.com/playlist/x34ije_territoiresgouv_cinem... - mémoire2cité - le monde de l'Architecture locative collective et bien plus encore - mémoire2cité - Bâtir mieux plus vite et moins cher 1975 l'industrialisation du bâtiment et ses innovations : www.dailymotion.com/video/xyjudq?playlist=x34ije la préfabrication en usine www.dailymotion.com/video/xx6ob5?playlist=x34ije , le coffrage glissant www.dailymotion.com/video/x19lwab?playlist=x34ije ... De nouvelles perspectives sont nées dans l'industrie du bâtiment avec les principes de bases de l'industrialisation du bâtiment www.dailymotion.com/video/x1a98iz?playlist=x34ije ,
Le Joli Mai (Restauré) - Les grands ensembles BOBIGNY l Abreuvoir www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUY9XzjvWHE … et la www.youtube.com/watch?v=hK26k72xIkU … www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCKF0HEsWWo …
Genève Le Grand Saconnex & la Bulle Pirate - architecte Marçel Lachat -
Un film de Julien Donada içi www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=4E723uQcpnU … … .Genève en 1970. pic.twitter.com/1dbtkAooLM è St-Etienne - La muraille de Chine, en 1973 ce grand immeuble du quartier de Montchovet, existait encore photos la Tribune/Progres.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJAylpe8G48 …, - la tour 80 HLM située au 1 rue Proudhon à Valentigney dans le quartier des Buis Cette tour emblématique du quartier avec ces 15 étages a été abattu par FERRARI DEMOLITION (68). VALENTIGNEY (25700) 1961 - Ville nouvelle-les Buis 3,11 mn www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_GvwSpQUMY … - Au nord-Est de St-Etienne, aux confins de la ville, se dresse une colline Montreynaud la ZUP de Raymond Martin l'architecte & Alexandre Chemetoff pour les paysages de St-Saens.. la vidéo içi * Réalisation : Dominique Bauguil www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sqfb27hXMDo … … - www.dailymotion.com/video/xk6xui?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1dh2?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/xwytke?playlist=x34ije , www.dailymotion.com/video/x1bci6m?playlist=x34ije l'industrie du bâtiment.
la Grande Borne 91, le Vaudreuil 27, Avoriaz, Avenue de Flandres à Paris, tours Picasso à Nanterre, vues de la défense, Benghazi Libye 1975 Réalisateur : Sydney Jézéquel, Karenty
la construction des Autoroutes en France - Les liaisons moins dangereuses 1972 www.dailymotion.com/video/xxi0ae?playlist=x34ije Cardem les 60 ans de l'entreprise de démolition française tres prisée des bailleurs pour les 80, 90's (1956 - 2019) toute l'Histoire de l'entreprise içi www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yyf1XGvTZYs - 69 LYON & la Cardem pour la démolition de la barre 230 Quartier la Duchère le 2 juillet 2015, youtu.be/BSwidwLw0NA pic.twitter.com/5XgR8LY7At -34 Béziers - C'était Capendeguy le 27 janv 2008 En quelques secondes, 450 kg d'explosifs ont soufflé la barre HLM de 492 lgts, de 480 m, qui laissera derrière elle 65.000 tonnes de gravas. www.youtube.com/watch?v=rydT54QYX50 … … Les usines Peugeot - Sochaux Montbéliard. 100 ans d'histoire en video www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4w3CxXVAyY … - 42 LOIRE SAINT-ETIENNE MONTREYNAUD LA ZUP Souvenirs avec Mascovich & son clip "la tour de Montreynaud" www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7Zmwn224XE …
Villeneuve-la-Garenne, La Caravelle est à mettre au crédit de Jean Dubuisson, l’un des architectes les plus en vue des années 1960, www.dailymotion.com/video/x1re3h5 via @Dailymotion - AMIENS les HLM C'était le 29 juillet 2010, à 11h02. En quelques secondes, cette tour d'habitation s'est effondrée, détruite par implosion. Construite en 1961, la tour avait été vidée de ses habitants quelques années auparavant. www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajz2xk5KBNo … … - Les habitants de Montreynaud parlent de leur quartier et de cette destruction entre nostalgie et soulagement içi en video www.dailymotion.com/video/xmiwfk - Les bâtiments de la région parisienne - Vidéo Ina.fr www.ina.fr/video/CAF96034508/les-batiments-de-la-region-p... … via @Inafr_officiel - Daprinski - George Michael (Plaisir de France remix) www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJeH-nzlj3I
Ministère de l'Équipement et de l'Aménagement du Territoire - Dotation par la France d'autoroutes modernes "nécessité vitale" pour palier à l'inadaptation du réseau routier de l'époque voué à la paralysie : le reportage nous montre des images d'embouteillages. Le ministre de l'Équipement et de l'Aménagement du Territoire dans les deux gouvernements de Pierre Messmer, de 1972 à 1974, Olivier Guichard explique les ambitions du programme de construction qui doit atteindre 800 km par ans en 1978. L'ouverture de section nouvelles va bon train : Nancy / Metz par exemple. Le reportage nous montre l'intérieur des bureaux d'études qui conçoivent ces autoroute dont la conception est assistée par ordinateurs dont le projet d'ensemble en 3D est visualisé sur un écran. La voix off nous informe sur le financement de ces équipements. Puis on peut voir des images de la construction du pont sur la Seine à Saint Cloud reliant l'autoroute de Normandie au périphérique, de l'échangeur de Palaiseau sur 4 niveau : record d'Europe précise le commentaire. Le reportage nous informe que des sociétés d'économies mixtes ont étés crées pour les tronçons : Paris / Lille, Paris / Marseille, Paris / Normandie. Pour accélérer la construction l’État a eu recours à des concessions privées par exemple pour le tronçon Paris / Chartres. "Les autoroutes changent le visage de la France : artères économiques favorisant le développement industriel elles permettent de revitaliser des régions en perte de vitesse et de l'intégrer dans le mouvement général de l'expansion" Sur le plan européen elles vont combler le retard de la France et réaliser son insertion. Images de l'inauguration de l'autoroute entre Paris et Bruxelles par le président Georges Pompidou. Le reportage rappel que l'autre fonction capitale des autoroute est de favoriser la sécurité. La question de la limitation de vitesse est posée au ministre de l’Équipement, qui n'y est favorable que sur certains tronçons. Un des facteur de sécurité selon le commentaire est l'humanisation des autoroutes : aires de repos, restaurants, signalisation touristiques... "Rien n'est impossible aux techniques modernes" nous apprend la voix off qui prend comme exemple le déplacement sur rail de 65 mètres d'un château classé afin de faire passer l'autoroute Lille / Dunkerque.Durée : 4 minutes 30 secondes
Sur les routes de France les ponts renaissent 1945 reconstruction de la France après la Seconde Guerre mondiale www.dailymotion.com/video/xuxrii?playlist=x34ije Lyon, Tournon, Caen - Le Bosquel, un village renait 1947 l'album cinématographique de la reconstruction, réalisation Paul de Roubaix production ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme, village prototype, architecte Paul Dufournet, www.dailymotion.com/video/xx5tx8?playlist=x34ije - Demain Paris 1959 dessin animé présentant l'aménagement de la capitale dans les années 60, Animation, dessin animé à vocation pédagogique visant à promouvoir la politique d’aménagement suivie dans les années 60 à Paris. Un raccourci historique sur l’extension de Paris du Moyen Âge au XIXe siècle (Lutèce, œuvres de Turgot, Napoléon, Haussmann), ce dessin animé retrace la naissance de la banlieue et de ses avatars au XXe siècle. Il annonce les grands principes d’aménagement des villes nouvelles et la restructuration du centre de Paris (référence implicite à la charte d’Athènes). Le texte est travaillé en rimes et vers. Une chanson du vieux Paris conclut poétiquement cette vision du futur. Thèmes principaux : Aménagement urbain / planification-aménagement régional Mots-clés : Banlieue, extension spatiale, histoire, quartier, ville, ville nouvelle Lieu géographique : Paris 75 Architectes ou personnalités : Eugène Haussmann, Napoléon, Turgot Réalisateurs : André Martin, Michel Boschet Production : les films Roger Leenhardt
www.dailymotion.com/video/xw6lak?playlist=x34ije - Rue neuve 1956 la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, villes, villages, grands ensembles réalisation : Jack Pinoteau , Panorama de la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, ce film de commande évoque les villes et villages français détruits puis reconstruits dans un style respectant la tradition : Saint-Malo, Gien, Thionville, Ammerschwihr, etc. ainsi que la reconstruction en rupture avec l'architecture traditionnelle à Châtenay-Malabry, Arles, Saint Étienne, Évreux, Chambéry, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Abbeville, Le Havre, Marseille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Dunkerque. Le documentaire explique par exemple la manière dont a été réalisée la reconstruction de Saint-Malo à l'intérieur des rempart de la vieille ville : "c'est la fidélité à l'histoire et la force du souvenir qui a guidé l'architecte". Dans le même esprit à Gien, au trois quart détruite en 1940, seul le château construit en 1494 pour Anne de Beaujeu, fille aînée de Louis XI, fut épargné par les bombardements. La ville fut reconstruite dans le style des rares immeubles restant. Gien est relevé de ses ruines et le nouvel ensemble harmonieux est appelé « Joyau de la Reconstruction française ». Dans un deuxième temps est abordé le chapitre de la construction des cités et des grands ensembles, de l’architecture du renouveau qualifiée de "grandiose incontestablement". S’il est précisé "on peut aimer ou de ne pas aimer ce style", l’emporte au final l’argument suivant : les grands ensembles, c'est la campagne à la ville, un urbanisme plus aéré, plus vert." les films caravelles 1956, Réalisateur : Jack Pinoteau (connu pour être le metteur en scène du film Le Triporteur 1957 qui fit découvrir Darry Cowl) www.dailymotion.com/video/xuz3o8?playlist=x34ije - www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1g5j?playlist=x34ije Brigitte Gros - Urbanisme - Filmer les grands ensembles 2016 - par Camille Canteux chercheuse au CHS -Centre d'Histoire Sociale - Jeanne Menjoulet - Ce film du CHS daté de 2014 www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDUBwVPNh0s … L'UNION SOCIALE POUR L'HABITAT le Musée des H.L.M. musee-hlm.fr/ union-habitat.org/ - EXPOSITION :LES 50 ANS DE LA RESIDENCe SALMSON POINT-Du JOUR www.salmsonlepointdujour.fr/pdf/Exposition_50_ans.pdf - Sotteville Construction de l’Anjou, le premier immeuble de la Zone Verte sottevilleaufildutemps.fr/2017/05/04/construction-de-limm... - www.20minutes.fr/paris/diaporama-7346-photo-854066-100-an... - www.ladepeche.fr/article/2010/11/02/940025-140-ans-en-arc... dreux-par-pierlouim.over-blog.com/article-chamards-1962-9... missionphoto.datar.gouv.fr/fr/photographe/7639/serie/7695...
Official Trailer - the Pruitt-Igoe Myth: an Urban History
www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7RwwkNzF68 - la dérive des continents youtu.be/kEeo8muZYJU Et la disparition des Mammouths - RILLIEUX LA PAPE & Dynacité - Le 23 février 2017, à 11h30, les tours Lyautey étaient foudroyées. www.youtube.com/watch?v=W---rnYoiQc 1956 en FRANCE - "Un jour on te demanda de servir de guide, à un architecte en voyage d etudes, ensemble vous parcourez la Françe visitant cité jardins, gratte ciel & pavillons d'HLM..." @ les archives filmées du MRU www.youtube.com/watch?v=zR_jxCANYac&fbclid=IwAR2IzWlM... … Villages de la Françe cité du Soleil
Ginger CEBTP Démolition, filiale déconstruction du Groupe Ginger, a réalisé la maîtrise d'oeuvre de l'opération et produit les études d'exécution. L'emblématique ZUP Pruitt Igoe. vaste quartier HLM (33 barres de 11 étages) de Saint-Louis (Missouri) USA. démoli en 1972 www.youtube.com/watch?v=nq_SpRBXRmE … "Life is complicated, i killed people, smuggled people, sold people, but perhaps in here.. things will be different." ~ Niko Bellic - cité Balzac, à Vitry-sur-Seine (23 juin 2010).13H & Boom, quelques secondes plus tard, la barre «GHJ», 14 étages et 168 lgts, s’effondrait comme un château de cartes sous les applaudissements et les sifflets, bientôt enveloppés dans un nuage de poussière. www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9nBMHS7mzY … - "La Chapelle" Réhabilitation thermique de 667 logements à Andrézieux-Bou... youtu.be/0tswIPdoVCE - 11 octobre 1984 www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xk-Je1eQ5po DESTRUCTION par explosifs de 10 tours du QUARTIER DES MINGUETTES, à LYON. les tours des Minguettes ; VG des tours explosant et s'affaissant sur le côté dans un nuage de fumée blanche ; à 13H15, nous assistons à l'explosion de 4 autres tours - St-Etienne Métropole & Montchovet - la célèbre Muraille de Chine ( 540 lgts 270m de long 15 allees) qui était à l'époque en 1964 la plus grande barre HLM jamais construit en Europe. Après des phases de rénovation, cet immeuble a été dynamité en mai 2000 www.youtube.com/watch?v=YB3z_Z6DTdc … - PRESQU'ILE DE GENNEVILLIERS...AUJOURD'HUI...DEMAIN... (LA video içi parcours.cinearchives.org/Les-films-PRESQU-ILE-DE-GENNEVI... … ) Ce film de la municipalité de Gennevilliers explique la démarche et les objectifs de l’exposition communale consacrée à la presqu’île, exposition qui se tint en déc 1972 et janvier 1973 - le mythe de Pruitt-Igoe en video içi nextcity.org/daily/entry/watch-the-trailer-for-the-pruitt... … - 1964, quand les loisirs n’avaient (deja) pas le droit de cité poke @Memoire2cite youtu.be/Oj64jFKIcAE - Devenir de la ZUP de La Paillade youtu.be/1qxAhsqsV8M v - Regard sur les barres Zum' youtu.be/Eow6sODGct8 v - MONTCHOVET EN CONSTRUCTION Saint Etienne, ses travaux - Vidéo Ina.fr www.ina.fr/video/LXF99004401 … via - La construction de la Grande Borne à Grigny en 1969 Archive INA www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=12&v=t843Ny2p7Ww (discours excellent en seconde partie) -David Liaudet : l'image absolue, c'est la carte postale" phothistory.wordpress.com/2016/04/27/david-liaudet-limage... … l'architecture sanatoriale Histoire des sanatoriums en France (1915-1945). Une architecture en quête de rendement thérapeutique.. A la fin des années 1930, sous le Front Populaire, s’amorce une démocratisation des loisirs et du sport. Cette massification des loisirs sportifs, et en particulier de la natation, s’intensifie après-guerre, grâce à la mise en place d’une véritable politique d’Etat en faveur du développement de la pratique sportive, accompagnée par la construction d’équipements de proximité. Cette politique conduit à redéfinir et à rationaliser la conception de la piscine, autant d’un point de vue architectural que fonctionnel.
Vers la fin des années 1920, le sport, et en particulier la question de l’équipement sportif, commence à s’imposer au niveau national, comme un objet incontournable de souci et d’action politique. La volonté de créer une structure institutionnelle chargée de concevoir et de contrôler cette politique publique relative au sport s’affirme de plus en plus. Cette idée est en germe depuis l’armistice, comme l’indique la réflexion d’Edouard Herriot, maire de Lyon : « Peut-être arriverons-nous ainsi peu à peu à la constitution d’un grand service central – ministère ou non – de l’Éducation physique » (Édouard Herriot, 1919).
Parallèlement, des revendications sociales se font entendre pour une meilleure accessibilité au sport par la classe populaire. Ces requêtes sont entendues par le Front populaire, qui initie une politique de démocratisation de la culture sportive, s’appuyant sur l’invention de notions telles que temps libre et loisirs. Dans le but de diffuser et de mettre en oeuvre cette conception du sport pour tous, est créé en 1937 (à l’occasion d’un remaniement ministériel), un sous-secrétariat d’Etat aux Sports, aux Loisirs et à l’Education physique (rattaché au ministère de l’Education nationale dirigé par Jean Zay), à la tête duquel est placé Léo Lagrange. Ce dernier entreprend une série d’actions, à la fois concrètes et symboliques, comme l’aide à l’équipement communal (dont la nécessité est rendue évidente par les conclusions d’un inventaire national des installations existantes) ou la création d’un Brevet sportif populaire. Cette conception du sport de masse n’obtient cependant pas la faveur de tous. On note d’ailleurs, dans le mouvement sportif national, le rejet d’une politique d’intervention autoritaire des pouvoirs publics. Si les actions du Front Populaire sont stoppées par la déclaration de la guerre, elles ont toutefois conduit à une véritable prise de conscience de l’enjeu politique sportif au niveau national.
Sous le régime de Vichy (juin 1940-juin 1944), est créé un Commissariat Général à l’Education Générale et Sportive (CGEGS), qui s’appuie sur le sport pour diffuser l’idéologie du gouvernement, prônant des valeurs de discipline, de redressement moral, physique et intellectuel et de retour à l’ordre. Dans ces années, où le sport est surtout un outil de propagande, s’esquissent toutefois de nouvelles prescriptions concernant l’architecture des piscines (qui se doit d’être épurée et rationnelle), et la volonté de rattraper le retard de la France en matière d’équipement sportif par rapport aux autres pays européens.
Au sortir de la guerre, la question sportive n’est pas une priorité et la période 1945-1957 se caractérise par une faible intervention publique. Malgré les constructions réalisées grâce à des politiques municipales sociales et volontaristes dans les années 1930, le nombre d’équipements sportifs, et en particulier de piscines couvertes et chauffées, est encore très faible par rapport à la moyenne européenne. Ce sous-équipement va rapidement poser problème, d’autant plus que l’accroissement démographique est en plein essor, entraînant une augmentation de la jeunesse et donc une recrudescence de la pratique sportive, parallèlement à une forte urbanisation. Si l’effort est d’abord porté vers la reconstruction (du secteur industriel et du cadre de vie : logements, services administratifs, voirie, etc.), les questions de la jeunesse, du sport, de l’éducation populaire et du plein air travaillent les esprits du gouvernement.
Dans les Hauts-de-France, de nombreuses piscines ont subi des dégradations pendant la guerre et nécessitent une rénovation (une grande partie des piscines cheminotes par exemple).
Le stade nautique olympique de Tourcoing est complété, en 1951, d’un toit en partie ouvrant, une première du genre, amené à un grand développement dans les deux décennies suivantes. Faute de moyens financiers suffisants (il existe des subventions, mais les moyens alloués à la Jeunesse et aux Sports restent faibles) et d’une volonté politique forte, le nombre de constructions de piscines entre 1945 et 1958 demeure restreint. Ainsi, à Lens, suite à la destruction du stade nautique pendant la guerre, la construction d’une nouvelle piscine est projetée dès l’après-guerre, mais faute de financement, il faut attendre les années 1960 pour que le projet aboutisse.
Les quelques installations nautiques nouvelles qui sont réalisées au cours des 1950, sous l’impulsion d’initiatives locales, sont majoritairement découvertes et ne sont donc exploitables que quelques mois dans l’année. Si ces édifices sont aboutis au niveau technique et architectural, ils ne sont pas en mesure de satisfaire les besoins en matière de bassins éducatifs praticables pendant l’année scolaire. Ils répondent plus à une volonté d’offrir à la population un équipement de loisirs sportifs. Il s’agit souvent de la réalisation de projets municipaux d’avant-guerre, n’ayant pas eu l’occasion de voir le jour.
Dans ces piscines des années 1950, le double bassin est définitivement adopté et elles répondent aux nouvelles prescriptions édictées dans les années 1940 en matière d’architecture sportive, qui se doit avant tout d’être fonctionnelle et pratique, largement ouverte sur l’extérieur par des baies vitrées, sa beauté résidant essentiellement dans l’harmonie de ses proportions et l’agencement de lignes géométriques pures.
Ainsi, dans l’Oise, la ville de Compiègne décide en 1949 (sous le mandat de Jean Legendre), l’édification d’une piscine en bordure de l’Oise, rendue possible grâce aux indemnités des dommages de guerre et de la reconstruction, ainsi qu’à une subvention élevée de la part du Secrétariat d’Etat à l’Enseignement technique, à la Jeunesse et aux Sports. La piscine, conçue par l’architecte-urbaniste de la ville, J. Gossart, est inaugurée le 1er juin 1952. Des bains-douches sont aménagés dans les sous-sols. Il s’agit d’un grand bâtiment blanc rectangulaire en béton armé, inséré sur la berge boisée de l’Oise, s’ouvrant en son centre sur les deux bassins de plein-air de la piscine (25 x 12,5 m et 8 x 12,5 m), avec un plongeoir à double hauteur (3 et 5 mètres). Les baigneurs surplombent l’Oise et évoluent dans un cadre propice à la détente, correspondant bien aux prescriptions d’avant-guerres recommandant la construction d’équipements sportifs et de loisirs en plein air, dans un environnement naturel. Les gradins d’environ 800 places, font également face à l’Oise. L’architecture est simple et fonctionnelle, sans aucun décor ; elle obéit à un modernisme pur et efficace. Elle est remarquable du fait de sa situation en bord de rivière, comme l’était également la piscine découverte de l’Hôtel-Dieu à Pontoise (Val d’Oise) construite en 1961 par l’architecte Jean Letu et aujourd’hui détruite. La piscine de Compiègne, ouverte de mai à septembre, connaît un grand succès, qui ne cesse de croître d’année en année. Fermée dès 1985 car son bassin souffrait de fuites (et remplacée par la piscine Mercières, construite en 1988), elle est aujourd’hui à l’abandon.
A Caudry (Nord), le stade nautique municipal est construit en 1951-1952, sur les plans d'Edmond Lancelle (1898-1957), architecte du Cambrésis actif pendant les deux périodes de reconstruction, grâce à la volonté du maire Albert Dhélin (maire de 1947 à 1965). L’architecte est associé à Marc Revaux, ingénieur-conseil spécialisé en construction de piscines. Son architecture semble inspirée de la piscine de Bruay-en-Artois et est similaire à celle du Cateau-Cambrésis, reconstruite en 1954 par la même équipe d’architecte-ingénieur. Elle allie le style Paquebot de l’Art Déco (présence d’oculi en forme de hublots) aux codes du mouvement moderne international des années 1950. Les bassins sont entourés sur deux côtés par les bâtiments des vestiaires, et sur le deuxième grand côté par des gradins surplombés par une terrasse avec buvette (dans l’angle). La forme de U renversé de l’élégant plongeoir associée à la ligne courbe du toboggan qui lui fait face, animent l’orthogonalité des alignements de cabines. Le portique d’entrée, reprenant ces lignes courbes, s’ouvre sur un guichet vitré aux formes dynamiques et sculpturales. La piscine est dominée par une grande tour-horloge, rythmant les séances de natation. On retrouve cette tour-horloge marquant l’entrée de la piscine, à la piscine olympique de la Scarpe à Arras (1955) et au stade nautique de Bapaume (Pas-de-Calais). A Bapaume, le bâtiment abritant l’accueil et les vestiaires est largement vitré et s’ouvre sur les bassins, entourés d’un portique. Son architecte, Emile Cauwet, est spécialiste de l’architecture scolaire (groupe scolaire Ferdinand-Buisson à Boulogne-Billancourt), industrielle et sportive, et prône une esthétique moderniste et fonctionnelle.
A Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais), une piscine municipale est judicieusement intégrée au nouveau casino, bâtiment monumental, manifeste de l’architecture des années 1950, conçu par les architectes Sonrel et Bonhomme, et situé derrière la plage de la station balnéaire. La piscine, localisée au rez-de-chaussée, est vitrée sur deux côtés et donne vue sur la plage. Le bâtiment en béton armé, monté sur pilotis (rappelant l’architecture de Le Corbusier), est décoré sur ses façades extérieures de mosaïques réalisées par l’artiste Françoise Lelong. La façade côté plage s’ouvre par un portique avec terrasse.
Ainsi les piscines des années 1950, souvent d’une grande sobriété correspondant aux préceptes architecturaux du mouvement moderne, s’inscrivent dans la continuité des piscines de la fin des années 1930. Il faut attendre les années 1960 pour qu’une nouvelle impulsion soit donnée à l’innovation architecturale dans le domaine des piscines, grâce à la mise en place d’une véritable politique interventionniste de l’Etat en faveur de l’équipement sportif sous la Ve République, dans le cadre de trois lois de programme planifiant la construction d’équipements sportifs et socio-éducatifs. Ce nouveau cadre législatif se traduit par une "mise en administration" du bâti sportif par l’État1.
II. Les mesures mises en place entre 1961 et 1976 par l’Etat en faveur de la construction des piscines
A partir de la Ve République, le sport et la construction sportive sont désormais perçus comme un service d’intérêt public du ressort de l’Etat. Déterminé, l’Etat entreprend une série de mesures incitatives visant à créer un maillage de piscines publiques praticables en toutes saisons (la plupart des piscines étaient alors découvertes et non chauffées) sur l’ensemble du territoire national. L’objectif principal est que tous les enfants aient accès à un bassin pour apprendre à nager, et qu’ainsi soit enfin mis en application l’apprentissage obligatoire de la natation à l’école (dans les programmes depuis la fin du 19e siècle). La priorité des piscines des années 1960-1970 est donc portée vers la jeunesse et l’éducation.
1. Les lois programmes : une nouvelle politique économique en faveur de l’équipement sportif
Lors de l’instauration du premier gouvernement de la Ve République, est créé un Haut-commissariat (puis Secrétariat d’Etat) à la Jeunesse et aux Sports (rattaché au ministère de l’Education Nationale), dirigé par Maurice Herzog. Ce dernier souhaite impulser de manière urgente une politique de construction afin de combler le sous-équipement en matière d’édifices à destination de la jeunesse : "Notre objectif, notre seul objectif est de mettre à la disposition de notre jeunesse, les moyens de s’exprimer plus complètement. Nous voulons que des millions de jeunes Français puissent aller au stade, à la piscine, se rencontrer dans les Maisons de Jeunes" (Equipements pour la jeunesse et les sports, 1962). Cette volonté se concrétise le 28 juillet 1961, avec la promulgation, dans le cadre du IVe plan, de la première loi de programme, qui instaure, sur une durée de quatre ans (1962-1965), un plan assurant un financement national durable et concret en faveur des équipements sportifs et socio-éducatifs. Ce plan prend la forme de subventions élevées (représentant généralement entre 20 et 50% du coût total) destinées à aider de nombreuses collectivités locales dans leur projet de constructions sportives. Ces aides se poursuivent et sont même revalorisées lors de la deuxième loi de programme d’équipements sportifs (1966-1970), votée le 2 juillet 1965. La troisième loi (1971-1975), votée le 13 juillet 1971, montre une détermination encore plus forte de l’Etat à augmenter massivement le nombre d’équipements à grande échelle, en particulier dans les nouvelles zones urbaines, et à former des éducateurs, ceci pour favoriser le sport de masse pour tous. Ces années marquent en revanche le début du désengagement financier de l’État, que l’on discerne par la baisse progressive des montants des subventions accordées. Ces subventions sont bien sûr soumises à certaines conditions. Et, pour assurer et contrôler la qualité technique et le respect des normes des piscines construites, les municipalités doivent en faire valider les avant-projets par l’Etat.
Certains dossiers de subventions conservés aux Archives nationales montrent que de nombreuses municipalités des Hauts-de-France bénéficient de cette aide dès les années 1960 (par exemple les piscines de Lomme, de Noyon, de Chantilly, de Lens, etc.).
Ces lois de programmes d’équipements ne se résument toutefois pas à ces aides financières : l’Etat développe également des mesures permettant d’inciter plus efficacement les collectivités à entreprendre la construction d’une piscine, en facilitant leurs démarches administratives et en réduisant les coûts de construction.
2. L’agrément de modèles de piscines : normaliser, encadrer et faciliter la construction
Suite à l’application de la première loi de programme, le Haut-Commissariat à la Jeunesse et aux Sports, constate que les prix de revient des équipements sportifs sont fréquemment trop élevés et que les architectes municipaux chargés de ces constructions ne sont la plupart du temps pas qualifiés pour ce type de constructions complexes et techniques. D’où la volonté de normaliser et de rationaliser les équipements sportifs, notamment les piscines, et de contrôler les projets proposés par de plus en plus d’entreprises, de constructeurs ou de bureaux d’études aux collectivités. Dans ce but est créée le 25 mai 1963 une commission spéciale dont la mission est d’agréer, sur le plan technique, des projets-types d’équipements susceptibles d’être réalisés dans toute la France. La commission est composée de treize sièges et se réunit plusieurs fois dans l’année pour donner son avis sur les projets d’architecture présentés à l’agrément. Pour ce faire, elle se base sur les qualités techniques du projet, sur les possibilités d’adaptation de l’architecture aux terrains divers, ainsi que sur les qualifications professionnelles des candidats à l’agrément. A partir de 1967, la commission se montre plus exigeante sur l’esthétique, l’harmonie, et l’originalité architecturale.@ la STAS SIOTAS LOIRE FOREZ SAINTETIENNE @ La Société de transport de l'agglomération stéphanoise (STAS, nom juridique : TPAS) est une entreprise de transport en commun, chargée de la desserte des 53 communes de Saint-Étienne Métropole. Filiale de Transdev, son siège social est situé à Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, avenue Pierre Mendès France. Le réseau stéphanois est connu pour avoir gardé son tramway électrique (la seule en France avec Lille et Marseille) depuis sa création. Il est aussi, avec Lyon et Limoges, l'un des rares réseaux français à avoir conservé des lignes de trolleybus. En 1980, le SIOTAS (Syndicat intercommunal pour l'organisation des transports de l'agglomération stéphanoise) est créé et est chargé d'organiser les transports en commun de l'agglomération stéphanoise sur son périmètre. Le 1er janvier 1981, les CFVE disparaissent au profit de la STAS qui exploite le réseau pour le compte du SIOTAS jusqu'en 1986 ou la STAS est remplacée par les TRAS (Transports urbains de l'agglomération stéphanoise) à la suite de la non-reconduction de la délégation de service public avec le groupe Transexel au profit de Transcet. Les TRAS décident de conserver le nom STAS qui devient le nom commercial du réseau. Depuis les années 2000, les TRAS sont devenus les TPAS à la suite du changement d'actionnaire de la société au profit de Veolia Transport, aujourd'hui fusionné avec Transdev, tandis que le SIOTAS à laissé place à Saint-Étienne Métropole.En 2006, le réseau TVG (Transports de la vallée du Gier) de Saint-Chamond est définitivement intégré au réseau STAS, ainsi que les lignes départementales se retrouvant entièrement dans le nouveau périmètre. Organisé et financé par Saint-Étienne Métropole, la communauté d'agglomération a la responsabilité des transports en commun pour les 43 communes. Le réseau est structuré autour des 3 lignes de tramways, d'une ligne de trolleybus (ligne M3), de 67 lignes de bus qui parcourent l'agglomération de 4 h 5 à minuit dont 7 lignes Métropoles, bus à haut niveau de service, numérotées de 1 à 7 et repérables par la lettre M, 5 lignes de soirées circulant entre 20h et 23h (S1, S3, S6, S7, S9) et de 2 lignes Noctambus (N1 et N2) circulant de 0 h à 5 h en fin de semaine et circulant seulement du centre-ville vers la périphérie.Auparavant le réseau d'autobus s'organisait en deux zones; Grand Saint-Étienne et Grand Gier. Le 31 août 2017, le réseau STAS connaît une importante restructuration. Le réseau de tramway de Saint-Étienne se compose de trois lignes desservant Saint-Étienne et Saint-Priest-en-Jarez avec un réseau organisé principalement sur un axe nord-sud et possédant quasi uniquement des troncs communs. À elles trois, les lignes assurent près de 50 % du trafic. Véritable épine dorsale du réseau, le tram stéphanois arpente la grand rue sur près de 8 km.Le réseau de trolleybus stéphanois compta jusqu'à sept lignes (1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 et 10), il fut progressivement démantelé au fil des années et il ne reste depuis 2010 qu'une seule ligne, partiellement exploitée en autobus, la ligne M3. Début 2019, Saint-Etienne Métropole (SEM) investit 18M€ dans son réseau de trolleybus avec l'achat de 22 nouveaux véhicules de la marque Solaris, qui seront mis en service entre 2019 et 2021 sur la ligne M7 (5 en 2019, 5 autres en 2020) puis sur la ligne M3 (12 derniers n'arriveront pas avant 2021).Le réseau d'autobus stéphanois se compose de 69 lignes desservant l'ensemble des 45 communes de Saint-Étienne Métropole .Après 20h, le réseau STAS passe au mode soirée, les lignes de tramways restent les mêmes mais les lignes de bus les plus fréquentées comme les lignes Métropoles, deviennent les lignes de soirée S1, S3, S6, S7 et S9. La ligne S1 remplace la ligne M1 tout le long de la vallée de l'Ondaine, la ligne S3 remplace la ligne M3 secteurs Terrenoire, centre-ville, Tardy et Cotonne et remplace les lignes M4 et 11 dans le secteur Montplaisir, la ligne S6 remplace la ligne M6 dans les secteurs centre-ville, Fauriel, Rond-Point et remplace les lignes M2 et M4 dans les secteurs Marandinière et Métare. La ligne S7 remplace la ligne M7 entre Michon et le centre-ville et enfin la ligne S9 remplace la ligne 9 entre le centre-ville et Montreynaud où elle reprend l'itinéraire de la ligne 8. Ces lignes de soirée circulent généralement à raison de 2 bus par heure mais peuvent être moins fréquentes comme la ligne S9.Entre minuit et 5h du matin, les jeudis, vendredis et samedis soirs, le réseau STAS et la ville de Saint-Étienne mettent en place des lignes de nuit, les lignes N1 et N2, du centre-ville vers la périphérie.La société gère aussi un musée des transports urbains de Saint-Étienne et sa région qui retrace l'évolution du matériel roulant de la CFVE et de la STAS
Elle gère aussi la location de vélos avec un premier emplacement sur le parvis de la gare de Châteaucreux et depuis le 26 juin 2010, les vélocations Vélivert : 400 vélos en location longue durée et 300 vélos en location libre service répartis sur 30 stations (hors stations événementielles) : 28 à Saint-Étienne (pour 200 vélos), une à Saint-Priest-en-Jarez et une à Villars.Il existe quatre espaces transports dans l'agglomération stéphanoise : Place Dorian - St-Étienne ;
Parvis de la gare de Châteaucreux - St-Étienne ; Place du Moulin - St-Chamond ;
Station de tramway (ligne T1) Parc Champirol - St-Priest-en-Jarez. Les quatre lignes de TER gérées par la région Rhône-Alpes peuvent être empruntées par les voyageurs munis d'un abonnement T-Libr.
Les lignes sont :
(le Puy en Velay) Firminy - Saint-Étienne Bellevue - Saint-Étienne Châteaucreux - Rive-de-Gier - (Lyon)
(Firminy) - Saint-Étienne Châteaucreux - Rive de Gier (Lyon)
(Roanne) Saint-Étienne La Terrasse - Saint-Étienne Châteaucreux
(Montbrison) Saint-Étienne La Terrasse - Saint-Étienne Châteaucreux www.leprogres.fr/…/saint-etienne-le-nouveau-reseau-s… [archive]
www.nouveaureseau-stas.fr/…/zoom-sur-les-lignes-met… [archive]
CERTU, Transports collectifs urbains évolution 2007-2012, 2014, p.382
CEREMA, Transports collectifs urbains de province - Evolution 2010-2015, 2016, p.389
« www.saint-etienne-metropole.fr/…/Rapport2016CCSPL_Tr… »(Archive • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)
[PDF] « Rapport d'activité 2017 » [archive], STAS, page 8 (consulté le 3 mars 2019).
« Rapport d'activité 2015 » [archive], sur reseau-stas.fr
www.reseau-stas.fr/…/guide-des-titres-stas-janvier-… [archive]
www.reseau-stas.fr/…/docum…/guidestas-ter2017web.pdf [archive]
www.reseau-stas.fr/…/guide-solidaire-janvier-2017we… [archive]
« Plans du réseau : Pôles de correspondance » [archive], sur www.reseau-stas.fr [archive] (consulté le 16 décembre 2017) Tramway de Saint-Étienne
Trolleybus de Saint-Étienne
Autobus de Saint-Étienne
Saint-Étienne Métropole
Syndicat mixte des transports pour l'aire métropolitaine lyonnaise
Transdev
Transports interurbains de la Loire