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Kolkata /koʊlˈkɑːtə/ ([kolkata] (About this soundlisten), also known as Calcutta /kælˈkʌtə/, the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River approximately 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of the border with Bangladesh, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest operating port and its sole major riverine port. The city is widely regarded as the "cultural capital" of India, and is also nicknamed the "City of Joy".[1][2][3].According to the 2011 Indian census, it is the seventh most populous city. the city had a population of 4.5 million, while the population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. Recent estimates of Kolkata Metropolitan Area's economy have ranged from $60 to $150 billion (GDP adjusted for purchasing power parity) making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai and Delhi.[11][12][13]

In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690,[15] the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified trading post. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India company was strong enough to abolish Nizamat (local rule), and assumed full sovereignty of the region. Under the company rule, and later under the British Raj, Calcutta served as the capital of British-held territories in India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. Calcutta was the centre for the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics, suffered several decades of economic stagnation.

As a nucleus of the 19th- and early 20th-century Bengal Renaissance and a religiously and ethnically diverse centre of culture in Bengal and India, Kolkata has local traditions in drama, art, film, theatre, and literature. Many people from Kolkata—among them several Nobel laureates—have contributed to the arts, the sciences, and other areas. Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods (paras) and freestyle intellectual exchanges (adda). West Bengal's share of the Bengali film industry is based in the city, which also hosts venerable cultural institutions of national importance, such as the Academy of Fine Arts, the Victoria Memorial, the Asiatic Society, the Indian Museum and the National Library of India. Among professional scientific institutions, Kolkata hosts the Agri Horticultural Society of India, the Geological Survey of India, the Botanical Survey of India, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Science Congress Association, the Zoological Survey of India, the Institution of Engineers, the Anthropological Survey of India and the Indian Public Health Association. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football and other sports.

Etymology

The word Kolkata derives from the Bengali term Kôlikata (Bengali: কলিকাতা) [ˈkɔlikat̪a], the name of one of three villages that predated the arrival of the British, in the area where the city eventually was to be established; the other two villages were Sutanuti and Govindapur.[16]

There are several explanations about the etymology of this name:

The term Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô [ˈkalikʰːet̪rɔ] (Bengali: কালীক্ষেত্র), meaning "Field of [the goddess] Kali". Similarly, it can be a variation of 'Kalikshetra' (Sanskrit: कालीक्षेत्र, lit. "area of Goddess Kali").

Another theory is that the name derives from Kalighat.[17]

Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (Bengali: কিলকিলা), or "flat area".[18]

The name may have its origin in the words khal [ˈkʰal] (Bengali: খাল) meaning "canal", followed by kaṭa [ˈkata] (Bengali: কাটা), which may mean "dug".[19]

According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun [ˈkɔlitɕun] (Bengali: কলি চুন) and coir or kata [ˈkat̪a] (Bengali: কাতা); hence, it was called Kolikata [ˈkɔlikat̪a] (Bengali: কলিকাতা).[18]

Although the city's name has always been pronounced Kolkata [ˈkolkat̪a] (Bengali: কলকাতা) or Kôlikata [ˈkɔlikat̪a] (Bengali: কলিকাতা) in Bengali, the anglicised form Calcutta was the official name until 2001, when it was changed to Kolkata in order to match Bengali pronunciation.[20] (It should be noted that "Calcutt" is an etymologically unrelated place name found at several locations in England.)

History

The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh, 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Kolkata, provide evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited for over two millennia.[21][22] Kolkata's recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. Job Charnock, an administrator who worked for the company, was formerly credited as the founder of the city;[23] In response to a public petition,[24] the Calcutta High Court ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a founder.[25] The area occupied by the present-day city encompassed three villages: Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a fishing village; Sutanuti was a riverside weavers' village. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor; the jagirdari (a land grant bestowed by a king on his noblemen) taxation rights to the villages were held by the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family of landowners, or zamindars. These rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698.[26]:1

In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, located on the east bank of the Hooghly River to protect their trading factory.[27] Facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and tax evasion by the company. His warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked; he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta.[28] A force of Company soldiers (sepoys) and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year.[28] Per the 1765 Treaty of Allahabad following the battle of Buxar, East India company was appointed imperial tax collector of the Mughal emperor in the province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, while Mughal-appointed Nawabs continued to rule the province.[29] Declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1773.[30] In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took complete control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. Richard Wellesley, Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William between 1797 and 1805, was largely responsible for the development of the city and its public architecture.[31] Throughout the late 18th and 19th century, the city was a centre of the East India Company's opium trade.[32]

By the 1850s, Calcutta had two areas: White Town, which was primarily British and centred on Chowringhee and Dalhousie Square; and Black Town, mainly Indian and centred on North Calcutta.[33] The city underwent rapid industrial growth starting in the early 1850s, especially in the textile and jute industries; this encouraged British companies to massively invest in infrastructure projects, which included telegraph connections and Howrah railway station. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new babu class of urbane Indians, whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.[34] In the 19th century, the Bengal Renaissance brought about an increased sociocultural sophistication among city denizens. In 1883, Calcutta was host to the first national conference of the Indian National Association, the first avowed nationalist organisation in India.[35]

Bengali billboards on Harrison Street. Calcutta was the largest commercial centre in British India.

The partition of Bengal in 1905 along religious lines led to mass protests, making Calcutta a less hospitable place for the British.[36][37] The capital was moved to New Delhi in 1911.[38] Calcutta continued to be a centre for revolutionary organisations associated with the Indian independence movement. The city and its port were bombed several times by the Japanese between 1942 and 1944, during World War II.[39][40] Coinciding with the war, millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943 due to a combination of military, administrative, and natural factors.[41] Demands for the creation of a Muslim state led in 1946 to an episode of communal violence that killed over 4,000.[42][43][44] The partition of India led to further clashes and a demographic shift—many Muslims left for East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh), while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city.[45]

During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes, and a violent Marxist–Maoist movement by groups known as the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, resulting in economic stagnation.[46] The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 led to a massive influx of thousands of refugees, many of them penniless, that strained Kolkata's infrastructure.[47] During the mid-1980s, Mumbai (then called Bombay) overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city. In 1985, prime minister Rajiv Gandhi dubbed Kolkata a "dying city" in light of its socio-political woes.[48] In the period 1977–2011, West Bengal was governed from Kolkata by the Left Front, which was dominated by the Communist Party of India (CPM). It was the world's longest-serving democratically elected communist government, during which Kolkata was a key base for Indian communism.[49][50][51] In the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2011, Left Front was defeated by the Trinamool Congress. The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after the 1990s, when India began to institute pro-market reforms. Since 2000, the information technology (IT) services sector has revitalised Kolkata's stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing marked growth in its manufacturing base.[52]

Geography

Spread roughly north–south along the east bank of the Hooghly River, Kolkata sits within the lower Ganges Delta of eastern India approximately 75 km (47 mi) west of the international border with Bangladesh; the city's elevation is 1.5–9 m (5–30 ft).[53] Much of the city was originally a wetland that was reclaimed over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population.[54] The remaining undeveloped areas, known as the East Kolkata Wetlands, were designated a "wetland of international importance" by the Ramsar Convention (1975).[55] As with most of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the soil and water are predominantly alluvial in origin. Kolkata is located over the "Bengal basin", a pericratonic tertiary basin.[56] Bengal basin comprises three structural units: shelf or platform in the west; central hinge or shelf/slope break; and deep basinal part in the east and southeast. Kolkata is located atop the western part of the hinge zone which is about 25 km (16 mi) wide at a depth of about 45,000 m (148,000 ft) below the surface.[56] The shelf and hinge zones have many faults, among them some are active. Total thickness of sediment below Kolkata is nearly 7,500 m (24,600 ft) above the crystalline basement; of these the top 350–450 m (1,150–1,480 ft) is Quaternary, followed by 4,500–5,500 m (14,760–18,040 ft) of Tertiary sediments, 500–700 m (1,640–2,300 ft) trap wash of Cretaceous trap and 600–800 m (1,970–2,620 ft) Permian-Carboniferous Gondwana rocks.[56] The quaternary sediments consist of clay, silt, and several grades of sand and gravel. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds: the lower one at a depth of 250–650 m (820–2,130 ft); the upper one 10–40 m (30–130 ft) in thickness.[57] According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the city lies inside seismic zone III.[58]

Urban structure

Howrah Bridge from the western bank of the Ganges

The Kolkata metropolitan area is spread over 1,886.67 km2 (728.45 sq mi)[59]:7 and comprises 3 municipal corporations (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation), 39 local municipalities and 24 panchayat samitis, as of 2011.[59]:7 The urban agglomeration encompassed 72 cities and 527 towns and villages, as of 2006.[60] Suburban areas in the Kolkata metropolitan area incorporate parts of the following districts: North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, and Nadia.[61]:15 Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), has an area of 185 km2 (71 sq mi).[60] The east–west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east—a span of 9–10 km (5.6–6.2 mi).[62] The north–south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central, and South Kolkata. East Kolkata is also a section.

North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture, dilapidated buildings, overpopulated slums, crowded bazaars, and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as Shyambazar, Hatibagan, Maniktala, Kankurgachi, Rajabazar, Shobhabazar, Shyampukur, Sonagachi, Kumortuli, Bagbazar, Jorasanko, Chitpur, Pathuriaghata, Cossipore, Kestopur, Sinthee, Belgachia, Jorabagan, and Dum Dum.[63]:65–66 The northern suburban areas like Baranagar, Durganagar, Noapara, Dunlop, Dakshineswar, Nagerbazar, Belghoria, Agarpara, Sodepur, Madhyamgram, Barasat, Birati, Khardah up to Barrackpur are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).

Central Kolkata

Central Kolkata hosts the central business district. It contains B. B. D. Bagh, formerly known as Dalhousie Square, and the Esplanade on its east; Strand Road is on its west.[64] The West Bengal Secretariat, General Post Office, Reserve Bank of India, High Court, Lalbazar Police Headquarters, and several other government and private offices are located there. Another business hub is the area south of Park Street, which comprises thoroughfares such as Chowringhee, Camac Street, Wood Street, Loudon Street, Shakespeare Sarani, and A. J. C. Bose Road.[65] The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city that has been called the "lungs of Kolkata"[66] and accommodates sporting events and public meetings.[67] The Victoria Memorial and Kolkata Race Course are located at the southern end of the Maidan. Other important areas of Central Kolkata are Park Circus, Burrabazar, College Street, Sealdah, Taltala, Janbazar, Bowbazar, Entally, Chandni Chowk, Lalbazar, Chowringhee, Dharmatala, Tiretta Bazar, Bow Barracks, Mullick Bazar, Park Circus, Babughat etc. Among the other parks are Central Park in Bidhannagar and Millennium Park on Strand Road, along the Hooghly River.

South Kolkata

South Kolkata developed after India gained independence in 1947; it includes upscale neighbourhoods such as Ballygunge, Alipore, New Alipore, Lansdowne, Bhowanipore, Kalighat, Dhakuria, Gariahat, Tollygunge, Naktala, Jodhpur Park, Lake Gardens, Golf Green, Jadavpur, Garfa, Kalikapur, Haltu, Nandi Bagan, Santoshpur, Baghajatin, Garia, Ramgarh, Raipur, Kanungo Park, Ranikuthi, Bikramgarh, Bijoygarh, Bansdroni and Kudghat.[16] Outlying areas of South Kolkata include Garden Reach, Khidirpur, Metiabruz, Taratala, Majerhat, Budge Budge, Behala, Sarsuna, Barisha, Parnasree Pally, Thakurpukur, Maheshtala and Joka. The southern suburban neighbourhoods like Mahamayatala, Pratapgarh, Kamalgazi, Narendrapur, Sonarpur, Subhashgram and Baruipur are also within the city of Kolkata (as metropolitan, urban agglomeration area). Fort William, on the western part of the city, houses the headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army;[68] its premises are under the jurisdiction of the army.

East Kolkata

East Kolkata is largely composed of newly developed areas and neighbourhoods of Saltlake, Rajarhat, Tangra, Topsia, Kasba, Anandapur, Mukundapur, Picnic Garden, Beleghata, Ultadanga, Phoolbagan, Kaikhali, Lake Town, etc. Two planned townships in the greater Kolkata region are Bidhannagar, also known as Salt Lake City and located north-east of the city; and Rajarhat, also called New Town and sited east of Bidhannagar.[16][69] In the 2000s, Sector V in Bidhannagar developed into a business hub for information technology and telecommunication companies.[70][71] Both Bidhannagar and New Town are situated outside the Kolkata Municipal Corporation limits, in their own municipalities.[69]

Climate

Kolkata is subject to a tropical wet-and-dry climate that is designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification. According to a United Nations Development Programme report, its wind and cyclone zone is "very high damage risk".[58]

Temperature

The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 19–30 °C (66–86 °F). Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in May and June.[72] Winter lasts for roughly two-and-a-half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) in December and January. May is the hottest month, with daily temperatures ranging from 27–37 °C (81–99 °F); January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 12–23 °C (54–73 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F), and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F).[72] The winter is mild and very comfortable weather pertains over the city throughout this season. Often, in April–June, the city is struck by heavy rains or dusty squalls that are followed by thunderstorms or hailstorms, bringing cooling relief from the prevailing humidity. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and are known locally as kal bôishakhi (কালবৈশাখী), or "Nor'westers" in English.[73]

Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west summer monsoon[74] lash Kolkata between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of about 1,850 mm (73 in). The highest monthly rainfall total occurs in July and August. In these months often incessant rain for days brings live to a stall for the city dwellers. The city receives 2,528 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum sunlight exposure occurring in March.[75] Kolkata has been hit by several cyclones; these include systems occurring in 1737 and 1864 that killed thousands.[76][77]

Environmental issues

Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. As of 2008, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide annual concentration were within the national ambient air quality standards of India, but respirable suspended particulate matter levels were high, and on an increasing trend for five consecutive years, causing smog and haze.[80][81] Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer.[82]

Economy

Kolkata is the main commercial and financial hub of East and North-East India[61] and home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange.[83][84] It is a major commercial and military port, and is the only city in eastern India, apart from Bhubaneswar to have an international airport. Once India's leading city, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the decades following India's independence due to steep population increases and a rise in militant trade-unionism, which included frequent strikes that were backed by left-wing parties.[52] From the 1960s to the late 1990s, several factories were closed and businesses relocated.[52] The lack of capital and resources added to the depressed state of the city's economy and gave rise to an unwelcome sobriquet: the "dying city".[85] The city's fortunes improved after the Indian economy was liberalised in the 1990s and changes in economic policy were enacted by the West Bengal state government.[52]

Flexible production has been the norm in Kolkata, which has an informal sector that employs more than 40% of the labour force.[16] One unorganised group, roadside hawkers, generated business worth ₹ 8,772 crore (US$ 2 billion) in 2005.[86] As of 2001, around 0.81% of the city's workforce was employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 15.49% worked in the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing); and 83.69% worked in the tertiary sector (service industries).[61]:19 As of 2003, the majority of households in slums were engaged in occupations belonging to the informal sector; 36.5% were involved in servicing the urban middle class (as maids, drivers, etc.), and 22.2% were casual labourers.[87]:11 About 34% of the available labour force in Kolkata slums were unemployed.[87]:11 According to one estimate, almost a quarter of the population live on less than 27 rupees (equivalent to 45 US cents) per day.[88] As of 2010, Kolkata, with an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) by purchasing power parity of 150 billion dollars, ranked third among South Asian cities, after Mumbai and Delhi.[89] Kolkata's GDP in 2014 was Rs 1.84 trillion, according to a collaborative assessment by multiple universities and climate agencies.[90] As in many other Indian cities, information technology became a high-growth sector in Kolkata starting in the late 1990s; the city's IT sector grew at 70% per annum—a rate that was twice the national average.[52] The 2000s saw a surge of investments in the real estate, infrastructure, retail, and hospitality sectors; several large shopping malls and hotels were launched.[91][92][93][94][95] Companies such as ITC Limited, CESC Limited, Exide Industries, Emami, Eveready Industries India, Lux Industries, Rupa Company, Berger Paints, Birla Corporation and Britannia Industries are headquartered in the city. Philips India, PricewaterhouseCoopers India, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Steel have their registered office and zonal headquarters in Kolkata. Kolkata hosts the headquarters of three major public-sector banks: Allahabad Bank, UCO Bank, and the United Bank of India; and a private bank Bandhan Bank. Reserve Bank of India has its eastern zonal office in Kolkata, and India Government Mint, Kolkata is one of the four mints in India.

Panoramic view of the Down town Sector V one of the major IT hubs of Kolkata as seen from the lakes surrounding Bidhannagar. Major Buildings such as Technopolis, Godrej Waterside, TCS Lords, Eden and Wanderers Park, Gobsyn Crystal, South City Pinnacle, RDB Boulevard, West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation (WEBEL) Bhawan can be seen.

Demographics

See also: Health care in Kolkata

A big building in cream colour with many columns and a portico

Calcutta Medical College, the second institution in Asia to teach modern medicine(after 'Ecole de Médicine de Pondichéry')

IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata is the largest hospital in West Bengal and one of the oldest in Kolkata.

As of 2011, the health care system in Kolkata consists of 48 government hospitals, mostly under the Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal, and 366 private medical establishments;[177] these establishments provide the city with 27,687 hospital beds.[177] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 61.7 hospital beds,[178] which is higher than the national average of 9 hospital beds per 10,000.[179] Ten medical and dental colleges are located in the Kolkata metropolitan area which act as tertiary referral hospitals in the state.[180][181] The Calcutta Medical College, founded in 1835, was the first institution in Asia to teach modern medicine.[182] However, These facilities are inadequate to meet the healthcare needs of the city.[183][184][185] More than 78% in Kolkata prefer the private medical sector over the public medical sector,[117]:109 due to the poor quality of care, the lack of a nearby facility, and excessive waiting times at government facilities.[117]:61

According to the Indian 2005 National Family Health Survey, only a small proportion of Kolkata households were covered under any health scheme or health insurance.[117]:41 The total fertility rate in Kolkata was 1.4, The lowest among the eight cities surveyed.[117]:45 In Kolkata, 77% of the married women used contraceptives, which was the highest among the cities surveyed, but use of modern contraceptive methods was the lowest (46%).[117]:47 The infant mortality rate in Kolkata was 41 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 49 per 1,000 live births.[117]:48

Among the surveyed cities, Kolkata stood second (5%) for children who had not had any vaccinations under the Universal Immunization Programme as of 2005.[117]:48 Kolkata ranked second with access to an anganwadi centre under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme for 57% of the children between 0 and 71 months.[117]:51 The proportion of malnourished, anaemic and underweight children in Kolkata was less in comparison to other surveyed cities.[117]:54–55

About 18% of the men and 30% of the women in Kolkata are obese—the majority of them belonging to the non-poor strata of society.[117]:105 In 2005, Kolkata had the highest percentage (55%) among the surveyed cities of anaemic women, while 20% of the men in Kolkata were anaemic.[117]:56–57 Diseases like diabetes, asthma, goitre and other thyroid disorders were found in large numbers of people.[117]:57–59 Tropical diseases like malaria, dengue and chikungunya are prevalent in Kolkata, though their incidence is decreasing.[186][187] Kolkata is one of the districts in India with a high number of people with AIDS; it has been designated a district prone to high risk.[188][189]

As of 2014, because of higher air pollution, the life expectancy of a person born in the city is four years fewer than in the suburbs.[190]

Education

Kolkata's schools are run by the state government or private organisations, many of which are religious. Bengali and English are the primary languages of instruction; Urdu and Hindi are also used, particularly in central Kolkata.[191][192] Schools in Kolkata follow the "10+2+3" plan. After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education, the ICSE, or the CBSE.[191] They usually choose a focus on liberal arts, business, or science. Vocational programs are also available.[191] Some Kolkata schools, for example La Martiniere Calcutta, Calcutta Boys' School, St. James' School (Kolkata), St. Xavier's Collegiate School, and Loreto House, have been ranked amongst the best schools in the country.[193]

Indian Institute of Foreign Trade

As of 2010, the Kolkata urban agglomeration is home to 14 universities run by the state government.[194] The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Kolkata or elsewhere in India. Aliah University which was founded in 1780 as Mohammedan College of Calcutta is the oldest post-secondary educational institution of the city.[195] The University of Calcutta, founded in 1857, is the first modern university in South Asia.[196] Presidency College, Kolkata (formerly Hindu College between 1817 and 1855), founded in 1855, was one of the oldest and most eminent colleges in India. It was affiliated with the University of Calcutta until 2010 when it was converted to Presidency University, Kolkata in 2010. Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU) is the second oldest engineering institution of the country located in Howrah.[197] An Institute of National Importance, BESU was converted to India's first IIEST. Jadavpur University is known for its arts, science, and engineering faculties.[198] The Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, which was the first of the Indian Institutes of Management, was established in 1961 at Joka, a locality in the south-western suburbs. Kolkata also houses the prestigious Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, which was started here in the year 2006.[199] The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences is one of India's autonomous law schools,[200][201] and the Indian Statistical Institute is a public research institute and university. State owned Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (MAKAUT, WB), formerly West Bengal University of Technology (WBUT) is the largest Technological University in terms of student enrollment and number of Institutions affiliated by it. Private institutions include the Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute and University of Engineering & Management (UEM).

Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in Kolkata include physicists Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha,[202] and Jagadish Chandra Bose;[203] chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy;[202] statisticians Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and Anil Kumar Gain;[202] physician Upendranath Brahmachari;[202] educator Ashutosh Mukherjee;[204] and Nobel laureates Rabindranath Tagore,[205] C. V. Raman,[203] and Amartya Sen.[206]

Kolkata houses many premier research institutes like Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences (SNBNCBS), Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management (IISWBM), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC) and Indian Centre for Space Physics. Nobel laureate Sir C. V. Raman did his groundbreaking work in Raman effect in IACS.

Culture

Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic, and revolutionary heritage; as the former capital of India, it was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought.[207] Kolkata has been called the "City of Furious, Creative Energy"[208] as well as the "cultural [or literary] capital of India".[209][210] The presence of paras, which are neighbourhoods that possess a strong sense of community, is characteristic of the city.[211] Typically, each para has its own community club and, on occasion, a playing field.[211] Residents engage in addas, or leisurely chats, that often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation.[212][213] The city has a tradition of political graffiti depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures, and propaganda.[214][215]

Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracenic architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures";[216] others are in various stages of decay.[217][218] Established in 1814 as the nation's oldest museum, the Indian Museum houses large collections that showcase Indian natural history and Indian art.[219] Marble Palace is a classic example of a European mansion that was built in the city. The Victoria Memorial, a place of interest in Kolkata, has a museum documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is the leading public library in the country while Science City is the largest science centre in the Indian subcontinent.[220]

The popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined since the 1980s.[221]:99[222] Group theatres of Kolkata, a cultural movement that started in the 1940s contrasting with the then-popular commercial theatres, are theatres that are not professional or commercial, and are centres of various experiments in theme, content, and production;[223] group theatres use the proscenium stage to highlight socially relevant messages.[221]:99[224] Chitpur locality of the city houses multiple production companies of jatra, a tradition of folk drama popular in rural Bengal.[225][226] Kolkata is the home of the Bengali cinema industry, dubbed "Tollywood" for Tollygunj, where most of the state's film studios are located.[227] Its long tradition of art films includes globally acclaimed film directors such as Academy Award-winning director Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha, and contemporary directors such as Aparna Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Goutam Ghose and Rituparno Ghosh.[228]

During the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengali literature was modernised through the works of authors such as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay.[229] Coupled with social reforms led by Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, and others, this constituted a major part of the Bengal Renaissance.[230] The middle and latter parts of the 20th century witnessed the arrival of post-modernism, as well as literary movements such as those espoused by the Kallol movement, hungryalists and the little magazines.[231] Large majority of publishers of the city is concentrated in and around College Street, "... a half-mile of bookshops and bookstalls spilling over onto the pavement", selling new and used books.[232]

Kalighat painting originated in 19th century Kolkata as a local style that reflected a variety of themes including mythology and quotidian life.[233] The Government College of Art and Craft, founded in 1864, has been the cradle as well as workplace of eminent artists including Abanindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy, and Nandalal Bose.[234] The art college was the birthplace of the Bengal school of art that arose as an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the prevalent academic art styles in the early 20th century.[235][236] The Academy of Fine Arts and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions. The city is recognised for its appreciation of Rabindra sangeet (songs written by Rabindranath Tagore) and Indian classical music, with important concerts and recitals, such as Dover Lane Music Conference, being held throughout the year; Bengali popular music, including baul folk ballads, kirtans, and Gajan festival music; and modern music, including Bengali-language adhunik songs.[237][238] Since the early 1990s, new genres have emerged, including one comprising alternative folk–rock Bengali bands.[237] Another new style, jibonmukhi gaan ("songs about life"), is based on realism.[221]:105 Key elements of Kolkata's cuisine include rice and a fish curry known as machher jhol,[239] which can be accompanied by desserts such as roshogolla, sandesh, and a sweet yoghurt known as mishti dohi. Bengal's large repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of ilish, a fish that is a favourite among Calcuttans. Street foods such as beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton, or egg stuffing), phuchka (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce) and Indian Chinese cuisine from Chinatown are popular.[240][241][242][243]

Though Bengali women traditionally wear the sari, the shalwar kameez and Western attire is gaining acceptance among younger women.[244] Western-style dress has greater acceptance among men, although the traditional dhoti and kurta are seen during festivals. Durga Puja, held in September–October, is Kolkata's most important and largest festival; it is an occasion for glamorous celebrations and artistic decorations.[245][246] The Bengali New Year, known as Poila Boishak, as well as the harvest festival of Poush Parbon are among the city's other festivals; also celebrated are Kali Puja, Diwali, Holi, Jagaddhatri Puja, Saraswati Puja, Rathayatra, Janmashtami, Maha Shivratri, Vishwakarma Puja, Lakshmi Puja, Ganesh Chathurthi, Makar Sankranti, Gajan, Kalpataru Day, Bhai Phonta, Maghotsab, Eid, Muharram, Christmas, Buddha Purnima and Mahavir Jayanti. Cultural events include the Rabindra Jayanti, Independence Day(15 August), Republic Day(26 January), Kolkata Book Fair, the Dover Lane Music Festival, the Kolkata Film Festival, Nandikar's National Theatre Festival, Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally and Gandhi Jayanti.

Media

See also: Kolkata in the media and List of Bengali-language television channels

A five storied building in cream colour with multiple columns in front

Akashvani Bhawan, the head office of state-owned All India Radio, Kolkata

The first newspaper in India, the Bengal Gazette started publishing from the city in 1780.[247] Among Kolkata's widely circulated Bengali-language newspapers are Anandabazar Patrika, Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Dainik Statesman and Ganashakti.[248] The Statesman and The Telegraph are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from Kolkata. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Kolkata include The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express, and the Asian Age.[248] As the largest trading centre in East India, Kolkata has several high-circulation financial dailies, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line, and Business Standard.[248][249] Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Odia, Punjabi, and Chinese languages, are read by minorities.[248][103] Major periodicals based in Kolkata include Desh, Sananda, Saptahik Bartaman, Unish-Kuri, Anandalok, and Anandamela.[248] Historically, Kolkata has been the centre of the Bengali little magazine movement.[250][251]

All India Radio, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several AM radio stations in the city.[252] Kolkata has 12 local radio stations broadcasting on FM, including two from AIR.[253] India's state-owned television broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free-to-air terrestrial channels,[254] while a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English, and other regional channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services, or internet-based television.[255][256][257] Bengali-language 24-hour television news channels include ABP Ananda, Tara Newz, Kolkata TV, 24 Ghanta, News Time and Channel 10.[258]

Sports

See also: Football in Kolkata, Kolkata Marathon, and Kolkata derby

Salt Lake Stadium during Indian Super League opening ceremony

The most popular sports in Kolkata are football and cricket. Unlike most parts of India, the residents show significant passion for football.[259] The city is home to top national football clubs such as Mohun Bagan A.C., East Bengal F.C., Prayag United S.C., and the Mohammedan Sporting Club.[260][261] Calcutta Football League, which was started in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia.[262] Mohun Bagan A.C., one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed a "National Club of India".[263][264] Football matches between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, dubbed as the Kolkata derby, witness large audience attendance and rivalry between patrons.[265]

A Twenty20 cricket match between Kolkata Knight Riders and Pune Warriors during Indian Premier League at the Eden Gardens

As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city.[266][267] Kolkata has the Indian Premier League franchise Kolkata Knight Riders; the Cricket Association of Bengal, which regulates cricket in West Bengal, is also based in the city. Kolkata also has an Indian Super League franchise known as Atlético de Kolkata. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football, badminton, and carrom, are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.[211] The Maidan, a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.[268]

Eden Gardens, which has a capacity of 68,000 as of 2017,[269] hosted the final match of the 1987 Cricket World Cup. It is home to the Bengal cricket team and the Kolkata Knight Riders.

The multi-use Salt Lake Stadium, also known as Yuva Bharati Krirangan, is India's largest stadium by seating capacity. Most matches of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup were played in the Salt Lake Stadium including both Semi-Final matches and the Final match. Kolkata also accounted for 45% of total attendance in 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup with an average of 55,345 spectators.[270] The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[271][272]

Kolkata's Netaji Indoor Stadium served as host of the 1981 Asian Basketball Championship, where India's national basketball team finished 5th, ahead of teams that belong to Asia's basketball elite, such as Iran. The city has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club, the first golf club built outside the United Kingdom.[273][274] The other two are located at the Tollygunge Club and at Fort William. The Royal Calcutta Turf Club hosts horse racing and polo matches.[275] The Calcutta Polo Club is considered the oldest extant polo club in the world.[276][277][278] The Calcutta Racket Club is a squash and racquet club in Kolkata. It was founded in 1793, making it one of the oldest rackets clubs in the world, and the first in the Indian subcontinent.[279][280] The Calcutta South Club is a venue for national and international tennis tournaments; it held the first grass-court national championship in 1946.[281][282] In the period 2005–2007, Sunfeast Open, a tier-III tournament on the Women's Tennis Association circuit, was held in the Netaji Indoor Stadium; it has since been discontinued.[283][284]

The Calcutta Rowing Club hosts rowing heats and training events. Kolkata, considered the leading centre of rugby union in India, gives its name to the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the Calcutta Cup.[285][286][287] The Automobile Association of Eastern India, established in 1904,[288][289] and the Bengal Motor Sports Club are involved in promoting motor sports and car rallies in Kolkata and West Bengal.[290][291] The Beighton Cup, an event organised by the Bengal Hockey Association and first played in 1895, is India's oldest field hockey tournament; it is usually held on the Mohun Bagan Ground of the Maidan.[292][293] Athletes from Kolkata include Sourav Ganguly and Pankaj Roy, who are former captains of the Indian national cricket team; Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes, golfer Arjun Atwal, and former footballers Sailen Manna, Chuni Goswami, P. K. Banerjee, and Subrata Bhattacharya.

Cbse syllabus by sarita231

Cbse syllabus The CBSE board is one of the biggest educational organizations in India and prepares the syllabus for students from lower nursery group to grade 12, for schools affiliated with it. The Syllabus of CBSE is set by NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training). The CBSE Board conducts and prepare syllabus for country’s two nation-wide board examinations: All India Senior School Certificate Examination for Class 12 and All India Secondary School Examination for Class 10.

(CBSE SEWA) Atmiya Swachhta Abhiyan (1) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

(CBSE SEWA) Tree Plantation by Class 7 Students (34) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

CBSE Hubs of Learning - Inter School Volleyball Competition 2019-20 (11) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

CBSE Inter School Chess Meet 2019-20 (14) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

CBSE Zonal - Skating Competition 2018-19 (1) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

Atmiya Vidya Mandir

CBSE Cluster XIII Inter School Athletics Meet 2019-20 (1) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

(CBSE SEWA) Swachhta Abhiyan by AVM Students (1) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

(CBSE SEWA) Std 10 Students Volunteer in Dinner Preparation & Serving (20) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

(CBSE SEWA) Std 11-12 Students on Ekal Van Yatra to Narayanpur (25) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

(CBSE SEWA) Tree Plantation in Celebration of Gandhi Jayanti by Class 5 (15) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

CBSE Cluster - U-17 Volleyball Competition 2018-19 (13) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

Atmiya Vidya Mandir

CBSE Cluster - U-19 Basketball Competition 2018-19 (1) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

Atmiya Vidya Mandir

20230417_2023_04_17 CBSE Engagement Event_0001 by Portland Public Schools

CBSE_Community_Installation_2023-05-17_1_8864 by Portland Public Schools

CBSE Cluster - U-19 Volleyball Tournament (15) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

THE LAND OF ART FASCINATES PRESIDIANS - TRIP TO FRANCE by Presidium School

Presenting a beautiful glimpse of medieval cities, alpine villages and Mediterranean beaches, France is an incredible country. Presidians undertook an international trip to this exquisite destination and were overjoyed with their packed bags and ear-to-ear smiles. They were taken to the famous La Tour Eiffel, museum Le Louvre, Montmartre and the Sacre-Coeur, where they relished the pleasant weather and captivating sceneries with their friends. Serving as the perfect learning experience in the summer vacations, the trip to the land of art will always remain engraved in the hearts of our young leaders.Weblink: www.thepresidiumschool.com/news_details.php?id=896

#Presidium

#TripToFrance

CBSE School in Greater Noida West - JM International by Saurabh Singh

JM International is a #CBSE_school in greater noida west whose adventure activities program helps #students develop teamwork, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills. The school believes that adventure is the best way to learn!

Visit: www.jminternationalschool.com/grnoidawest

(CBSE SEWA) Std 11-12 Students on Ekal Van Yatra to Narayanpur (79) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

Annual Day 2012 by KVMOST KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MADURAI OLD STUDENTS ASSOCIATION ( TRUST )

ANNUAL REPORT -2011-2012 Presented by Shri. C. Muthiah

Principal

Kendriya Vidyalaya Narimedu,

Madurai-625002

“The end-product of education should be a free creative man,” says Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. Our annual report outlines our efforts to create such individuals who are definitely going to be assets to our country. It gives me great pride today to list out the achievements of our students in different areas in the course of this academic year.

ACADEMIC ACIEVEMENTS:

The Board exam results of the year 2011-12 have been very encouraging. While class X and the Science stream of class XII produced 100% result, the Commerce stream and Humanities stream result was 97%. In 2012 AISSE class X, 12 students have been awarded Certificate of merit by the CBSE for scoring A1 grades in all the five subjects. They are awarded Rs. 5000 each as per KVS norms.

In the AISSCE 2012 class XII, R. Prathima secured 100% in Biology and has figured in the 0.1% Merit list issued by the CBSE.

In addition to this, more than 50% of the students of the Science stream have secured more than 400 marks out of 500 in the AISSCE exam.

In class XII, 5 students from the Science stream and 2 students from the Humanities stream have been declared regional toppers and are awarded Rs. 5000/- by the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan. It gives me great pride here to say that out of the three regional toppers in the humanities stream, the first two rank holders are from our school. In addition to this, Mrs. S.Vanmathy Devi, PGT History has the rare distinction of securing a performance Index of 100% in History in the Humanities stream.

With regard to other classes, our school follows the continuous and comprehensive system of evaluation of students implemented by CBSE. The children of classes III to X are assessed through this method. The evaluation is done through a series of activities and paper pencil tests which make up the formative assessments and the term-end summative assessments. As the evaluation in this system is continuous, the child is made to work consistently throughout the year, which to a great extent, reduces his stress and fear of exams. A child is also able to identify his areas of interest and to improve significantly on them.

In the internal exams, the primary and the secondary sections upto class IX , produced 100% results.

Parent –teacher meetings are conducted regularly to apprise the parents of their wards’ performances in these tests.

Our teachers are taking all efforts to help the slow learners and the gifted children by giving them assignments suited to their needs. Special classes are taken in the mornings and in the evenings, both before and after the school hours and during the breaks.

CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:

Many inter-house competitions are conducted round the year, to bring out the latent talents of the children. Our school played host to the cluster level CCA competitions for the Primary and 24 students from our vidyalaya won prizes in various competitions.

Apart from this, children are also encouraged to participate in many inter-school competitions which give them an opportunity to showcase their talents.

NCC:

The NCC unit of our vidyalaya was commissioned in the year 2006 and from then on, it has grown from strength to strength. 50 students have enrolled as cadets this year with G.S. Murugan, PRT and commissioned officer, guiding them.25 NCC cadets attended the CATC camp held at Kambam this year from 13th to 22nd of May.

A conference on “Save Energy” was conducted on 30.10.12 in our school by the NCC and 50 cadets participated in this conference.

I take this opportunity to announce with great pride that a girl’s wing of the NCC has been approved and will start functioning from the next academic year.

ADVENTURE ACTIVITIES:

25 boys and 25 girls, along with 5 escort teachers, went on an adventure trip to Ooty and Mettupalayam from 30.5.2012 to 2.6.2012. The children indulged in activities like trekking, Open Air Balloon Flying, Rope and tower climbing and Bungy ejection.

SCOUTS AND GUIDES:

The scouts and guides wing, along with the cubs and the bulbuls wing of this Vidyalaya, is very active and regular classes are conducted every Friday. At present, there are 3 Scout units and 3 Guide units functioning effectively in our school.

A one-day camp was organised in our school on 22.2.2012. 150 scouts, 60 guides and nearly 90 cubs and bulbuls participated in this camp.

3 Scouts and 3 guides were selected to attend the Rajyapuraskar Testing Camp at Neela Kurinchi Southern Railway Campsite at Ketti, the Nilgris.

SOCIAL SCIENCE EXHIBITION:

In order to promote the spirit of national integration, KVS organises the social science exhibition and the National Integration camp every year. This year, our school was selected to play the host for the cluster- level social science exhibition which was conducted on 9.10.12. Our students made an almost clean sweep of the prizes in the competitions held as part of this programme. They stood first in Hindi debate, English Debate, Group song, Skit and Quiz competitions and became eligible for contesting in the regional level competitions held at KV, Ashok Nagar, Chennai. There too, the children showed their prowess by winning the first position in Skit, the second position in Hindi debate and the third position in Group song competitions. The skit went on to represent the Chennai region in the National level exhibition held at Jaipur. 4 projects from our school also got selected for the Nationals.

SCIENCE EXHIBITION:

The vidyalaya-level Science exhibition was conducted on 16.8.2012 and 2 projects from each sub-theme were selected for the Regional level exhibition held at KV, HVF, Avadi on 7th and 8th of September.

NATIONAL CHILDREN’S SCIENCE CONGRESS:

Regional level Children’s science Congress was held at KV, OFT Trichy on 9.11.12. Six teams of 4 members each participated from our school. The projects of two teams headed by Nitish Kumar (IX B) and T. Ramanan (XI A2) were selected to take part in the national level contest. The project of Master Nitish Kumar and his team-mates Master M. Pravin Gulschand, R. Kabilan and s. Navaneetha Krishnan, all of class IX B, has been selected for the Open National congress to be held at Varanasi, later this month. This project was done under the able guidance of Mrs.Jansi Ruth Margaret, TGT Science and Ms I.Selvamathy, PGT(Phy)of our Vidyalaya.

MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT:

This academic year has been declared as the Year of Mathematics and in connection with this, many activities were conducted in the Vidyalaya. Kumari. Brinda of class VIII A won the first position in the Regional level quiz competition in the Junior level and will be participating in the National level competition, later this month. Master Sreeraj Janardhan of XII A1 won the II position in the senior category and Master Aswanth of class VIII D won the III position in the Junior category at Regional level.

A power point presentation on the topic “Tricks and tips in Maths” prepared by Ms. Selvamathy, PGT Physics won the II position at regional level.

A magazine on mathematics was released in the Vidyalaya and it was selected in the cluster level competition conducted at KV,Thiruparankundram, Madurai.

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT:

Our school has taken a leap into the future by installing 10 smart boards. This technological marvel has certainly made the teaching-learning environment in our school more interesting and more effective.

ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPORTS AND GAMES:

Our annual Sports Day was celebrated on 3.8.12 with great fanfare. Our school also hosted the Cluser level Kho-Kho Meet for both boys and girls, the KVS Chennai regional athletic Meet for Girls and the Cluster level Primary Sports Meet this academic year. Our Primary children emerged the champions in the Primary sports Meet.

The coaching camp for Pre-national athletics for girls was held in our Vidyalaya from 7.10.12 to 13.10.12.

At the Regional level meets, the girls under 19 team won the gold and the under 19 boys team won the silver. The Badminton team won the gold medal in the team event. In shooting, our student Priya Damodharan of class IX A won the gold and created a new record in the event. She was selected to the SGFI games where she has brought laurels to our school by winning the silver medal and a cash award of Rs.3000/- Our school sent the largest contingent of 33 students from our Vidyalaya to the 43rd KVS National sports Meet and these students, among them won Rs. 18,000/ as cash awards for winning various events. 6 of them were selected for the SGFI which will be held this month and the next at various locations.

LIBRARY:

Our school library is well-equipped and fully automated with an extensive and varied collection of books, magazines and dailies. 3 computers with internet connection and an exclusive website for the library are the other added attractions.

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION:

The Alumni Association of our school has always been a pillar of strength to us, supporting us both monetarily and otherwise. Mr. Bhimsingh, secretary of the Association along with the other members, has contributed significantly to the growth of the school. Several scholarships have been instituted by the Association to help the needy, meritorious students in their pursuit of excellence. At present, 18 students are the beneficiaries of their benevolence.

The Association also rewards the toppers of class XI and XII. They have set up A.K. Annasamy Memorial Scholarship for two best students in class XII and Visalakshi Kalyanasundaram Memorial Prize for two best students in class XI. 2 prizes for the toppers in Maths in class XII Board Exams have been instituted by H. Balakrishnan, Ex. PGT Maths.

I take this opportunity to thank the Association for their constant support and I sincerely hope that their patronage will continue in the years to come.

Before I end this report, I would fail in my duties if I don’t mention the awards won by our teachers for their meritorious service to the student community. Mrs. Indra Ramaraju, PRT and HM I/c, Sri. M Pannerselvam, TGT PhE and Sri. K. Ramasamy, Librarian have been selected for the prestigious Regional Incentive Awards by the KVS. These teachers will be felicitated on KVS Foundation day ie. Dec. 15th at KV, Meenambakkam, Chennai. Two more teachers, Mrs. V. Gowri, PGT Chemistry and Mrs. Amirtha Anbalagan, PRT have been nominated as the Best Science teachers from our school. They too will be felicitated shortly. This recognition will, I am sure, inspire many more teachers to give their best and thereby benefit both the students and the society.

With this positive note, I end my report.

I wish you all a very pleasant and entertaining evening.

Thank you

-o0o-

Factual Descriptions Format by Gyanguru-Pix

CBSE

Psychology Test Questions for CBSE XI by Vikram Singh

Meritnation launches an online test questions pack in Psychology for CBSE class XI Humanities students. Now studying the different theories in Learning & Memory, and understanding the various models that explain Motivation, Emotion etc becomes easy with Meritnation. Meritnation's Psychology Test Questions Pack now & look forward to making Psychology your top scoring subject this academic year!

For more information about Psychology Test Questions Pack please visit @ cbse.meritnation.com/cbse-psychology/what-is-psychology/4...

Electricity | CBSE Grade 10 Science | Concept Map - Butterfly EduFields by butterfly fields

Electricity | CBSE Grade 10 Science | Concept Map - Butterfly EduFields

This Concept Map on “Electricity” covers the following topics:

ELECTRIC CURRENT AND CIRCUIT

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OHM’S LAW

www.butterflyfields.com/resources/electricity-cbse-grade-...

Symboyzia School Agra by Anuraj Rana

CBSE Affiliation 2130616

School Code 54074

PEDICURING THE SENIOR AND GERIATRIC CLIENT by CGR International school

Over the past 10 years, there has been a significant increase in the population of seniors over the age of 65. Current statistics from major western countries vary from 15% to 18% of the population. This is a growing segment for pedicures since 90% of this population has one or more foot-related problems. Senior and geriatric clients have a higher risk for certain conditions. Understanding the changes in this age group is essential to being able to service their needs adequately. Recognizing and understanding changes and problems with the foot and lower limb will help to meet their needs.

population-250x151.png

These changes include issues with the following:

Circulatory system

Neuropathy

Skin and nail changes

Structural changes and deformities

Other senior concerns

It is not uncommon for seniors to experience problems due to normal wear and tear on their feet. In addition, the number of people with chronic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes, thyroid conditions, cancer survivors etc., is steadily increasing, particularly in the over 65 age group. All the more reason these clients need special attention and understanding in order to modify a pedicure for their specific needs.

CIRCULATORY ISSUES:

Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) is the most common vascular condition, manifesting with the presence of spider veins, distended capillaries, varicose veins, foot and ankle edema, lack of hair growth on legs and toes, and thin, often discoloured, shiny skin. It typically causes decreased sweat production thereby contributing to dry skin. Poor circulation can also make a client more susceptible to the development of ulcers due to wearing the wrong shoes, socks, or other scraps bangs and abrasions.

Peripheral Vascular Disease in the lower legs (PVD) is due to the narrowing of the blood vessels that become damaged, leading to ischemia (lack of blood supply). The resulting diminished blood flow to the feet always leaves the client at risk for infections and ulcers.

NEUROPATHY:

Peripheral neuropathy is a condition that is frequently seen in seniors, particularly those with Type 2 diabetes. Symptoms may include tingling, burning, numbness, as well as loss of sensation to touch and temperature.

SKIN AND NAIL CHANGES:

Due to metabolic and circulatory issues, the skin becomes thin and fragile leaving it very susceptible to injury and infection. The skin on the feet often becomes dry and rough making them susceptible to infection through micro lesions. Corns and calluses may be prevalent on pressure points causing discomfort and possibly pain when walking. Loss of fat pads on the ball of the foot is typical with aging feet potentially causing pain. Nails frequently become dark and thickened and often have onychomycosis with separation of the nail plate from the nail bed.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND DEFORMITIES:

Bunions, toe deformities such as hammer toes and heel spurs can cause pain and can result in skin problems such as corns and calluses. With advancing age, people have greater difficulty reaching their feet, are less active and less agile. This makes it difficult for them to care for their own feet or put on proper shoes.

OTHER SERIOUS CONCERNS:

Poor eyesight can lead to the client not seeing injury or change in the skin on the feet. This is worse in the presence of neuropathy. Clients should be encouraged to check the bottom of their feet in a mirror on the floor regularly. Medications influence the body’s metabolism, possibly affecting the skins’ normal function, further leading to dry skin. Medications like blood thinners may leave the skin of feet at risk of injury.

PEDICURING THE SENIOR OR GERIATRIC CLIENT:

elderlyfeet-247x165-(1).jpg

Complete a thorough skin and nail assessment before starting the pedicure.

Gently cleanse the foot for 3-5 minutes in warm, not hot water using the Footlogix Foot Soak.

Pay attention to the skin between and under the toes.

Take care when moving the ankle and toe joints so as not to push beyond their range of motion.

Use Footlogix Callus Softener before working on calluses and nails.

Take care when trimming nails and when skin is fragile. Reduce thick nails with an electric file for comfort.

Gently clean the nail groove and free edge.

Use a Footlogix mousse product for a gentle foot massage and hydrating the skin.

When massaging the leg, use the Footlogix Massage Formula and gentle effleurage working upwards towards the knee.

senior citizens pedicure

CBSE CLUSTER by Our Own English High School Sharjah Boys'

2018

(CBSE SEWA) Std 11-12 Students on Ekal Van Yatra to Narayanpur (91) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

Class XII Maths CBSE Exam Tips and Sample Paper on Youtube channel maths for india by Dr. VK Gupta by Kiran Rohtagi

Maths for India by Dr. VK Gupta have launched their Free sample paper with answers based on latest pattern on cbse at their youtube channel.

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Every student of Class XII may get the benefit, even ask the question with Dr. VK Gupta who have 40 years of Experience. Find latest exam tips, sample papers, mathematics video on youtube channel Maths for India by Dr. VK Gupta. math tricks is available. Don't use calculator. Sharp your mind with easy math tips and math tricks. Class XII students problems and solution in Mathematics solved by Dr. VK Gupta who have 40 years of experience in this segment. He is also and Author and wirte more than 20 books for school students. Recently he launched a Mathematics sample paper with solution based on latest pattern of CBSE for Class XII. Students of Class 12th can easily practice this sample paper, write their answers in comment box. find easy solution. For more Videos you can easily visit their Youtube channel Maths for India by Dr. VK Gupta www.youtube.com/channel/UC-phcQm1XIwulM2e1UaLfOg.

If you have any query please ask in comment box. and follow these exam tips for your board exam of cbse.

Under guidance of Dr. VK Gupta many students become pilot, engineer, etc. We hope all of Students of class XII will have a great future and they will maker their carrier successful in post covid time.

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Sample Practice Paper - 1:

youtu.be/UrSFSwmsFJU

Solution to Practice Paper - 1:

youtu.be/7a3tL6ds2RI

Sample Practice Paper - 2:

youtu.be/0p_i-S9TUdA

Tips For Examination:

youtu.be/3fPfIHhcNLM

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(CBSE SEWA) Std 11-12 Students on Ekal Van Yatra to Narayanpur (90) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

vidya pratishthan's english medium school (CBSE) by sohel shaha

3 10

nice school

CBSE CHESS NATIONALS-PRESIDIUM’S MAESTROS CLAIM VICTORY by Presidium School

The master Chess players of Presidium Indirapuram, have established themselves as great players indeed at the CBSE National Chess Championship, held at Varanasi from 15th to 21st December.

Presidians participated in different age categories at the championship. From the girls’ team Shanya Mishra won two Gold medals in the U14 Girls-Individual and also in the U14 Girls-Team category. In the boys team Satvik Sharma, Aryan Sharma, Pranav Aggarwal and Manikya Negi bagged the 3rd runners up position.

Congratulations to the Coaches and Presidium Indirapuram.

New format for JEE (Mains and Advanced) by Gyanguru-Pix

Effective from 2013

Yerba Mate CBSe by Chatka z Yerba Mate Dodajemy MOCY!

Co powiecie na Yerba Mate CBSe z dodatkiem guarany? :)

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(CBSE SEWA) Std 11-12 Students on Ekal Van Yatra to Narayanpur (73) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

Surprise! CBSE Class X results out : DNA : May 22nd 2012 by GEAR Foundation

While most students were caught unaware when the results of the CBSE exam were announced, some were pleasantly surprised to find out that they had scored a CGPA (cumulative grade point average) of 10.

In the case of some schools, several students managed to pull off this feat. For instance, 20 students out of 136 who appeared for the exam from Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV) at the Indian Institute of Science secured the perfect 10. “I had no idea about the results and I did not expect to get a CGPA of 10. I was a little worried about my Math exam. I love Biology and want to appear for IAS exam one day,” said Advaith Rao, a student from KV, IISc.

At Delhi Public School, Bangalore south, 64 students out of 242 who appeared for the exam managed to score a CGPA of 10 and 157 students scored between 9 and 10 CGPAs. Eight students out of 17 appeared for the exam from GEAR Innovative International School received a perfect 10; the school finished with an average CGPA of 9.30. “I came to know about my results when my principal called me up. I didn’t have any time to celebrate yet. I want to get into Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) and will be opting for pre-university,” said Sumaiyyah Nizam from Gear Innovative International School.

For Amy Binu Suzzane, who is among the five students from Jain Heritage School who secured 10 CGPA, the result came as a surprise. “I am happy with my performance. I’m planning to switch over to the pre-university stream and become a fashion designer,” she said. “We have a 100 per cent pass result in our school with an average of 8.2 CGPA. Eight of 92 students who appeared in the exam got 10 pointers,” said Commander K L Ganesh Sharma, chief executive officer of Jain International Residential School. At Venkat International Public School, 26 students managed to get the perfect 10.

This year, the number of students who took the CBSE board exam is much more than those who opted for the school-based exam—while 97,259 took the board exam, only 54,741 opted for school-based exam. While the option to choose between the board and school-based exams was given to students, most preferred to go ahead with the board exam.

In September 2009, it was announced that from 2010-11, the board exam would be optional for Class 10 students of CBSE schools. As per the directive, students can choose to appear for the board exam or go for internal assessments/school-based tests. The initiative was aimed at relieving the stress caused by the hype surrounding the board exam. However, most students preferred to take the tried and tested board exam.

While some schools made it mandatory for students to take the board exam, other schools, which allowed the students to choose between the two exams, also saw students opting for the board exam. “Students and parents are yet to understand CBSE board’s intention behind providing the option to students. They don’t seem to be comfortable with the school-based exam since they feel it is easier to change boards by taking the board exam,” said Mansoor Ali Khan, general secretary of Management of Independent CBSE Schools' Association and secretary of Delhi Public School.

“More students opt for the board exam since they feel that their options are open. Also, there is a lot of confusion among students and parents. This forces them to opt for the board exam,” said Archana Vishwanath, principal of Jain Heritage School, adding that in 2012 more students opted for the board exam compared with last year.

This year, Army Public School, Bangalore, asked all of its Class 10 students to appear for the board exam. School principal Manjula Raman stated that students who had opted to take the school-based exam in the previous year experienced a lot of confusion.

What is in store for those who have cleared the exam?

The students who appear for the board exam will be given a Certificate of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, comprising evaluations of their performances in Class IX and Class X. The overall performance is reflected in individual subjects in the form of Grades A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2 and D. Candidates falling within the range of A1 to D are qualified for admission to higher classes. “Candidates obtaining Grades E1 and E2 are put under the category ‘Eligible for Improvement of Performance’ (EIOP). They can appear for improving their performance as per board rules,” said DT Sudharsan Rao, CBSE regional officer. He added that candidates who wish to apply for Improvement of Performance (IOP) can apply in the prescribed form before June 22without a late fee. The date of this examination has been tentatively fixed at July 16.

(CBSE SEWA) Std 11-12 Students on Ekal Van Yatra to Narayanpur (83) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

Best Parenting Tips for the First Two Years of Life by sujit p

Studying the growth of babies' emotions and cognitive abilities is fairly difficult, but two-year-olds were a whole other ballgame. At the age of two, they were going to the best CBSE schools in Bangalore handle them carefully.

The first two years of life are poised to dispute regulations due to their newly acquired sense of freedom and self-hood. They will push boundaries, experiment with restrictions, try their patience, and all of the above.

Tips For Parenting Your first two years of life

Neglect undesirable behaviors :

They will repeat anything if you make it seem important. They do this because they want to witness your unexpected response to their simple words.

Children under the age of first two years of life aren't fully able to comprehend why speaking the word makes you angry; instead, they will just consider your instant response. which is not how you generally behave. They will therefore repeat that word since they find your response to be so fascinating.

Remember that they are learning by repetition in this manner. For instance, they could want to keep playing the same game. And even though it is monotonous to us, they are fortifying neural connections through repetition in first two years of life

Say What They Can Do to Them :

Around 100 billion brain cells (neurons) with only a few connections are present in newborns. In the first two years of life these relationships shape our thoughts, motivations, and personalities. Thoughts, motivations, and personalities are all shaped by these relationships, which essentially define who we are. Through the experiences we have throughout our lives, they are developed, maintained, and "crafted."

BE A HOME OF SAFE HOPE FOR YOUR CHILD :

Be attentive to your child's signals and sensitive to their needs in age or to the first two years of life, show them that you are there for them at all times. Support and embrace your child's uniqueness. Be a welcoming, secure location for your youngster to explore and come back to.

Parents that are constantly receptive to their children's needs likely to have kids who develop their social skills, emotional regulation, and mental health more effectively in first two years of life

CONNECT WITH YOUR CHILD AND AID IN BRAIN INTEGRATION :

The majority of us are well aware of how crucial communication is. Talk to your youngster and pay close attention to what they say. Maintaining open lines of communication will improve your bond with your child and encourage them to seek you out in times of need.

In the first two years of life, there is also another justification for communication. You assist your child in integrating their brain's many regions, an important developmental process.

NO MATTER WHAT, DO NOT SPANK:

There is little doubt that for some parents' Beginning two years of the life of their kids, spanking can result in momentary acquiescence, which can occasionally provide much-needed respite.

However, this approach does not impart morality to the youngsters. Only exterior consequences are taught to the youngster as a result. The kid is then inspired to behave properly so they won't be caught.

In two years of life different children respond differently to different parenting styles, as demonstrated by the concept of differential susceptibility.

Those who are more resilient may "come out alright" regardless of how harshly their parents discipline them. But that does not imply that the methods are beneficial. These kids are merely fortunate. They can succeed despite having poor parenting, not as a result of it.

It is impossible to overstate the value of parenting at the first of two years of life. Parenting may not always be as simple as following scientific recommendations. In the short run, it might take more effort from you, but in the long run, it will save you a tonne of time and pain.

A respectable school will take care of all of a student's academic requirements, and extracurricular activities are encouraged to aid kids at the beginning of two years of their life in learning new things. Passing student grades is another prerequisite for a school to be named the best CBSE school in Bangalore. One of Bangalore's best primary and secondary CBSE schools, Soundarya Central School Central, is a day boarding school with a reputation for giving students a top-notch education and is accredited by CBSE. Parents and children like this school. On the school's official website, you can find the rest of the information. Strong passing rates are a common trait among its students.

soundaryacentralschool.com/about-us.php

Force and Laws of Motion | CBSE Grade 9 Science | Concept Map by butterfly fields

Force and Laws of Motion | CBSE Grade 9 Science | Concept Map

This Concept Map on “Force and Laws of Motion” covers the following topics:

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

First Law of Motion

Inertia and Mass

Second Law of Motion

Third Law of Motion

Conservation of Momentu

www.butterflyfields.com/resources/force-and-laws-of-motio...

The Human Eye and the Colourful World | CBSE Grade 10 Science | Concept Map - Butterfly EduFields by butterfly fields

The Human Eye and the Colourful World | CBSE Grade 10 Science | Concept Map

This Concept Map on “The Human Eye and the Colourful World” covers the following topics:

THE HUMAN EYE

DEFECTS OF VISION AND THEIR CORRECTION

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY A GLASS PRISM

ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION

SCATTERING OF LIGHT

www.butterflyfields.com/resources/the-human-eye-and-the-c...

Campus Route map by GEAR Foundation

We have 4 Locations of which 2 are schools with Montessori and the other two are independent Montessori Centers.

GEM+ Rose: Marathalli ;

GEM+ Tulip : HSR Layout ;

GEAR Innovative Intl. School : Daddakannelli

Confident-GEAR creative Leadership School : Somapura gate, Sarjapur Road.

Cbse board syllabus by sarita231

Cbse board syllabus The CBSE board is one of the biggest educational organizations in India and prepares the syllabus for students from lower nursery group to grade 12, for schools affiliated with it. The Syllabus of CBSE is set by NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training). The CBSE Board conducts and prepare syllabus for country’s two nation-wide board examinations: All India Senior School Certificate Examination for Class 12 and All India Secondary School Examination for Class 10.

(CBSE SEWA) Std 10 Students Volunteer in Dinner Preparation & Serving (2) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

Navratri Celebration - GSEB & CBSE by AADHARSHILA EDUCATION AND CHARITABLE TRUST

All Students of English & Gujarati Medium (GSEB) and CBSE - English Medium celebrate Navratri together on 27.09.2014 at School Campus.

Some Memorable Moments of this auspicious occasion we share here with you.

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CBSE 10th standard candidates celebrates after declaration of their results at Guwahati. Pic by UB Photos by guwahaticity

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(CBSE SEWA) Std 11-12 Students on Ekal Van Yatra to Narayanpur (59) by Atmiya Vidya Mandir

5-ways-to-make-the-most-of-this-coronavirus-lockdown by CGR International school

The Covid-19 cases started in China and almost the entire world has succumbed to this life-threatening virus. More than 23,000 cases have been registered in India and the entire nation has gone for a lockdown for more than a month. The 38 districts which are currently under lockdown and some even under curfew aim to slow down public movement and break the chain of the Coronavirus spread through social distancing. In this moment of crisis, we all must stay at home and disrupt the spreading of coronavirus.

While schools and colleges and workplaces are shut down, you have ample time to get any work done or learn anything you want.

Here are a few ideas you can explore to not get bored and remain productive during this crisis –

Let’s do free-hand exercise or yoga to stay fit –

Not only schools, colleges or offices but the gyms are also locked down for avoiding social gathering. Exercising is important to keep the strength, flexibility and most importantly the immunity on point during this Coronavirus pandemic. At home, you can do many freehand exercises like squats, push-ups, leg lifts, ab crunches and others to keep your body fit and healthy. Also, you can try yoga as it doesn’t require huge spaces and is extremely beneficial for mind and health. So, with a balanced diet plan mix some exercise and yoga to stay healthy while you stay at home during the lockdown.

Focus on extra-curricular activities –

In a normal condition, studies often keep you occupied and give you less time to paint, dance, recite, play chess or even sing. But when the entire nation is stuck at home and you don’t have studies, then it’s time to bring out your paintbrushes or musical instruments and start pursuing your passion. Any of these extra-curricular activities are meditative and soothes your mind and keeps you calm. So, go ahead and explore your creative language and don’t get bored.

Explore good books –

It is often said that books are a man’s best friend when nobody is around. Reading will not only boost your vocabulary skills but will also give you enough fodder yo spend your time in a world of unknown. Books like Ruskin bond collection, The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, The Harry Potter series by JK Rowling, Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things, RK Narayan’s The Guide, Khuswant Singh’s Train to Pakistan, motivational books by Shiv Khera, and The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, and others can be easily found online for free if you don’t have them. So, engage yourself in books and have a good experience in this coronavirus lockdown time.

Learn a new language –

Nothing can be a better time than this to learn a new language. While you have enough time at your disposal, you can bestow your dedication and have a fun experience but learning a new language. It will not only enhance your CV but will also open new avenues of education and jobs in the future. There are various free and paid online courses and mobile apps which will help you to learn new languages. Think of getting an online certificate for your new language skill and imparting the knowledge to your friends and family.

Spend more time with family –

Turn this fight against coronavirus into an opportunity of making the most of it with your loved ones. While you are locked in your house and cannot go out spend time with those who are always there for you. Read a book to your grandparents, or play with your younger sibling and have a long chat session with your parents. Also, you can help your elders in cooking meals or cleaning the house. This quarantine will show you new life skills that will benefit you in the future.

This is indeed a tough time and staying at home is the only option. While it can be boresome and tough, these above-mentioned ways will bring a breeze of happiness to your life by keeping you busy and your mind healthy.

girls topped again CBSE by Synergy Web Designers

M Gayatri tops with 99.20%, Mythili Mishra secures 99%

‪#‎CBSEResult‬ ‪#‎ResultOnline‬ ‪#‎DelhiUniversity‬

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