View allAll Photos Tagged Bricklayer
A 33 pulls a continental ferry train out of Dover Western Docks and heads for Bricklayers Arms; June '77.
33113 works a short ballast train at Redhill on 10 January 1975. The 7C headcode would suggest Hoo Junction/Bricklayers Arms to Brighton via Redhill.
Pentax SP1000/55mm
Ilford FP4
Depth to a root limiting or restrictive layer is important because it determines the amount of soil material favorable for plant rooting. A shallow soil limits the amount of water the soil can supply plants. A root limiting layer impeds the vertical movement of water, air, and growth of plant roots. If cracks are present, areas that roots can enter are 10 cm or more apart. Examples are: densic materials, hardpan, claypan, fragipan, caliche, or some compacted soils, bedrock and unstructured clay soils.
In this example, roots have been stopped or turned by the dense, compact, non-cemented marine sediment. Zones that roots can enter are more than 10 centimeters apart.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Built between 1870 and 1875 the viaduct has foundations 25 feet deep. The bricklayers often had to abandon work to avoid being blown off by the wind. Many men lost their lives there and lie in unmarked graves in the churchyard at Chapel le Dale.
The PVL's that operate on route 363 are likely to disappear in about a year or so as the current contract expires in November 2016. An announcement of the tender is yet to be made. It has operated from London Central's Peckham Garage since it was formed in 2003 to take over the southern section of route 63.
Alesha Jamaican Fashion Model in Pink Skirt and Jacket and Girl Guide Hat with Sunglasses on Location at The Bricklayer's Arms English Pub Shoreditch London Corner of Rivington Street and Charlotte Road EC2
A recent transfer from Northumberland Park is this Volvo B9TL originally bought by First. This bus was allocated to route 259 until it was lost to Arriva in March.
I was glad to see it has a full set of blinds; a white set with the newer style font. I was hoping they'd be a dayglo set, but oh well.
I believe most of these WVNs are destined to be used on the 131 once it transfers to London General later this year.
For whatever reason it was common for First to use N in their type codes: DN, TN, VNW, etc. I've never been able to figure out what exactly it stands for. Likewise the ex-First Go-Ahead buses are coded in the same fashion.
NP also have ex-Peckham WVL333, which I suppose they could have sent back had it been free, but of course that wouldn't be as interesting, now would it?
Alesha Jamaican Fashion Model in Pink Skirt and Jacket and Girl Guide Hat with Sunglasses on Location at The Bricklayer's Arms English Pub Shoreditch London Corner of Rivington Street and Charlotte Road EC2
French postcard by DR. Photo: La Cinémathèque Française. Roberto Benigni and Angelo Orlando in La Voce della luna/The Voice of the Moon (Federico Fellini, 1990).
Roberto Benigni (1952) is Italy’s most popular film comedian since Totó. He worked with famous directors like Jim Jarmusch, Marco Ferreri, Bernardo Bertolucci, Federico Fellini, Wim Wenders, and Woody Allen. Benigni also directed several comedies himself, including the award-winning La vita è bella/Life Is Beautiful (1997).
Roberto Remigio Benigni was born in Manciano La Misericordia, Italy, in 1952 His parents were Luigi Benigni and Isolina Papini and he has three sisters. His father worked as a farmer, carpenter, and bricklayer. He was a prisoner in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen between 1943 and 1945. Roberto used his stories as the basis for his film La vita è bella (1997). His mother worked as a fabric inspector. Roberto was raised Catholic, served as an altar boy, and attended a seminary in Florence, planning to become a priest. In 1971, he moved to Rome where he took part in some experimental theatre shows, some of which he also directed. In 1975, Benigni had his first theatrical success with the play Cioni Mario di Gaspare fu Giulia (1975), written and directed by Giuseppe Bertolucci. Benigni played the character of Mario Cioni, a character he later resumed in the variety TV series Onda Libera (Renzo Arbore, 1976). Benigni became famous in Italy when he interpreted in Onda Libera the satirical song L'inno del corpo sciolto (The Hymn of the Slippery Body), about the joys of defecation. It caused such a scandal that the censors suspended the series. Benigni played Mario Cioni again in his first film, the comedy Berlinguer ti voglio bene/Berlinguer, I Love You (Giuseppe Bertolucci, 1977) with Alida Valli as his mother. The title quotes Benigni´s character´s declaration of love for Enrico Berlinguer, then the leader of the Italian Communist Party. Later, Benigni appeared during a public political demonstration by the Italian Communist Party. On this occasion, he lifted and cradled Berlinguer, normally a very serious figure. It was an unprecedented but very successful act, which leads politicians to exhibit a more popular behaviour from that moment on. His popularity increased with L'altra domenica (1976-1979), another TV show in which Benigni portrays a lazy film critic who never watches the films he's asked to review. In 1979 he had international success with the symbolic social drama Chiedo asilo/Seeking Asylum (Marco Ferreri, 1979) about a well-meaning teacher and his young pre-school class. The film was entered into the 30th Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Silver Bear - Special Jury Prize. Bernardo Bertolucci cast him in a small speechless role as a window upholsterer in La Luna/Luna (1979) starring Jill Clayburgh. In 1980 Benigni met actress Nicoletta Braschi, who in 1991 became his wife. She co-starred in his first film as director, the comedy Tu mi turbi/You Upset Me (Roberto Benigni, 1983), and in most of his later films. Next, he played with the popular comic actor Massimo Troisi in Non ci resta che piangere/Nothing Left To Do But Cry (Roberto Benigni, Massimo Troisi, 1984). In this fable, the two protagonists are suddenly thrown back in time to the 15th century, just a little before 1492. They start looking for Christopher Columbus in order to stop him from discovering the Americas (for very personal love reasons), but are not able to reach him.
Roberto Benigni was censored again in the 1980s for calling Pope John Paul II ‘Wojtylaccio’ during a TV show (‘Wojtylaccio’, which translates as ‘Bad Wojtyla’, but with a friendly meaning in Tuscan dialect). Benigni starred in three films by American director Jim Jarmusch. In Down By Law (Jim Jarmusch, 1986) he played Bob, an innocent foreigner living in the United States, convicted of manslaughter, whose irrepressible good humour and optimism help him to escape and find love. His co-stars were Tom Waits, John Lurie, and Braschi, who of course played his beloved. In Night on Earth (Jim Jarmusch, 1991) he played a cabbie in Rome, who causes his passenger, a priest (Paolo Bonacelli), great discomfort, and a fatal heart attack by confessing his bizarre sexual experiences. He also starred in the first of Jarmusch's segments in Coffee and Cigarettes (2003). In 1988 Benigni began a long-lasting collaboration with screenwriter Vincenzo Cerami. Their first film was Il piccolo diavolo/The Little Devil (Roberto Benigni, 1988) with Walter Matthau. For his part as the little devil, Benigni won the David di Donatello Award for Best Actor. It was the start of a series of comedies that were very popular in Italy, including Johnny Stecchino/Johnny Toothpick (Roberto Benigni, 1992), and Il mostro/The Monster (Roberto Benigni, Yves Attal, 1994). The box-office hit Johnny Stecchino, brought him considerable international attention. Benigni had a rare serious role in Fellini's last film, La voce della luna/The Voice of the Moon (Federico Fellini, 1989). He also starred in Wim Wenders' Faraway, So Close (1993) and Son of the Pink Panther (Blake Edwards, 1993) as Inspector Clouseau's (Peter Sellers) illegitimate son who is assigned to save the Princess of Lugash. Also in this film are Panther regulars Herbert Lom, Burt Kwouk, and a star of the original 1963 film, Claudia Cardinale. The film bombed in the US but was a hit in Italy. Outside his homeland, Benigni is probably best known for his tragicomedy La vita è bella/Life Is Beautiful (Roberto Benigni, 1997), also written by Vincenzo Cerami. The film is about an Italian Jewish man who tries to protect his son's innocence during his internment at a Nazi concentration camp, by telling him that the Holocaust is an elaborate game and he must adhere very carefully to the rules to win. Benigni's father had spent three years in a concentration camp in Bergen-Belsen, and La vita è bella is based in part on his father's experiences. Although the story and presentation of the film had been discussed during production with different Jewish groups to limit the offense it might cause, critics accused the film of presenting the Holocaust without much suffering. La vita è bella was shown at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival and won the Grand Prix. In 1999 Benigni also won the Oscar for Best Actor. The score by Nicola Piovani won another Oscar for Best Original Dramatic Score, and the film was awarded the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. Famously, Benigni climbed over and then stood on the backs of the seats in front of him and applauded the audience before proceeding to the stage. And after winning his Best Actor Oscar, he said in his acceptance speech, "This is a terrible mistake because I used up all my English!" The film grossed worldwide more than $200 million. He then appeared in the live-action film Astérix & Obélix contre César/Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar (Claude Zidi, 1999), based on Goscinny and Uderzo's Astérix comics and featuring Christian Clavier as Asterix and Gérard Depardieu as Obélix. Benigni played Lucius Detritus, a corrupt Roman provincial governor who wants to kill Julius Caesar.
Roberto Benigni’s next film, the live-action Pinocchio (Roberto Benigni, 2002) was one of the costliest films in Italian cinema ever. It performed well in Italy, but it bombed in North America. Pinocchio received six nominations at the David di Donatello Awards, winning two, as well as winning one of the two awards it was nominated for at the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists. At the 23rd Golden Raspberry Awards, however, Benigni was named as the Worst Actor for his role as Pinocchio. Benigni gave a typically energetic and revealing interview for Fellini: I'm a Born Liar (Damian Pettigrew, 2002), a cinematic portrait of the maestro that was nominated for Best Documentary at the European Film Awards. His next film was La tigre e la neve/The Tiger and the Snow (Roberto Benigni, 2005) a romantic comedy set in contemporary Rome and in occupied Baghdad during the Iraq War. In 2006 and 2007, Benigni toured Italy with his 90-minute one-man show TuttoDante (Everything About Dante). Combining current events and memories of his past narrated with an ironic tone, Benigni then begins a journey of poetry and passion through the world of the Divine Comedy. He performed TuttoDante during 130 shows in Italian piazzas, arenas, and stadiums for about one million spectators. Over 10 million more spectators watched the TV show, Il V canto dell’Inferno/The 5th Song of Hell (2007). In 2008-2009, Benigni brought TuttoDante to the United States, Canada and. His latest film appearance was in a segment of To Rome with Love (Woody Allen, 2012). Benigni played a man who wakes up one morning to discover that he has inexplicably become a national celebrity. To Rome with Love received mixed reviews but was a box office success.
Sources: Hal Erickson (AllMovie), Wikipedia, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards..
It is rare to find a moment frozen in time, rarer still to find such a crucial moment in English history so frozen. Kirby Muxloe is just such a turning point, a magnificent red-brick castle caught almost at the exact minute that the bricklayers walked off the job when they found out that their boss wasn't paying them. He was dead.
The boss was the parvenu William Lord Hastings who was executed in 1483 by the future King Richard III probably, and I must stress the 'probably', for supporting the two little princes in the Tower, the sons of the recently dead King Edward IV.
Edward's brother, Richard, the Duke of Gloucester, had been quite affable that morning, attending a meeting which included senior English political figures, to discuss the Coronation of the older boy. As the story goes Richard stepped out of the room for a few minutes and then returned with armed guards screaming treason and had three men arrested.
Hastings was dragged out on to Tower Green and was beheaded without trial. Oddly the other two men were released within a few days and, more oddly, the Hastings family was not attainted by Richard. Attainder, for treason, normally meant the ruin of the family, with all property confiscated by the king. In this case the Hastings family kept their fortune and one might almost suspect that treason was never an issue. Even odder Hastings was still buried in the royal chapel at Windsor Castle next to his old friend Edward IV, something which King Richard could easily have forbidden. Most traitors ended up with their head on a spike, not buried in their accuser's family mausoleum! Do we think that the 'conventionally pious' Richard had a pang of guilt? You bet!
Lord Hastings had been an old drinking and whoring pal of Edward IV. They fought alongside each other, went into exile together - when fortune turned against Edward - and they shared mistress Jane Shore, among others. Of all the people likely to have opposed Richard in taking the crown from the boys, Hastings is likely to have put up the greatest objection. It appears Hastings had been passing information to Richard about the hated Rivers family (Edward's equally parvenu in-laws) who stood to lose much if their nephew did not gain the throne. It also appears that Richard may have confided his true plan to Hastings, hoping for support. It appears Hastings recoiled from the plan and had to be silenced by Richard who was still playing the 'reluctant monarch' and would continue to do so for several days.
In short… Hastings was probably the one honest man in the room and that was one too many for Richard. He had to go but Richard still looked after the dead man's family and treated him with honour.
Hastings already owned other castles, such as Ashby-de-la-Zouch, where he also spent heavily on building. But Kirby Muxloe appears to have been his pet project, a castle or defended manor house with a picturesque wet moat and gun ports for cannons to fire across the moat or cross-fire the entrance. It had a drawbridge, a portcullis and gates of a traditional medieval castle but the gun ports were 'bang' up to date - if you will pardon the pun. The red brick was fashionable but - in the style of the used car dealer who moves into the Stockbroker Belt and puts white-washed lions at his gate - William had his initials 'WH' and the family shield set into the brickwork in darker bricks. It was almost bad taste. "I've made it to the big league" etc etc.
The site today retains the almost complete brick-lined moat, the footings for all the walls and the almost complete west tower and a partially complete gatehouse. The gatehouse might have been planned to be around 100 feet high which, if complete, would have rivalled the earlier red-brick Tattershall Castle. You can see courses of bricks which were part-laid and then abandoned on the east tower foundations while the west tower and gatehouse show how high the curtain walls would have been. Both still retain the 'steps' where the brick walls would have been seamlessly integrated brick by brick later.
One mistake, in the level of the moat, put the first set of proposed gun ports underwater and these were only found when the moat was drained during restoration. At its heart there was an earlier stone medieval manor house and it is likely that this would have been retained at the centre 'for the time being' as the castle was built around it. Think of this as 'living in a caravan on-site' like in an episode of TV's Grand Designs.
The castle is also the biggest memorial to the two little princes in the Tower, Edward and Richard, and the only memorial they had until bones (thought to be theirs) were discovered in the Tower in the 17th century and later transferred to Westminster Abbey.
Ultimately it is a memorial to a loyal man who lived in the period of Machiavellian politics and paid for this loyalty with his life.
My full Kirby Muxloe set is here: www.flickr.com/photos/barryslemmings/albums/7215770911548...
Tattershall Castle can be viewed here: www.flickr.com/photos/barryslemmings/albums/7215770762996...
Alesha Jamaican Fashion Model in Pink Skirt and Jacket and Girl Guide Hat with Sunglasses on Location at The Bricklayer's Arms English Pub Shoreditch London Corner of Rivington Street and Charlotte Road EC2
My last day of the festive hols today back to the grindstone tomorrow. In the house on my own just doing bits of jobs for the Mrs who's back at work, The radio is on but in my head are thoughts of how lucky I've been in my life time, I've never really been ill, I have a lovely wife, two great lads who are doing well in life, like it or not I've always been in work, I live a modest life style that a bricklayer can provide with the house & hols that go with hard work & a little luck, I don't think there's much more I can ask for but it would be nice to think that I could pass on a little bit of my so called luck to someone out there who might just need it, who ever gets it i wish you well ;-))))
In April 1982 the huge Bricklayers Arms goods depot was in its final stages of closure and I participated in a special visit.
It started off as a passenger terminal, but only lasted for a very short while in that role. However Queen Victoria would sometimes continue to use the old station when using the royal train.
Alesha Jamaican Fashion Model in Pink Skirt and Jacket Underboob Braless and Girl Guide Hat with Sunglasses on Location at The Bricklayer's Arms English Pub Shoreditch London Corner of Rivington Street and Charlotte Road EC2
With a clear exhaust 60074 opens up through Waterbeach on the return Harlow Mill to Mountsorrel.A view of the staggered platform arrangement here.It looks like they need the services of a Bricklayer on the end of the down platform.At the prices they charge these days they probably can't afford one.
British postcard. Photo: John Topham Ltd, Sicup, Kent, no. 120311. Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I in the BBC TV series Elizabeth R (1971).
Today, 15 June 2023, British actress and politician Glenda Jackson (1936) passed away. She was one of the leading British actresses of the 1960s and 1970s. As a major film star, she won many awards, including two Oscars for Best Actress for Women in Love (1969) and A Touch of Class (1973).
Glenda May Jackson was born in Birkenhead on the Wirral, England, in 1936. Her father was a bricklayer. Jackson was educated at the West Kirby County Grammar School for Girls. She graduated from school at 16 and worked for two years in a Boots chemist shop. However, she found this boring and dead-end and wanted better for herself. Her life changed forever when she was accepted into the prestigious Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) at the age of 18. Her work impressed all who observed it. Jackson made her professional stage debut in Terence Rattigan's 'Separate Tables' in 1957. She was a member of the Dundee Repertory Company in the early 1960s alongside Edward Fox, Michael Culver and Nicol Williamson. She made her film debut as a singer at a party in the British New Wave drama This Sporting Life (Lindsay Anderson, 1963), starring Richard Harris. After ten years of scraping by, she was invited to join the Theatre of Cruelty, an offshoot of the Royal Shakespeare Company. She was cast as Charlotte Corday in Peter Brook's internationally award-winning 'The Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis De Sade' (aka 'Marat/Sade'), written by Peter Weiss. For this part, she was nominated for a Tony Award as Best Supporting or Featured Actress (Dramatic). Subsequently she was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company for four years. Jackson also appeared in the controversial film version, Marat/Sade (Peter Brook, 1967), featuring Patrick Magee. According to the anonymous biographer at IMDb, Jackson “is acknowledged to have stolen the show”. Her first starring film role came in the offbeat drama Negatives (Peter Medak, 1968). It was followed by a starring role in the 1920s romance Women in Love (Ken Russell, 1969), based on a scandalous novel by D.H. Lawrence. For her role opposite Alan Bates she won her first Academy Award for Best Actress. Brian McFarlane in Encyclopedia of British Film: “Her blazing intelligence, sexual challenge and abrasiveness were at the service of a superbly written role in a film with a passion rare in the annals of British cinema.” Another controversial role followed as Tchaikovsky's (Richard Chamberlain) nymphomaniac wife in The Music Lovers (Ken Russell, 1970). Both roles added to her image of being prepared to do almost anything for her art. She worked again with Russell on the musical comedy The Boy Friend (Ken Russell, 1971), although her part was only an uncredited cameo.
In the early 1970’, Glenda Jackson was much in demand. In Sunday Bloody Sunday (John Schlesinger, 1971), she played a divorced businesswoman in a dead-end affair with a shallow bisexual artist (Murray Head). The film turned out to be another major success. She won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and was again nominated for the Academy Award. She confirmed her controversial reputation by having her head shaved in order to play Queen Elizabeth I of England in the BBC's blockbuster serial, Elizabeth R (1971). Jackson received two Emmy Awards for her work. She also portrayed Queen Elizabeth in the film Mary, Queen of Scots (Charles Jarrott, 1971) opposite Vanessa Redgrave. For this role she won David di Donatello for Best Actress. She appeared on popular comedy series Morecambe and Wise Show (1971), playing Cleopatra in a very funny comedy sketch. This led to many other appearances on the show, including the Christmas Shows of 1971 and 1972. American Filmmaker Melvin Frank saw Glenda Jackson’s comedic potential and offered her the lead female part in A Touch of Class (Melvin Frank, 1973), co-starring George Segal. Her funny performance earned her a second Academy Award as Best Actress, plus a Golden Globe. Curiously she was not present to receive either of her Oscars. By then, she was recognised as one of Britain's leading actresses. She was praised for her high intelligence and meticulous approach to her work. Jackson refused obvious commercial roles and sought out serious artistic work. In the following years she played such roles as Solange in The Maids (Christopher Miles, 1974) with Susannah York, Hedda Gabler in Hedda (Trevor Dunn, 1975) and Sarah Bernhardt in The Incredible Sarah (Richard Fleischer, 1976). For these impressive portrayals she was again nominated for major awards, and she took home several of them. In 1978, she was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Sandra Brennan at AllMovie: “On stage, screen, and television, powerhouse actress Glenda Jackson displayed a fierce intelligence and a brazen toughness that have bordered on abrasiveness. With her sharp facial features, Jackson is more handsome than glamorous, but this has only helped her career in that it provided her the opportunity to play a wide variety of strong-willed, smart, and sexy women.”
During the 1980s Glenda Jackson often worked for television. She portrayed actress Patricia Neal in The Patricia Neal Story (Anthony Harvey, Anthony Page, 1981) with Dirk Bogarde as Neal’s husband Roald Dahl, and Yelena Bonner in Sakharov (Jack Gold, 1984) starring Jason Robards as Bonner’s husband, the imprisoned Russian nuclear scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov. For both parts she was nominated for an Emmy award, but both times she did not win. She was one of the most fondly remembered later guest stars on The Muppet Show because she told the producers that she would perform any material they liked; this turned out to be a role where she has a delusion that she is a pirate captain who hijacks the Muppet Theatre as her ship. She continued to make interesting films, including The Return of the Soldier (Alan Bridges, 1982) with Julie Christie, and Turtle Diary (John Irvin, 1985), but both were modest successes. In 1989, she appeared in Ken Russell's The Rainbow, playing Anna Brangwen, mother of Gudrun, the part which had won her her first Academy Award. Jackson retired from acting in order to focus on public affairs. She had grown up in a household that was staunchly supportive of the Labour Party, and throughout her adult life, Jackson has been passionate about politics. After the 1992 general election she became a Member of Parliament (MP) for Labour, and remained a MP for many years. After the 1997 general election, she was appointed a junior minister in the government of Prime Minister Tony Blair, with responsibility for London Transport, a post she resigned before an attempt to be nominated as the Labour Party candidate for the election of the first Mayor of London in 2000. The nomination was eventually won by Frank Dobson, who lost the election to Ken Livingstone, the independent candidate. After constituency changes for the 2010 general election, her majority of 42 votes was one of the closest results of the entire election. In June 2011, Jackson announced that, presuming the Parliament elected in 2010 lasts until 2015, she would not seek re-election. She explained "I will be almost 80 and by then it will be time for someone else to have a turn." Glenda Jackson was married to former stage actor and designer Roy Hodges from 1958 until their divorce in 1976. They had a son, Daniel Hodges (1969).
Sources: Brian McFarlane (Encyclopedia of British Film), Sandra Brennan (AllMovie), Wikipedia, and IMDb.
An odd inscribed flagstone in Macclesfield...
maybe commemorating a group of bricklayer students completing a course? I was surprised it has lasted for 70 years in the Town Hall carpark...
Taken from a print in my collection, no further details known.
SECR N class, built Ashford March 1922. SR A818, later 1818, after 1923. Renumbered 31818 April 1949 and withdrawn May 1963.
Alesha from Jamaica out on the Town Bricklayer's Arms English Pub Shoreditch London Corner of Rivington Street and Charlotte Road EC2
Go-Ahead London Central (MHV62, BV66 VKL, Camberwell/Warner Road (Q)-based, on loan to Mandela Way East (MW) depot) at Bricklayers Arms, Tower Bridge Road, Bermondsey, London. Body no NB678, delivered new 29/09/2016. Apologies for the mark on the left hand side of the photo, caused by a clump of sensor dust that got into one of the filters in my camera lens.
A plinthic soil contains a significant amount of plinthite. Plinthite (Gr. plinthos, brick) is an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of clay with quartz and other highly weathered minerals. It commonly occurs as reddish redox concentrations in a layer that has a polygonal (irregular), platy (lenticular), or reticulate (blocky) pattern. Plinthite irreversibly hardens upon exposure to repeated wetting and drying, especially if exposed to heat from the sun. Other morphologically similar iron-rich materials that do not progressively harden upon repeated wetting and drying are not considered plinthite. The horizon in which plinthite occurs commonly has 2.5 percent (by mass) or more citrate dithionite extractable iron in the fine-earth fraction and a ratio between acid oxalate extractable Fe and citrate-dithionite extractable Fe of less than 0.10.
In soil science, the "C" horizon is the soil layer consisting more or less of weathered parent rock or deposited material that is little affected by pedogenesis (soil formation). If an overlying horizon contains a significant amount of clay, over time, the clay may be transported into and along vertical cracks or along channels within macropores creating clay coats or clay flows.
The dark red zone in the lower part of this profile is an example of the aquitard layer below a well developed plinthic B horizon of a coastal plain soil. This layer seasonally perches water facilitating plinthite formation. The horizon exhibits very weak very coarse blocky structure with very thick clay coating on internal seams or cracks. Clay coating is common in the very deep layers (3-4 meters or more below the soil surface) where pedogenesis is thought to be minimal or not present. The red area has a sandy loam to sandy clay loam texture, whereas the gray area has texture of clay loam or clay.
The gray tubes or channels throughout the aquitard layer are thought to be formed by biological activity at a time when the sediments were being deposited. In the current environment, they commonly contain coarse roots within elongated macropores. The macropores may be completed filled with soil material or they be open (areas that once contained live roots, but are currently void of roots due to decomposition), allowing for the transmission of air and water within the channel.
Because of the dark red color and dense characteristics, these layers are referred to by the local soil scientists as the "brick" layer.
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...