View allAll Photos Tagged Blockage
Un joli cadre plié sans colle car il y a des blocages ingénieux. Plié à partir d'un rectangle A5. Papier couleur + Peinture acrylique. CP : flic.kr/p/mPJS4M
A nice frame folded without glue because there are ingenious blockages. Folded from a rectangle A5. Color paper + Acrylic paint. CP : flic.kr/p/mPJS4M
My mums cat Ginger hadn't turned up for a feed for 3 days. I checked mums yard and the streets around. Mum would go out every morning and look for him in her yard and call. On Saturday 7.15am he wasn't there, then she found him at 2pm in a little hollow he liked to sleep in, and he had died. She rang me and I came straight away. We had looked there, so he had crawled in there just before he died so she could find him.
He was dead about 2 hours as he had gone stiff but not too rigid. Poor guy. I checked him over, his abdomen was severely swollen. I looked it up. He could have had Feline Infectious Peritonitis, or Liver problem or cancer or a blockage in the bowel. We decided not to get an autopsy. I wish I had though it would have been nice to know. He was a stray I caught and desexed in November, as she was feeding him and she loved him. My mum is devastated!!!!! I'm sad but I've always geared myself up to losing a cat. I have to take it as part of life or I'll get like my mum.
When I desexed him I also had him tested. He was FIV positive. I had been told by numerous sources that if he's FIV positive not to euthanise him as they can live many years happily. He lived just 9 months after the desexing. Mum is devastated. I've been putting together symptoms we've seen and I have posted restricted level photos of him deceased with more information for anyone who wants to see him and understand what's happened.
The particular vet I used was opposed to keeping him. They really wanted to euthanise him when the test showed he was FIV positive. They aged him at about 2years old.
So he was no more than 3-4 years old.
Zum Beginn des G8-Gipfels blockierten bis zu 15.000 Demonstranten die Zufahrtsstraßen zum Tagungsgelände, das mit einem Sicherheitszaun gesichert ist. Gipfelteilnehmer mussten mit Hubschraubern eingeflogen oder mit Schiffen nach Heiligendamm gebracht werden.
Approximate 15.000 demonstraters blocked the roads to the conference centre in Heiligendamm.
© Timo Vogt / www.randbild.de
Meet Ralph! He is a boxer/mastiff mix with maybe a touch of pitbull. He is 1 1/2 to 2 years old and we have had him for about 6 weeks. I'm still trying to learn his history but as far as we know he was on the run for almost 2 months before we heard about him. The dog i had in the 52 weeks group of 2009, Maggie died suddenly at age 6 of a bile duct blockage. This was her final 52 weeks photo www.flickr.com/photos/hodgey/4006912310/
After we lost Maggie we adopted another dog Curly. 10 days after we adopted him he ripped the 20 foot leash out of my husbands hand and ran off into a storm. That was on halloween and search as we might he was only sighted once the day after he took off. www.flickr.com/photos/hodgey/4081259505/
We put poster everywhere looking for Curly. People started calling us to report a dog with a face full of quills. We went to find him and were told it was a brown dog not our black and white Curly. The first call the dog was 15 miles from our home. Another sighting a couple of days later but the guy told me it was a starving plot hound also about 15 miles away. A week later a call came that a dog had stolen a bag of cat food out of a garage 2 miles from our house. Nope!!! Itwas the brown dog again. We never saw it except a bad photo but we went and put out food and animal welfare came and set a trap. after catching 3 feral cats they caught Ralph and took him to the shelter and they had the quills removed . We took it as a sign that because everyone kept calling to ask if he was our dog that maybe he should be, and after a week we were allowed to adopt him. He was very worried that he would be left behind every time we stopped the car to walk him and would shiver and shake on rides. He now enjoys rides.
He is very sweet. He was already neutered and house trained. He didn't know how to climb stairs and he was very emaciated. He's at a good weight now and is adapting well to our household.
He's only allowed off leash when we are with other dogs right now, but we hope he'll be trusted totally off leash very soon.
Meanwhile you can watch his progress as he participates in the 2010 group of 52 weeks for dogs ;-)
During the course of a day, the mountains take on dramatically different looks as the lighting changes. This late afternoon shot on day #2 of our trip up the mountains was very cloudy, which resulted in a dramatic twilight look.
On this day, there was some blockage further down the road, which explains the long line of traffic stopped on the road. We had to wait several hours before we could proceed. This is a frequent occurrence on these roads, especially during the Monsoon season.
Nikon D700 + AF-S Nikkor 14-24 mm f/2.8
_ND77034
This camera is a gift from my friend Dr.Mithat Çamlıbel
Manufactured by Kodak AG, Stuttgart, Germany
Model: c.1954, Type 021 first version, an early model that the “c” written as lower case, (produced between 1954-57)
35mm Folder Rangefinder film camera
Engraving on the top plate: Retina IIIc
Lens: Schneider-Kreuznach Retina-Xenon C 50mm f/2, 6 elements in 4 groups total; interchangeable front element: 3 elements in 2 groups, w/ red delta symbol indicating coating, Mount: special bayonet type snap lock , filter thread: 24mm
serial no.3967648, beside the cold shoe and on the right of the front element lens mount
Caution: Notice the two sets of serial numbers. These must match for you to have a properly working 50 mm lens.
Lens release: for removal use Kodak Retina 50mm lens component case which is a special grip-top container, first press the transparent center of the top to bring the grip-insert to its full-open position, then place the insert over the lens rim, press the black outer ring toward the lens as far as it will go to tighten the hold of the grip-insert, then turn counterclockwise then remove the lens and place it in the container, wo/ removing the grip-top
Aperture: f/2-f/22, setting: lever and scale on the lens-shutter barrel
Focusing: Matching rangefinder images in the finder, by focusing ring behind the lens-shutter barrel, distance and DOF scales and separate scales for tele- and wide-angle lenses on the lens, w/ handle for easy using
Focus range: 2.5-50 feet +inf
Shutter: Synchro-Compur leaf shutter, speeds: 1-1/500 +B
setting: ring and scale on the lens-shutter barrel
Cocking lever: also winds the film, short stroke, on the bottom plate, w/ double exposure prevention, w/ a special Film release button for to deal any blockage of the winding lever, on the top plate beside the counter window
Shutter release: on the top late, w/ cable release socket
Frame counter: decreasing type, manual setting, press the button beside the counter window, and simultaneously pull rightward the button on the backside of the top plate
Viewfinder: Optical projected view frame type coupled with rangefinder light yellow glass, Coupled rangefinder is diamond shape
**There was an auxiliary finder for wide and tele-lenses
Exposure meter: Uncoupled Selenium cell light meter, w/ a pop-up lid on it, for allowing the measurement of incident light, exposure meter reading in Light Values (LV)
Film speed range: 5-3200 ASA, setting: the dial windows on the exposure setting dial
Metering range: 2-18 LV
Exposure setting: set the film speed by turning the ASA /DIN dial on top of the exposure setting dial, open the light cover, match the black and red needles in the window just beside the exposure setting dial, by turning the dial, then read the light value on the dial, then set the LV dial on the speed ring as a same LV number on the dial. If exposure meter window is closed use green dial marks, otherwise use red dial marks
Light Values (LV) system: lever of LVS lock is the aperture setting lever also, engaged to speed ring notches, so locks the shutter and aperture into combination which moves together, at the pre-selected light value, and when you move to a larger f/stop, the shutter speed automatically shifts to a higher speed too. The LV scale and lock are on the bottom side of the shutter.
Re-wind knob: on the left of the top-plate
Re-wind release: by a knob on the bottom plate
Flash PC socket: on the bottom side of lens-shutter barrel, flash sync up to the maximum speed, green setting lever for X and M on the right lower side of the the lens-shutter barrel
Cold-shoe
Memory dial : on the rewind knob
Self-timer: by green setting lever on the right lower side of the the lens-shutter barrel, set to V
Front cover opening: by a knob on the front cover, closing: first the focus must be on the inf., then push the big silver buttons on the back side of the lens-shutter barrel
Back cover: hinged, opening: turn the small arrow on the tripod socket plate, then press the small button visible under it
Engraving on back cover: Kodak Retina Camera
Tripod socket: 1/4''
Locating hole for accessories on the bottom plate
Strap lugs
Body: die cast aluminum alloy, Weight: 694g
serial no. EK 250052
Front component of the lens is interchangeable with 35mm f/4 Retina Curtar Xenon C and 80mm f/4 Retina Longar Xenon C lenses.
The most sophisticated of the folding Retinas and many consider it is the best of all folding 35mm cameras. It has the reputation of an overly complicated internal construction.
Kodak Retina IIIC (upper case C) with multi-frame adapter was next to IIIc, and produced between 1958-61.
more info: Kodak Classics by Mischa Koning, Cameraquest by Stephen Gandy, Photoetnography by Karen Nakamura, Camerapedia
After a nice Tuesday, storms started in the evening and raged across north Alabama. We were without power or phone service/signal for about 18 hours. We had no idea what was going on other than a few text messages from my sister that I did manage to get, and then- just the tornado warning sirens going off from time to time. Not a great way to spend the night. This was a blockage on one end of our road- tree after tree on the road, and downed power lines in the ditches! I think we had to back up for 1/2 a mile! I had been terrified earlier, but for Ken having to back down the steep road in the dark- well, thank goodness for his patience and the modern technology of the backup camera!
my mom, my inspiration, my muse, the reason I do this every year......
My mom had surgery last week at the age of 88. She had a 100% blockage in the artery of her left leg. She had some complications from the surgery which landed her in the emergency room twice so far this past week. She lives in the Chicago suburbs for six months of the year and in Arizona 6 months of the year. Now is the time she migrates to Arizona for the winter and she is insisting to go no matter what! Well, I am going to accompany her to help her get everything opened, cleaned and to just take care of her because she is not able to do so herself right now.
As a result, I must suspend my campaign for the time being. I will try to continue if possible, but I may not be able to until my return in a week (hopefully).
My mom is a 24 year survivor of breast cancer, a 50 plus year survivor of cervical cancer, and a 10 plus year survivor of skin cancer. If she is not a poster person of cancer survival, than I don't know who is! I adore her....I love her.....I admire her.....and I want everyone to know that she is my hero. I love you mom....you are truly amazing!
I have been ill for a couple of weeks now resulting in blockages in my ears. I had booked myself to see a doctor in Solihull for midday which meant a drive in the car. Once the doctor said the prescription would be ordered at my pharmacy for around 2pm I decided to fill that time by driving on and waiting here for this. It was pure luck that the sun shone at the right moment. I can only thank 1L42 running the other way for the delay in this passing here because a load of cloud was covering the sun as this approached the red signal beyond the M42 motorway in the distance.
Canon EOS1200D with Leica MR-Telyt-R 1:8/500mm
Taking into account the crop factor of 1.6 for this APS-C camera, this focal length corresponds to 800 mm on a full format camera. It is very tricky to focus and requires lots of light because I have to shoot handheld at 1/1000 s or faster .... or I should use a tripod. A mirror lens cannot be stopped up nor down; the f-stop is fixed at 8. Concerning the light that reaches the sensor, it's closer to f/11 because of the blockage due to the secondary mirror.
Airbus A380-800, shot at Rhein-Main Airport, Frankfurt, Germany
Same house, different floor. One of the more difficult areas to access, due to the furniture blockage and the piles of moist clothes - some on hangars, most not. But sometimes you see "the light", and you find a way.
Fuck the creativity blockage mixing up my thoughts. There are physical reactions as well: numbness in some parts of my head, sometimes pain on the top of my brain, a feeling of tightness in the left hand side of my belly, where liver and spleen coexist. Diagnosis? Anxiety attacks? May be... You wanna know what else? Numbness in my left hand side, partial lost of vision, sometimes kind of someone has flashed light to my eyes. Oh, yeah, do not forget the "involuntary" movements of my Achilles' heel; air tapping.
The bridge once carried a branch line from Rickmansworth Church Street to Watford. The line is now the Ebury Way.
* The ones that got away, and away again. A 9min 50 sec 152Mby MP4 video, with 12 sections from various locations with pictures selected which haven't made it to Flickr and which have been 'hanging about' for a good many months, in their respective directories, awaiting something to be 'done'... this video I hope will be of interest in the current crisis with the Covid-19 virus. An appropriate and very suitable piece of music, by 'Epicuros', accompanies the 146 shots.
** NB: As this is longer than the fixed 3 minute viewing in the Flickr interface, the Video must be downloaded to the desktop to see the full length.
** Right-click on the down-arrow option, the last of the three options to the lower right of the video frame. Select 'Save-As' and view...
** It has just come to my notice (10/12/23) that the Download option below and to the right of the media _does not_ allow you to download the full version, only the 3 minutes available here. So, I am going to try and 'fix' this for all videos lasting more than 3 minutes, this is the link to obtain the full version shown here-
www.flickr.tightfitz.com/Video/Lock-Down_2020_A_Landscap...
1. Aldwarke Burngreave Templeborough Wath Dropping Well. First stop Aldwarke and a very great contrast in technology here. For around 18 months I owned a Nissan 380Z, high performance sports car with just enough room for two. The 'boot' had a sign on the lid, instructing the user on how to load their golf clubs! a suitcase was out of the question, just about. At 22-25 m.p.g, the tank cost just over £100 to fill, around 80 gallons and the road tax was the highest at over £500/year. Interestingly this, my next car a Honda CRV and the present Suzuki, were all around the same insurance, £250 ish/year fully comprehensive. Obviously 'old gits' weren't deemed a risk when driving a car which had a top speed of 250m.p.h on the clock. Behind, shunting wagons in the Aldwarke U.E.S. steel yard is then, Sept 17th 2012, a TATA Steel shunter, No.53, with a haul of coiled wire ready to make up a working out of the works later. Next in sequence but 3 years later, a shot of the new Tesco site at Wicker, looking towards the Spittal Hill Tunnel area and the awnings along the side of the site and the derelict buildings in the background being 'attended too', well, some of them. Back 2 years in time and at the site, in Rotherham, of the almost complete New York Stadium, the new home of the Rotherham United Football Club. The River Don is just at left and the building, now being demolished is the old 'Guest & Chrimes' building, replete with much asbestos and once, Grade II listed. Moving on 5 years and driving past the new development at Templeborough, this is the form of the 2nd Biomass Power Station being built right next to the GCR and Midland line through the area where they intersect at Ickles; the new River Don bridge can be seen on the right, replacing a long-standing, single carriageway, blue structure which succumbed during the development. The next pair of shots were taken in July 2012 on a jaunt to discover remnants of artifacts in the Wath Yard area and in fact these two shots were taken at the old GCR's Wath Central Station site, with now very little to show the huge hive of activity which once existed here. The Station was opened in 1851 and closed as long ago as 1959. The final location, another old GC line trackbed, this time from the Dropping Well Colliery to the north of Rotherham, near Kimberworth Park. The area of the colliery is now, not surprisingly, a housing estate and the on the opposite side of Dropping Well Road is its namesake's Golf Course. The steeply-graded line ran from the colliery at the junctions of Wortley and Dropping Well Road, south to join the GCR's Blackburn Valley line at a north-facing junction, at Grange Lane; the track-bed would have gone under the M1 motorway to achieve this and the formation can still be seen on the OS map. These last 3 pictures in this section show the diminutive railway bridge carrying the single track mineral line, which crossed a footpath onto what is now the golf course and the view along the bridge looking north with the colliery area over at top right, with its 1970s housing estate peeking through the trees in these early April shots from 2012. The last shot, now looks south towards the M1 in the distance through the trees, and it is clear what the grade would have looked like to a coal-train driver as the land fell away from around 120m here, down to 50m at the junction at Grange Lane, around 1km away.
2. Oughtibridge Paper Mill site - cleared. The large site of the Oughtibridge Paper Mill was cleared by last July, 2019, and as part of the proposal to build upto 300 new houses, within a few metres in height from the course of the River Don, a new road-bridge was put in, the second such in the Upper Don Vally here, in the last year. The other bridge is at a similar development at Deepcar, below the GCR's old Deepcar Station building and it too is to receive a large number of new housing types covering that derelict land and the land released by the move of the old Sewage Works facility from there, to the new one at Morehall. The Don Valley has thus received two new road bridges in the last 18 months or so based on new housing requiring access to old derelict, and now cleared, industrial land. As these 5 pictures show, the Oughtibridge site is clear, the old bridge is still extant a little to the south if the old one and the contractors have left and the site is fenced off. I can not see, in these times in early 2020 with the spread of the Corona Virus and this country and many others, in total 'Lock-Down', and the economic down-turn which is forecast due to this, that this site will be developed in anywhere like the near future. And, I may ask, what about the River Don flooding, there appears no concession to prevention of this, as it did dramatically in July, 2007, as later, the Global Climate Crisis will have to be addressed and this after the Global Covid-19 pandemic crisis is over, which is currently affecting, globally, 2,267,744 people with 155,175 deaths...
3. Moorgate Cemetery & Janet's Grave & Boston Castle Views. Sadly, I once had two sisters, one who died in tragic circumstances before I was born and the second, in 1990 from ovarian cancer. The first shot in this short sequence shows her commemorative marble stone in Moorgate Cemetery, adorned with some flowers on the day I visited in July last year. The old Victorian Moorgate Cemetery, was opened in 1842 by business men for the sum of £499, see-
moorgatecemetery.org.uk/19th-century/
and consisted of 3 acres of land at the side of Boston Castle, another prominent Rotherham landmark. Walking through the grounds and to the hill overlooking the Rother Valley, the following scenes reveal themselves. The four next shots show the views directly to the west with the Templeborough Biomass works prominent to the upper left of centre. To the right in the next shot, a view towards Centenary Park and the GCR's line through it with the old Millmoor football stadium at the left edge of the picture and Kepples Column standing on the horizon above it to the left. The 3rd shot swings round to the south-west and towards the Scandinavian Steelworks along the Rother Valley and the centre of Sheffield in the distance. The 4th shot, zooms in to the railway interest surrounding the Masbrough Freight Depot area where various pieces of freight hardware can be seen- a set of 'Hoods' or 'Pig Pens' on the left and stacked containers occupying almost the whole of the central section of the shot. In the background the Tinsley Viaduct with the M1 on top and to to the right, the orange/black building is the Tinsley Biomass Works with the Magna Science Adventure Centre in front of it. And finally in this section, a shot of the newly refurbished 'Boston Castle' which apparently was thought to have something to do with the 'Boston Tea PArty' but in fact although being built around the same time, it has nothing to do with it at all. Well worth a visit, see-
4. Fraisthorpe Beach WWII Relics & 'She Sells Sea Shells' at Bridlington. The east coast in Yorkshire has much to commend itself and the beaches around Bridlington are now some of the cleanest in the country and with much to see, including of course, relics from World War II in the form of various section of defence installations, now slowly being dismantled by the relentless tides. In the the background, the 'new kids on the block', wind turbines are springing up everywhere and if this subsequently means no more Nuclear Power Stations, so much the better. There are however, mixed views about the impact they have on the Landscape, but at least you can visit the surrounding areas close by, something I wouldn't recommend trying at a Nuclear Power installation. On the day of this walk, 10th October, 2019, there was a large presence of crab claws with elastic bands around them, dozens of them, presumably washed back in from the shell fishing boats which now work out of Bridlington; there was even a dinosaur in the haul!
5. Tinsley Shepcote Lane & Canal views. Ten days later and I was back in the local area photographing the scene around Tinsley South Junction whilst awaiting the arrival of a GBRf light engine working which, from what we could gather, was a prelude to using Tinsley Yard as a Newell & Wright Container Port, whilst rail replacement work was underway at their depot at Masbrough. The first 13 of the 21 shots shows the 'secluded' area between the Shepcote Lane curve up to Tinsley Yard, from line line running along the Lower Don Valley from Tinsley East Junction. Hidden away at this time of year, amongst the slightly yellowing leaves, the sign board for Tinsley South Junction can be seen, the main line behind it running to Woodburn Junction and the line in front, up-grade, to the north-west corner of Tinsley Yard. The large Sheffield Road over-bridge stands prominent in the background. The small building at the side of the track is a remnant from better days when the area on this side was a Goods Yard, full of sidings and with a small goods shed at the end, this is what can be seen in the pictures, though all signs of connection with the running line, has long gone. From the 1955 OS map there looks also to have been a 'Ramp' beyond the Goods Shed, possibly for pushing wagons up to off-load cargo/coal etc onto the back of trucks; there is no sign anywhere of a road connection here though and this are is completely cut-off from access by vehicles, something which may have ensured its lack of development! Woodburn Junction's Signal W0208 can be seen for the approach back onto the main line and this is very useful to see operating on the track diagram, as a means of indicating where workings have got to when exiting the Yard; the state of the vegetation, even in late October, leaves much of the infra-structure hidden from view, though hopefully, not for the drivers. The Shepcote Lane canal over-bridge can be seen at the very end of this section of the Tinsley flight of locks and there are videos on Flickr showing this bridge being crossed, here, related to the GBRf moves on this day-
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/48957284737/
and from December, 2014, a real treat, here-
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/15790328909/
On the banks of the Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation, the two small buildings, now graffiti'd were once part of the old Tinsley Station, the area looking rather sylvan in its settings this, just before the next 4 shots showing some of the colourful freight traffic, on the motorway in this instance, although a loco, the one in the video above, does pass by to provide 'proper interest'. The H.G.V.'s were amongst about 20 I took shots of, just due to the colourful nature of the Container sides. The ones shown here are 'Truswell Haulage', 'GreenFlag', 'Emsley Crane Hire', 'Marks & Spencer', 'Sky Blue Trucks?', 'Smeets', & 'DHL'. Adding rail traction interest, here and in the video above was GBRf, class 66, 66777, 'Annette' on the 0Z23, Thrybergh Junction (not Roberts Road) to Tinsley Yard(GBRf), light engine route learner in preparation for using the south-east section of Tinsley Yard as a Container Terminal. Under the lower deck of the Tinsley Viaduct, the Sheffield Tram/Train line from Parkgate may be seen as it approaches heads towards the main part of the Supertram network at Tinsley Meadowhall tram stop; beyond, between the two decks of the viaduct, is the Tinsley Biomass Works. The last four shots show the locale in the are of the Tinsley Station site with a Sheffield Supertram heading towards the camera whilst heading away, is one of the Tram/trains heading for the terminus at Sheffield Cathedral; this land once occupied by GCR metals. In the foreground, another signal in the area, Woodburn's W0205 signal and also useful on the track diagram for spotting moves along into the Yard, or along the main-line to Woodburn Junction; the deciding element being the 'feather', unlit here, atop the signal for the divergence, up-grade, into the Yard at Shepcote Lane Junction. In the same location, the end of Sheffield Road from Rotherham, as it approaches the large Tinsley roundabout at the southern end of Junction 34, and the usual mess associated with derelict land. A row of houses once stood here but they were demolished in the years since I photographed them on 10th June, 2008; now its advertising awnings attempting to hide the mess some folk feel in the need to just dump anywhere...
6. Tinsley Yard refurbishment for container traffic & DMU & Toyon Berry at Woolley Wood. The height of the activity at what turned out to be a temporary Container Terminal for Newell & Wright, though I was told in the middle of operations it was to be permanent.. Here its 30th October after the light engine moves ran a week ago with GBRf 66777 and now the place is received around 4 in-bound and 4 out-bound services a day, freeing up Masbrough whilst long-overdue track-relaying is taking place on the main and into the terminal. Even is these shots its clear what a muddy place this is for this type of operation and the 7 pictures show the state of the ground looking to the south, in the first shot and then the north in the second. The entry for off and on-loading is the dirt road on the right, passing the N&W office which has been equipped with generator and telephone and some floodlighting. The exit road was to be the old dive-under at far left but it didn't take long for this to collapse and which meant some remedial work had to be undertaken to make it more robust; the large pile of dirt was part of this and the depth of lorry tracks in the mud is easy to see. In the second shot, the concrete blocks mark the line of the in-bound road on the left and on the right, the Container wagons access right of centre, with a long rake of parked up redundant flat-bed wagons which have been shunted up the stub of the Yard' through line. The 3rd shots shows the in-filling has begun but it looks like they have their work cut-out for them and .. in a very short time, the rains began and flooded the whole area around Rotherham and as far as here... the worse rain for a long time, though, it turned out not to be the last! The 4th shot shows the remnant of Tinsley Yard at right with one of the two large M&S aircraft hangar-type buildings dominant at centre. The last shots show the work on-going to try and provide a better road surface for the out-bound traffic and a road-roller is busy compacting material to establish a good surface with following, on the same day, the pile of muck awaiting laying into the soft ground of the exit road under Wood Lane bridge. Autumn is underway as evidenced in the last shot with the road-roller doing its best, Autumn colours are evident and the heavy rain isn't far off! Last shot was on the following day when the sun managed to illuminate the Toyon Berries at the side of the Blackburn Valley line at Woolley Wood where a Northern DMU class 153, 153332, heads south towards Sheffield on the 1Y17 service to Nottingham via Sheffield.
7. Miscel. shots, Masbrough, Orgreave and Class 20s, 20312 & 20302, at Neepsend on the RHTT in early November, 2013. Some 'stuff' which was going on in 2016 with two views from the area near Masbrough once occupied by the 'Tivoli' cinema, one of a handful which were once available in Rotherham, the others being the 'Essoldo', the 'Odeon' and 'Hippodrome'; the 'Tivoli' was finally demolished in 1989 after closing as a cinema on 31st January 1959 with the final films being Alan Ladd in 'The Proud Rebel' and Dean Jones in 'Handle With Care', see-
cinematreasures.org/theaters/25863
The intervening shots between these two, were taken on the the old Orgreave Coking plant site, a large part of which, on the northern side was being redeveloped for the Waverley Housing Estate of around 4000 houses of one sort or another, the shots here being from March, 2016. Finally, over at Parkwood Springs in 2013, and 3 years before this working was finally withdrawn from the Stocksbridge branch line, the final operation being in October/November 2016, the RHTT set can be seen heading up-grade through the old Neepsend Station site. This is the Rail Head Treatment Train, with Direct Rail Services, class 20s, 20312 & 20302 at the rear on the 3S13, Sheffield to Stocksbridge Works and in about 40 minutes it will have reversed and return as 3S14, Stocksbridge Works to York Thrall Europa with 20302 then leading. The last shot is of the set motoring up-grade towards Owlerton, Wadsley Bridge, Wharncliffe Wood and finally Deepcar for the reversal just outside the MS&LR's Deepcar Station, now a private residence of course.; the terrain speaks for itself. By 2017, the 'Citrus LandRover' had taken over these duties, see-
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/43893626960/
taken on 31st October in the same location and-
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/43893627790/
taken in Wharncliffe Wood about 40 minutes after the first one during the 2nd year of operation. I had no inkling in 2017, how this set was running and on what days... that information was obtained at the Wadsley branch of Sainsburys the following year, when I happened on two track-workers buying some lunch and quizzed them about the 'SandRover'. They were most obliging and obtained the details from the appropriate person at Blast Lane at the Wicker, the centre for Network Rail Track operations in the area.!
8. Flooding at Morehall & Oughtibridge. As mentioned above, in the section on the Container Terminal operations at Tinsley, although conditions there weren't perfect in late October 2019, about 10 days later, they got a whole lot worse. These 9 shots show the vast amount of rain which fell just after the 1st week in November, with all the local reservoirs now full and over-brimming, the first shot showing the over-flow at Morehall. This like Broomhead, its feeder water, and just to the north at Stocksbridge, Underbank, Midhope and Langsett with Scout Dyke, Royd Moor and Ingbirchworth further north still, but which all flow into the River Don when they are full; and there's Winscar at the Don's head at Dunford Bridge! So one can imagine the calamity which can happen during prolonged heavy rain which occured during the British Summer, July, of 2007. At this time it was not nearly as bad but the increase in reservoir water levels caused the Don to flood in certain places and unfortunately one of the worst areas hit locally, was that around Rotherham Central Station. This is significant due to the fact that the diverted container traffic into and out of Tinsley Yard, from the temporary Newell & Wright operation, ran along the Lower Don Vally line, though Kilnhurst, Rotherham Central and Tinsley and into the Yard. After suspending operations at the Yard due to the problems with the road mentioned earlier, workings recommenced on 6th November with the 1st container load from the London Gateway, see video here-
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/49024523378/
but this only lasted two days, as the heavy flooding which ensued after the 6th November, resulted in the weekend working on the 9th November, getting stuck at Kilnhurst, as Rotherham Central reverted back to its old function, a canal bed, and the station was flooded up to the platforms, stopping all moves from the north along the GCR line though Tinsley and into the Yard... These next pictures show some of the local mayhem cause near where I live, on the north-west side of Sheffield, close to Oughtibridge. A flooded road with 'Satsuma' Ford doing a three-point turn, the water coming out of a local care home and flowing straight down hill to the River at the bridge crossing. Subsequent pictures show the impact of the water as it flows down-hill towards the river, with local residents sand-bagging entrances to keep the water at bay. The 'spate' of the river can be seen in at the Oughtibridge bridge with a golden labrador dog at the side of the river whose chances I wouldn't fancy if it fell in... Doncaster wouldn't be that far away the speed the river was flowing...Oughtibridge Park, right next to the river was flooded and at right, a sign for the French Folk who once raced through here, this is 'Cote d'Oughtibridge' for the Tour-de-France which occured in 2014, see-
www.flickr.com/photos/imarch1/49525415943/
The final shot shows water flowing downhill out of the premises of a local care home, lets hope the residents had boats and water-wings...
9. Flickr 2019 - Best Shots. I prepared last years entries over a few weeks and ended up with a selection of around 50, narrowing them finally to these 10 shots. Unfortunately, I had miss-read the date for the last day for the entries and missed it by just a few hours... the ten are,
* the Bridlington 'Pepper Pot', now long out-of-use and not open to the public,
* 'Tornado' crossing the Norfolk Bridge over the River Don at Attercliffe in Sheffield,
* Puffins & Kittiwakes at the Bempton Cliff Bird Sanctuary to the north of Bridlington,
* Kite Flying Extravaganza on the cliffs at Sewerby Park, Bridlington,
* 'Graffiti artist 'Mufasa' on an awning board at a redevelopment site on Egerton Street, Broomfield, Sheffield
* Same location and more development work proceeding with the remnant of the old buildings in the area which haven't been protected ...
* The 'Old Park Rolling Mill' on Club Mill Road. The business rolled Sheffield Plate and silver for other manufacturers and closed in the 1950s. The site, although derelict is still worth a visit, if only for the colourful graffiti...
* Colourful Fibre Optic data cabinets near the River Don on Ball Street, Neepsend.
* 'Ancient Wisdom' now prevails on Parkwood Road, this was taken at a point just north of its junction with Sandbed Road and looks a little out-of-place, though interesting to see...
* This interesting character, with dog, and earphones, passed by opposite the large Station Hotel next to where the Midland's Parkgate Station used to be, just behind the pub; long gone of course. Crossing over the road bridge in the background, a lunchtime convoy of 5 DBS locos, 66117, 67020, 66140, 66112, & 66086 on the lunchtime, 0F54, Belmont Down Yard to Toton North Yard light engines return working.
10. Re-visiting Club Mill Road, Sandbed Rd., following once more the foot-steps of Adrian Wynn and to finish this section, the on-going redevelopment in the Netherthorpe and Shalesmoor areas. By the start of the year, with some fine weather in late January and not much else going on before making extensive changes to how my Flickr presence was represented, another visit was undertaken to chart the shots taken by Adrian Wynn, over the last decade or so. The subsequent changes to the Flickr material was to entail moving almost 1800 pictures from the standard account to two Archive sites, leaving the newest 995 shots on the old 'Views in Camera' site-
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku
and then starting out anew with 'Views in Camera, 2020', this one, which now has 60 images so far, starting from the 1st January. Much of the very oldest and little viewed material, around a 1000 shots, was removed altogether, there has been some casualties I have noticed but I now feel I am more in control of the state of matters, than what was a amounting to almost 6000 pictures and videos, all sat in the same contiguous place. So, from the path which takes the walker up to Wardsend Cemetery at Owlerton, and close to the old site of Coopers Scrapyard, still in use as such though not owned by Coopers anymore, the path extends along the side of the River Don, all the way along to Neepsend. Some of this material has been seen before, see 'The Adrian Wynn Landscape Collection, Re-Visit, Part I', here-
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/49182445076/
and, Part II', here-
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/49187093212/
The first 20, taken on January 22nd this year, in this set of 37 shots show much more detailed aspects of this area and right along to and inside of, the old 'Sheffield Ski Slop', itself now planned for massive renovation after a tragic few years after a fire which left the site derelict and used, in some part, as a refuse dumping space; no surprise there! The latter 17, taken on the following day, the day before the big Flickr presence changes commenced, show new development in the area surrounding the 'Daniel Doncaster & Sons', Cementation Furnace, some information relating to this-
'...This is the last remaining intact example which was built in 1848 and was last fired in 1951', further 'it is the only example of its type and was built by Daniel Doncaster & Sons and used a process developed by the Germans in the 1600s and used a technique of placing wrought iron with charcoal in large stone chests sealed with 'piecrust' or 'wheelswarf', a sludge of sandstone & steel dust, and firing the whole lot up to red heat for a total period of around two weeks. The wrought iron would absorb the carbon and be turned into steel; the iron never becoming molten but just soft. The impurities would form bubbles of gas and created blisters on the surface and it is for this reason that the material was called 'Blister Steel'...
The area is replete with well executed Graffiti of one sort or another and there are 'spooky' pieces inside buildings which have been fenced off due to the presence of Asbestos in the building's structure. The 4th shot in this sequence shows the Furnace now being dwarfed by surrounding development with an old chimney stack at Kelham Island over on the far left and standing on the hill in the right background, the 'Seventh-Day Adventist' church at 67, Andover Street in Burngreave; quite an impressive looking building. A further shot with the furnace on the right and a university building on the left has the area of the Ski Slope in the background, the Stocksbridge branch line to the steelworks also passes through this picture behind all the buildings at the foot of the hill. The derelict looking land in the foreground is under significant redevelopment and when finished the whole of the area around the Doncaster Cementation Furnace will be full of buildings which dwarf the last intact Blister Steel relics in the country.. hope its safe! Once the derelict industrial buildings have gone, sone have been kept and refurbished I hasten to add, this whole area will take on a completely different fell, one which I am sure Adrian will almost certainly not have approved of!
11. Carnaby Airfield History. The old airfield at Carnaby was used in the 2nd World War to accommodate crippled aircraft which were having to make an emergency landing. The small 'park' on the main Bridlington to Driffield road, at Carnaby, tells an amazing story of one such operation where a member of the crew fell through a hole in the aircraft after it had been shot at when flying back from a bombing raid off the coast of Norway in April, 1945. He was saved by his parachute harness D-Ring which got snagged under the aircraft, the D-Rind was found to have elongated by 50% when they finally touched down at Carnaby, out-of-fuel but with the help of the 'FIDO' lighting system at the airfield; their own HS2 Navigation system having been destroyed by the flack. The story of Sgt. Smith is shown in the 4th picture here. The airfield has long been-redeveloped into a very linear, and long, industrial estate.
Some information from Wikipedia-
'...RAF Carnaby opened in March 1944 under the control of No. 4 Group Royal Air Force. Unlike most RAF airfields, there was a single runway, five times the width of a standard runway and 9,000ft (2,700m) long, lying approximately east-west to enable bombers crossing the coast an easier landing. Two similar airfields were either constructed or further developed along the east coast of England, at Manston and Woodbridge, all three providing an emergency option for wartime bomber crews. The three airfields were developed to the same pattern, Woodbridge being the first to open in November 1943. The runway at Manston was brought into operation in April 1944...
Full article-
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Carnaby
The last shot shows what the main Carnaby Village shopping centre looked like, in the 1940s and 1950s, all facilities provided.
12. Canal Basin refurbishment of bed at the Wicker. I had over-looked doing anything with the 18 shots in this last section, all taken on a walk back along the canal, from Attercliffe to the Victoria Quays Canal Basin, on 2nd March this year, just 3 weeks before all hell broke loose due to the CoronaVirus-19 country-wide 'Lock-Down'; it was extended a further 3 weeks at the beginning of this week, though there appears to have been no formal government announcement to this effect; another cock-up. Major work, at the end of the Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation, was in progress in the Canal BAsin at Victoria Quays with only the end section full of water and being used as a 'boat-park', which for the duration of the work, were stranded there. The first shot shows the extent of the work with it commencing just before the A61 ring-road connecting the town centre to the Sheffield Parkway; the A61 bridge prominent in this shot. The canal water are lapping at the barrier in the right-hand corner and the barrier isn't keeping all the water out, heavy duty pumps being in action as well, pumping the seepage back to the canal, see later. The whole of the, presumably, 'puddle-clay', bed is being replaced, a fortified roadway has been installed from the bank and the stranded barges can be seen in the distance. The other 8 shots in the first part of this section show-
* The fortified dirt road-way onto the site from the Wharf building side. The Sheffield Victoria Hotel is in the right background and St. Pauls Tower is at left
* Looking back along the canal formation under the A61 ring-road bridge with the last boat on the canal formation at the barrier being the blue, 'L.B. Hardfeet' passenger cruiser and seen in action here-
www.flickr.com/photos/imarch2/49564493088/
The tall, square chimney is at the side of the old Sheffield Victoria Station railway formation, whose single line to Stocksbridge passes over the canal on the bridge just under the blue-fenced, A61 ring-road bridge.
* The extent of the dirt-road fortification can be seen, taking the excavator traffic on and off the site to the Wharf Street area of the Quays. A large floating blue-platform has been moored to its left; now at rest on the old canal bed.
* The other end of the business shows the blockage with the pound behind it for the temporarily marooned barges and boats next to the Wharf at the far end. This pound is also leaking somewhat and pumps are keeping the water flowing back to the pound behind the wall of thick liner and aggregate topping. A classic blue Morris 1000 van stands next to the show on the right and behind, the 'Best Western Hotel with the refurbished Wharf building to its left.
* In the background, the railway formation on the old Sheffield Victoria site, in front, the square chimney stack still extant from 'the olden days' and right in front of that, the blue-fenced A61 ring-road bridge. This view looks directly east over the nearer pound with its barrier, to beyond the fortified dirt-road access and in the distance, just under the road-bridge, the other wall holding back the full might of the canal water. The yellow-topped barge on the left has a 'NO RUBBISH' sign on its deck and just behind it in the 'hold', is a pile of rubbish! The square chimney may well have been part of the old Effingham Stree Iron & Steel works which were close to it on the left.
* Looking over the site towards the 'Capita' building at the end of the Sheffield Parkway, the 'Veolia' recycling centre & chimney is next to that on the left and the two blue-brick pillars at the side of the canal are adorned with water birds and the years, '1819' on the nearer one and '2019' on the one behind, so a 200 year celebration, re-doing the 'Tinsley Canal, S&SYN, bed.
* The final shot in this first part of the last section shows the boats moored up at the Wharf-end of the canal. Some information about the local businesses in the Victoria Quays area-
'...As well as local businesses including CMS (International Law Firm) and Servelec (UK headquartered technology group) there is Victoria Junction Café and sandwich shop, Livingwell gym, Hilton hotel, Narrowboat moorings, a brokerage and chandlery service (C.V. Marine) & two wide beam hotel boats (Houseboathotels, Sheffield) providing hotel accommodation on the water. Newcomers include; Born & Raise who joined the premises in 2015 as a Marketing Agency and most recently Ovo Spaces an award-winning specialist interior design and fit-out company, who now own both Terminal 1 for their offices and Terminal 2 as a unique event space, available to hire for conferences, meetings and more. In early 2015 Sheffield Creative Agency 'We Are' purchased 3,500 sq.ft of office space on the ground floor of the Grade II-listed Grain and Terminal Building which had been vacant for 20 years...'
The canal-bed refurbishment work was set to complete by the 31st March, having begun on the 6th January.
The second set of shots in this section show the canal, walking back towards Attercliffe, just a short way, and some of the local 'features' which make this an endearing place to be. Some more barges are moored up along the canal bank and a boat is in the dry dock at the 'Finesse Boatyard. Another sky-blur craft lies to the left, 'Salty' and the narrow Cadman Street bridge is just around the corner and in the next picture it is seen with some canal-side colourful artistry. Some trains at last, this,here, in the form of a Northern Rail class 150, on the 1Y15, Leeds to Nottingham service seen passing a few old canal-side derelict, on the left, buildings. The next shot shows some more artistry on the wall of the building just under Cadman Street. I scanned the bar-code and got the word 'Affix' which is the word appearing above in large letters, still no the wiser. A few minutes later and the next traction delight comes rattling along, this time in the form of the more brightly coloured livery of a class 185 TPE unit, this one, number readable miraculously, is 185109 and its the 1B75, Cleethorpes to Manchester Airport service, about to pull into Sheffield Midland. On the left a building with a more striking gable-end than is normal in these parts, this artistry something to do with Sheffield United as both the name 'Bramall Lane' and the club's insignia are present in the artwork; I know nothing... Up in the real word of roads and works, right next to the CAdman Street canal bridge is the well known, 'Sipelia Works', now in the hands of 'Emmaus' who are very active in supporting homeless people well, they were, until the whole operation shut on March 23rd due to the Covid-19 'Lock-Down'; what do the homeless do now. Some information about its past history-
'...Sipelia Works on Cadman Street is closely tied to the history of steel making and the cutlery trade of the 19th and 20th centuries. Built for Eyre, Ward & Co. between 1850 and 1855 it represents not only the industrialisation of Sheffield , but also the development of a city, the growth of the nations in North and South America and the movement from rural to urban life....', Further-
'...B & J SIPPEL LTD, Sheffield. Sipelia Cutlery Works, Cadman Street/Blast Lane, Sheffield. Founded in the 1930s by Benno (died 1946) and J. Sippel, two Jewish brothers relocated from Germany to Sheffield in 1931. The factory was still active in the 1950s (closed c. 1960/1970)...'
See also the Emmaus website which provides some further information about the building-
www.emmaus-sheffield.org.uk/sipelia-works
It was Grade II listed on 13th June, 1988 and, quite rightly so. The final traction shot, taken at the same bridge, now in gathering dark cloud, with sun lighting up the yellow front panel, is a Northern class 144, also heading into Sheffield on the 2R25 service from Adwick, the low mid-day sun is helping with the colourful surrounds again, particularly on that football club related gable-end. The blue gable-ends of the building showing in front of the D.M.U. on the left-hand canal bank, are those of 'Taylor Forgings Canalloy Steels Ltd', on Bernard Road and the building on the right now looks to be derelict and unused. With heavy clouds rolling in and a shot from the Cadman Street bridge looking directly east with the 'Veolia Recycling Centre' and its tall white chimney standing prominent on the right and all the other elements mentioned in the last few shots, now darkly visible, its time to depart the area and, show one last shot.
This was taken in an ad-hoc way on the way back home and shows an advertising awning I had seen a few days before and took a quick snap on the phone as a reminder, but now, with the proper camera to hand, with focus and exposure set, I had only to hope that the traffic lights at the BnQ store on Penistone Road would be at red so I could compose the shot calmly without being a traffic hazard. Fortunately, the tail-back of stationary traffic was just long enough to place me right in front of the hoarding and with a Mercedes Smart Car at the left, adding that bit extra Va-va-voom!! I still think the poster is amusing and well designed.. and seems to fit right in, in this environment, maybe you had to be there !!!
Steady drip from the archives continues...
Leica M9 + a borrowed Voigtlander 35mm f/1.4 Nokton. I love the look of vented lens hoods as on this lens. Although the design is entirely practical (in order to reduce finder blockage) it does have an aesthetic value as well, for me at least!
with Nikon D700 + Leica Summicron R 90mm f2
@1/125s, ISO400, f/2 or f/2.8
SMK754F makes a sharp left turn, after going wrong way along the New Oxford St bus lane, to avoid a blockage caused by disability protesters, 03/07/90
Monday, 29 September 2014
GM 084 stands at Wellingtonbridge with the ECS movement of the RPSI Craven carriages from Wexford to Waterford. The train had earlier operated the Railtours Ireland 'Emerald Isle Express" tour (Day 1) from Dublin Connolly to Wexford. The ECS movement across the mothballed South Wexford Line to Waterford allowed the positioning of the train for Day 2 of the tour, which would see the train bringing the guests from Waterford to Cork City via Clonmel.
Back in 2011, a rake of 29000 class railcars was brought from Dublin to Rosslare via Waterford and the South Wexford Line due to a line blockage at Lansdowne Road caused by flooding. Photos: www.flickr.com/photos/finnyus/sets/72157627935436747/
© Finbarr O'Neill
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Culvert 28A downstream chamber outlet pipe - the twin-wall pipe has been overlapped on the original SGW pipe making a step that will catch sediment. This shows the extent of the blockage
From the book in the previous picture, printed about 60 years ago, the same age as my home. It turns out the life of these paper pipes is about 60 years, after which time they collapse and your drains get blocked…
"STS 51-L Investigation - Time as of 73.226.
Explosion near SRB forward attach..."
Per an extract from the "Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident", Figure 79, Page N-54, which is a near identical image, at a Mission Elapsed Time of 73.213:
"Camera E204 viewing the left side of the vehicle indicates a flash near the SRB forward attach (intertank) area and a brightening of the flash between the Orbiter and the ET. A view of the right side of the vehicle from camera E207 shows a significant increase in the volume of recirculated hydrogen-enriched SRB exhaust products as a result of freestream flow blockage induced by the anomalous SRB plume and the rapidly increasing release of hydrogen from the aft liquid hydrogen tank failure. The flash near the SRB forward attach area is potentially the circumferential propagation of the radiant SRB exhaust products due to aerodynamic effects and structural failure of the intertank area."
Photograph taken by the Recording Optical Tracking Instrument (ROTI), on 70mm film, from its Melbourne Beach location.
nasa.fandom.com/wiki/STS-51-L_Mission_timeline
Tragic, horrific and INEXCUSABLE.
The line is currently under an Engineer's Possession while track repairs are carried out at several locations. This blockage was to act as a reminder to the loco crew that the next section of track had be crossed a walking pace.
Photo taken on the Welshpool & Llanfair Light Railway.
.*from a collection of old watercolors recently found in my garden shed, most were all stuck together and moldy; I have placed them in a tub of warm water to see if they would come undone; those posted, did, and this is the result . All continue to be molded and need to be burned after posting for they continue to be a health hazard when brought into the house. The above, portrait was made into several paintings which came out rather well even though each came out differently. Have no clue why I have them; perhaps wanting to do different portraits at a later date. Sketches and studies can be great tools to make further art from, but should not be made with water based colours. /the black spots on above are mould/ .Mould is a living organism that keeps alive and growing and will never die. Symptoms caused by mold are allergies, cause watery and itchy eyes, a chronic cough, headaches or migraines, difficulty breathing, rashes, tiredness, sinus problems, nasal blockage and frequent sneezing. Symptoms that can been be triggered as well, by simply viewing old paintings without mould that bring bad memories, the above man's portrait being one of them.
Based on Tromas' AD-Rock mecha.
I figured out a way to add torso twist to it.
I haven't looked in while, but last time I checked Tromas' frame was one of the smallest, most poseable that still fit a minifig.
I asked him to break it down a while ago, and he graciously did, then like a huge jerk I just sat on the info forever. Now I've finally got the MOC blockage cleared I can try to finish what I started.
Rabbits, also known as bunnies or bunny rabbits, are small mammals in the family Leporidae (along with the hare) of the order Lagomorpha (along with the pika). Oryctolagus cuniculus includes the European rabbit species and its descendants, the world's 305 breeds of domestic rabbit. Sylvilagus includes 13 wild rabbit species, among them the seven types of cottontail. The European rabbit, which has been introduced on every continent except Antarctica, is familiar throughout the world as a wild prey animal and as a domesticated form of livestock and pet. With its widespread effect on ecologies and cultures, the rabbit is, in many areas of the world, a part of daily life - as food, clothing, a companion, and a source of artistic inspiration.
Although once considered rodents, lagomorphs like rabbits have been discovered to have diverged separately and earlier than their rodent cousins and have a number of traits rodents lack, like two extra incisors.
TERMINOLOGY AND ETYMOLOGY
Male rabbits are called bucks; females are called does. An older term for an adult rabbit used until the 18th century is coney (derived ultimately from the Latin cuniculus), while rabbit once referred only to the young animals. Another term for a young rabbit is bunny, though this term is often applied informally (particularly by children) to rabbits generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the term kit or kitten has been used to refer to a young rabbit.
A group of rabbits is known as a colony or nest (or, occasionally, a warren, though this more commonly refers to where the rabbits live). A group of baby rabbits produced from a single mating is referred to as a litter and a group of domestic rabbits living together is sometimes called a herd.
The word rabbit itself derives from the Middle English rabet, a borrowing from the Walloon robète, which was a diminutive of the French or Middle Dutch robbe.
TAXONOMY
Rabbits and hares were formerly classified in the order Rodentia (rodent) until 1912, when they were moved into a new order, Lagomorpha (which also includes pikas). Below are some of the genera and species of the rabbit.
DFFERENCES FROM HARES
Hares are precocial, born relatively mature and mobile with hair and good vision, while rabbits are altricial, born hairless and blind, and requiring closer care. Hares (and cottontail rabbits) live a relatively solitary life in a simple nest above the ground, while most rabbits live in social groups in burrows or warrens. Hares are generally larger than rabbits, with ears that are more elongated, and with hind legs that are larger and longer. Hares have not been domesticated, while descendants of the European rabbit are commonly bred as livestock and kept as pets.
DOMESTICATION
Rabbits have long been domesticated. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the European rabbit has been widely kept as livestock, starting in ancient Rome. Selective breeding has generated a wide variety of rabbit breeds, of which many (since the early 19th century) are also kept as pets. Some strains of rabbit have been bred specifically as research subjects.
As livestock, rabbits are bred for their meat and fur. The earliest breeds were important sources of meat, and so became larger than wild rabbits, but domestic rabbits in modern times range in size from dwarf to giant. Rabbit fur, prized for its softness, can be found in a broad range of coat colors and patterns, as well as lengths. The Angora rabbit breed, for example, was developed for its long, silky fur, which is often hand-spun into yarn. Other domestic rabbit breeds have been developed primarily for the commercial fur trade, including the Rex, which has a short plush coat.
BIOLOGY
EVOLUTION
Because the rabbit's epiglottis is engaged over the soft palate except when swallowing, the rabbit is an obligate nasal breather. Rabbits have two sets of incisor teeth, one behind the other. This way they can be distinguished from rodents, with which they are often confused. Carl Linnaeus originally grouped rabbits and rodents under the class Glires; later, they were separated as the scientific consensus is that many of their similarities were a result of convergent evolution. However, recent DNA analysis and the discovery of a common ancestor has supported the view that they do share a common lineage, and thus rabbits and rodents are now often referred to together as members of the superorder Glires.
MORPHOLOGY
Since speed and agility are a rabbit's main defenses against predators (including the swift fox), rabbits have large hind leg bones and well developed musculature. Though plantigrade at rest, rabbits are on their toes while running, assuming a more digitigrade posture. Rabbits use their strong claws for digging and (along with their teeth) for defense. Each front foot has four toes plus a dewclaw. Each hind foot has four toes (but no dewclaw).
Most wild rabbits (especially compared to hares) have relatively full, egg-shaped bodies. The soft coat of the wild rabbit is agouti in coloration (or, rarely, melanistic), which aids in camouflage. The tail of the rabbit (with the exception of the cottontail species) is dark on top and white below. Cottontails have white on the top of their tails.
As a result of the position of the eyes in its skull, the rabbit has a field of vision that encompasses nearly 360 degrees, with just a small blind spot at the bridge of the nose.
HIND LIMB ELEMENTS
The anatomy of rabbits' hind limbs are structurally similar to that of other land mammals and contribute to their specialized form of locomotion. The bones of the hind limbs consist of long bones (the femur, tibia, fibula, and phalanges) as well as short bones (the tarsals). These bones are created through endochondral ossification during development. Like most land mammals, the round head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the ox coxae. The femur articulates with the tibia, but not the fibula, which is fused to the tibia. The tibia and fibula articulate with the tarsals of the pes, commonly called the foot. The hind limbs of the rabbit are longer than the front limbs. This allows them to produce their hopping form of locomotion. Longer hind limbs are more capable of producing faster speeds. Hares, which have longer legs than cottontail rabbits, are able to move considerably faster. Rabbits stay just on their toes when moving; this is called Digitigrade locomotion. The hind feet have four long toes that allow for this and are webbed to prevent them from spreading when hopping. Rabbits do not have paw pads on their feet like most other animals that use digitigrade locomotion. Instead, they have coarse compressed hair that offers protection.
MUSCULATURE
Rabbits have muscled hind legs that allow for maximum force, maneuverability, and acceleration that is divided into three main parts; foot, thigh, and leg. The hind limbs of a rabbit are an exaggerated feature. They are much longer than the forelimbs, providing more force. Rabbits run on their toes to gain the optimal stride during locomotion. The force put out by the hind limbs is contributed to both the structural anatomy of the fusion tibia and fibula, and muscular features. Bone formation and removal, from a cellular standpoint, is directly correlated to hind limb muscles. Action pressure from muscles creates force that is then distributed through the skeletal structures. Rabbits that generate less force, putting less stress on bones are more prone to osteoporosis due to bone rarefaction. In rabbits, the more fibers in a muscle, the more resistant to fatigue. For example, hares have a greater resistance to fatigue than cottontails. The muscles of rabbit's hind limbs can be classified into four main categories: hamstrings, quadriceps, dorsiflexors, or plantar flexors. The quadriceps muscles are in charge of force production when jumping. Complementing these muscles are the hamstrings which aid in short bursts of action. These muscles play off of one another in the same way as the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors, contributing to the generation and actions associated with force.
EARS
Within the order lagomorphs, the ears are utilized to detect and avoid predators. In the family Leporidae, the ears are typically longer than they are wide. For example, in black tailed jack rabbits, their long ears cover a greater surface area relative to their body size that allow them to detect predators from far away. Contrasted to cotton tailed rabbits, their ears are smaller and shorter, requiring predators to be closer to detect them before they can flee. Evolution has favored rabbits having shorter ears so the larger surface area does not cause them to lose heat in more temperate regions. The opposite can be seen in rabbits that live in hotter climates, mainly because they possess longer ears that have a larger surface area that help with dispersion of heat as well as the theory that sound does not travel well in more arid air, opposed to cooler air. Therefore, longer ears are meant to aid the organism in detecting predators sooner rather than later in warmer temperatures. The rabbit is characterized by its shorter ears while hares are characterized by their longer ears. Rabbits' ears are an important structure to aid thermoregulation and detect predators due to how the outer, middle, and inner ear muscles coordinate with one another. The ear muscles also aid in maintaining balance and movement when fleeing predators.Outer ear
MIDDLE EAR
The middle ear is filled with three bones called ossicles and is separated by the outer eardrum in the back of the rabbit's skull. The three ossicles are called hammer, anvil, and stirrup and act to decrease sound before it hits the inner ear. In general, the ossicles act as a barrier to the inner ear for sound energy.
INNER EAR
Inner ear fluid called endolymph receives the sound energy. After receiving the energy, later within the inner ear there are two parts: the cochlea that utilizes sound waves from the ossicles and the vestibular apparatus that manages the rabbit's position in regards to movement. Within the cochlea there is a basilar membrane that contains sensory hair structures utilized to send nerve signals to the brain so it can recognize different sound frequencies. Within the vestibular apparatus the rabbit possesses three semicircular canals to help detect angular motion.
THERMOREGULATION
Thermoregulation is the process that an organism utilizes to maintain an optimal body temperature independent of external conditions. This process is carried out by the pinnae which takes up most of the rabbit's body surface and contain a vascular network and arteriovenous shunts. In a rabbit, the optimal body temperature is around 38.5–40℃. If their body temperature exceeds or does not meet this optimal temperature, the rabbit must return to homeostasis. Homeostasis of body temperature is maintained by the use of their large, highly vascularized ears that are able to change the amount of blood flow that passes through the ears.
Constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the ears are used to control the core body temperature of a rabbit. If the core temperature exceeds its optimal temperature greatly, blood flow is constricted to limit the amount of blood going through the vessels. With this constriction, there is only a limited amount of blood that is passing through the ears where ambient heat would be able to heat the blood that is flowing through the ears and therefore, increasing the body temperature. Constriction is also used when the ambient temperature is much lower than that of the rabbit's core body temperature. When the ears are constricted it again limits blood flow through the ears to conserve the optimal body temperature of the rabbit. If the ambient temperature is either 15 degrees above or below the optimal body temperature, the blood vessels will dilate. With the blood vessels being enlarged, the blood is able to pass through the large surface area which causes it to either heat or cool down.
During hot summers, the rabbit has the capability to stretch its pinnae which allows for greater surface area and increase heat dissipation. In cold winters, the rabbit does the opposite and folds its ears in order to decrease its surface area to the ambient air which would decrease their body temperature.
The jackrabbit has the largest ears within the Oryctolagus cuniculus group. Their ears contribute to 17% of their total body surface area. Their large pinna were evolved to maintain homeostasis while in the extreme temperatures of the desert.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The rabbit's nasal cavity lies dorsal to the oral cavity, and the two compartments are separated by the hard and soft palate. The nasal cavity itself is separated into a left and right side by a cartilage barrier, and it is covered in fine hairs that trap dust before it can enter the respiratory tract. As the rabbit breathes, air flows in through the nostrils along the alar folds. From there, the air moves into the nasal cavity, also known as the nasopharynx, down through the trachea, through the larynx, and into the lungs. The larynx functions as the rabbit's voice box, which enables it to produce a wide variety of sounds. The trachea is a long tube embedded with cartilaginous rings that prevent the tube from collapsing as air moves in and out of the lungs. The trachea then splits into a left and right bronchus, which meet the lungs at a structure called the hilum. From there, the bronchi split into progressively more narrow and numerous branches. The bronchi branch into bronchioles, into respiratory bronchioles, and ultimately terminate at the alveolar ducts. The branching that is typically found in rabbit lungs is a clear example of monopodial branching, in which smaller branches divide out laterally from a larger central branch. The structure of the rabbit's nasal and oral cavities, necessitates breathing through the nose. This is due to the fact that the epiglottis is fixed to the backmost portion of the soft palate. Within the oral cavity, a layer of tissue sits over the opening of the glottis, which blocks airflow from the oral cavity to the trachea. The epiglottis functions to prevent the rabbit from aspirating on its food. Further, the presence of a soft and hard palate allow the rabbit to breathe through its nose while it feeds.Rabbits lungs are divided into four lobes: the cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory lobes. The right lung is made up of all four lobes, while the left lung only has two: the cranial and caudal lobes. In order to provide space for the heart, the left cranial lobe of the lungs is significantly smaller than that of the right. The diaphragm is a muscular structure that lies caudal to the lungs and contracts to facilitate respiration.
DIGESTION
Rabbits are herbivores that feed by grazing on grass and other leafy plants. In consequence, their diet contains large amounts of cellulose, which is hard to digest. Rabbits solve this problem via a form of hindgut fermentation. They pass two distinct types of feces: hard droppings and soft black viscous pellets, the latter of which are known as caecotrophs or "night droppings" and are immediately eaten (a behaviour known as coprophagy). Rabbits reingest their own droppings (rather than chewing the cud as do cows and numerous other herbivores) to digest their food further and extract sufficient nutrients.
Rabbits graze heavily and rapidly for roughly the first half-hour of a grazing period (usually in the late afternoon), followed by about half an hour of more selective feeding.[citation needed] In this time, the rabbit will also excrete many hard fecal pellets, being waste pellets that will not be reingested.[citation needed] If the environment is relatively non-threatening, the rabbit will remain outdoors for many hours, grazing at intervals.[citation needed] While out of the burrow, the rabbit will occasionally reingest its soft, partially digested pellets; this is rarely observed, since the pellets are reingested as they are produced.
Hard pellets are made up of hay-like fragments of plant cuticle and stalk, being the final waste product after redigestion of soft pellets. These are only released outside the burrow and are not reingested. Soft pellets are usually produced several hours after grazing, after the hard pellets have all been excreted.[citation needed] They are made up of micro-organisms and undigested plant cell walls.[citation needed]
Rabbits are hindgut digesters. This means that most of their digestion takes place in their large intestine and cecum. In rabbits, the cecum is about 10 times bigger than the stomach and it along with the large intestine makes up roughly 40% of the rabbit's digestive tract. The unique musculature of the cecum allows the intestinal tract of the rabbit to separate fibrous material from more digestible material; the fibrous material is passed as feces, while the more nutritious material is encased in a mucous lining as a cecotrope. Cecotropes, sometimes called "night feces", are high in minerals, vitamins and proteins that are necessary to the rabbit's health. Rabbits eat these to meet their nutritional requirements; the mucous coating allows the nutrients to pass through the acidic stomach for digestion in the intestines. This process allows rabbits to extract the necessary nutrients from their food.[35]
The chewed plant material collects in the large cecum, a secondary chamber between the large and small intestine containing large quantities of symbiotic bacteria that help with the digestion of cellulose and also produce certain B vitamins. The pellets are about 56% bacteria by dry weight, largely accounting for the pellets being 24.4% protein on average. The soft feces form here and contain up to five times the vitamins of hard feces. After being excreted, they are eaten whole by the rabbit and redigested in a special part of the stomach. The pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant carbohydrates. This double-digestion process enables rabbits to use nutrients that they may have missed during the first passage through the gut, as well as the nutrients formed by the microbial activity and thus ensures that maximum nutrition is derived from the food they eat. This process serves the same purpose in the rabbit as rumination does in cattle and sheep.
Because rabbits cannot vomit, if buildup occurs within the intestines (due often to a diet with insufficient fibre), intestinal blockage can occur.
REPRODUCTION
The adult male reproductive system forms the same as most mammals with the seminiferous tubular compartment containing the Sertoli cells and an adluminal compartment that contains the Leydig cells. The Leydig cells produce testosterone, which maintains libido and creates secondary sex characteristics such as the genital tubercle and penis. The Sertoli cells triggers the production of Anti-Müllerian duct hormone, which absorbs the Müllerian duct. In an adult male rabbit, the sheath of the penis is cylinder-like and can be extruded as early as two months of age. The scrotal sacs lay lateral to the penis and contain epididymal fat pads which protect the testes. Between 10 and 14 weeks, the testes descend and are able to retract into the pelvic cavity in order to thermoregulate. Furthermore, the secondary sex characteristics, such as the testes, are complex and secrete many compounds. These compounds includes fructose, citric acid, minerals, and a uniquely high amount of catalase.
The adult female reproductive tract is bipartite, which prevents an embryo from translocating between uteri. The two uterine horns communicate to two cervixes and forms one vaginal canal. Along with being bipartite, the female rabbit does not go through an estrus cycle, which causes mating induced ovulation.
The average female rabbit becomes sexually mature at 3 to 8 months of age and can conceive at any time of the year for the duration of her life. However, egg and sperm production can begin to decline after three years. During mating, the male rabbit will mount the female rabbit from behind and insert his penis into the female and make rapid pelvic hip thrusts. The encounter lasts only 20–40 seconds and after, the male will throw himself backwards off the female.
The rabbit gestation period is short and ranges from 28 to 36 days with an average period of 31 days. A longer gestation period will generally yield a smaller litter while shorter gestation periods will give birth to a larger litter. The size of a single litter can range from four to 12 kits allowing a female to deliver up to 60 new kits a year. After birth, the female can become pregnant again as early as the next day.
The mortality rates of embryos are high in rabbits and can be due to infection, trauma, poor nutrition and environmental stress so a high fertility rate is necessary to counter this.
SLEEP
Rabbits may appear to be crepuscular, but their natural inclination is toward nocturnal activity. In 2011, the average sleep time of a rabbit in captivity was calculated at 8.4 hours per day. As with other prey animals, rabbits often sleep with their eyes open, so that sudden movements will awaken the rabbit to respond to potential danger.
DISEASES
In addition to being at risk of disease from common pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Escherichia coli, rabbits can contract the virulent, species-specific viruses RHD ("rabbit hemorrhagic disease", a form of calicivirus) or myxomatosis. Among the parasites that infect rabbits are tapeworms (such as Taenia serialis), external parasites (including fleas and mites), coccidia species, and Toxoplasma gondii. Domesticated rabbits with a diet lacking in high fiber sources, such as hay and grass, are susceptible to potentially lethal gastrointestinal stasis. Rabbits and hares are almost never found to be infected with rabies and have not been known to transmit rabies to humans.
Encephalitozoon cuniculi, an obligate intracellular parasite is also capable of infecting many mammals including rabbits.
ECOLOGY
Rabbits are prey animals and are therefore constantly aware of their surroundings. For instance, in Mediterranean Europe, rabbits are the main prey of red foxes, badgers, and Iberian lynxes. If confronted by a potential threat, a rabbit may freeze and observe then warn others in the warren with powerful thumps on the ground. Rabbits have a remarkably wide field of vision, and a good deal of it is devoted to overhead scanning. They survive predation by burrowing, hopping away in a zig-zag motion, and, if captured, delivering powerful kicks with their hind legs. Their strong teeth allow them to eat and to bite in order to escape a struggle. The longest-lived rabbit on record, a domesticated European rabbit living in Tasmania, died at age 18. The lifespan of wild rabbits is much shorter; the average longevity of an eastern cottontail, for instance, is less than one year.
HABITAT AND RANGE
Rabbit habitats include meadows, woods, forests, grasslands, deserts and wetlands. Rabbits live in groups, and the best known species, the European rabbit, lives in burrows, or rabbit holes. A group of burrows is called a warren.
More than half the world's rabbit population resides in North America. They are also native to southwestern Europe, Southeast Asia, Sumatra, some islands of Japan, and in parts of Africa and South America. They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia, where a number of species of hares are present. Rabbits first entered South America relatively recently, as part of the Great American Interchange. Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit, the tapeti, while most of South America's southern cone is without rabbits.
The European rabbit has been introduced to many places around the world.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Rabbits have been a source of environmental problems when introduced into the wild by humans. As a result of their appetites, and the rate at which they breed, feral rabbit depredation can be problematic for agriculture. Gassing (fumigation of warrens), barriers (fences), shooting, snaring, and ferreting have been used to control rabbit populations, but the most effective measures are diseases such as myxomatosis (myxo or mixi, colloquially) and calicivirus. In Europe, where rabbits are farmed on a large scale, they are protected against myxomatosis and calicivirus with a genetically modified virus. The virus was developed in Spain, and is beneficial to rabbit farmers. If it were to make its way into wild populations in areas such as Australia, it could create a population boom, as those diseases are the most serious threats to rabbit survival. Rabbits in Australia and New Zealand are considered to be such a pest that land owners are legally obliged to control them.
AS FOOD AND CLOTHING
In some areas, wild rabbits and hares are hunted for their meat, a lean source of high quality protein. In the wild, such hunting is accomplished with the aid of trained falcons, ferrets, or dogs, as well as with snares or other traps, and rifles. A caught rabbit may be dispatched with a sharp blow to the back of its head, a practice from which the term rabbit punch is derived.
Wild leporids comprise a small portion of global rabbit-meat consumption. Domesticated descendants of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) that are bred and kept as livestock (a practice called cuniculture) account for the estimated 200 million tons of rabbit meat produced annually. Approximately 1.2 billion rabbits are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. In 1994, the countries with the highest consumption per capita of rabbit meat were Malta with 8.89 kg, Italy with 5.71 kg, and Cyprus with 4.37 kg, falling to 0.03 kg in Japan. The figure for the United States was 0.14 kg per capita. The largest producers of rabbit meat in 1994 were China, Russia, Italy, France, and Spain. Rabbit meat was once a common commodity in Sydney, Australia, but declined after the myxomatosis virus was intentionally introduced to control the exploding population of feral rabbits in the area.
In the United Kingdom, fresh rabbit is sold in butcher shops and markets, and some supermarkets sell frozen rabbit meat. At farmers markets there, including the famous Borough Market in London, rabbit carcasses are sometimes displayed hanging, unbutchered (in the traditional style), next to braces of pheasant or other small game. Rabbit meat is a feature of Moroccan cuisine, where it is cooked in a tajine with "raisins and grilled almonds added a few minutes before serving". In China, rabbit meat is particularly popular in Sichuan cuisine, with its stewed rabbit, spicy diced rabbit, BBQ-style rabbit, and even spicy rabbit heads, which have been compared to spicy duck neck. Rabbit meat is comparatively unpopular elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific.
An extremely rare infection associated with rabbits-as-food is tularemia (also known as rabbit fever), which may be contracted from an infected rabbit. Hunters are at higher risk for tularemia because of the potential for inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process.
In addition to their meat, rabbits are used for their wool, fur, and pelts, as well as their nitrogen-rich manure and their high-protein milk. Production industries have developed domesticated rabbit breeds (such as the well-known Angora rabbit) to efficiently fill these needs.
In art, literature, and culture
Rabbits are often used as a symbol of fertility or rebirth, and have long been associated with spring and Easter as the Easter Bunny. The species' role as a prey animal with few defenses evokes vulnerability and innocence, and in folklore and modern children's stories, rabbits often appear as sympathetic characters, able to connect easily with youth of all kinds (for example, the Velveteen Rabbit, or Thumper in Bambi).
With its reputation as a prolific breeder, the rabbit juxtaposes sexuality with innocence, as in the Playboy Bunny. The rabbit (as a swift prey animal) is also known for its speed, agility, and endurance, symbolized (for example) by the marketing icons the Energizer Bunny and the Duracell Bunny.
FOLKLORE
The rabbit often appears in folklore as the trickster archetype, as he uses his cunning to outwit his enemies.
In Aztec mythology, a pantheon of four hundred rabbit gods known as Centzon Totochtin, led by Ometochtli or Two Rabbit, represented fertility, parties, and drunkenness.
In Central Africa, the common hare (Kalulu), is "inevitably described" as a trickster figure.
In Chinese folklore, rabbits accompany Chang'e on the Moon. In the Chinese New Year, the zodiacal rabbit is one of the twelve celestial animals in the Chinese zodiac. Note that the Vietnamese zodiac includes a zodiacal cat in place of the rabbit, possibly because rabbits did not inhabit Vietnam.[citation needed] The most common explanation, however, is that the ancient Vietnamese word for "rabbit" (mao) sounds like the Chinese word for "cat" (卯, mao).
In Japanese tradition, rabbits live on the Moon where they make mochi, the popular snack of mashed sticky rice. This comes from interpreting the pattern of dark patches on the moon as a rabbit standing on tiptoes on the left pounding on an usu, a Japanese mortar.
In Jewish folklore, rabbits (shfanim שפנים) are associated with cowardice, a usage still current in contemporary Israeli spoken Hebrew (similar to the English colloquial use of "chicken" to denote cowardice).
In Korean mythology, as in Japanese, rabbits live on the moon making rice cakes ("Tteok" in Korean).
In Anishinaabe traditional beliefs, held by the Ojibwe and some other Native American peoples, Nanabozho, or Great Rabbit, is an important deity related to the creation of the world.
A Vietnamese mythological story portrays the rabbit of innocence and youthfulness. The Gods of the myth are shown to be hunting and killing rabbits to show off their power.
Buddhism, Christianity, and Judaism have associations with an ancient circular motif called the three rabbits (or "three hares"). Its meaning ranges from "peace and tranquility", to purity or the Holy Trinity, to Kabbalistic levels of the soul or to the Jewish diaspora. The tripartite symbol also appears in heraldry and even tattoos.
The rabbit as trickster is a part of American popular culture, as Br'er Rabbit (from African-American folktales and, later, Disney animation) and Bugs Bunny (the cartoon character from Warner Bros.), for example.
Anthropomorphized rabbits have appeared in film and literature, in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (the White Rabbit and the March Hare characters), in Watership Down (including the film and television adaptations), in Rabbit Hill (by Robert Lawson), and in the Peter Rabbit stories (by Beatrix Potter). In the 1920s, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was a popular cartoon character.
A rabbit's foot may be carried as an amulet, believed to bring protection and good luck. This belief is found in many parts of the world, with the earliest use being recorded in Europe c. 600 BC.
On the Isle of Portland in Dorset, UK, the rabbit is said to be unlucky and even speaking the creature's name can cause upset among older island residents. This is thought to date back to early times in the local quarrying industry where (to save space) extracted stones that were not fit for sale were set aside in what became tall, unstable walls. The local rabbits' tendency to burrow there would weaken the walls and their collapse resulted in injuries or even death. Thus, invoking the name of the culprit became an unlucky act to be avoided. In the local culture to this day, the rabbit (when he has to be referred to) may instead be called a “long ears” or “underground mutton”, so as not to risk bringing a downfall upon oneself. While it was true 50 years ago that a pub on the island could be emptied by calling out the word "rabbit", this has become more fable than fact in modern times.
In other parts of Britain and in North America, invoking the rabbit's name may instead bring good luck. "Rabbit rabbit rabbit" is one variant of an apotropaic or talismanic superstition that involves saying or repeating the word "rabbit" (or "rabbits" or "white rabbits" or some combination thereof) out loud upon waking on the first day of each month, because doing so will ensure good fortune for the duration of that month.
The "rabbit test" is a term, first used in 1949, for the Friedman test, an early diagnostic tool for detecting a pregnancy in humans. It is a common misconception (or perhaps an urban legend) that the test-rabbit would die if the woman was pregnant. This led to the phrase "the rabbit died" becoming a euphemism for a positive pregnancy test.
WIKIPEDIA
This classic Charles Bronson headliner, helmed by Terence Young, got plenty of attention in Korea as a legit 'workaround' for seeing Toshiro Mifune onscreen. At the time, a blockage against Japanese pop culture imports ensured that little of the actor's other work could be viewed on the peninsula. The back cover promises "big samurai action." Rare second edition.
Another addition to 9SR's line of rifles, the Pointman is deigned to be a multi-role assault platform, set to rival submachine guns and PDWs. The Pointman is available in a range of calibers, including 5.45x39mm, 5.56x45mm, 7.62x39mm, 7.62x51mm and 7.62x54R. The rifle's trigger is dual-stage, firing in semi-automatic, then after a 1 second delay, fully automatic fire begins. The weapon is designed to take a wide range of stick magazines, and this version uses a 7.62 RPK 45rnd magazine. An ambidextrous ammunition counter is built into every Pointman rifle, showing how many rounds are left in the magazine. The Pointman only has one slot for a rail in the carrying handle, making the addition of grips and other accessories difficult. However, a short barreled muzzle-loading grenade launcher is integral to the forend, which can accomodate 40mm grenades. A wide variety of barrel lengths are available, the 13" shown. The weapon fires using an enclosed direct-impingement system, with large tubes to minimize the effect of blockages. A polymer body cuts down on weight, and recoil is greatly reduced by efficient springs in the stock directing firing forces downward.
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I'll do some other variants tomorrow, probably in other calibers.
^ Well that never happened, did it?
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Well, how did I do on this one?
Untold Blast
Description: Dinoponera is a genus of ants in which is included the largest ant in the world. It's a genus strictly restricted to South America belonging to the order Hymenoptera, suborder Apocrita, superfamily Vespoidea, family Formicidae, subfamily Ponerinae and tribe Ponerini.
The subject portrayed measured somewhere around 3cm in length or more. All Dinoponera I met were never aggressive and accidents seem to happen with people who step on them leaving them choiceless. I tried to make her sting me but she just tried to flee. A field guide held one in his hand and she just tried to escape, never stung him. Under my experience, they were never aggressive towards very large bioforms.
My main doubt about this identification is differentiating Dinoponera quadriceps from Dinoponera gigantea. Both are found in Brazil; Dinoponera gigantea seems to have a confusing distribution status, while Dinoponera quadriceps are found in the same location I found this specimen. A person in a group told me she personally collected Dinoponera quadriceps in the exact location I found this specimen, which inclines the identification towards D. quadriceps instead of D. gigantea, even though both are probably possible. Their main distinguishing trait from Paraponera and Pachycondyla (considered a sister taxa to Dinoponera) is the size. Dinoponera are also distinguishable from Pachycondyla through the presence of two clypeal teeth on the laterals and rows of spines on the pygidium and hypopygidium. "Streblognathus bears some resemblance to Dinoponera, given its large size, subtriangular mandibles, clypeal teeth, and forward facing eyes, but Streblognathus has a novel fin-shaped petiole..."
- anterior part of the abdomen that is elongated and straight and unites the rest of the abdomen, the gaster, with the thorax - "...and lacks the complex metapleural gland orifice, toothed tarsal claws, and hypopygial spines of Dinoponera, and is somewhat smaller.", as sourced further below.
There is no queen in the colony. They are replaced by a gamergate worker. Gamergates are viable reproductive worker ants that are able to reproduce with mature males in the absense of a queen. The alpha female is the highest-ranking member and reproduces with males from another nest at its entrance during the night. The male attaches the gaster (in ants, enlarged portion of the abdomen posterior to the petiole) inside the female's reproductive organ. Once copulation ends, the female will cut off the male's gaster which can't detach by itself. She pulls out a genital capsule that acts as a blockage to sperm and turns her unreceptive to other males, remaining monandrous. Mating is suicidal for the male.
Dinoponera can bite and sting. On the terminal end of the abdomen there is a sting that contains toxins. These are usually used by the alpha females on competing females and act as a trigger to the lower-ranked workers; these will try immobilize the alpha's rival, but can fail. Dominated Dinoponera quadriceps will often retract their antennae. Dominance is also done through biting, blocking, gaster-rubbing, curling, and rubbing the antennae.
Low-ranking workers forage individually on littery soil but divide tasks within the nest. Lower-ranking workers process protein resources while higher-ranked females distribute food to the larvae. They feed on dead and live invertebrates, seeds and fruits. The entomopathogenic Cordyceps sp. fungus can parasitize Diponera.
They possess a strong venom that is expelled through the rear sting and is used to dominate large prey. The stinging is incredibly painful and the pain can last up to 48 hours. D. quadriceps' venom has antinociceptive, antimicrobial and neuroprotective properties, and is used to treat health problems such as back pain, asthma rheumatism and earaches. Anticoagulant activity seems to be present.
D. quadriceps' colonies are the largests in the genus, averaging at 80 workers. The nests are made of deep large chambers, possibly an adaptation to aridity. Their colonies in the Caatinga and Cerrado are mainly made under trees, probably an adaptation against aridity as well.
New colonies are formed through fissions, processes in which a group of workers leave the nest with their brood. This allows for a new high-ranking worker to become a gamergate. A high-ranking worker can also become a new gamergate when the current one dies or becomes unproductive.
Wheeler and Wheeler (1985) describes the larvae as: "Profile pogonomyrmecoid (i.e., diameter greatest near the middle of abdomen, decreasing gradually toward anterior end and more rapidly toward posterior end, which is rounded; thorax more slender than abdomen and forming a neck, which is curved ventrally). Body with numerous (114–160) mammiform tubercles, each with 2–25 short simple hairs; body hairs lacking elsewhere. Cranial hairs lacking. Mandible dinoponeroid (i.e. narrowly subtriangular in anterior view; anterior portion curved posteriorly; with or without medial teeth.)”
The male has a total length of ~21 - 22mm.
As for how to distinguish them from other species, check the source provided below.
SOURCES:
Key to Diponera males: www.antwiki.org/wiki/Key_to_Dinoponera_males
Key to Diponera workers: www.antwiki.org/wiki/Key_to_Dinoponera_workers (further reinforcing that this specimen is a D. quadriceps)
www.antwiki.org/wiki/Dinoponera#Queen
www.antwiki.org/wiki/Dinoponera_quadriceps
Diponera's distribution: www.antwiki.org/wiki/Dinoponera#mediaviewer/File:Dinopone...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoponera
EOL: eol.org/pages/483995/overview
PROJECT NOAH (Português): www.projectnoah.org/spottings/1227640167
iNATURALIST (Português): www.inaturalist.org/observations/17877950
Visit SpinaliS Canada booth Nr: 1507 at Vancouver Home and Design Show at Vancouver Convention Centre-West on October 27-30, 2016
You'll find the Vancouver Convention Centre - West at 1055 Canada Pl, right on the north edge of Downtown Vancouver, viewing Burrard Inlet.
Dates & Hours
Thursday October 27, 2016 4 p.m. - 9:00 p.m.
Friday October 28, 2016 NOON - 9:00 p.m.
Saturday October 29, 2016 10:00 a.m. - 9:00 p.m.
Sunday October 30, 2016 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.
ABOUT SpinaliS Canada chairs:
Loosens stiff neck
The moving seat “forces” you to straighten your back, have a correct head position and pull your shoulders back, reducing stress on the trapezoid muscles and loosening the stiff cervical spine. The constant movement of the seat eliminates any possible blockage, thus relaxing a stiff neck.
Straightens round backs
The movement of the seat straightens the back in the thoracic kyphosis area, restoring the physiological shape of the spine into its natural position (the natural curve of the spine in the shape of the letter “S”). Eliminating a round back also lessens pressure to organs in the chest, especially the lungs and stomach, which leads to improved breathing and digestion.
Activates weak muscles of the back and abdomen
The movable seat allows for body movement in all directions, so you are not forced to sit still – SpinaliS chairs encourage the involvement of all torso muscles, which leads to the strengthening of the back and abdominal muscles.
Reinforces deep stabilizing muscles
The stabilization of deep spinal muscles is all about strengthening muscles that stabilize the spine during all movements that we make. Deep stabilization plays an important role in protecting our spine against various loads and stress. Taking care of your spine requires constant exercising of deep stabilizing muscles, which in the sitting position is possible only on a Swiss ball or on a healthy SpinaliS chair.
Removes pain in the lower back
The movable seat of SpinaliS chairs swings forward while you lean over your desk, thereby allowing the spine to bend forward resuming lumbar lordosis at all times. Lumbar lordosis is important for optimal placement of the lumbar vertebrae as they are wedge-shaped (higher in the front, lower in the back). With the correct hip position there is a substantial reduction of pressure on the vertebrae and intervertebral discs, which allows for effective pain relief. In addition, the movable seat also reduces stress in the lower beck, unlike in the case of chairs with fixed seats, which can make sitting quite painful.
ABOUT Vancouver Home and Design Show:
As the temperatures lower and the leaves begin to change colour, fall is the perfect time to refresh your home décor, tackle those at-home projects, or even start your house hunt. With the red-hot local real-estate market at the forefront of many minds, we’ve handpicked the industry’s top experts to offer up useful, real-world advice for every home, from top celebrity guests and homegrown Vancouver talent alike.
This year, we’re thrilled to welcome HGTV’s Mia Parres & Rob Evans of The Expandables to the Urban Barn Main Stage presented by Vancouver Sun, where they will make their Vancouver home show debut and offer up their signature advice for creating extra space in impossible places. Plus, don’t miss Colin & Justin, stars of W Network’s Game of Homes and Cottage Life’s Cabin Pressure and local real estate expert Todd Talbot of W Network’s Love It Or List It Vancouver. Vancouver’s very own top designers will also be on hand, including Jamie Banfield and Kristina Hibbs.
Catch award-winning Vancouver culinary legends as they take to the state-of-the-art Samsung Cooking Stage for live cooking demos. Watch, learn and ask the Chefs your burning questions during a post-demo Q&A. Don’t miss your chance to take notes from the greats and bring home their culinary expertise.
With our brand-new WORKSHOP presented by Z95.3, you don’t even have to wait until you’re home to get to work! Bring your DIY visions to life by learning from the pros in this hands-on workshop series curated by some of Vancouver’s finest local artisans. From learning the lost art of calligraphy with Fox and Flourish to creating your very own floral wreath with Celsia Floral, to a sewing and design tutorial from Spool of Thread or hand-looming with Lucy Poskitt, there’s plenty of room to get creative!
From there, shop and consult more than 350 trusted brands and local companies, all under one roof. Don’t miss the always-popular Ask a Designer booth presented by the BCIT Interior Design Program in support of Kids Help Phone and Homes for the Holidays tour, where you’ll have the chance to snag a free, one-on-one consultation with BCIT’s design students, each paired with a local, well-established alumnus. So gather your Pinterest dream boards, paint swatches, and floor plan, and come with an open mind to get the best tips for your time.
There’s truly something for every home at the Vancouver Home + Design Show. Prepare yourself for four days of big ideas, trusted advice, and fresh inspiration. The best part? Satisfaction guaranteed - we’re so sure you’ll enjoy the show, we’ll refund your admission if you don’t!
Source: Tyson Kidd, Show Manager
www.vancouverhomeanddesignshow.com/
SpinaliS Canada
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Lake Saiful Muluk is a lake located at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley (34°52′37.34″N 73°41′37.71″E / 34.8770389°N 73.6938083°E / 34.8770389; 73.6938083) near Naran. It is in the north east of Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. At an altitude of 3,224 m (10,578 feet) above sea level it is amongst one of the highest lakes in Pakistan.
A fairy tale called Saiful Muluk, written by the famous sufi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, is associated with the lake. It is the story of prince of Persia who fell in love with a fairy princess at the lake. The impact of the lake beauty is of such extent that people believe that fairies come down to lake in full moon.
I had a university trip (from June 21st to June 25th, 2009) to Kaghan, Naran, Saiful Muluk, Anso Lake, Lala Zar, Jalkhand, Piala Lake, Kevai, Shogran and Siri Pai...but unfortunately we couldnt reach Anso and Piala Lake due to blockages.
*Explored*
When flowing water...meets with obstacles on its path, a blockage in its journey, it pauses. It increases in volume and strength, filling up in front of the obstacle and eventually spilling past it...
Do not turn and run, for there is nowhere worthwhile for you to go. Do not attempt to push ahead into the danger... emulate the example of the water: Pause and build up your strength until the obstacle no longer represents a blockage.
~ Thomas Cleary, I Ching
Shot at Lusk Creek, Kananaskis Country (Alberta Rocky Mountains). Tons of giant dragonflies were whizzing about - a very beautiful spot for a summer picnic.
Explore Front Page. Thank you all! :)
In a few days I'll start my holidays. Until September expect very few activity from me on Flickr... I hope I'll have time to recover from my blockage and from my arm problems (surely due to some abuse of keyboard and mouse), and to make loads of new pictures! ;)
Have a great holidays my friends! ;)
Please, consider also viewing some of my most interesting shots according to Flickr!
The MAN HX is a range of tactical trucks specially developed to meet military needs. It replaced in production the FX and LX ranges. The MAN HX60 military truck has a 4x4 configuration, these trucks are designed for off-road application.
Production of the HX range commenced in 2004. The HX60 trucks are in service with Germany, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Germany operates only a small number of these vehicles and New Zealand operates approximately 120, however the UK ordered over 5,000 HX60's in various versions. These replaced the Leyland DAF T244 4-tonne trucks. Vehicles have a projected service life of 20 years.
The HX60 has a payload capacity of 6 tons. The truck is used to transport troops and general cargo, as well as for other applications. Vehicle can be used to mount shelters and it can also tow trailers and artillery pieces.
The HX60 is fitted with an all-steel solid modular cab. It provides seating for the driver and two passengers. Add-on armour kits can be fitted to the cab. There is an observation hatch on the roof, it can be used to mount a light machine gun. Separated windscreens are designed for easier replacement, also these are installed vertically in order to minimize light reflections.
The MAN HX range is based on the commercial MAN TGA heavy truck range. The HX60 is powered by a MAN turbocharged diesel engine, developing 326 hp. The engine is located behind and under the cab, this feature allows the vehicles height to be reduce and also protects the radiator from damage or blockage with mud. All models are fitted with ZF 12-speed automatic gearbox. Maximum road speed is electronically limited to 88 km/h. A central tyre inflation system is available as an option.
Without preparation the HX60 fords water obstacles up to 1.2 m deep, with preparation it can ford up to 1.5 m. Vehicle can operate in climatic conditions, ranging from -32°C to +50°C. Trucks can be fitted with an Arctic kit for operation down to -46°C. The HX60 can be airlifted by the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Transall C-160 or Airbus A400M Atlas tactical transport aircraft with little preparation.
Country of origin: Germany
Entered service: 2004
Configuration: 4x4
Cab seating: 1 driver + 2 men
Weight (empty): 9.05 tons (9,200 kg)
Gross weight: 17.72 tons (18,000 kg)
Payload capacity: 6 tons (6,100 kg)
Length: 24 ft. 11 in. (7.6 m)
Width: 8 ft. 4 in. (2.55 m)
Height: 9 ft. 6 in. (2.89 m)
Engine: MAN D0836 LFG50 Euro 4 6 cylinder diesel
Engine power: 326 hp (243.1 kW)
Fuel capacity: 73.25 gall. (333 lt)
Maximum road speed: 55 mph (88 km/h)
Range: 500 miles (800 km)
Manoeuvrability-
Gradient: 60%
Side slope: 40%
Vertical step: 2 ft. (0.6 m)
Trench: 2 ft. (0.6 m)
Fording: 3 ft. 11 in. (1.2 m)
Related Twitts 2020
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FIRSTLY POSTED, MARCH 10th, 2016
... 2.500yrs since the Battle of Salamis, yet an(other) invasion is under way ... Piraeus Port, informal migrant camp
It's been, for long now, a common daily activity where hundreds of Syria War refugees along with thousands of illegal & undocumented Asian and African migrants are smuggled (in unseaworthy rubber boats and perilous conditions in the Aegean sea) from the Asian coast of Turkey to the Greek islands, by conveniently operating and hugely profiting traffickers (selling out even fake, water-absorbent life-jackets, to migrants), under the nose, if not guidance and pressure, of the Turkish coast guard, and despite the EU-Turkey Migration treaty.
Migrants arriving to Greek islands are then transferred by ferryboats to Piraeus with the prospect to be dispersed to "temporary" camps all over the Greek mainland, but most likely to remain "trapped" for undisclosed time, if not for ever, as far as the key migrant "European corridor" remains closed-down at the borders in the north region of Macedonia(Greece) with FYROM* in order to protect the rest of EU states (uneager to accept but a tiny number of documented refugees) and also discourage future migrants from heading to Europe.....
Meanwhile in Greece, migration inflow steadily surpasses outflow, as far as the war in Syria continues and Turkey capitalizes not only on Syrian refugees but on all its Asian and African migrants reaching swiftly (with cheap TurkishAirlines fare & e-visa) Istanbul, Europe's backdoor, by smuggling them to Greece so assisting its expansionist policy through the ethnological, cultural and economic destabilization of the small communities in the islands and (given the huge influx and the border blockage), all over Greece, while generating also an instability potential of the status quo in the Aegean Sea that Turkey's "deep state" would like to change by dividing it in the middle (if not by taking over whatever Greek land) at a given opportunity, alike with the Invasion of Cyprus in 1974 ...
Consequently, Greece, already suffering a deep socio-economic & political crisis under its divisive, incompetent and obsessed neo-communist leadership, is turned into a de facto European "migrant buffer zone", and has to manage alone, just with EU "technical assistance", the unstoppable migration influx from Turkey and an additional, social crisis. It looks as if Greece is declining into a state of uncontrolled anarchy (UPDATE MAR31 less than 24hrs after OP) while EU is imploding and fragmenting from the backlash of its own misdeeds and consequent crises ....
Crises that emerged from the geopolitical games and the wars imposed and/or exploited by the .... Great European Powers ( UK, France, Germany), along with the USA, NATO, as well as the Sunni Islamists of Saudi Arabia, Qatar and, last but not least, Turkey and its neo-ottoman leadership that promoted the war in Syria and cooperated with ISIS, further escalating its own undeclared (civil) war against the Kurds, not just within Turkey, but also in Syria
Wars fancily dubbed as "against tyranny and terror", have in fact caused by far more misery, terror and havoc with the disintegration of Iraq, Libya and Syria, the eventual creation of Al-Qaeda, ISIS and the other jihadist organizations that preach and exercise blind hatred, and terrorism against the West, while imposing their domain and Brutal Rule of Terror on numerous regions across Middle East, Asia, and Africa.
UPDATES 2016
MAR.31 : Migrants Clash at Pireus Port
APR .. 1 : Violence at Chios Island Migrant Camp
APR . 4 : First Deportations to Turkey While Migrant Boats Continue Ariving to Greek Islands
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*FYROM, (originally Vardarska or Vardar Banovina), a landlocked country and non EU member state, is usually referred as "Macedonia" in the "narrative overlay" of media such as CNN, BBC etc that systematically defy the only officially recognized (by UN, EU, NATO, IOC, IAAF etc. etc) name "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), for their very own reasons. if not for assisting the agenda of specific interests (of USA, NATO, UK, certain EU member states and, as usual, Turkey) in the allready quite broken apart and multi-divided, Balkans ...
FYROM also should not be confused, with the historical region of Macedonia in Greece as the later incorporates the whole area where Ancient Macedonian People firstly appeared and lived more than 2500 years ago, that is about 1000 years earlier than the arrival of the Slavs in the Balkans....
Based on Tromas' AD-Rock mecha.
I figured out a way to add torso twist to it.
I haven't looked in while, but last time I checked Tromas' frame was one of the smallest, most poseable that still fit a minifig.
I asked him to break it down a while ago, and he graciously did, then like a huge jerk I just sat on the info forever. Now I've finally got the MOC blockage cleared I can try to finish what I started.
Suzuki's RE5 was one example of the very few Wankel engine motorcycles that were produced. Some of the others were by DKW and Norton Motorcycle Company (e.g. the Norton Interpol 2, Norton Classic, Norton Commander). It was manufactured by the Suzuki Motor Company from 1974 and withdrawn during 1977.[1] Rotary engines produce high power figures from relatively small displacements. All four major Japanese manufacturers had prototypes or plans. Yamaha showed their Rotary at the Tokyo Motor Show in 1972 (the twin rotor RZ-201).[2] Kawasaki tested a prototype as,[3] allegedly, did Honda. Norton[4] and DKW[2] also marketed rotaries along with a small run by Van Veen (this company used a derivative of NSU/Audi engines developed for Citroën).[5]
There were only two production models of the RE5, the 1975 M model available in "Firemist Orange" or "Firemist Blue" and the 1976 "A" model available in black (blue was shown as an option on the "A" model brochure although they may never have actually been produced). Many "A" models were unsold M models. Suzuki supplied kits to dealers allowing them to swap a number of items, including gauges and lights, on unsold 1975 models converting the bikes to 1976 "A" models.[6] Main changes for 1976 included a color change for the tank and side covers, GT750-style instruments, blinkers, tail lights and headlight housing. The "B" secondary points for overrun were removed on the "A" model, the chain oiler was removed and a sealed drive chain fitted.[7]
History[edit]
The RE5 was touted as the future of motorcycling. Indeed, RE5 section chief Shigeyasu Kamiya of Suzuki Motor Corporation stated that they had considered a rotary-powered motorcycle as early as the mid-1960s.[8] Basic research and development continued to the end of the decade and culminated in the signing of a technical licence with NSU (part of Audi) in November 1970.[8] Suzuki was the 20th firm to do so.[8] The company was at the cutting edge of rotary development, and engineered in-house dozens of machines for the rotary production process. Of these, ten were particularly special and included the machine to cut the trochoid block.[8] This one machine alone took a year to reach experimental status. The company also holds twenty patents in plating, as considerable research went into the composite electro-chemical materials (CEM) which were used to plate the rotor housing. Testing of the running prototypes took two years.[8] The bikes were launched in 1974.[9] Suzuki enlisted astronaut Edgar Mitchell, the sixth man to walk on the moon, to introduce the bike and give it his endorsement.[9] No expense was spared, and about a dozen motorcycle publications were treated to a week-long test ride and instructional session on the motorcycle. Journalists were flown around the US west coast in Cessna Citation jets to take their turn riding five pre-production bikes.[10] This corporate attitude extended to the warranty. It was superior to other motorcycles of the day and a full engine replacement stipulated for any engine problem within the first 12 months or 12,000 miles (19,000 km).[11]
Closeup of the exhaust system cooling fins
Despite having only a single rotor, the RE5's engine was mechanically complex. Also, the rotary engine produced a lot of heat, which required a number of subsystems such as water and oil cooling and modifications to engine components such as the exhaust pipes. The numerous subsystems made the motorcycle heavy overall.[12] Ignition was CDI, but used two sets of ignition points through vacuum and rpm sensors to light the one NGK gold palladium spark plug.[13] There were three separate oil tanks (sump, gearbox and total loss tank)[14] and two oil pumps (one for normal engine lubrication and cooling and one to supply oil specifically for tip seal lubrication).[15] The throttle controlled not only the primary carburetor butterfly but a second valve in the inlet manifold of the secondary throat (the "port" valve) as well as the oil pump which provided lubrication for the tip seals by mixing oil with fuel. Five cables in total were moved by the throttle twist grip.[16] The carburetor was similar to that from a rotary power unit in a car and was complicated, by motorcycle standards of the day.
The RE5 could also be optioned with a full touring kit.[17] This included a large full fairing and windscreen, two saddlebags, a large rack and top box. The fairing included two lockable "gloveboxes", and all three bags were also key-locked. Suzuki later made available bolt-on exhaust extensions which prevented damage to the underside of the saddle bags by the hot exhaust gases. An optional touring saddle may have been also available.
The "tin can" instrument cluster
Suzuki commissioned Italian industrial designer Giorgetto Giugiaro for the RE5 styling.[18][19] The "tin can" instrument cluster encompassed the usual lights and a low-fuel warning light, total loss oil tank light and digital gear indicator.[20] This tubular "can" motif was also used in the tail light, and spherical indicator lights finished off the "rotary" theme. The 1976 "A" model returned to more conventional styling. Suzuki expected its sales teams to promote the model alongside the 1977 model GS750,[21] but production had already ceased. The UK-based Rotary Owner's Club records the earliest serial number as 10049 and the highest 16291. From this total production, numbers of something more than 6,000 bikes for both models are indicated.[6]
Test rider impressions[edit]
Although the RE5's frame and suspension were conventional, several motorcycle test riders remarked on its good steering and handling, some claiming it as the best-handling Japanese bike, and close to European standards.[22] The RE5 had good ground clearance.[23] The complex B-point system (explained below) gave smooth running on overrun[24] and some engine braking. Suzuki stopped fitting the B points to the 1976 "A" model,[25] and allegedly had dealers disconnect the system on remaining "M" models. The bikes sometimes exhibited a dead spot or hesitation during acceleration as the carburetor transitioned from primary to secondary throat.[26] This was due to poor synchronization between the positions of the primary, port and the secondary carburetor throat valves. Some evidence links this to jetting,[26] giving an excessively lean primary mixture. The bike is less powerful than the contemporary Suzuki GT750,[27] but its greatest attribute is tremendous torque.[28] The bike is smooth compared to standard reciprocating engines, but road tests revealed a grinding vibration around 4,000 rpm,[29] possibly a feature of the engine harmonics. Average fuel consumption is around 37 mpg-imp (7.6 L/100 km; 31 mpg-US),[30]), but road tests sometimes experienced results as low as 28.6 mpg-imp (9.9 L/100 km; 23.8 mpg-US) and as high as 43.3 mpg-imp (6.52 L/100 km; 36.1 mpg-US).[31] In the end, and once over its novelty, test riders found that other than its handling, it wasn't superior to more conventional bikes.
Two different approaches[edit]
Suzuki produced the RE5 between 1974 to 1976. A little earlier, BSA's research engineer, David Garside, was developing a twin-rotor Wankel motorcycle. BSA's collapse put a halt on development, but Garside's machine eventually reached production as the "Norton Classic". It is useful to compare the two approaches of Suzuki and BSA:
Wankel engines[32] run very hot, and parts of the engine's trochoid chamber (the ignition and exhaust side) are always hot, whereas the intake and compression parts are cooler. Suzuki opted for a complicated oil-cooling and water cooling system, but Garside reasoned that provided the power did not exceed 80bhp, air-cooling would suffice. Garside cooled the rotors with ram-air that was then cooled in a plenum and afterwards, once mixed with fuel, fed into the engine. This air was quite oily, and thus lubricated the rotor tips. The exhaust pipes get very hot, so Suzuki opted for a finned exhaust manifold, twin-skinned exhausted pipes with cooling grilles, heatproof pipe wrappings and silencers with heat shields. Garside simply tucked the pipes out of harm's way under the engine, where heat would dissipate in the breeze. Suzuki opted for complicated multi-stage carburation, whilst Garside choose simple carburetors. Suzuki had three lube systems, whilst Garside had a single total-loss oil injection system. Suzuki chose a single rotor that was fairly smooth (but with rough patches at 4,000 rpm); Garside opted for a turbine-smooth twin-rotor motor. Suzuki mounted the rotor high in the frame; Garside put his rotors as low as possible.
The result was that (although it was said to handle well) the Suzuki was heavy, overcomplicated, expensive to make, and (at 60bhp) a little short on power. Garside's design was simpler, smoother, lighter and (at 80bhp) significantly more powerful. As William Bushnell Stout said, "Simplicate and add more lightness!".
Specifications[edit]
Specifications:[33]
Wheels: Front 3.25 × 19in, Rear 4.00 × 18in.
Brakes: Front twin 290 mm (11.39 in) discs, single piston floating calipers. Rear 180 mm (7.09 in) drum.
Displacement: 497 cc (30.3 cu in).
Compression: 9.4:1.
Claimed HP: 62 hp (46 kW) @ 6,500RPM
Claimed Torque: 54.9 lbf·ft (74.4 N·m) @ 3,500RPM
Carburation: two stage, two barrel 18–32 mm Mikuni.
Ignition: CDI (incorporating a points system).
Fuel: 17 litres (4.5 US gal, 3.74 imp gal) capacity, 85-95 octane.
Starting system: Electric, kickstart (the latter intended to be offered only as an option).
Performance: Top Speed (tested): 168 km/h (104 mph).
Standing ¼ mile: 14.02s @ 94.24 mph (151.66 km/h).
Wheel Base: 1509 mm (59.1 in).
Weight (curb with half tank of fuel): 255.4 kg (563 lb).
Weight dry: 230 kg (507 lb).
Technical features[edit]
The engine has a single rotor with a capacity of 497 cc. The rotor spins on an eccentric shaft in a peritrochoid (Mazda uses an epitrochoid) chamber,[34] giving three rotations of the crankshaft for every 360° of rotor travel. Compression ratio is 9.4:1. The eccentric shaft runs on plain bearings,[34] which were better than rollers for heat dissipation. Combustion sealing utilised Apex, corner and side seals. At the three rotor apexes, tip sealing was accomplished with a three-piece seal tensioned by a blade spring. Apex seals were made of a special material known as Ferro Tic, which was a combination of sintered ferrous alloy and titanium carbide.[35] The surface of the trochoid chamber which the apex seals rubbed along was coated with a CEM (composite electrochemical material) consisting of nickel silicon carbide. Side sealing used one blade-like seal and spring for each rotor face on each side (six side seals in total). Corner seals and springs finished the isolation of combustion. Blow-by gases are recirculated into the combustion process.[36] The rotor spins backward in relation to the motorcycle. Primary power transfer to the clutch and transmission is by duplex chain.[37]
Clutch and gearbox[edit]
Wet multiplate clutch and five-speed constant mesh transmission. The gearbox is virtually the same as that fitted to Suzuki's GT750 water-cooled triple. RE5 final drive is by 630 chain via a 14-tooth drive sprocket and 43-tooth unit at the rear wheel.[37]
Carburation[edit]
Two stage Mikuni. Five separate carburetor circuits.[38] Suzuki chose to use peripheral ports for the RE5, as they give better high-speed running but are known to have low-speed issues.[39] This is dealt with by using a two-stage carburetor. An 18 mm throat splits into two small peripheral induction tracts.[39] The primary butterfly is directly controlled by one of the 5 throttle cables, and this primary circuit gives decent low-speed running. A diaphragm controls the secondary carburetor port, and this is activated when a set vacuum is reached in the carburetor circuit. This much larger 32 mm port enters the rotor chamber between and slightly below the two small primary ports. Indirectly involved with carburetion is the unique "Port Valve". This small butterfly valve pivots in the rotor housing inside the secondary port and is directly controlled by another of the throttle cables. Without the port valve, the long induction tract of the secondary port would fill with traces of exhaust gasses whenever the secondary valve was closed. This occurs as the tip of the rotor passes the induction port at the end of the exhaust cycle before beginning the induction cycle.[40] If this was allowed to happen, when the secondary throat finally opened the engine would first swallow an induction charge contaminated with exhaust gasses causing a momentary misfire and felt as a dead spot or hesitation in acceleration. The port valve is therefore effectively timed to remain closed whenever the secondary carburetor throat is closed, isolating the induction tract from exhaust gasses. Carburetor tuning involves adjusting cables controlling the primary butterfly and the port valve, among other things, and is best illustrated by Suzuki Service Bulletin Nine.[41] The carburetor also incorporated a fuel pump which was mechanically actuated at 35 degrees of primary butterfly movemement (later changed to 28 degrees)[41] to enrich the fuel mixture during acceleration.
Ignition[edit]
CDI triggered by two sets of points.[40] A basic problem with the rotary engine design is a lack of engine braking, partially due to the mass of the rotor. Leaning of the mixture on overrun also contributes to erratic and "lumpy" running. One way to solve the problem is to shut off ignition entirely on overrun, but this leads to excessive contamination of the combustion chamber by unwanted deposits, which can cause the Apex seals to stick. Suzuki opted for a compromise by using two sets of ignition points. One set of points ran on a dual lobe cam for normal operation, firing the rotor every face. The other set ran on a single cam on the same shaft for triggering the spark plug on overrun.[40] The second set (the B points) were triggered by an rpm sensor (the speed relay) and a vacuum switch, which meant that they worked on engine deceleration (high vacuum) and above 1,700 rpm.[40] This system fired the rotor every second face.[40] This kept the combustion chambers relatively clean. It also served to smooth the lumpy feel of the bike as RPM reduced on overrun and addressed some issues with backfiring (more correctly, "afterfiring").[40] Engine braking is also significantly improved. The B point system was discontinued on the "A". It is believed that the factory also employed mechanics to visit dealerships and disconnect the B points on any "M" (1975) models still in the showrooms. Suzuki toyed with the idea of two plugs like the Mazda's, but as with so much of their engineering on this bike, overthought the application, believing that they would require two plugs of different heat ranges.[8] The idea was dropped, and the bike shipped with a single 18 mm conical seat gold palladium spark plug housed in a copper insert in the rotor housing (NGK A9EFV).[39]
Cooling[edit]
The rotary engine places severe thermal stresses on its cases, as two sides of rotor are constantly exposed to high ignition and exhaust temperatures, while the third side inducts cool fuel/air mixture. To cope with this, and probably capitalizing on their previous experience with water cooling, Suzuki opted for a liquid-cooled engine using two separate systems. Oil is used to lubricate and cool the internals of the rotor and water-cooled the external jacketing. Oil is fed from an engine sump by a trochoid pump at around 100 psi (690 kPa).[15] The oil is then circulated through an oil cooler mounted across the frame and below the radiator. A pressure regulator also acts as a bypass in case of a blockage in the cooler.[15] A centrifugal pump sends coolant around the external rotor jacketing but via an intricate path in an attempt to even out the massive thermal stresses. Liquid enters at the point of highest temperatures (ignition), passing from the right side to the left, and then makes a 180° turn, returning to the right side and passing near the exhaust port. Most of the coolant is then routed to the very large radiator that sits across the frame in front of the bike. Some of the coolant that was not directed to the radiator is now sent around the inlet port and the left side housing. Its passage is once again reversed before flowing to the radiator.[42] The water cooling is thermostatically controlled, and a shrouded fan on the right side of the radiator takes care of excessive temperatures, switching on at 106 °C (223 °F) and cutting when the temperature falls below 100 °C (212 °F).[15]
Lubrication[edit]
Internally the rotor is cooled and lubricated by engine sump oil and the aforementioned trochoid pump. Engine oil is filtered by an easily accessible car-type oil filter on the lower right side of the cases. The filter includes an internal bypass valve in case of blockage.[15] Further lubrication specifically for the tip, corner and side seals is provided by oil from a tank located under the seat. An engine-driven metering pump sends oil from this external tank into the carburetor at a ratio of around 100:1.[43] Metering of the oil quantity is mechanically controlled by cables from the throttle grip. The metering pump also provided lubrication for the final drive chain. A second line is routed from the metering pump and around the bike, ending just above the drive chain behind the sprocket cover. This feature was also disconnected on the "A" models by a simple blanking plug at the metering pump. The gearbox is separated from the engine sump and has its own oil supply. Suzuki marketed its own brand of rotary oil but also approved at least two other oils for use in its rotary engine. Shell Super 10-20-50[39] and Castrol GTX[19] were both endorsed lubricants.
Exhaust[edit]
Rotary exhaust temperatures reach 927 °C (1,700 °F),[44] and as such, on a motorcycle, required a specialized exhaust system. Suzuki dealt with the problem by first exhausting into a large, heavily finned manifold which split the single exhaust into two streams. They then built two twin-shelled exhaust pipes which included air cooling ducts. Each muffler contains a stainless steel inner pipe[44] which is a little shorter than the length of the external shell. The internal pipe ends in a removable stinger drilled with numerous holes and wrapped in a fibreglass-like material. The stinger (or spark arrestor as Suzuki calls it) exits the exhaust system at the end of the external shell. At the front of each pipe was a small forward-facing grille which allowed cool ambient air to be forced into the pipe by the bike's forward motion and to travel the length of the exhaust between the internal and external pipes.[25] It then flowed through the holes drilled in the stinger, mixing with the hot exhaust gasses before exiting the system. Even so, Suzuki found it prudent to fit heat shields on the outside of the pipe to further protect riders and pillions. The bike's sound is unique among its two- and four-stroke contemporaries but also quite loud.[45] Early in production (December 1974, Frame #11901), Suzuki reduced the size of the spark arrestor tubes,[46] which both reduced noise and horsepower, but the RE5 exhaust note remains distinctive.
taken from Wikapedia
To all my friends. I have been physically and mentally incapacitated by what has happened to me over the past few months. I fell and broke my hip. Recovery from that is going as good as can be expected. Wobbly but I can walk unassisted. It is what another incompetent surgeon did to me, that was against my will, that is more harm than good and will require two more surgeries to fix what he was supposed to do and undo what he did. He was supposed to repair a hernia that he completely missed and is even worse than before. A strangulated hernia can be fatal in a few hours if not taken care of by a doctor. The surgeon cut me down the middle of my stomach that was very invasive and now it looks like I have a ball there with a protruding bulge and now I have a complete urinary blockage that I never had a problem with before.
If you have a medical emergency do not stop at this hospital. It is a private for profit hospital. Go on down the road to a government hospital. The final bill was horrendously high. I didn’t have the money to pay the full bill. So what did they do? They incarcerated and held me against my will for 39 days. They would not accept a promissory note for what I was unable to pay. Finally after the 39 days they did agree to accept a promissory note and I had to relinquish my USA passport for their keeping until the bill is paid in full. I was released to go home Nov. 14th. And they charged me the daily rate for the hospital room for the 39 days they held me against my will. The room was small with no windows, regardless that it was they that were holding me against my will with out the ability to communicate with anyone. No TV, no radio and no computer to go on line. My only salvation was books my wife would bring me to read and lose myself in through the days. To lose my freedom as they imposed on me is the worse event in my long life ever. A doctor that is not connected to the hospital has examined me and he says I have very good reasons and should sue for malpractice the surgeon that blotched the job and the hospital. A problem is I will need to be very careful to document and make very precise. This litigation will probably take a long time. I paid the hospital by charging my credit card to the max and used my debit card to pay as much as I had in my bank account to the hospital so I could be released. Currently I am in financial ruin not knowing how I will survive the next months. This house where we live is a rental and already we are being threatened with eviction if we don’t catch up our back rent. My plea here is very humiliating but I don’t really have a choice. Please can anyone help me through this devastating period in my life with some financial assistance?
What I very much want is to be able to resume my work and enjoyment fixing, cleaning up, and posting old heritage pictures. I want to leave a legacy of important pictures for current and future generations to look back on and discover where they came from and who they are and the pride they deserve to have in them themselves as a people. The Philippines is so very unique that they have so many differing cultures throughout the islands and in some cases from one valley to the next. And Manila the lost Pearl of the Orient and what a beautiful city it was before it was destroyed by WWII.
State Road 71 has massive blockages due to trees and power lines. This is a major transportation route North /South. Sometimes both lanes were shut down for clearing or repair. This section of the trip added an extra hour. I did not mind. The multiple stoppages gave me a chance to haul out the full frame and start snapping.
This is just a snippet of the destruction in this part of the state.
Taken with my cell phone.
More to come.
First of all, huge thanks to my friend Mike for helping me with this shot.. wouldn't have been possible without his help 'coz all we had was a flashlight to get this.
Sorry I had been AWOL for a while now.. am trying to sort out some health issues and trying to find answers.
I've had these chest pains for a while now and despite getting medication from my doctor, it wasn't helping much. At most times, the pain was bearable, but it was bothering me a lot. Plus, my mind wasn't at ease due to the pain. And, during the last few days, the pain started right where the heart is. So, I consulted a cardiologist friend who suggested that I take a stress test, during which I felt a bit dis-comfort in my chest! My vital signs were all normal, but the doc didn't want to take any chances and scheduled a heart catheterization the very next day. The procedure went well, and all the results showed that my heart is functioning just right. No blockages or anything like that, which was a huge relief. Thanks doc.
However, I still have the chest pain, but at least its not my heart..!! Now to find some more answers..!!
ofbooks.blogspot.com
Hey guys, yeah, I read a lot just before summer and even more during it, so I'm seriously posting a lot of book reviews lately. Hope you still like them.
Douglas Coupland
Polaroids from the Dead
[ Dutch translation, unfortunately ]
First published in 1996
This edition: rainbow pockets, 1997
247 pages
"Polaroids from the Dead" is a collection (in three sections) of essays and short fictional stories, in which Douglas Coupland examines the 90's zeitgeist and the Northern American culture at the time. The 40+ black and white archival images included throughout the book add to the feeling of watching a documentary.
I always felt Coupland to be a very outspoken writer. Several of his fiction works have offered critique and viewpoints of a varied amount of cultural subjects today: from modern technology to dysfunctional families to 9/11 to religion. I was curious to read his views in a different way, through (wat mostly is) non-fiction, in "Polaroids of the Dead".
I will address each section seperately, below.
The first section introduces us to a number of characters, all from different backgrounds, with different jobs and histories, who have one thing in common: they are attending the Grateful Dead concert. Their unique stories together create a wonderful atmospheric experience of how it feels to be part of a concert, or even a festival. I felt Coupland, using mostly words, captured the essence of what music, and sharing music, can mean to people.
The second part covers pieces about the places or historical events that have in some way made an impact on Coupland, and he wants to share that with his readers. A favourite piece of mine has to be "Lion's Gate Bridge". Coupland writes about this Vancouver bridge in a personal and heartfelt way, and it is odd to think how an essay about a bridge can achieve this autobiographical effect. But it does.
A piece I found to be particularly well written is the first part of "Postcards from the Bahama's", where a day is consciously experienced as if this is all the time you have, this day defining your whole life.
The third and final part of the book is a lengthier essay on LA's Brentwood, which is mostly known for being the place where Marilyn Monroe was found dead. Brentwood's legacy. Some sections of Coupland's observations have interested me, and even though Coupland is clearly very critical in his writing, the subject that is Brentwood leaves me kind of cold.
So, to go back to the book as a whole...
It doesn't seem fair to give one rating to a book which possesses a wide range of essays each with a different level of interestingness - depending on your personal taste. But generally, I wasn't disappointed with this non-fiction side of Coupland.
Some essays were not quite for me, but all together this bundle was thought-provoking (always a pleasure for an opinionated person such as myself). I ended up discussing some of the material with Wil while we were on the road. Reading this has also helped me to better understand where Coupland comes from in his views on our ever evolving (or de-volving?) society. I'm certainly curious to read some of his other bundles, such as "City of Glass" - which is about Vancouver and includes "Lion's Gate Bridge".
[I should add in a side-note that I read a meager Dutch translation, which was accidental as I thought I had bought the English version from a second hand store. Knowing Coupland has a way with words, I felt while reading that I wasn't optimally able to enjoy this book, missing out on a lot what Coupland was probably trying to get across. I do want to read this one again, but in English.]
3.5/5
(4 seems a bit too high of a rating for this, while 3 is too low)
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Want some more? :) I know, I know, there is something about the black and white shots here from La Jolla. They just work so well, in my opinion any way. The contrast is what I like the best I guess. This shot was a bit different then the others, because I was able to capture some under water details with the rocks there. Quite unusual for the constant surf going on. However, I will say, at this point of the day, the tide was getting lower, it was never really high to began with. I was actually quite surprised how much of a tide difference there was from when I got there then from when I left. It was nice to have that extra time!
So, as you probably guessed it, this was from a few days ago, and yes, I did shoot today! An uneventful week in Ramona! And I keep thinking to myself, whats the problem with going to the beach one day a week and getting most of your shots for the week out of the way! LOL, I know, not usually my style, but I would rather shoot La Jolla then other places. And thats the truth!
And, on a La Jolla note, I am building right now a Calendar for 2011 and I do believe, at this time, all of the images will be from my shots of La Jolla. :) If any one has any suggestions of a printing company or if any one is interested in a calendar, please let me know! :D Delivery will be before December 1st and they will be worth it! I hope any way! LOL, Over the next couple of months, I will have the details on my blog, for now, if you can suggest any photo that MUST be on it, let me know too. Thank you!
Geek talk:
ONce again, the dynamic duo, B+W ND110 AND the B+W ND106 stacked together for a total blockage of 16 stops of light. Tripod, shutter remote and convert to black and white in LR3. Please enjoy!