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SmithNeodetailNWc by crowjane29

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Detail image from The Matrix Reloaded; Hugo Weaving as Agent Smith confronts Keanu Reeves' Neo. Detail image from NW June 2003 Reloaded preview. Apologies for fold distortion in original scan and cloning imperfections in this one. :)

Teddy Медведи 1/2012 by Anna Tide

l_98a3b7b639088e10d48c536d1963a08f by done uemf

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Cosmo Nov 2006 by Zoe Margolis

My column in Cosmopolitan, November 2006

Articles by Jeremy McGuire

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THE ARTICLES by Mudkiss Photography

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www.thewolfmanmovie.com/

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Nəriman Nərimanov Heykəli, Nariman Narimanov Pros, Baku, Azerbaijan. by PHOTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

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Nariman Karbalayi Najaf oglu Narimanov ( az.-abjad . نریمان نریماناوو ‎; April 14, 1870 , Tbilisi - March 19, 1925 , Moscow ) — Azerbaijani Bolshevik revolutionary , social and political figure, writer , publicist, doctor; 1st People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan SSR ; Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR; 1st Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan SSR; 1st Chairman of the ZSFSR Union Council; 1st Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR from ZSFSR .

By the Decision No. 211 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated May 7, 2019, Nariman Narimanov was included in the list of authors whose works were declared state goods in the Republic of Azerbaijan .

Many firsts achieved by Azerbaijan in the Muslim East, including the first constitution, are connected with his name. During Narimanov's reign, the customs and traditions of the Azerbaijani people were deeply respected, and all religious and traditional holidays were officially considered non-working days. In addition to being a politician, he played an important role in the history of Azerbaijan as an educator and dramatist-writer. In 1894, he opened the first reading room in Baku . As a writer, he is the founder of the Azerbaijani national novel ( "Bahadır ve Sona ") and the first historical tragedy ("Nadir Shah"). During his reign, friendly relations with all neighboring republics were maintained. For example, he gave great support to the War of Independence in Turkey and, as a result, gave great support to them in the fight against the removal of Turkey from the map. Later, when Atatürk offered to repay him for his help, N. Narimanov told him, "Pasham, there is a tradition in the Turkish nation, brother does not lend to brother, brother takes his brother's hand in any case." he sent a reply.

Nariman Narimanov was born in 1870 in Tbilisi . His paternal grandfather is from Urmia, present-day Iran . In 1890, he graduated from the Gori seminary , and in 1908, he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Imperial Novorossiysk (Odessa) University .

In 1905, he joined the leadership of the Social-Democratic "Hummat" organization and translated the manifesto of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor (Bolshevik) Party (RSDF(b)P) into Azerbaijani. In 1909, he was arrested and exiled to the city of Astrakhan .

Returning to Baku in 1913, Narimanov engaged in propaganda among the workers.

Already in 1917, N. Narimanov was the chairman of the Central Committee of the "Hummat" Organization, a member of the RSDF(b)P Baku Committee, and the editor-in-chief of the "Hummat" newspaper.

In March 1918, Narimanov was appointed People's Commissar for Urban Economy in the Baku Soviet. In June of that year, he was sent to Astrakhan for treatment due to a serious illness. After recovery, he works in a number of party bodies in that city.

In 1919, N. Narimanov was called to Moscow and appointed as Deputy People's Commissar for Eastern Affairs in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the RSFSR.

After the collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the declaration of the Azerbaijan SSR on April 28, 1920, N. Narimanov became the Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR and the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

After the establishment of the USSR in 1922, he was elected one of the chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

N. Narimanov died mysteriously in 1925 and was buried near the Kremlin walls in Moscow.

Prominent revolutionary Lev Trotsky said about Narimanov's death: "After Lenin, the second greatest loss of the East." Sergo Orjonikidze described Narimanov as: "The biggest representative of our party in the East."

N. Narimanov was born in a poor family in Tbilisi. He was named after his great-grandfather, originally from Urmiya district of South Azerbaijan. His elder brother Salman Narimanov writes in his memory book that our great-grandfather Nariman was a "steady-footed" doorman in the palace of Irakli I, governor of Kakheti in the 17th century. N. Narimanov's father was engaged in small trade in Karbalai Najaf. Allahverdi Bey, the father of Karbalai Najaf, was one of the well-known musical figures in Transcaucasia in the 19th century. Karbalai Najaf was married to Halima, the daughter of Haji Muhammadgasim Zamanov from Tbilisi, and they had 9 children: Salman , Marziyya, Reza, Rizvan, Fatma, Sakina, Rizvan (the dead child was named), Nariman, Zohrabanu.

Salman Narimanov is the elder brother of Nariman Narimanov. He was born in 1847 in Tbilisi. He begins to write poems under the signature "Seyyare" and " Seyyareyi-Haqqi" . Salman Narimanov was recognized as the first Azerbaijani composer in the Caucasus . In 1905-1907, he was the chief typist in the Baku printing house and served in the training of national typists and the development of the art of polygraphy in Azerbaijan. He wrote his articles under the signature of "Old Salman". Currently, the work "Travel Note" is stored in the Institute of Manuscripts named after M. Fuzuli of ANAS. Articles published in 1906 editions of "Hayat" newspaper: "Nimrods and Shaddats", "Hami-niku", "A worm eats from the tree", "Letter to so-and-so", "Part of the story", "Should we talk or not talk", "Open letter", "Freedom should be used with justice". He died in 1907 in Baku.

Gulsum Narimanova (Aliyeva) was born in Baku in 1898 in the family of merchant Mirkazim Aliyev, originally from Shamakhi. In 1915, she married the great thinker and statesman Nariman Narimanov. In 1931-1935, he studied at the horticultural and fruit growing faculty of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy and the Garagul Sheep Breeding Institute in Moscow. On the basis of her work experience in Western Siberia, Mrs. Gulsum writes the booklets "A very important fodder base", "A sharp turn must be achieved in the silo campaign", "For towers and trenches for silos", "Collectivization liberates women" . In addition, he writes and publishes the article "Random Campaign", "Fairy Tales and Stories for Children", article for "Bakinski Rabochi" newspaper and "My Memories" . For her active pregnancy, Mrs. Kulsum Narimanova was awarded the decrees of the Moscow Military District, the Moscow City Health Department, the Military Hospital Command, and the "Medal for Victory over Germany" . He was a member of the host commission of the Moscow City Red Cross Committee, was awarded the medal "Excellent of Sanitary Protection of the USSR" . Kulsum Narimanova died in 1953 and was buried in Vagankovskoye cemetery in Moscow.

Najaf Nariman oglu Narimanov was born on December 2, 1919 in Moscow, Russia. In 1928, Najaf Narimanov entered school No. 109 in Moscow. In 1938, Najaf Narimanov, who successfully completed the nine-year school, entered the Leningrad Military Technical Tank School, which was later named the Tank School named after Pushkin. Najaf Narimanov wanted to study at the Military Academy after graduating from the Kiev military school in 1940. For this, he applies for admission to the Stalin Military Academy of the Red Army. However, the Great Patriotic War, which began in 1941, prevented his dream from coming true. He fought on the Stalingrad and Southern fronts, became a platoon commander of the tank repair division of the 58th separate Guards repair and maintenance battalion of the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps. He is awarded the medal "For the defense of Stalingrad". On September 10, 1943, Najaf Narimanov's tankers distinguished themselves in the liberation of the Ukrainian city of Volnovakha and the city railway junction from the enemies. On that day, the brave commander, 24-year-old Narimanov, died. He is buried with military honors in the brotherhood cemetery in Volnovakha.

Muzaffar Narimanov was born in 1897 in Tbilisi. After the February-bourgeois democratic revolution (1917), he became the commissioner of the Baku gubernia food committee, and after the establishment of the Soviet power in Azerbaijan, he was the deputy of the emergency commissar of Nukha district and Zagatala district. In 1921, he was elected secretary of the AK (b) P Factory and Factory District Committee. In 1925, named after GV Plekhanov. Graduated from the Institute of National Economy, head of the organization department of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee (1925–1927), deputy commissar of the People's Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR (1927–1928), secretary of the Sverdlovsk District Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee (1929–1930), Central Committee (b) ) P MK secretary, Ural Vil. He worked as the deputy chairman of the Consumer Union (1930–1933), the head of the mass organization department of the EC (b) P MK, the secretary of the Orjonikidze District Committee, the secretary of the Baku Committee, and then the II secretary (1933–1937). He was a representative of the 16th and 17th congresses of the UIC (b) P, AKP and a number of congresses of Transcaucasian communist organizations. Many times AK (b) P MK, UIK (b) P Transcaucasia Country and Sverdlovsk Vil. He was elected a member of the Committees, Azerbaijan SSR MIC and SSR MIC. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. In 1937, he was arrested by M. Bagirov, and in 1938, he was shot as a victim of repression.

Tbilisi governorate adopted a special charter on November 22, 1873 to open a community school in the districts. In 1875, N. Narimanov traveled around the region in order to organize a community elementary school for Azerbaijanis living in Borchali district. No village accepts that school. They only apply to the educational authorities of Kizilhaji with a special application, asking for the community school to be given to them. In the 1875 report, Neverov , the head of the Caucasian educational district , wrote: "There is a Muslim village named Gizilhajili from Borchali district, which wishes to open a school at its own expense."

In the 70s of the 19th century, the community schools organized in the villages by the special order of the government were controlled by the educational authorities of the state, but they did not provide assistance from the state treasury. A special tax was collected from the population to maintain community schools. For this purpose, that year, by collecting 1 manat and 30 kopecks from each house, gold pilgrims collected 292 manats. Of this, 200 manats were spent on the teacher's annual salary, and 92 manats were spent on the school's economic work and school supplies. Thus, the Golden Pilgrims became the first pioneers of enlightenment for the Azerbaijanis living in Transcaucasia. In 1876, they built a new type, three-classroom stone building for the school. Thus, on September 1, 1877, a new type of elementary school providing secular education began its work on the basis of the mullah school, which previously operated in private houses. Even during Narimanov's lifetime, the villagers made a special decision to call it "Narimaniya School".

20-year-old Narimanov, who graduated from the Gori teachers' seminary in 1890, began his pedagogical activity as a Russian language teacher in the Kyzilhajili village elementary school of Borchali district, Tbilisi province. However, the future writer and statesman was able to work for only one academic year. The school was closed due to financial constraints. Narimanov had to go to Baku. The features of the Azerbaijani village at that time - illiteracy and fanaticism, lawlessness and unbearable exploitation came to life in front of Narimanov's eyes with all their horror, and as he wrote much later, the idea of "helping the backward part of humanity as much as possible" first appeared in that village. . He started writing "Ignorance" while he was teaching in Kizilhacılı .

A year later, Narimanov, who moved to Baku with the intention of opening a new school, began a very large-scale social and pedagogical activity. It is not possible for him to open a school, and with the help of SM Ganizade Narimanov, A.I. A teacher is accepted for the lower department of the preparatory class of Pobedonostsev's 6-grade progymnasium. Since this school was a private school, those who worked there were not considered civil servants and were not entitled to the privileges reserved for teachers working in public schools. Despite the difficult financial situation, Narimanov has been working in this school for 5 years, trying to attract Azerbaijani children to education and increase the number of students.

Narimanov, who gained the deep respect of the Baku pedagogical community and the population, was invited by the director of the Baku real school in the beginning of 1896 to work as an Azerbaijani language teacher and assistant to the class coaches. Soon after, on September 1, 1896, by the decision of the Baku city duma, the Baku boys' classical gymnasium was established at the base of Probedonostsev's progymnasium, and since Narimanov was already approved for the position of civil servant, he was transferred to the same position in that gymnasium. Narimanov worked here continuously until 1902 and proved himself to be an exemplary teacher. For his high-level pedagogical services, he was first awarded with a medal, and then with the Order of St. Stanislaus of the third degree.

Narimanov's pedagogical activity was not limited to teaching. As a public figure, he had a significant impact on the spread of education and culture in Azerbaijan. During that period, Narimanov also taught for free at Sunday schools and evening courses operating under various educational institutions of Baku, together with other progressive intellectuals of his time, he taught literacy to the elderly population, spread progressive ideas, and participated in showing theater performances for the benefit of these schools and courses.

Narimanov explained his position against the position of pro-Russian chauvinists and said: "Turkish (Azerbaijani) children should know not only Pushkin, but also Shakespeare and Schiller. , after knowing Zakir's and Vidadi's poems, he should know them". N. Narimanov's recommendation was that "those who put forward the proposal to reduce the teaching of the Turkish (Azerbaijani) language should learn this language themselves in order to understand Sabir".

N. Narimanov emphasized that the position of the communists suppressing the Azerbaijani language coincided with the position of Tsar Nicholas and called them chauvinists without hesitation .

The number of works done by N. Narimanov for the national revival of our people is quite large. Another fact that proves his determination on this path: on March 20, 1924, the issue was discussed at the political bureau of the party in Moscow at the suggestion of N. Narimanov. Going against the opinion of F. Dzerzhinsky , he raised the issue of spending the majority of the income from oil on the development of education and healthcare in Azerbaijan. N. Narimanov succeeded in this and wrote his recommendations to G. Musabayov , the Chairman of the SSC .

In 1902, at the age of 32, N. Narimanov entered the medical faculty of Novorossiysk Imperial University in Odessa, and graduated in 1908. While studying in the 4th year, he wrote the work "Medicine and Islam" . While in exile in Astrakhan, he was engaged in social and political activities as well as medicine. Narimanov, who is the chairman of the Astrakhan "People's Universities Society", spoke on behalf of the "Shurai-Islam" society at the II congress of Astrakhan governorate doctors. In 1918, Narimanov took many necessary measures regarding the sanitary condition of the city, as well as the condition of hospitals, as the commissioner of Baku city economy.

Since 1914, Narimanov worked in a free hospital in the Karashahr district of Baku, treated sick workers working in oil mines and the people of the villages near the hospital. He also treated patients in his apartment for free.

From 1909 to 1918, N. Narimanov wrote in Astrakhan and Baku "Cholera-cholera", "Shakhotka-tuberculosis", "Trachoma", "Women's world", "Medicine and Islam", "Drunkenness" and other such useful gave lectures on scientific and journalistic topics, published articles and booklets.

After each lecture, N. Narimanov distributed the booklet "Medicine and Islam" free of charge to distribute among the poor workers. (See: "Burhani-taraqqi", "Idel", "Astrakhanskiy kray", etc., published in Astrakhan in those years, as well as "Iqbal", "Baku", "Sadayi-haqq", etc. newspapers published in Baku) This scientific- mass lectures played a major role in taking urgent preventive measures against the most common cholera, smallpox, trachoma, malaria, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal diseases.

After N. Narimanov started working in Black City, the report of the Baku Medical and Sanitary Bureau about his first half-year activity indicated that the doctor worked very hard and did not limit his admission time. From 50 to 80 patients came to his reception in one day, and they were provided with all kinds of medical assistance. During the six months of 1914, Narimanov received 11,765 patients and provided surgical assistance to 2,441 people. He wrote 9418 recipes.

N. Narimanov said in one of his speeches: "Doctors have very little time left to receive patients. They can spend an average of 2 to 3.5 minutes on each patient."

This is evidenced by the letters he sent to Z. Soloviev, Chairman of the Russian Red Cross Society, and NA Semashko, the People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR, when he was working in Moscow as the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In those letters, he talks about the medical and health care needs of the people of Azerbaijan and asks that Azerbaijan be provided with surgery, pharmacy tools, various medicines, and especially anti-malarial medicine, which was much needed at that time.

N. Narimanov's attitude to the Nagorno-Karabakh problem was unambiguous. The failure of the decision of the "congress" held by Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh in 1920 can be considered as the result of N. Narimanov's note to Armenia. On July 10, 1920, N. Narimanov sent a telegram to the Central Committee of the RK(b)P in Moscow about the "situation in Nagorno-Karabakh". The telegram ended with these words: "The Muslim population will consider Moscow's sudden return to its old position and pro-Armenian policy as the inability of the Soviet government to protect Azerbaijan's borders and treason."

The claim of Armenian nationalists, who did not give up their territorial claims against Azerbaijan, to create "Greater Armenia" was continued after Sovietization, which was carried out with the patronage and direct participation of Soviet Russia. Thus, after the declaration of Soviet power in Armenia, Armenians raised the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh again. As if this were not enough, on June 12, 1921, the Armenian government passed a decree declaring Nagorno-Karabakh as "part of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." A little later, they put forward a proposal to create a commission on Nagorno-Karabakh and other disputed territories without canceling the resolution. The results of three consecutive decisions in 1921 can be considered as the success of N. Narimanov's policy. On June 19, 1921, the decree "On the reunification of Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia" was not implemented by Armenia, and on June 26, by the decision of the Azerbaijan SSC, the activities of Mravya, the representative of Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh, were banned and terminated. On June 27, a meeting of the Political Bureau and the Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan K(b)P was held. The meeting considered the issue "On the borders of Azerbaijan and Armenia in connection with the work of the commission in Tbilisi" and adopted the following decision:

1. The Political Bureau and the Organizational Bureau consider the raising of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue by Bekzadyan unacceptable, taking into account the undoubted economic inclination of Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan. The issue should be resolved in that sense as well.

2. Therefore, the proposal to allocate Armenian and Turkish populated areas to Armenia and Azerbaijan, respectively, cannot be accepted from the point of view of administrative and economic expediency.

On June 28, a new meeting of the Council of People's Commissars of Azerbaijan (hereafter - Azerbaijan SSC) was convened under the chairmanship of N. Narimanov, and the statement of A. Myasnikov (Myasnikyan) declaring Nagorno-Karabakh as "a part of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic" was rejected. At the same time, Azerbaijan was appointed at that meeting without the opinion of the SSC

The issue of recalling A. Mravya was raised.

With that, as the differences between the two Soviet republics increased, on July 4-5, 1921, the Plenum of the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the RK(b)P had to discuss the issue. Stalin, RK(b)P Central Committee member, G. Orjonikidze, S. Kirov, A. Myasnikov, F. Makharadze, N. Narimanov, A. Nazaretyan, Y. Figatner, I. Orakhelashvili and others participated. At this time, two points of view emerged. According to S. Kirov's proposal, the mountainous part of Karabakh should be taken from Azerbaijan and given to the Armenian SSR. However, N. Narimanov strongly objected to this and stated that Karabakh is an integral part of Azerbaijan. The demand to include Karabakh in the composition of Armenia was raised by Kirov for the first time in this meeting. At the evening meeting on July 4, a groundless and biased decision was made to include Nagorno-Karabakh as part of Armenia at the proposal of the Kirov-Myasnikov group (S. Kirov, A. Myasnikov, G. Orzonikidze, Y. Figatner). N. Narimanov, seeing that the matter has taken on such a serious nature, proposed to conduct a survey among the entire population of Karabakh on whether the mountainous part of Karabakh should be handed over to the Armenian SSR. Against this proposal of N. Narimanov, the Kirov-Myasnikov group stated that the opinion poll should be held only among the Armenians living in the mountainous part of Karabakh, not in all of Karabakh. The Kirov-Myasnikov group won the vote on this issue as well. At the meeting, N. Narimanov, F. Makharadze, A. Nazaretyan voted in favor of keeping Karabakh within the borders of Azerbaijan, G. Orjonikidze, A. Myasnikov, S. Kirov, Y. Figatner voted against it. Orjonikidze, Y. Figatner, S. Kirov, A. Myasnikov, A. Nazaretyan voted in favor of transferring the mountainous part of Karabakh to Armenia and conducting the opinion poll only among Armenians. At the end of the meeting, at the insistence of N. Narimanov, taking into account that the Karabakh issue is of great importance for Azerbaijan, the Caucasian office of the RK(b)P Central Committee considered it necessary for the RK(b)P Central Committee to make a final decision on this issue. Narimanov's position is supported by Makharadze and Nazaretyan, while Orzonikidze, Kirov, Myasnikov and Figatner voted against it. N. Narimanov really yelled at Stalin and Ordzhonikidze and said: " I will not let Karabakh remain under Armenian rule for a single day. I will either return Karabakh tonight, or I will solve it in another way!" .

Thus, after N. Narimanov's serious resistance, the Karabakh issue was reconsidered at the morning session of the plenum on July 5. Taking into account the opinion of the RK(b)P MK of the Plenum, it adopted a new decision: "Taking into account the need for national reconciliation between Muslims and Armenians, the economic relations of Upper and Lower Karabakh and the constant close connection with Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh should be kept within the borders of the Azerbaijan SSR, the autonomous province The city of Shusha, which is included in its composition, should be given wide regional autonomy, being the administrative center". Submit it to the Caucasus Bureau for approval

The main essence of N. Narimanov's policy was to improve the livelihood of the local Azerbaijani population, create national personnel potential for every field, make Azerbaijanis more assertive in the government, and prevent the Armenianization of Baku. His revealing activity against those who oppose these things, whether they are Azerbaijanis, Armenians, or representatives of the Center, has been uncompromising. Since N. Narimanov's activities violated the plans of the Center and the Armenians, they evaluated N. Narimanov's policy as contrary to the "internationalist" policy of the Communist Party and went the way of weakening it.

N. Narimanov was removed from interfering in the affairs of the Communist Party. He himself admitted that "I cannot influence the decision of the Central Committee of Azerbaijan (AK(b)P Central Committee) whose composition consists entirely of enemies".

N. Narimanov was not elected as a representative from Azerbaijan to the 12th congress of RK(b)P held in April 1923. Yusif Gasimov, a former Musavrat, was elected instead. N. Narimanov noted that "M. Huseynov, A. Garayev saw a nationalistic tendency in my demands about the need to raise the level of development of Muslim workers."

Every speech of N. Narimanov was interpreted by Sarkis and Mirzoyan as the speech of a nationalist communist. In his letter to Stalin, N. Narimanov specifically noted that "Mikoyan is creating an opposition in the person of the Baku Committee in order to prevent my activities and my national orientation", "It would be very easy if the Center trusted me. The Center only trusts S. Ordzhonikidze."

In his address to Stalin, N. Narimanov did not deny that he was a "nationalist": "I always showed these flaws and, of course, in the language of my opponents, I earned the name of a "nationalist". The main goal of N. Narimanov was "to bring the level of development of Muslim workers to approximately the level of development of Russian workers".

From the beginning of his activity, N. Narimanov put the national values of the Azerbaijani people in the foreground. N. Narimanov's activity as the head of the government protected Azerbaijan from a number of troubles under the Bolshevik rule, and established the possibility of national development in the minds of people during the Soviet era. Suffice it to say that while "Narimanovism" was considered as "nationalism" in Soviet official circles for a long time, it was the main source of protection of national identity, national traditions and moral values for our people under the conditions of the Soviet system.

Even before the Sovietization of Armenia, the representative of the Republic of Armenia in Azerbaijan wrote to Yerevan in August 1920 about the impression he got from the meeting with N. Narimanov: "N. Narimanov very often forgets his communism and openly displays his national Turkish face." N. Narimanov's national policy was called "Narimanism". "From the 1920s, when Dr. Nariman Narimanov was the chairman of the Council of Commissioners, there were few who did not hear that a nationalist group appeared under the name of "Narimanism"

N. Narimanov's activities were dominated by the national trend and protecting the interests of the nation, he had a different attitude to the revolutionary processes taking place in Azerbaijan than other Bolsheviks, took into account local characteristics and paid special attention to national unity. Thus, the struggle for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan occupied one of the main places in N. Narimanov's social, political and state activities.

This position of his was manifested during the settlement of the Baku , Zangezur , Nakhchivan , Nagorno-Karabakh and Zagatala issues. Territorial problems of Azerbaijan did not appear during the time of N. Narimanov, but before him. These problems remained the most painful and complex issues of foreign policy during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and were not resolved.

N. Narimanov tried to protect the territorial integrity of the Azerbaijani government in the conditions of the severe Bolshevik system, where its rights were almost limited, and although it was difficult, he succeeded. Because during the time when N. Narimanov was the head of the government, the territories awaiting formalization of their loss had actually left Azerbaijan's control before.

N. Narimanov tried to protect the rights and interests of his people and the independence of the republic by taking an uncompromising political line against the claims of Soviet Russia. It should be noted that serious differences of opinion often arose between N. Narimanov and the center on these issues. Positive resolution of most of the problems was possible thanks to N. Narimanov's personal influence and perseverance.

After the February revolution of 1917 in Russia, it was born from the fact that the Armenians took the initiative in the issue of border structure, from their large-scale propaganda and from attracting world public opinion to their side, and finally from the geostrategic interests of Russia and the world's leading states

On May 29, 1918, the National Council of Azerbaijan conceded the ancient province of Azerbaijan and the city of Yerevan to the Armenians, despite numerous protests, and instead signed documents stating that the Armenian nationals would give up all territorial claims against Azerbaijan. With this, Azerbaijan begins to breathe easy that the Armenians will put an end to their territorial claims on the historical Azerbaijani lands of Zangezur, Goycha, Nakhchivan and Karabakh. However, Armenian nationalists were further tempted and started territorial claims against these territories of Azerbaijan.

At the same time, separating Zangezur from Azerbaijan coincided with the geopolitical interests of the leading states. Since Zangezur connects the main part of Azerbaijan with Nakhchivan, this area was a window opening to Turkey and Azerbaijan and the Turkic world and the only land area. Historically, the "single Turkish line" that existed in Eurasia had to be divided into several areas on the world map. The disruption of direct communication between Azerbaijan and Turkey at the expense of Zangezur is on the agenda. Although Zangezur is the land of Azerbaijan, already in 1918-1919 armed Armenian gangs destroyed many villages inhabited by Azerbaijanis and controlled a large part of the territory. In November 1920, and even until the summer of 1921, Zangezur was not under the control of the Bolsheviks, but of the Dashnaks.

N. Narimanov admitted in 1921 that he was unable to prevent Zangezur's separation from Azerbaijan on his own when he made his December 1920 statement about Zangezur.

He said about this: "If the majority of Muslim communists... were in the mood of nationalism, believe me, Armenia could not have taken Zangezur." On July 10, 1920, N. Narimanov's telegram to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moscow about the "situation in Nagorno-Karabakh" ended with these words: "The Muslim population will consider Moscow's sudden return to its old position and its pro-Armenian policy as a betrayal of the policy of the Soviet government."

In his letter to V. Lenin, N. Narimanov made a strict and clear statement of his irreconcilable position with the policy of the Center on territorial problems, and threatened them that he would break Azerbaijan's alliance with Russia

27 days after N. Narimanov's statement about Nakhchivan on December 1, 1920, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee issued a response statement that the fate of Nakhchivan was left to the people.

In the agreements signed in Moscow on March 16, 1921, and in Kars on October 13 of the same year, it was confirmed by international agreement that Nakhchivan is the territory of Azerbaijan. In deciding the fate of Nakhchivan, N. Narimanov's well-thought-out state policy based on national interests, a series of consistent, strategic and tactical steps, the steps agreed in secret negotiations between Azerbaijan and Turkey, the absentee and solidarity talks between Mustafa Kemal Pasha and N. Narimanov, and the determination of the people of Nakhchivan have resulted in such a successful outcome. ended with N. Narimanov emphasized the issue of Nakhchivan at the All-Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets, that according to the agreement between Soviet Russia and Turkey, Nakhchivan will be recognized as a republic under the protectorate of Azerbaijan, and the Azerbaijani delegation will work with all its strength in this matter. It was at the insistence of Azerbaijan that the Nakhchivan issue was discussed in the Turkey-Russia negotiations, and the solution of this issue was ensured in favor of Azerbaijan at the insistence of Turkey. On August 14, 1921, before the Kars Treaty was accepted, the Azerbaijani side sent a telegram to the leadership of Nakhchivan and Armenia, demanding that "all persons sent by the Armenian Foreign Ministry be immediately removed from Nakhchivan".

Territorial problems were used as a tempting factor in Bolshevik politics to establish Soviet power. On the eve of the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan, Karabakh, Zangezur and Zagatala were recognized many times as Azerbaijani territory, but when it was Georgia's turn to sovietize, Russia already signed an agreement that Zagatala was disputed in favor of Georgians. They achieved Azerbaijan's statement about giving Karabakh to them. In the agreement signed between Russia and already Sovietized Armenia on December 2, 1920, Zangezur was indicated as Armenian territory, but there was no mention of Nakhchivan and Karabakh. Territorial disputes faced by the National Council from February 1917 to May 1918, and the government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918-1920 continued to face the Soviet government of Azerbaijan after April 1920. When the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan, the territories of the Iravan khanate were officially given to Armenians by Azerbaijan, the Borchali and Darbend problems were out of the agenda, a separatist armed rebellion broke out in Karabakh, and the situation in Nakhchivan remained very serious. Most of Zangezur was controlled by Armenian armed groups. Karabakh, Nakhchivan and Zangezur remained the territory claimed by Armenians, since Georgia did not give up its claims against Zagatala, Zagatala was defined as a disputed territory by the Russia-Georgia treaty, and Soviet Russia was still making plans to take over Baku. N. Narimanov actively and tirelessly fought for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, and his activities were successful in most cases. As a result of N. Narimanov's policy, as in 1918-1920, Baku was again recognized as the capital of Soviet Azerbaijan. For the first time, Karabakh, Nakhchivan and Zagatala were accepted as territories of Azerbaijan in accordance with international legal norms. However, the loss of the territories of the Iravan and Darband khanates and Zangezur district in 1918-1920 is unforgivable. N. Narimanov continued his consistent struggle for the passage of Megri so that Nakhchivan would not be separated from Azerbaijan. Some Armenian politicians considered the territorial division that took place at that time as their defeat.

It was at the insistence of Azerbaijan that the Nakhchivan issue was discussed in the Turkey-Russia negotiations, and the solution of this issue was ensured in favor of Azerbaijan at the insistence of Turkey. On August 14, 1921, before the Kars Treaty was accepted, the Azerbaijani side sent a telegram to the leadership of Nakhchivan and Armenia, demanding that "all persons sent by the Armenian Special Forces should be immediately removed from Nakhchivan." Territorial problems were used as a tempting factor in the politics of the Bolsheviks to establish Soviet power

On the eve of the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan, Karabakh, Zangezur and Zagatala were recognized many times as Azerbaijani territory, but when it was Georgia's turn to sovietize, Russia already signed an agreement that Zagatala was disputed in favor of Georgians. They achieved Azerbaijan's statement about giving Karabakh to them. In the agreement signed between Russia and already Sovietized Armenia on December 2, 1920, Zangezur was indicated as Armenian territory, but there was no mention of Nakhchivan and Karabakh.

After April 1920, Azerbaijan stood with all its weight in front of the Soviet government. When the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan, the territories of the Iravan khanate were officially given to Armenians by Azerbaijan, the Borchali and Darbend problems were out of the agenda, a separatist armed rebellion broke out in Karabakh, and the situation in Nakhchivan remained very serious. Most of Zangezur was controlled by Armenian armed groups. Karabakh, Nakhchivan and Zangezur remained the territory claimed by Armenians, since Georgia did not give up its claims against Zagatala, Zagatala was defined as a disputed territory by the Russian-Georgian treaty, and Soviet Russia was still making plans to take over Baku. N. Narimanov actively and tirelessly fought for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, and his activities were successful in most cases. As a result of N. Narimanov's policy, as in 1918-1920, Baku was again recognized as the capital of Soviet Azerbaijan. For the first time, Karabakh, Nakhchivan and Zagatala were accepted as territories of Azerbaijan in accordance with international legal norms. However, the loss of the territories of the Iravan and Darband khanates and Zangezur district in 1918-1920 is unforgivable. N. Narimanov continued his consistent struggle for the passage of Megri so that Nakhchivan would not be separated from Azerbaijan. Some Armenian politicians considered the territorial division that took place at that time as their defeat.

However, the loss of a number of ancient Azerbaijani lands was inevitable, unfortunately, in this matter, the Bolshevik leadership showed its treachery once again by taking a completely opposite position to the Muslim and Turkish Azerbaijanis, dividing the maximum number of lands belonging to them and giving them to the neighboring republics. In his "Letter to V. I. Lenin", N. Narimanov clearly revealed his irreconcilable position with Armenian and Russian policies on territorial problems. The opinions in his letter confirm this: "A terrible situation has arisen. The center is giving completely undisputed territories of Azerbaijan to Armenia. Giving our territories to Armenia, to the Dashnaks, is a mistake that can have bad consequences that cannot be corrected."

Thus, N. Narimanov's activities for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan were successful in most cases. Nakhchivan, Karabakh, Zagatala were kept within Azerbaijan, and Baku was recognized as the capital of Azerbaijan. N. Narimanov continued his consistent struggle for the passage of Megri so that Nakhchivan would not be separated from Azerbaijan

When N. Narimanov was working in Azerbaijan and later in Moscow, the Soviet leadership knew that he had different views on the policy of Soviet Russia in Turkestan, the nature of his critical approach to this policy, his pro-Turkist position in the activities of the state, the policy of Turkey and Turkestan people and figures.

Before N. Narimanov came to power, in 1918, he condemned the Transcaucasian Seim's war against the Ottoman state. When the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan, the interests of the Turkey-Russia-Azerbaijan strategic triangle began to manifest themselves in N. Narimanov's policy. Nariman Narimanov had great services in establishing diplomatic relations between Eastern countries and Soviet Russia. The establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Soviet Russia is a unique event in N. Narimanov's political activity - "although it is reflected in documents and sources, it has not received its historical value", almost forgotten.

In this regard, the Turkish researcher Huseyin Adigözel, by involving the topic of "Atatürk, Narimanov and our War of Independence" for the first time in the research, the restoration of the "forgotten pages" - the historical truth in Turkey-Azerbaijani relations, demonstrates Narimanov's loyalty to the Turkish-Azerbaijani unity as a wise person. It helps restore his portrait as a wise political figure. Commenting on the purpose of writing a work on the subject he touched upon as a historian, Huseyin Adigozel writes: "During the most dangerous days of our liberation war, Nariman Narimanov, a member of the Soviet Union who extended his hand as a brother and provided all the help he could, who greatly supported the Turkish War of Independence from Azerbaijan, was a communist, but a Turk. We have no doubt that he is a Turkish nationalist. Just as he is a Communist, we cannot forget what he did for the Turkish people and the Turkish nation let it be

As is known, Nariman Narimanov's first acquaintance with Turkish Turks was in Astrakhan in 1909-1913. N. Narimanov, who was under surveillance during the years of exile, skillfully continued his secret revolutionary activities in legal measures. Tatar, Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Turkish officers also participated in his events organized in the "Shurai-Islam Society". Huseyn Adigözel writes: "There he met the Turkish officers (Narimanov) who were captured in the First World War and were sent to Ashtarkhan, and with the information he received from them, he learned about the situation of Turkey and the Turks. During the War of Independence, he did more than he could to help the Turkish Turks who were in a difficult situation. ".

In 1920-1921, the friendship between the great leader Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Nariman Narimanov on the basis of "correspondence and conversation in letters on various dates, mutually shared ideas" turned into unbreakable brotherly ties. In 1920, N. Narimanov's leadership of "independent Soviet Azerbaijan" as the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars pleased Mustafa Kemal Pasha. He sends the famous poet and diplomat Memduh Shevket Esendag as ambassador to establish friendly relations with Azerbaijan. A year later, during the opening of the Azerbaijani embassy in Ankara, Turkey, the first ambassador Ibrahim Abilov accepted the invitation and personally attended the opening. He feels great pride for being supported by the Azerbaijani people and government. Turkey and Anatolian Turks value the pleasant and wonderful feelings that their Azerbaijani brothers have for them. Long live the Turkish-Azerbaijani brotherhood."

It was no coincidence that he was invited by N. Narimanov to Baku at the recommendation of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Narimanov wrote a letter to Lenin and sent Behbud Shahtakhtinsky to Moscow with the Turkish delegation. On February 19, 1921, Lenin introduced N. Narimanov's letter, written with strong arguments, to the members of the Central Committee. In one part of the letter, N. Narimanov wrote to Lenin: "The Armenian issue is a matter of life and death for the Turks. If you don't stand with the Turks in this issue, we can lose all the Eastern nations and it will be impossible to keep Azerbaijan!" (Respublika newspaper, July 10, 2019) As can be seen from the course of the event, it is clear from the expected result that Lenin paid attention to the warnings in Narimanov's letter, ignoring the attitudes of the leaders who thought like pro-Armenian Chichechrin and did not pay attention to their proposals, "concluded that an understanding between the parties is necessary".

That is why the Turkish delegation's agreement with the Russian Federation is successful: "Turkey borrows one million gold coins. It is agreed that Nakhchivan will remain part of Azerbaijan. The common enemies of the Russian Federation and Turkey decide to cooperate in every issue against England."

N. Narimanov manages to get support from a big country in Turkey's difficult situation. Huseyin Adigozel writes: "The recognition of the Ankara government by the Soviet Union was a very important event at the international political level. There is no doubt that one of the architects of this success was Nariman Narimanov, the head of the Azerbaijan Shura government at that time." The blows inflicted by the Turkish army on the invading troops in the War of Independence were met with great joy in Azerbaijan. By the order of N. Narimanov, Azerbaijan's Foreign Affairs Commissioner Davud Huseynov congratulates the Turkish people, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and its leader Mustafa Kemal Pasha on behalf of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic and the people of Azerbaijan.

On this occasion, the Azerbaijani government decided to send 62 tankers of oil and three wagons of kerosene to Turkey every month from the middle of May 1921. ... until July 1922, more than 9 thousand tons of kerosene and 350 tons of gasoline were sent. On March 17, 1921, N. Narimanov immediately sent 500 kilos of gold in the treasury to Ankara, "despite the opposition of some of the members of the government," according to the letter presented by Mustafa Kamal Pasha, the ambassador of Turkey, Memduh Shovket Bey. In addition, he sent 30 tankers of oil, two tankers of gasoline and 8 tankers of mining oil.

On March 23, 1921, in his reply letter to Mustafa Kemal Pasha, after congratulating the victory of the Turkish army, he sincerely wrote to him: "Pasham, there is a tradition in the Turkish nation, brother does not lend to brother, brother helps brother in every difficult situation. We are a brotherly nation, every We will hold each other's hands at any time and under any circumstances. What we are doing today is nothing more than what a brother does to his brother."

Historical sources and sources confirm that despite the fact that Narimanov was tied to Moscow during the two years he was at the head of the State of Azerbaijan, acting as an independent head of state, he brought the relations with the Turkish government to higher dimensions and scales, and most importantly, he helped his brothers in Anatolia, who were in a very difficult situation. mobilizing all the possibilities of his state, he helped in every way he could without shying away from anyone. Although all this is reflected in documents and sources, it has not received its historical value

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