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Medinilla speciosa is a perennial epiphytic plant in the genus Medinilla of the family Melastomataceae. Medinilla speciosa reaches on average a height of 45–60 centimetres (18–24 in). This evergreen shrub has woody branched stems and opposite leathery green leaves (up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long and 15 centimetres (5.9 in)wide, with prominent veins. The dainty small flowers are bright pink-colored and are produced in large panicles on pendant reddish stems. The flowering period extends from early Summer to Fall. When the blooming is finished for about a month remains a raceme of showy berries, pending that the plant reflowers. These rounded fruits are at first pink and purple-blue when ripe (hence the common name of Showy Asian Grapes. The plant is utilized as a traditional medicine, by boiling, brewing, or consuming it directly. The fruits are consumed by pregnant women as health supplement and also used as diarrhea, mouth sores, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial treatment. This plant occurs naturally in Borneo, Java and Philippines. In Borneo, the plant can be found at the Kinabalu in the Malaysian part of the island. Its distribution includes peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok), Sulawesi, Moluccas and Borneo. 32324
Someday you'll return to
your valleys and your farms series
(Dire Straits, Brothers in Arms, 1985)
Θεαγένειο Αντικαρκινικό Ινστιτούτο Θεσσαλονίκης - Πίσω όψη
"Theagenio" Anticancer Hospital of Thessaloniki - Back view
The Unknown War - Ο άγνωστος πόλεμος
Η πανδημία ανέδειξε έναν άλλο άγνωστο πόλεμο με την αρρώστια και τα μικρόβια, πόλεμο ζωής αρχέγονο που αγνοούμε κάποτε ή δεν θέλουμε να ξέρουμε τον οποίο καθημερινά κερδίζουμε και κάποτε θα χάσουμε οριστικά αλλά ίσως όχι για πάντα ή τα πάντα... Ο πόλεμος αυτός μαίνεται σαν καθημερινότητα για κάποιους άλλους και κάποιοι από εμάς τον βιώσαμε σαν προσωπική εμπειρία ή συνοδεύοντας συγγενείς, αγαπημένους και φίλους σε τέτοια πεδία μάχης...
Είτε επιστρέψαμε όμως εμείς και οι δικοί μας είτε όχι από εκεί, ο Mark Knopfler των Dire Straits ξέρει διαβάζοντας τα αστέρια ή την παλάμη του χεριού μας ότι κάποια μέρα, αργά ή γρήγορα, με κάποιο τρόπο θα αφήσουμε αυτόν τον πόλεμο και τα αδέλφια μας (brothers) συμπολεμιστές με ένα τελευταίο αντίο (farewell to the arms) επιστρέφοντας στις αγκαλιές (arms) των λιβαδιών και φαρμών των άλλων μας αδελφών (brothers) που περιμένουν εκεί υπομονετικά ...
Α Ν Τ Ι Ο Α Γ Α Π Η Μ Ε Ν Ο Ι Ε Ι Σ Τ Ο Ε Π Α Ν Ι Δ Ε Ι Ν
Dreal tree: An energy dream tree with healing abilities. They say whoever sleeps near its roots, miracles happen!
Inspired and made
by Frederick Phoen Crystal
Le Centre Léon Bérard est un centre de lutte contre le cancer de Lyon et de la région Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, un hôpital dédié 100% à la cancérologie.
I love the dreamy inner world of this delicious rose flower. It seems to pull me into its starry center as I try to pass it by. I'm captivated by the way the morning light creates translucent pink highlights, the rosy petals and golden connective holes. Here is a close up of the very center. www.flickr.com/photos/jungle_mama/4454252899/
A woody, evergreen shrub with vigorous growth, Allamanda may reach a free-standing height of 6 feet or more. The leathery leaves are lancelike, pointed, and may be opposite or in whorls of three or four. The large trumpet-shaped flowers may be yellow, white, purple, pink or orange. Their scent is delicate and fruity.
In the wild, Allamanda grows along riverbanks and open, sunny areas with adequate rainfall and perpetually moist substrate. The plants do not tolerate shade, salty or alkaline soils; they are highly sensitive to frost. Allamanda are otherwise undemanding and in appropriate conditions will grow rapidly, from 3 to 9 feet annually. The seed capsules are oval and prickly; cultivated forms rarely produce seeds, but Allamanda are easily propagated from cuttings. Discarded cuttings are quick to take root.
Allamanda have become naturalized throughout the tropics; they may be seen in roadside ditches, abandoned yards and dumps. As a controlling measure, cutting is ineffecive with Allamanda and will lead to vigorous coppicing ( reshooting from the stump or roots). Because of its fast growth, Allamanda has been introduced widely as a groundcover, for hedges and screens.
Yellow Allamanda cathartica is notable for its medicinal properties: all parts of the plant contain allamandin, a toxic iridoid lactone. The leaves, roots and flowers may be used in the preparation of a powerful cathartic. The milky sap is also known to possess antibacterial and possibly anticancer properties. Gardeners exposed to the sap will develop rashes, itc, and blisters.
Allamanda is named after Dr. Frederich Allamanda (1735-1803), a Swiss botanist of the late 18th century.
Allamanda Cherries Jubilee, Apocynaceae
Pharmacological research has shown that the essential oils and extracts from D. viscosa (yellow fleabane) possess a variety of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, and antioxidant properties.
UN POCO DE INFORMACIÓN: (PORQUE E MUY ESTENSA)
Taxus baccata, el tejo común o tejo negro, es una especie del género Taxus originaria de Europa occidental, central y meridional.
Es una gimnosperma de la familia de las Taxáceas, grupo primitivo ampliamente difundido ya desde el Jurásico y del que actualmente el tejo es el único representante europeo.
ES UN ÁRBOL LLAMADO TAMBIÉN DE LA MUERTE POR SU TOXICIDAD.
CURIOSIDADES:
En la tradición y cultura asturiana, el tejo se consideraba vinculado a la tierra, a la gente, a los ancestros ya la religión antigua.
Era tradición en el Día de Todos los Santos llevar una rama de un árbol de tejo a las tumbas de aquellos que habían muerto recientemente para que fueran guiados en su regreso a la Tierra de las Sombras.
USO EN LA INDUSTRIA FARMACEUTICA:
De sus hojas se obtienen dos compuestos químicos:
Bacatina III
10-deacetilbaccatina III
Estos dos compuestos son precursores químicos que, mediante reacciones de semisíntesis, dan lugar al paclitaxel o taxol, un potente agente ANTICANCEROSO, el cual se obtiene también de la corteza de la especie Taxus brevifolia.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata
LOGRADO MI TERAPIA UN DÍA MÁS.
MUCHAS GRACIAS POR ESTAR AHI Y VUESTRO APOYO Y CARIÑO.
MUY IMPORTANTE PARA MUCHA GENTE QUE LO NECESITA, AUNQUE PERMANECE SILENCIOSA. 💪💪💪👍😍💖
MUCHA FUERZA Y FELIZ SEMANA. 💪💪💪💖😘
Y SEGUIMOS....
💪💪💪💖💖💖😍⭐🌟
SN/NC: Medinilla Magnifica, Syn. Medinilla speciosa, Melastomataceae Family
Medinilla is a perennial epiphytic plant in the genus Medinilla of the family Melastomataceae. Medinilla is named for José de Medinilla y Pineda, who was governor of Mauritius (then known as the Marianne Islands) in 1820. Medinilla speciosa reaches on average a height of 45–60 centimetres (18–24 in). This evergreen shrub has woody branched stems and opposite leathery green leaves (up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long and 15 centimetres (5.9 in)wide, with prominent veins. The dainty small flowers are bright pink-colored and are produced in large panicles on pendant reddish stems. The flowering period extends from early Summer to Fall. When the blooming is finished for about a month remains a raceme of showy berries, pending that the plant reflowers. These rounded fruits are at first pink and purple-blue when ripe (hence to common name of Showy Asian Grapes.) Other common names: Rose Grape, Showy Medinilla, Malaysian Orchid, Chandelier Tree, Kapa-kapa.
The plant is utilized as a traditional medicine, by boiling, brewing, or consuming it directly. The fruits are consumed by pregnant women as health supplement and also used as diarrhea, mouth sores, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial treatment. This plant occurs naturally in Borneo, Java and Philippines. In Borneo, the plant can be found at the Kinabalu in the Malaysian part of the island. It's distribution include peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
A medinila é uma planta arbustiva, de textura semi-lenhosa e florescimento ornamental. Seus ramos são quadrangulares, alados, frágeis, pouco ramificados e eretos. Eles crescem lentamente e podem atingir até 2 metros de altura. As folhas são sésseis, opostas, grandes, verde-escuras, cerosas, brilhantes e com nervuras claras e bem marcadas. As inflorescências pendentes, surgem na primavera e verão e são muito duráveis. Longas, elas chegam a 30 cm de comprimento, e apresentam brácteas e flores róseas dispostas em cachos, como se fossem uvas, o que lhe rendeu o nome popular "uva-rosa".
A medinila pode ser utilizada isolada ou em grupos. Ela é perfeita para compor conjuntos com outras plantas tropicais, como alpínias, helicônias, gengibres, formando suaves contrastes de texturas e cores. Por ser uma planta vistosa, mas ainda rara e exótica, causa impacto aos espectadores de sua beleza e tem sido utilizada em jardins contemporâneos e tropicais. Como seu crescimento é demasiado lento, ela necessita pouca manutenção e podas. Curiosamente, as medinilas são muitas vezes encontradas epífitas (sobre as árvores) nas Filipinas, seu local de origem. Seu nome é uma homenagem a José de Medinilla y Pineda, então Governador de Mauritius, (Anteriormente conhecida como Ilhas Marianas), em 1820.
Medinilla is een overblijvende epifytische plant van het geslacht Medinilla van de Melastomataceae-familie. Medinilla dankt zijn naam aan José de Medinilla y Pineda, die in 1820 gouverneur was van Mauritius (toen bekend als de Marianen). Medinilla speciosa bereikt een gemiddelde hoogte van 45-60 centimeter (18-24 inch). Deze groenblijvende struik heeft houtachtige vertakte stengels en tegenoverliggende leerachtige groene bladeren (tot 20 centimeter (7,9 inch) lang en 15 centimeter (5,9 inch) breed, met opvallende nerven. De kleine delicate bloemen zijn helderroze van kleur en zijn geproduceerd in grote pluimen op hangende roodachtige stengels. De bloeiperiode loopt van het begin van de zomer tot de herfst. Als de bloei ongeveer een maand is afgelopen, blijft er een tros van opzichtige bessen over, wachtend tot de plant weer bloeit. ronde vruchten zijn aanvankelijk roze en paarsblauw wanneer ze rijp zijn (vandaar de algemene naam van opzichtige Aziatische druiven.) Andere veel voorkomende namen: rozendruif, opzichtige medinilla, Maleisische orchidee, kroonluchterboom, kapa-kapa.De plant wordt gebruikt als traditionele geneeskunde, gekookt, vergist of direct geconsumeerd. De vruchten worden door zwangere vrouwen geconsumeerd als gezondheidssupplement en ook gebruikt als diarree, zweertjes in de mond, ontstekingsremmende, kankerbestrijdende en antibacteriële behandeling. Deze plant komt van nature voor op Borneo, Java en de Filippijnen. Op Borneo wordt de plant gevonden in Kinabalu op het Maleisische deel van het eiland. De distributie omvat het schiereiland Maleisië (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla est une plante épiphyte vivace du genre Medinilla de la famille des Melastomataceae. Medinilla doit son nom à José de Medinilla y Pineda, qui était gouverneur de Maurice (alors connue sous le nom d'îles Marianne) en 1820. Medinilla speciosa atteint en moyenne une hauteur de 45 à 60 centimètres (18 à 24 pouces). Cet arbuste à feuilles persistantes a des tiges ligneuses ramifiées et des feuilles vertes coriaces opposées (jusqu'à 20 centimètres (7,9 po) de long et 15 centimètres (5,9 po) de large), avec des veines proéminentes. Les petites fleurs délicates sont de couleur rose vif et sont produites en grandes panicules sur des tiges rougeâtres pendantes. La période de floraison s'étend du début de l'été à l'automne. Lorsque la floraison est terminée pendant environ un mois, il reste une grappe de baies voyantes, en attendant que la plante refleurisse. Ces fruits arrondis sont d'abord roses et bleu-violet à maturité (D'où le nom commun de Showy Asian Grapes.) Autres noms communs: Rose Grape, Showy Medinilla, Orchidée malaisienne, Chandelier Tree, Kapa-kapa.La plante est utilisée comme médecine traditionnelle, en la faisant bouillir, en la brassant ou en la consommant directement. Les fruits sont consommés par les femmes enceintes comme complément de santé et également utilisés comme diarrhée, plaies buccales, traitement anti-inflammatoire, anticancéreux et antibactérien. Cette plante est naturellement présente à Bornéo, à Java et aux Philippines. À Bornéo, la plante se trouve au Kinabalu dans la partie malaisienne de l'île. Sa distribution comprend la Malaisie péninsulaire (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla ist eine mehrjährige epiphytische Pflanze aus der Gattung Medinilla der Familie Melastomataceae. Medinilla ist nach José de Medinilla y Pineda benannt, der 1820 Gouverneur von Mauritius (damals als Marianne-Inseln bekannt) war. Medinilla speciosa erreicht im Durchschnitt eine Höhe von 45 bis 60 Zentimetern. Dieser immergrüne Strauch hat holzige, verzweigte Stängel und gegenüberliegende ledrige grüne Blätter (bis zu 20 Zentimeter lang und 15 Zentimeter breit) mit hervorstehenden Adern. Die zierlichen kleinen Blüten sind hellrosa gefärbt und werden in großen Rispen produziert an hängenden rötlichen Stielen. Die Blütezeit erstreckt sich vom Frühsommer bis zum Herbst. Wenn die Blüte etwa einen Monat lang beendet ist, bleibt eine Traube auffälliger Beeren übrig, bis die Pflanze wieder blüht. Diese abgerundeten Früchte sind im reifen Zustand zunächst rosa und lila-blau (daher zum gebräuchlichen Namen von auffälligen asiatischen Trauben.) Andere gebräuchliche Namen: Rosentraube, auffällige Medinilla, malaysische Orchidee, Kronleuchterbaum, Kapa-Kapa.Die Pflanze wird als traditionelle Medizin verwendet, indem sie gekocht, gebraut oder direkt verzehrt wird. Die Früchte werden von schwangeren Frauen als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel konsumiert und auch als Durchfall, Mundschmerzen, entzündungshemmende, krebsbekämpfende und antibakterielle Behandlung verwendet. Diese Pflanze kommt natürlich in Borneo, Java und den Philippinen vor. In Borneo befindet sich die Pflanze im Kinabalu im malaysischen Teil der Insel. Die Verbreitung umfasst die Halbinsel Malaysia (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra und Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla è una pianta epifita perenne nel genere Medinilla della famiglia Melastomataceae. Medinilla prende il nome da José de Medinilla y Pineda, che fu governatore delle Mauritius (allora conosciute come le Isole Marianne) nel 1820. Medinilla speciosa raggiunge in media un'altezza di 45–60 centimetri (18–24 in). Questo arbusto sempreverde ha steli ramificati legnosi e opposte foglie verdi coriacee (lunghe fino a 20 centimetri (7,9 pollici) e larghe 15 centimetri (5,9 pollici), con venature prominenti. I piccoli fiori delicati sono di colore rosa brillante e sono prodotti in grandi pannocchie su steli rossastri pendenti.Il periodo di fioritura si estende dall'inizio dell'estate all'autunno. Quando la fioritura è terminata per circa un mese rimane un racemo di bacche appariscenti, in attesa che la pianta si rifiorisca. Questi frutti arrotondati sono inizialmente rosa e viola-blu quando sono maturi (da qui il nome comune di Showy Asian Grapes.) Altri nomi comuni: Rose Grape, Showy Medinilla, Malaysian Orchid, Chandelier Tree, Kapa-kapa.La pianta viene utilizzata come medicina tradizionale, bollendola, fermentandola o consumandola direttamente. I frutti vengono consumati da donne in gravidanza come integratore per la salute e usati anche come diarrea, piaghe alla bocca, trattamento antinfiammatorio, antitumorale e antibatterico. Questa pianta si trova naturalmente in Borneo, Giava e Filippine. Nel Borneo, la pianta si trova nel Kinabalu nella parte malese dell'isola. La sua distribuzione include Malesia peninsulare (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Giava, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla es una planta epifita perenne del género Medinilla de la familia Melastomataceae. Medinilla lleva el nombre de José de Medinilla y Pineda, quien fue gobernador de Mauricio (entonces conocido como las Islas Marianne) en 1820. Medinilla speciosa alcanza en promedio una altura de 45 a 60 centímetros (18 a 24 pulgadas). Este arbusto de hoja perenne tiene tallos leñosos ramificados y hojas verdes coriáceas opuestas (hasta 20 centímetros (7,9 pulgadas) de largo y 15 centímetros (5,9 pulgadas) de ancho, con venas prominentes. Las delicadas flores pequeñas son de color rosa brillante y se producen en grandes panículas. en los tallos colgantes de color rojizo. El período de floración se extiende desde principios del verano hasta el otoño. Cuando la floración termina durante aproximadamente un mes, sigue siendo un racimo de bayas vistosas, a la espera de que la planta vuelva a florecer. (de ahí el nombre común de Showy Asian Grapes.) Otros nombres comunes: Rose Grape, Showy Medinilla, Malaysian Orchid, Chandelier Tree, Kapa-kapa. La planta se utiliza como medicina tradicional, hirviéndola, preparándola o consumiéndola directamente. Las mujeres embarazadas consumen las frutas como suplemento de salud y también se usan como diarrea, llagas en la boca, antiinflamatorios, anticancerígenos y antibacterianos. Esta planta ocurre naturalmente en Borneo, Java y Filipinas. En Borneo, la planta se puede encontrar en Kinabalu, en la parte malasia de la isla. Su distribución incluye Malasia peninsular (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla هو نبات معمر معمر في جنس Medinilla من عائلة Melastomataceae. تم تسمية Medinilla على اسم José de Medinilla y Pineda، الذي كان حاكمًا لموريشيوس (المعروفة آنذاك باسم جزر ماريان) في عام 1820. يصل متوسط ارتفاع Medinilla speciosa إلى 45-60 سم (18-24 بوصة). تحتوي هذه الشجيرة دائمة الخضرة على سيقان خشبية متفرعة وأوراق خضراء جلدية متقابلة (يصل طولها إلى 20 سم (7.9 بوصة) وعرضها 15 سم (5.9 بوصة)، مع عروق بارزة. الزهور الصغيرة اللطيفة ذات لون وردي فاتح ويتم إنتاجها في عناقيد كبيرة. على سيقان ضاربة إلى الحمرة قلادة. تمتد فترة الإزهار من أوائل الصيف إلى الخريف. عند الانتهاء من الإزهار لمدة شهر تقريبًا تبقى مجموعة من التوت المبهرج، في انتظار إعادة إزهار النبات. هذه الثمار المستديرة تكون في البداية وردية وأرجواني-أزرق عندما تنضج (وبالتالي الاسم الشائع للعنب الآسيوي المبهرج.) الأسماء الشائعة الأخرى: العنب الوردي، ميدينيلا المبهرج، الأوركيد الماليزي، شجرة الثريا، كابا كابا.
يتم استخدام النبات كدواء تقليدي، وذلك عن طريق غليه أو تخميره أو تناوله مباشرة. تستهلك النساء الحوامل الثمار كمكمل صحي وتستخدم أيضًا كعلاج للإسهال وتقرحات الفم ومضادة للالتهابات ومضادة للسرطان وعلاج مضاد للبكتيريا. يتواجد هذا النبات بشكل طبيعي في بورنيو وجاوا والفلبين. في بورنيو، يمكن العثور على النبات في كينابالو في الجزء الماليزي من الجزيرة. يشمل توزيعها شبه جزيرة ماليزيا (بينانج، بيراك، باهانج، سيلانجور)، جافا، سومطرة، جزيرة سوندا الصغرى. (سومباوا في لومبوك).
メディニラは、メラストマ科メディニラ属の多年草着生植物です。メディニーリャの名前は、1820 年にモーリシャス (当時はマリアンヌ諸島として知られていた) の知事だったホセ・デ・メディニーリャ・イ・ピネダにちなんで命名されました。メディニーリャ・スペシオサの高さは平均 45 ~ 60 センチメートル (18 ~ 24 インチ) に達します。この常緑の低木は、木質で枝分かれした茎と、反対側の革のような緑色の葉 (長さ 20 センチメートル (7.9 インチ)、幅 15 センチメートル (5.9 インチ) までで、葉脈が目立つ) を持ちます。可憐な小さな花は明るいピンク色で、大きな円錐花序で咲きます。赤みを帯びた垂れ下がった茎に咲きます。開花期は初夏から秋まで続きます。開花が終わると約 1 か月間、華やかな果実の総状花序が残り、植物が再開花するまで続きます。これらの丸い果実は最初はピンク色で、熟すと紫がかった青になります。 (したがって、派手なアジアンブドウの一般名が付けられました。)他の一般名:ローズグレープ、派手なメディニラ、マレーシアの蘭、シャンデリアツリー、カパカパ。
この植物は、煮たり、煎じたり、直接消費したりして、伝統的な薬として利用されています。果実は妊婦が健康補助食品として摂取するほか、下痢、口内炎、抗炎症、抗がん、抗菌治療にも使用されます。この植物はボルネオ島、ジャワ島、フィリピンに自生しています。ボルネオ島では、この植物は島のマレーシア部分のキナバルで見られます。分布にはマレーシア半島(ペナン、ペラ、パハン、セランゴール)、ジャワ、スマトラ、小スンダ島が含まれます。 (スンバワ島、ロンボク島)。
是一种灌木状植物,具有半木质的质地和观赏性开花的特点。其茎干呈四棱形,带翅状结构,质地脆弱,分枝较少且直立生长。植株生长缓慢,最高可达2米。叶片无柄,对生,大型,呈深绿色,表面具蜡质,光泽明显,叶脉清晰且颜色较浅。
花序下垂,于春夏季开放,持久性极佳。花序长度可达30厘米,由粉红色的苞片和花朵组成,排列成簇状,形似葡萄串,因此得俗名“粉红葡萄”。
美丁花可单独种植或群植,非常适合与其他热带植物(如艳山姜、赫蕉、姜花等)搭配,营造柔和的质感与色彩对比。因其外观醒目且仍属稀有异域植物,观赏时极具视觉冲击力,近年来广泛应用于现代园林和热带风格庭院。由于生长极为缓慢,它几乎不需要太多养护和修剪。
有趣的是,在美丁花的原产地菲律宾,它常以附生形式(生长于树上)出现。其属名“Medinilla”旨在致敬1820年时任毛里求斯(旧称马里亚纳群岛)总督的何塞·德·美丁尼拉-皮内达(José de Medinilla y Pineda)。
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE.
(acercamiento, no es macro)
El trébol rojo o trébol violeta (Trifolium pratense L. ) es una planta leguminosa nativa de Europa, oeste de Asia y noroeste de África.
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USOS MEDICINALES:
Las isoflavonas y fitoestrógenos del trébol rojo se han usado para tratar algunos de los síntomas de la menopausia ( sofocos ).
Las embarazadas y amamantadoras deben evitar ingerir la planta.
También se usa como antitusígeno y para el tratamiento de la bronquitis, el eczema, las llagas, la escrófula y, en gárgaras, para úlceras y heridas.
Es también una de las ocho hierbas ingredientes del té anticanceroso en:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essiac
IMPORTANTE: CONSUMIR PLANTAS SOLO BAJO LA SUPERVISIÓN DE UN MÉDICO O PERSONAL CUALIFICADO, NI PLANTAS RECOLECTADAS EN EL CAMPO O JARDINES.
CURIOSIDADES:
Es la flor nacional de Dinamarca y la flor estatal de Vermont.
USOS:
Su cultivo parece datar de hacia los siglos S XVII y XVIII.La planta fue nombrada Trifolium pratense por Carolus Linnaeus en 1753. Pratense en latín para "encontrado en prados"
Se usa generalmente como planta forrajera.
Por su elevada talla es más apropiado para ganado bovino que para el ovino.
La variedad de cultivo (cultivar) Redquin, de trébol rojo (Trifolium pratense L.), se obtuvo mediante métodos de selección a partir del cultivar chileno Quinequeli, con el objetivo de conseguir una variedad con bajo contenido en la isoflavona formononetina, responsable del descenso en la fertilidad de las ovejas.
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Este árbol es originario de la región que abarca desde Irán hasta el norte de los Himalayas en India, Por si no lo sabías, España produce el 95% de toda Europa.
Es una de las llamadas "superfrutas" por los compuestos químicos de acción positiva que posee: es rica en antioxidantes y potasio (donde más destaca), calcio, magnesio, hierro, manganeso, cobre, zinc y vitaminas C, B, E.
La granada se utiliza en la medicina tradicional:En gargarismos, alivia la tos persistente, y es eficaz en caso de fiebre, de diarreas, de cólico y puede servir también de vermífugo. Tiene ligeras propiedades diuréticas y antihipertensivas.
Es un potente antioxidante anticancerígeno, incluso mejor que el té verde. Destaca en la prevención del cancer de próstata, disminuye los riesgos cardiovasculares, ayuda a los diabéticos e hipertensos, entre muchas de las virtudes que posee.
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This tree is native to the region from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India, For you did not know, Spain produces 95% of all Europe.
It is a so-called "superfruits" by chemical compounds possessing positive action: it is rich in antioxidants and potassium (where more points), calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, zinc and vitamins C, B, E.
The pomegranate is used in traditional medicine:
In gargles, relieves cough, and is effective for fever, diarrhea, colic and can also serve as a vermifuge. Has slight diuretic and antihypertensive.
It is a potent antioxidant anticancer, even better than green tea. Stresses in preventing prostate cancer, reduces cardiovascular risks, helps diabetics and hypertensives, and many of the virtues he possesses.
Another early spring wildflower, the Bloodroot.
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Sanguinaria canadensis
Excerpts from "Peterson Field Guides, Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants:"
"The blood-red fresh root was used in minute doses as an appetite stimulant; in larger doses as an arterial sedative. Formerly, the root was used as an ingredient in cough medicines. American Indians used root tea for rheumatism, asthma, bronchitis, lung ailments, laryngitis, fevers; also as an emetic. Root use applied to warts, also used as a dye and as a decorative skin stain....
...Experimentally, the alkaloid sanguinarine has shown antiseptic, anesthetic, and anticancer activity. It is used commercially as a plaque-inhibiting agent in toothpaste, mouthwashes and rinses.
Warning: Toxic. Do not ingest."
Medinilla speciosa is a perennial epiphytic plant in the genus Medinilla of the family Melastomataceae.
Medinilla speciosa reaches on average a height of 45–60 centimetres (18–24 in). This evergreen shrub has woody branched stems and opposite leathery green leaves (up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long and 15 centimetres (5.9 in)wide, with prominent veins. The dainty small flowers are bright pink-colored and are produced in large panicles on pendant reddish stems. The flowering period extends from early Summer to Fall. When the blooming is finished for about a month remains a raceme of showy berries, pending that the plant reflowers. These rounded fruits are at first pink and purple-blue when ripe (hence the common name of Showy Asian Grapes.
The plant is utilized as a traditional medicine, by boiling, brewing, or consuming it directly. The fruits are consumed by pregnant women as a health supplement and also used as diarrhea, mouth sores, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial treatment. 23448
Laxman Phal (Annona muricata) also known as anti-cancer fruit.
The dark green, prickly, heart shaped fruit grows in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
In particular, it is a rich source of annonaceous acetogenin compounds (AGEs). Acetogenins inhibit nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which is contained in the membranes of cancer cells. It has cytotoxic effects in cancer.
Great Mullein has been used as an alternative medicine for centuries, and in many countries throughout the world, the value of Great Mullein as a proven medicinal herb is now backed by scientific evidence. Some valuable constituents contained in Mullein are Coumarin and Hesperidin, they exhibit many healing abilities. Research indicates some of the uses as analgesic, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, bacteristat, cardio-depressant, estrogenic, fungicide, hypnotic, sedative and pesticide are valid.
A woody, evergreen shrub with vigorous growth, Allamanda may reach a free-standing height of 6 feet or more. The leathery leaves are lancelike, pointed, and may be opposite or in whorls of three or four. The large trumpet-shaped flowers may be yellow, white, purple, pink or orange. Their scent is delicate and fruity.
In the wild, Allamanda grows along riverbanks and open, sunny areas with adequate rainfall and perpetually moist substrate. The plants do not tolerate shade, salty or alkaline soils; they are highly sensitive to frost. Allamanda are otherwise undemanding and grow rapidly, from 3 to 9 feet annually, in appropriate conditions. The seed capsules are oval and prickly; cultivated forms rarely produce seeds, but Allamanda are easily propagated from cuttings. Discarded cuttings are quick to take root.
Allamanda have become naturalized throughout the tropics. They may be seen in roadside ditches, abandoned yards and dumps. As a controlling measure, cutting is ineffective with Allamanda and will lead to vigorous coppicing ( reshooting from the stump or roots). Because of its fast growth, Allamanda has been introduced widely as a groundcover, for hedges and screens.
Yellow Allamanda cathartica is notable for its medicinal properties: all parts of the plant contain allamandin, a toxic iridoid lactone. The leaves, roots and flowers may be used in the preparation of a powerful cathartic. The milky sap is also known to possess antibacterial and possibly anticancer properties. Gardeners exposed to the sap will develop rashes and blisters.
Allamanda is named after Dr. Frederich Allamanda (1735-1803), a Swiss botanist of the late 18th century.
Allamanda cathartica
Biscayne Park FL
Belize flora
Momordica is a genus of about 60 species of annual or perennial climbers herbaceous or rarely small shrubs belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae, natives of tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia and Australia. Most species produce floral oils and are visited by specialist pollinators in the apid tribe Ctenoplectrini.
Momordica charantia is native to Africa but has been used in Chinese folk medicine for centuries as a 'bitter, cold' herb, and has recently been brought into mainstream Chinese medicine as well as natural medical traditions around the world. Recent research has shown that the immature fruit might have some antibiotic, anticancer, and antiviral properties, particularly well suited for use in treatment of malaria, HIV, and diabetic conditions. (Wikipedia)
For my video; youtu.be/ftalsV4jrgo?si=85i3pG8DjBVQ7Xuj
Medinilla speciosa is a perennial epiphytic plant in the genus Medinilla of the family Melastomataceae.
Medinilla is named for José de Medinilla y Pineda, who was governor of Mauritius (then known as the Marianne Islands) in 1820
These rounded fruits are at first pink and purple-blue when ripe (hence the common name of Showy Asian Grapes.
The plant is utilized as a traditional medicine, by boiling, brewing, or consuming it directly. The fruits are consumed by pregnant women as a health supplement and also used as diarrhea, mouth sores, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial treatment.
The Singapore Botanic Gardens is a 166-year-old tropical garden located at the fringe of the Orchard Road shopping district in Singapore. It is one of three gardens, and the only tropical garden, to be honoured as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Here we see the fractal pattern of Romanesco broccoli, a variant form of cauliflower. The fractal arrangement of the florets in this vegetable's head is amazing!!
As you move your cursor over the photo, you will see the three frames aka notes that I have added to show three sections of the broccoli that are similar to the next larger size (where it exists, of course.)
Romanesco broccoli exhibits "self similarity" characteristic of fractals in mathematics. It also exhibits "scale Invariance" ... Any smaller section of this head of broccoli has the same shapes and patterns as a larger section To me, that is so amazing!!
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similar
In mathematics, a self-similar object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself (i.e. the whole has the same shape as one or more of the parts). Many objects in the real world, such as coastlines, are statistically self-similar: parts of them show the same statistical properties at many scales.[2] Self-similarity is a typical property of fractals.
Scale invariance is an exact form of self-similarity where at any magnification there is a smaller piece of the object that is similar to the whole. For instance, a side of the Koch snowflake is both symmetrical and scale-invariant; it can be continually magnified 3x without changing shape.
The non-trivial similarity evident in fractals is distinguished by their fine structure, or detail on arbitrarily small scales. As a counterexample, whereas any portion of a straight line may resemble the whole, further detail is not revealed.
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Cauliflower
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower
For other uses, see Cauliflower (disambiguation).
Cauliflower
Cauliflower.JPG
Cauliflower, cultivar unknown
Details
SpeciesBrassica oleracea
Cultivar groupBotrytis cultivar group
OriginNortheast Mediterranean
Cultivar group
membersMany; see text.
Cauliflower, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy104 kJ (25 kcal)
Carbohydrates5 g
- Sugars1.9 g
- Dietary fiber2 g
Fat0.3 g
Protein1.9 g
Water92 g
Thiamine (vit. B1)0.05 mg (4%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)0.06 mg (5%)
Niacin (vit. B3)0.507 mg (3%)
Pantothenic acid (B5)0.667 mg (13%)
Vitamin B60.184 mg (14%)
Folate (vit. B9)57 μg (14%)
Vitamin C48.2 mg (58%)
Vitamin E0.08 mg (1%)
Vitamin K15.5 μg (15%)
Calcium22 mg (2%)
Iron0.42 mg (3%)
Magnesium15 mg (4%)
Manganese0.155 mg (7%)
Phosphorus44 mg (6%)
Potassium299 mg (6%)
Sodium30 mg (2%)
Zinc0.27 mg (3%)
Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages are roughly approximated
using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that reproduces by seed. Typically, only the head (the white curd) is eaten. The cauliflower head is composed of a white inflorescence meristem. Cauliflower heads resemble those in broccoli, which differs in having flower buds.
Its name is from Latin caulis (cabbage) and flower,.[1] Brassica oleracea also includes cabbage, brussels sprouts, kale, broccoli, and collard greens, though they are of different cultivar groups.
For such a highly modified plant, cauliflower has a long history. François Pierre La Varenne employed chouxfleurs in Le cuisinier françois.[2] They were introduced to France from Genoa in the 16th century, and are featured in Olivier de Serres' Théâtre de l'agriculture (1600), as cauli-fiori "as the Italians call it, which are still rather rare in France; they hold an honorable place in the garden because of their delicacy",[3] but they did not commonly appear on grand tables until the time of Louis XIV.[4]
Contents
1 Classification and identification
1.1 Major groups
1.2 Varieties
1.3 Colors
2 Nutrition
3 Cooking
4 Fractal dimension
5 History
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Classification and identification[edit]
Major groups
There are four major groups of cauliflower.[5]
Italian
Diverse in appearance, and biennial and annual in type, this group includes white, Romanesco, various green, purple, brown and yellow cultivars. This type is the ancestral form from which the others were derived.
Northwest European biennial
Used in Europe for winter and early spring harvest, this was developed in France in the 19th century, and includes the old cultivars Roscoff and Angers.
Northern European annuals
Used in Europe and North America for summer and fall harvest, it was developed in Germany in the 18th century, and includes the old cultivars Erfurt and Snowball.
Asian
A tropical cauliflower used in China and India, it was developed in India during the 19th century from the now-abandoned Cornish type,[6] and includes old varieties Early Patna and Early Benaras.
Varieties
There are hundreds of historic and current commercial varieties used around the world. A comprehensive list of about 80 North American varieties is maintained at North Carolina State University.[7]
Colors
White
White cauliflower is the most common color of cauliflower.
Orange
Orange cauliflower (B. oleracea L. var. botrytis) contains 25% more vitamin A than white varieties.[8] This trait came from a natural mutant found in a cauliflower field in Canada.[9] Cultivars include 'Cheddar' and 'Orange Bouquet'.
Green
Green cauliflower, of the B. oleracea botrytis group, is sometimes called broccoflower. It is available both with the normal curd shape and a variant spiky curd called Romanesco broccoli. Both types have been commercially available in the U.S. and Europe since the early 1990s. Green-curded varieties include 'Alverda', 'Green Goddess' and 'Vorda'. Romanesco varieties include 'Minaret' and 'Veronica'.
Purple
The purple color in this cauliflower is caused by the presence of the antioxidant group anthocyanins, which can also be found in red cabbage and red wine.[10] Varieties include 'Graffiti' and 'Purple Cape'. In Great Britain and southern Italy, a broccoli with tiny flower buds is sold as a vegetable under the name "purple cauliflower". It is not the same as standard cauliflower with a purple curd.
White cauliflower
Orange cauliflower
Purple cauliflower
Nutrition
Cauliflower is low in fat, low in carbohydrates but high in dietary fiber, folate, water, and vitamin C, possessing a high nutritional density.[11]
Cauliflower contains several phytochemicals, common in the cabbage family, that may be beneficial to human health.
Sulforaphane, a compound released when cauliflower is chopped or chewed, may protect against cancer.
Other glucosinolates
Carotenoids[11]
Indole-3-carbinol, a chemical that enhances DNA repair,[12][13] and acts as an estrogen antagonist,[14] slowing the growth of cancer cells.
Boiling reduces the levels of these compounds, with losses of 20–30% after five minutes, 40–50% after ten minutes, and 75% after thirty minutes.[15] However, other preparation methods, such as steaming, microwaving, and stir frying, have no significant effect on the compounds.[15]
A high intake of cauliflower has been associated with reduced risk of aggressive prostate cancer.[16]
Cooking
Aloo gobi, an Indian dish prepared with cauliflower and potato
Cauliflower can be roasted, boiled, fried, steamed, or eaten raw. Steaming or microwaving better preserves anticancer compounds than boiling.[15] When cooking, the outer leaves and thick stalks are removed, leaving only the florets. The leaves are also edible, but are most often discarded.[17] The florets should be broken into similar-sized pieces so they are cooked evenly. After eight minutes of steaming, or five minutes of boiling, the florets should be soft, but not mushy (depending on size). Stirring while cooking can break the florets into smaller, uneven pieces.
Low carbohydrate dieters can use cauliflower as a reasonable substitute for potatoes or rice; while they can produce a similar texture, or mouth feel, they lack the starch of the originals.
Fractal Dimension
Fractal pattern of Romanesco broccoli, a variant form of cauliflower
Cauliflower has been noticed by mathematicians for its distinct fractal dimension,[18][19] predicted to be about 2.8.[20]
History
The first reliable reference to cauliflower is found in the writings of the Arab Muslim scientists Ibn al-'Awwam and Ibn al-Baitar, in the 12th and 13th centuries.[21]
One for the dictionary and complete herbal, I've not done one for ages!
Another "real" TTV with a little added texture.
Corns herbal properties
The leaves and roots have various medical uses, likewise the silks. The seed is diuretic and a mild stimulant]. It is a good emollient poultice for ulcers, swellings and rheumatic pains, and is widely used in the treatment of cancer, tumours and warts. It contains the cell-proliferant and wound-healing substance allantoin, which is widely used in herbal medicine (especially from the herb comfrey, Symphytum officinale) to speed the healing process. The plant is said to have anticancer properties and is experimentally hypoglycaemic and hypotensive.
The physical properties of honey vary, depending on water content, the type of flora used to produce it, temperature, and the proportion of the specific sugars it contains. It has some properties like, antibacterial, antioxidant , anti-cancer and hygroscopic.
"Nipa palm fruits grow in different countries in Asia, Africa, and Australia and possess various health benefits, such as antidiabetic, anticancer, and boosted immune system.
Nipa palm fruits have a variety of benefits: they help prevent excessive sugar intake in the blood. Cardio-health includes improving heart health and regulating blood pressure. It also boosts immunity to defend from diseases. Besides, with anticancer properties, the palm fruit strengthens to fight cancer-causing radicals in our bodies."
Source: plantscraze.com
Taxus chinensis紅豆杉Chinese yew
Taxus chinensis es una especie de tejo. Comúnmente se le llama tejo chino, aunque este término también se refiere a Taxus celebica o Taxus sumatrana.
Esta planta se utiliza para producir medicamentos para el tratamiento del cáncer, incluidos Paclitaxel y Taxifolin (que se encuentran en Taxus chinensis var. mairei). También se puede utilizar de muchas otras maneras y está protegido de diversas formas por el derecho chino e internacional. Esta protección existe debido a la importancia de la especie para el tratamiento del cáncer y su susceptibilidad a las alteraciones antropomórficas. Actualmente, la especie está sufriendo las consecuencias de su explotación económica y científica para la producción de los mencionados fármacos anticancerígenos.
紅豆杉是紅豆杉的一種。 它通常被稱為中國紅豆杉,儘管這個術語也指紅豆杉或蘇門答臘紅豆杉。
這種植物用於生產癌症治療藥物,包括紫杉醇和紫杉醇(存在於南方紅豆杉中)。 它還可以以多種其他方式使用,並受到中國和國際法的多種方式的保護。 這種保護之所以到位,是因為該物種對癌症治療的重要性及其對擬人化干擾的敏感性。 目前,該物種正在遭受其用於生產上述抗癌藥物的經濟和科學開發的後果。
Taxus chinensis is a species of yew. It is commonly called the Chinese yew, though this term also refers to Taxus celebica or Taxus sumatrana.
This plant is used to produce medicines for cancer treatment, including Paclitaxel and Taxifolin (found in Taxus chinensis var. mairei). It can also be used in many other ways and is protected in various ways under Chinese and international law. This protection is in place due to the species' importance to cancer treatment, and its susceptibility to anthropomorphic disturbance. Currently, the species is suffering the consequences of its economic and scientific exploitation for the production of the aforementioned anticancer drugs .
紅豆杉(粵拼:hung4 dau2*6 caam3;學名:Taxus chinensis),又叫紫杉(zi2 caam3)或赤柏松(cek3 paak3 cung4),係紅豆杉科紅豆杉屬嘅常綠喬木,喺中國嘅四川、雲南、廣西、廣東、湖北、貴州、甘肅、湖南、江西、陝西、山西等內陸嘅海拔1000~1200m嘅山區先可以搵到。佢既係世界稀有樹種,又係世界上瀕臨滅絕嘅天然珍稀抗癌植物。喺中國大陸已被列入國家一級保護植物。
Photo by Vicki Rogers
Notice: We have attempted to identify each mushroom correctly, please be aware that we are not experts. Please do not solely rely on this source for identification and determination of edibility.
SN/NC: Euphorbia Tirucalli, Euphorbiaceae Family
Euphorbia tirucalli (commonly known as aveloz, Indian tree spurge, naked lady, pencil tree, pencil cactus, milk bush) is a tree that grows in semi-aridtropical climates. The milky latex from E. tirucalli is extremely irritating to the skin and mucosa and is toxic. Exposure to it can cause blindness. Skin contact causes severe irritation, redness and a burning sensation. If ingested, it can cause burns to the mouth, lips and tongue. It is suggested to wear eye protection gear and gloves for handling the plant. Euphorbia tirucalli is used as alternative medicine in many cultures. Attempts have been made to use it to treat cancer, excrescence, tumors, warts, asthma, cough, earache, neuralgia, rheumatism, and toothaches in countries including Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Euphorbia tirucalli has been promoted as an anticancer agent, but research shows that it suppresses the immune system, promotes tumor growth, and leads to the development of certain types of cancer. Euphorbia tirucalli has also been associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and is thought to be a cofactor of the disease rather than a treatment.Its latex can also be used as fuel. This led chemist Melvin Calvin to propose the exploitation of E. tirucalli for producing oil. This usage is particularly appealing because of the ability of E. tirucalli to grow on land that is not suitable for most other crops. Calvin estimated that 10 to 50 barrels of oil per acre was achievable. In the 1980s the Brazilian national petroleum company Petrobras began experiments based these ideas. It has also been used in the production of rubber, but neither have been very successful.
Euphorbia tirucalli (algemeen bekend als aveloz, Indische boomwolf, naakte dame, potloodboom, potloodcactus, melkstruik) is een boom die groeit in semi-aridtropische klimaten. De melkachtige latex van E. tirucalli is extreem irriterend voor de huid en het slijmvlies en is giftig. Blootstelling eraan kan blindheid veroorzaken. Contact met de huid veroorzaakt ernstige irritatie, roodheid en een branderig gevoel. Bij inslikken kan het brandwonden aan mond, lippen en tong veroorzaken. Er wordt aangeraden oogbescherming en handschoenen te dragen bij het hanteren van de plant. Euphorbia tirucalli wordt in veel culturen gebruikt als alternatief medicijn. Er zijn pogingen gedaan om het te gebruiken voor de behandeling van kanker, uitwas, tumoren, wratten, astma, hoest, oorpijn, neuralgie, reuma en tandpijn in landen als Brazilië, India, Indonesië en Maleisië. Euphorbia tirucalli is gepromoot als middel tegen kanker, maar onderzoek toont aan dat het het immuunsysteem onderdrukt, de tumorgroei bevordert en leidt tot de ontwikkeling van bepaalde soorten kanker
Euphorbia tirucalli (vulgarmente conhecida como aveloz, surto de árvore indiano, mulher nua, lápis, cacto de lápis, arbusto de leite) é uma árvore que cresce em climas semi-áridos. O látex leitoso de E. tirucalli é extremamente irritante para a pele e mucosa e é tóxico. Exposição a ele pode causar cegueira. O contato com a pele causa irritação severa, vermelhidão e sensação de queimação. Se ingerido, pode causar queimaduras na boca, lábios e língua. Sugere-se usar luvas e equipamentos de proteção ocular para manusear a planta. Euphorbia tirucalli é usada como medicina alternativa em muitas culturas. Foram feitas tentativas para usá-lo no tratamento de câncer, excrescência, tumores, verrugas, asma, tosse, dor de ouvido, neuralgia, reumatismo e dores de dente em países como Brasil, Índia, Indonésia e Malásia. O Euphorbia tirucalli foi promovido como um agente anticâncer, mas a pesquisa mostra que suprime o sistema imunológico, promove o crescimento do tumor e leva ao desenvolvimento de certos tipos de câncer. Assim que é todo o contrário. Também a Petrobras tentou plantá-lo como alternativa para extrair o látex e competir com a seringueira, mas foi um fracasso.
Euphorbia tirucalli (comúnmente conocido como aveloz, spurge de árbol indio, mujer desnuda, árbol de lápices, cactus de lápiz, arbusto de leche) es un árbol que crece en climas semiáridos. El látex lechoso de E. tirucalli es extremadamente irritante para la piel y la mucosa y es tóxico. La exposición al mismo puede causar ceguera. El contacto con la piel causa irritación severa, enrojecimiento y una sensación de ardor. Si se ingiere, puede causar quemaduras en la boca, labios y lengua. Se sugiere usar guantes y equipo de protección ocular para manejar la planta. Euphorbia tirucalli se usa como medicina alternativa en muchas culturas. Se han hecho intentos para usarlo para tratar el cáncer, el sobre crecimiento, los tumores, las verrugas, el asma, la tos, el dolor de oído, la neuralgia, el reumatismo y el dolor de muelas en países como Brasil, India, Indonesia y Malasia. La euforbia tirucalli ha sido promovida como un agente anticancerígeno, pero la investigación muestra que suprime el sistema inmunitario, promueve el crecimiento tumoral y conduce al desarrollo de ciertos tipos de cáncer. Entonces es todo lo contrario. Petrobras también trató de plantarlo como una alternativa para extraer el látex y competir con el árbol del caucho, pero fue un fracaso.
Euphorbia tirucalli (communément appelé aveloz, euphorbe indien, dame nue, arbre à crayon, cactus à crayon, buisson de lait) est un arbre qui pousse dans les climats semi-arid tropicaux. Le latex laiteux d'E. Tirucalli est extrêmement irritant pour la peau et les muqueuses et est toxique. L'exposition à celui-ci peut provoquer la cécité. Le contact avec la peau provoque une irritation sévère, des rougeurs et une sensation de brûlure. En cas d'ingestion, il peut provoquer des brûlures sur la bouche, les lèvres et la langue. Il est suggéré d'utiliser des gants et un équipement de protection des yeux pour manipuler la plante. Euphorbia tirucalli est utilisé comme médecine alternative dans de nombreuses cultures. Des tentatives ont été faites pour l'utiliser pour traiter le cancer, la prolifération, les tumeurs, les verrues, l'asthme, la toux, les maux d'oreille, la névralgie, les rhumatismes et les maux de dents dans des pays comme le Brésil, l'Inde, l'Indonésie et la Malaisie. Euphorbia tirucalli a été promu comme agent anticancéreux, mais la recherche montre qu'il supprime le système immunitaire, favorise la croissance tumorale et conduit au développement de certains types de cancer. C'est donc l'inverse. Petrobras a également essayé de le planter comme alternative pour extraire le latex et rivaliser avec l'hévéa, mais ce fut un échec.
Euphorbia tirucalli (allgemein bekannt als Aveloz, indischer Wolfsmilch, nackte Frau, Bleistiftbaum, Bleistiftkaktus, Milchbusch) ist ein Baum, der in semi-aridtropischen Klimazonen wächst. Milchlatex von E. tirucalli reizt Haut und Schleimhaut extrem und ist giftig. Die Einwirkung kann zur Erblindung führen. Hautkontakt verursacht starke Reizungen, Rötungen und ein brennendes Gefühl. Bei Verschlucken kann es zu Verbrennungen an Mund, Lippen und Zunge kommen. Es wird empfohlen, Handschuhe und Augenschutzausrüstung zu verwenden, um die Pflanze zu handhaben. Euphorbia tirucalli wird in vielen Kulturen als alternative Medizin eingesetzt. In Ländern wie Brasilien, Indien, Indonesien und Malaysia wurde versucht, damit Krebs, Überwachsen, Tumore, Warzen, Asthma, Husten, Ohrenschmerzen, Neuralgie, Rheuma und Zahnschmerzen zu behandeln. Euphorbia tirucalli wurde als Antikrebsmittel beworben, aber die Forschung zeigt, dass es das Immunsystem unterdrückt, das Tumorwachstum fördert und zur Entwicklung bestimmter Krebsarten führt. Es ist also umgekehrt. Petrobras versuchte auch, es als Alternative zu pflanzen, um den Latex zu extrahieren und mit dem Gummibaum zu konkurrieren, aber es war ein Misserfolg.
L'euforbia tirucalli (comunemente noto come aveloz, euforbia indiana, donna nuda, albero a matita, cactus a matita, cespuglio di latte) è un albero che cresce in climi semi-aridtropici. Il lattice lattiginoso di E. tirucalli è estremamente irritante per la pelle e le mucose ed è tossico. L'esposizione ad essa può causare cecità. Il contatto con la pelle provoca grave irritazione, arrossamento e sensazione di bruciore. Se ingerito, può causare ustioni alla bocca, alle labbra e alla lingua. Si consiglia di utilizzare guanti e dispositivi di protezione degli occhi per gestire la pianta. L'euforbia tirucalli è usato come medicina alternativa in molte culture. Sono stati fatti tentativi per usarlo per trattare il cancro, la crescita eccessiva, i tumori, le verruche, l'asma, la tosse, il mal d'orecchi, la nevralgia, i reumatismi e il mal di denti in paesi come Brasile, India, Indonesia e Malesia. L'euforbia tirucalli è stata promossa come agente antitumorale, ma la ricerca mostra che sopprime il sistema immunitario, promuove la crescita del tumore e porta allo sviluppo di alcuni tipi di cancro. Quindi è tutto il contrario. Petrobras ha anche provato a piantarlo come alternativa per estrarre il lattice e competere con l'albero della gomma, ma è stato un fallimento.
Euphorbia tirucalli (commonly known as aveloz, Indian tree spurge, naked lady, pencil tree, pencil cactus, milk bush) is a tree that grows in semi-arid tropical climates. A hydrocarbon plant, it produces a poisonous latex that can cause blindness.
Euphorbia tirucalli(俗称:绿玉树、印度树 spurge、光棍树、铅笔树、铅笔仙人掌、牛奶灌木)是一种生长在半干旱气候中的树木。绿玉树的乳白色汁液对皮肤和黏膜有极强的刺激性,且具有毒性。接触眼睛可能导致失明。皮肤接触会引起严重刺激、红肿和灼烧感。若误食,可能导致口腔、嘴唇和舌头灼伤。建议在处理该植物时佩戴手套和护目设备。
绿玉树在许多文化中被用作替代药物。在巴西、印度、印度尼西亚和马来西亚等国,人们曾尝试用它来治疗癌症、赘生物、肿瘤、疣、哮喘、咳嗽、耳痛、神经痛、风湿和牙痛。
绿玉树曾被宣传为一种抗癌剂,但研究表明它会抑制免疫系统,促进肿瘤生长,并导致某些癌症的发生。因此其作用恰恰相反。此外,巴西国家石油公司(Petrobras)曾尝试种植它,以作为橡胶树的替代品来提取乳胶,但最终未能成功。
ユーフォルビア・ティルカリ(一般名:アベロス、インディアンツリースパージ、ミルブッシュ、エンピツボク、エンピツサボテン、ミルクブッシュ)は、半乾燥気候で育つ樹木です。E. tirucalli の乳白色のラテックスは、皮膚や粘膜に対して極めて刺激性が強く、毒性があります。目に入ると失明を引き起こす可能性があります。皮膚に接触すると、重度の炎症、赤み、灼熱感を引き起こします。摂取した場合、口、唇、舌に火傷のような症状を引き起こすことがあります。植物を扱う際は手袋と保護眼具の使用が推奨されます。
ユーフォルビア・ティルカリ は、多くの文化で代替医療として使用されています。ブラジル、インド、インドネシア、マレーシアなどの国々では、癌、贅肉、腫瘍、疣贅、喘息、咳、耳痛、神経痛、リウマチ、歯痛の治療に使用する試みがなされてきました。
ユーフォルビア・ティルカリ は抗がん剤として宣伝されましたが、研究によれば、それは免疫システムを抑制し、腫瘍の成長を促進し、特定のがんの発症につながることが示されています。つまり、全く逆の作用を持つのです。また、ブラジル国営石油会社ペトロブラスは、ゴムノキとの競合を目的としてラテックスを抽出する代替品としてこの植物の栽培を試みましたが、失敗に終わりました。
Euphorbia tirucalli (المعروف باسم aveloz ، شجرة شجرة هندية ، سيدة عارية ، شجرة قلم رصاص ، صبار قلم رصاص ، شجيرة الحليب) هي شجرة تنمو في مناخات شبه قاحلة. يعتبر اللاتكس اللبني من E. tirucalli مهيجًا للغاية للجلد والغشاء المخاطي وهو سام. التعرض لها يمكن أن يسبب العمى. يسبب ملامسة الجلد تهيجًا شديدًا واحمرارًا وحرقًا. في حالة تناوله ، يمكن أن يسبب حروقًا في الفم والشفتين واللسان. يُقترح ارتداء معدات وقفازات لحماية العين عند التعامل مع النبات. يستخدم الفربيون tirucalli كدواء بديل في العديد من الثقافات. بذلت محاولات لاستخدامه في علاج السرطان والزوائد والأورام والثآليل والربو والسعال وآلام الأذن والألم العصبي والروماتيزم وآلام الأسنان في دول مثل البرازيل والهند وإندونيسيا وماليزيا. تم الترويج ل Euphorbia tirucalli كعامل مضاد للسرطان ، لكن الأبحاث تظهر أنه يثبط جهاز المناعة ، ويعزز نمو الورم ، ويؤدي إلى تطور أنواع معينة من السرطان. ارتبطت الفربيون تيروكالي أيضًا بسرطان الغدد الليمفاوية في بوركيت ويُعتقد أنها عامل مساعد للمرض وليس علاجًا ، ويمكن أيضًا استخدام مادة اللاتكس الخاصة بها كوقود. دفع هذا الكيميائي ميلفن كالفن إلى اقتراح استغلال E. tirucalli لإنتاج النفط. هذا الاستخدام جذاب بشكل خاص بسبب قدرة E. tirucalli على النمو على أرض غير مناسبة لمعظم المحاصيل الأخرى. قدر كالفين أن من الممكن تحقيق 10 إلى 50 برميلًا من النفط لكل فدان. في الثمانينيات ، بدأت شركة البترول الوطنية البرازيلية بتروبراس تجارب تستند إلى هذه الأفكار. كما تم استخدامه في إنتاج المطاط ، ولكن لم يكن أي منهما ناجحًا للغاية.
#280 in EXPLORE on October 25, 2008
View like this one are something you exactly expect to see in Greece... but when you see it... it's something more than what you expected... : )
The Golden Enoki mushroom has several other names including enokitake, enokidake, furry foot, nametake, yuki-motase, golden needle, winter mushroom, velvet foot and velvet stem mushroom.
Enokitake are long, thin mushrooms used in Asian cuisines, particularly those of China, Japan and Korea. These mushrooms are cultivars of Flammulina velutipes. The wild form differs in colour and texture and are called winter mushrooms, velvet foot or velvet stem. The mushroom naturally grows on the stumps of the Chinese Hackberry tree, called enoki in Japanese, but also on some other trees as for example mulberry and persimmon trees. There is a significant difference in appearance between the wild and the cultivated mushrooms. Cultivated mushrooms are not exposed to light resulting in a white colour, whereas the wild variety usually has a dark brown colour. The cultivated mushrooms are grown in a high CO2 environment to produce long thin stems, whereas wild mushrooms produce a much shorter and thicker stem. The variety available in the supermarket is always cultivated. The mushroom is cultivated in a plastic bottle or a vinyl bag for 30 days at 15°C and 70% humidity, on a substrate of saw dust or corn cobs, and a number of additional ingredients. Afterwards, the mushroom is grown for another 30 days in a slightly cooler but more humid environment. The growth is constricted in a paper cone to force the mushroom to grow long and thin. The mushroom available in the supermarket often still shows the impression of the bottle around the base of the mushroom. The mushroom is very easy to cultivate, and has been cultivated in Japan for over 300 years, initially on wood, and later in the bottles as described above. Home cultivation kits are also available. In North America, a second species, Flammulina populicola has been cultivated and may be available in kits. (wikipedia)
Enoki mushrooms have significant anticancer and immune-enhancing effects.
Lysine found in enoki is double to other types of mushroom and is effective in children mental development.
Enoki mushroom and its cousins such as Shitake Mushrooms, Maitake, Cordyceps, and button mushroom, has become more popular in culinary habit as the result of scientific validation of the health benefits.View On proper Black
Photograph them and then eat your props, lol! Bon appétit! THANX, M, (*_*)
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SN/NC: Medinilla Magnifica, Syn. Medinilla speciosa, Melastomataceae Family
Medinilla is a perennial epiphytic plant in the genus Medinilla of the family Melastomataceae. Medinilla is named for José de Medinilla y Pineda, who was governor of Mauritius (then known as the Marianne Islands) in 1820. Medinilla speciosa reaches on average a height of 45–60 centimetres (18–24 in). This evergreen shrub has woody branched stems and opposite leathery green leaves (up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long and 15 centimetres (5.9 in)wide, with prominent veins. The dainty small flowers are bright pink-colored and are produced in large panicles on pendant reddish stems. The flowering period extends from early Summer to Fall. When the blooming is finished for about a month remains a raceme of showy berries, pending that the plant reflowers. These rounded fruits are at first pink and purple-blue when ripe (hence to common name of Showy Asian Grapes.) Other common names: Rose Grape, Showy Medinilla, Malaysian Orchid, Chandelier Tree, Kapa-kapa.
The plant is utilized as a traditional medicine, by boiling, brewing, or consuming it directly. The fruits are consumed by pregnant women as health supplement and also used as diarrhea, mouth sores, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial treatment. This plant occurs naturally in Borneo, Java and Philippines. In Borneo, the plant can be found at the Kinabalu in the Malaysian part of the island. It's distribution include peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla is een overblijvende epifytische plant van het geslacht Medinilla van de Melastomataceae-familie. Medinilla dankt zijn naam aan José de Medinilla y Pineda, die in 1820 gouverneur was van Mauritius (toen bekend als de Marianen). Medinilla speciosa bereikt een gemiddelde hoogte van 45-60 centimeter (18-24 inch). Deze groenblijvende struik heeft houtachtige vertakte stengels en tegenoverliggende leerachtige groene bladeren (tot 20 centimeter (7,9 inch) lang en 15 centimeter (5,9 inch) breed, met opvallende nerven. De kleine delicate bloemen zijn helderroze van kleur en zijn geproduceerd in grote pluimen op hangende roodachtige stengels. De bloeiperiode loopt van het begin van de zomer tot de herfst. Als de bloei ongeveer een maand is afgelopen, blijft er een tros van opzichtige bessen over, wachtend tot de plant weer bloeit. ronde vruchten zijn aanvankelijk roze en paarsblauw wanneer ze rijp zijn (vandaar de algemene naam van opzichtige Aziatische druiven.) Andere veel voorkomende namen: rozendruif, opzichtige medinilla, Maleisische orchidee, kroonluchterboom, kapa-kapa.De plant wordt gebruikt als traditionele geneeskunde, gekookt, vergist of direct geconsumeerd. De vruchten worden door zwangere vrouwen geconsumeerd als gezondheidssupplement en ook gebruikt als diarree, zweertjes in de mond, ontstekingsremmende, kankerbestrijdende en antibacteriële behandeling. Deze plant komt van nature voor op Borneo, Java en de Filippijnen. Op Borneo wordt de plant gevonden in Kinabalu op het Maleisische deel van het eiland. De distributie omvat het schiereiland Maleisië (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla est une plante épiphyte vivace du genre Medinilla de la famille des Melastomataceae. Medinilla doit son nom à José de Medinilla y Pineda, qui était gouverneur de Maurice (alors connue sous le nom d'îles Marianne) en 1820. Medinilla speciosa atteint en moyenne une hauteur de 45 à 60 centimètres (18 à 24 pouces). Cet arbuste à feuilles persistantes a des tiges ligneuses ramifiées et des feuilles vertes coriaces opposées (jusqu'à 20 centimètres (7,9 po) de long et 15 centimètres (5,9 po) de large), avec des veines proéminentes. Les petites fleurs délicates sont de couleur rose vif et sont produites en grandes panicules sur des tiges rougeâtres pendantes. La période de floraison s'étend du début de l'été à l'automne. Lorsque la floraison est terminée pendant environ un mois, il reste une grappe de baies voyantes, en attendant que la plante refleurisse. Ces fruits arrondis sont d'abord roses et bleu-violet à maturité (D'où le nom commun de Showy Asian Grapes.) Autres noms communs: Rose Grape, Showy Medinilla, Orchidée malaisienne, Chandelier Tree, Kapa-kapa.La plante est utilisée comme médecine traditionnelle, en la faisant bouillir, en la brassant ou en la consommant directement. Les fruits sont consommés par les femmes enceintes comme complément de santé et également utilisés comme diarrhée, plaies buccales, traitement anti-inflammatoire, anticancéreux et antibactérien. Cette plante est naturellement présente à Bornéo, à Java et aux Philippines. À Bornéo, la plante se trouve au Kinabalu dans la partie malaisienne de l'île. Sa distribution comprend la Malaisie péninsulaire (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla ist eine mehrjährige epiphytische Pflanze aus der Gattung Medinilla der Familie Melastomataceae. Medinilla ist nach José de Medinilla y Pineda benannt, der 1820 Gouverneur von Mauritius (damals als Marianne-Inseln bekannt) war. Medinilla speciosa erreicht im Durchschnitt eine Höhe von 45 bis 60 Zentimetern. Dieser immergrüne Strauch hat holzige, verzweigte Stängel und gegenüberliegende ledrige grüne Blätter (bis zu 20 Zentimeter lang und 15 Zentimeter breit) mit hervorstehenden Adern. Die zierlichen kleinen Blüten sind hellrosa gefärbt und werden in großen Rispen produziert an hängenden rötlichen Stielen. Die Blütezeit erstreckt sich vom Frühsommer bis zum Herbst. Wenn die Blüte etwa einen Monat lang beendet ist, bleibt eine Traube auffälliger Beeren übrig, bis die Pflanze wieder blüht. Diese abgerundeten Früchte sind im reifen Zustand zunächst rosa und lila-blau (daher zum gebräuchlichen Namen von auffälligen asiatischen Trauben.) Andere gebräuchliche Namen: Rosentraube, auffällige Medinilla, malaysische Orchidee, Kronleuchterbaum, Kapa-Kapa.Die Pflanze wird als traditionelle Medizin verwendet, indem sie gekocht, gebraut oder direkt verzehrt wird. Die Früchte werden von schwangeren Frauen als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel konsumiert und auch als Durchfall, Mundschmerzen, entzündungshemmende, krebsbekämpfende und antibakterielle Behandlung verwendet. Diese Pflanze kommt natürlich in Borneo, Java und den Philippinen vor. In Borneo befindet sich die Pflanze im Kinabalu im malaysischen Teil der Insel. Die Verbreitung umfasst die Halbinsel Malaysia (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra und Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla è una pianta epifita perenne nel genere Medinilla della famiglia Melastomataceae. Medinilla prende il nome da José de Medinilla y Pineda, che fu governatore delle Mauritius (allora conosciute come le Isole Marianne) nel 1820. Medinilla speciosa raggiunge in media un'altezza di 45–60 centimetri (18–24 in). Questo arbusto sempreverde ha steli ramificati legnosi e opposte foglie verdi coriacee (lunghe fino a 20 centimetri (7,9 pollici) e larghe 15 centimetri (5,9 pollici), con venature prominenti. I piccoli fiori delicati sono di colore rosa brillante e sono prodotti in grandi pannocchie su steli rossastri pendenti.Il periodo di fioritura si estende dall'inizio dell'estate all'autunno. Quando la fioritura è terminata per circa un mese rimane un racemo di bacche appariscenti, in attesa che la pianta si rifiorisca. Questi frutti arrotondati sono inizialmente rosa e viola-blu quando sono maturi (da qui il nome comune di Showy Asian Grapes.) Altri nomi comuni: Rose Grape, Showy Medinilla, Malaysian Orchid, Chandelier Tree, Kapa-kapa.La pianta viene utilizzata come medicina tradizionale, bollendola, fermentandola o consumandola direttamente. I frutti vengono consumati da donne in gravidanza come integratore per la salute e usati anche come diarrea, piaghe alla bocca, trattamento antinfiammatorio, antitumorale e antibatterico. Questa pianta si trova naturalmente in Borneo, Giava e Filippine. Nel Borneo, la pianta si trova nel Kinabalu nella parte malese dell'isola. La sua distribuzione include Malesia peninsulare (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Giava, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
Medinilla es una planta epifita perenne del género Medinilla de la familia Melastomataceae. Medinilla lleva el nombre de José de Medinilla y Pineda, quien fue gobernador de Mauricio (entonces conocido como las Islas Marianne) en 1820. Medinilla speciosa alcanza en promedio una altura de 45 a 60 centímetros (18 a 24 pulgadas). Este arbusto de hoja perenne tiene tallos leñosos ramificados y hojas verdes coriáceas opuestas (hasta 20 centímetros (7,9 pulgadas) de largo y 15 centímetros (5,9 pulgadas) de ancho, con venas prominentes. Las delicadas flores pequeñas son de color rosa brillante y se producen en grandes panículas. en los tallos colgantes de color rojizo. El período de floración se extiende desde principios del verano hasta el otoño. Cuando la floración termina durante aproximadamente un mes, sigue siendo un racimo de bayas vistosas, a la espera de que la planta vuelva a florecer. (de ahí el nombre común de Showy Asian Grapes.) Otros nombres comunes: Rose Grape, Showy Medinilla, Malaysian Orchid, Chandelier Tree, Kapa-kapa. La planta se utiliza como medicina tradicional, hirviéndola, preparándola o consumiéndola directamente. Las mujeres embarazadas consumen las frutas como suplemento de salud y también se usan como diarrea, llagas en la boca, antiinflamatorios, anticancerígenos y antibacterianos. Esta planta ocurre naturalmente en Borneo, Java y Filipinas. En Borneo, la planta se puede encontrar en Kinabalu, en la parte malasia de la isla. Su distribución incluye Malasia peninsular (Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor), Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa, Lombok).
A medinila é uma planta arbustiva, de textura semi-lenhosa e florescimento ornamental. Seus ramos são quadrangulares, alados, frágeis, pouco ramificados e eretos. Eles crescem lentamente e podem atingir até 2 metros de altura. As folhas são sésseis, opostas, grandes, verde-escuras, cerosas, brilhantes e com nervuras claras e bem marcadas. As inflorescências pendentes, surgem na primavera e verão e são muito duráveis. Longas, elas chegam a 30 cm de comprimento, e apresentam brácteas e flores róseas dispostas em cachos, como se fossem uvas, o que lhe rendeu o nome popular "uva-rosa".
A medinila pode ser utilizada isolada ou em grupos. Ela é perfeita para compor conjuntos com outras plantas tropicais, como alpínias, helicônias, gengibres, formando suaves contrastes de texturas e cores. Por ser uma planta vistosa, mas ainda rara e exótica, causa impacto aos espectadores de sua beleza e tem sido utilizada em jardins contemporâneos e tropicais. Como seu crescimento é demasiado lento, ela necessita pouca manutenção e podas. Curiosamente, as medinilas são muitas vezes encontradas epífitas (sobre as árvores) nas Filipinas, seu local de origem. Seu nome é uma homenagem a José de Medinilla y Pineda, então Governador de Mauritius, (Anteriormente conhecida como Ilhas Marianas), em 1820.
Chauliognathus lugubris
Family: Cantharidae
Order: Coleoptera
The Green Soldier Beetle was sometimes referred to as the Plague Beetle. It will occasionally turn up in large quantities in mating aggregations on a particular tree - then disappearing from sight a few days later!
Soldier beetles exude a white viscous fluid from abdominal glands as a defence against infection and as a deterrent to potential predators. The chemicals in this fluid include an exotic fatty acid called dihydromatricaria acid, or DHMA, which is one of a group of chemicals called polyynes that are known to have anti-microbial properties and which have promise as anticancer drugs.
This particular individual was on his own in bushland at Tidbinbilla, ACT, Australia.
DSC05315
Ocimum tenuiflorum, Holy Basil (also tulsi, tulasī), is an aromatic plant in the family Lamiaceae which is native throughout the Old World tropics and widespread as a cultivated plant and an escaped weed. It is an erect, much branched subshrub, 30–60 cm tall with hairy stems and simple, opposite, green leaves that are strongly scented. Leaves have petioles, and are ovate, up to 5 cm long, usually slightly toothed. The flowers are purplish in elongate racemes in close whorls. The two main morphotypes cultivated in India and Nepal are green-leaved (Sri or Lakshmi tulsi) and purple-leaved (Krishna tulsi).
Tulsi is cultivated for religious and medicinal purposes, and for its essential oil. It is widely known across South Asia as a medicinal plant and an herbal tea, commonly used in Ayurveda, and has an important role within the Vaishnavite tradition of Hinduism, in which devotees perform worship involving tulsi plants or leaves.
Ayurveda
Tulsi has been used for thousands of years in Ayurveda for its diverse healing properties. It is mentioned in the Charaka Samhita, an ancient Ayurvedic text. Tulsi is considered to be an adaptogen, balancing different processes in the body, and helpful for adapting to stress. Marked by its strong aroma and astringent taste, it is regarded in Ayurveda as a kind of "elixir of life" and believed to promote longevity.
Pharmacology
Recent studies suggest tulsi may be a COX-2 inhibitor, like many modern painkillers, due to its high concentration of eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene). One small study showed it to reduce blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetics when combined with hypoglycemic drugs.The same study showed significant reduction in total cholesterol levels with tulsi. Another study showed its beneficial effect on blood glucose levels is due to its antioxidant properties. Tulsi also shows some promise for protection from radiation poisoning[7] and cataracts.[8]It has anti-oxidant properties and can repair cells damaged by exposure to radiation. The fixed oil has demonstrated antihyperlipidemic and cardioprotective effects in rats fed a high fat diet. Experimental studies have shown an alcoholic extract of tulsi modulates immunity, thus promoting immune system function. Some of the main chemical constituents of tulsi are: oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool, β-caryophyllene, β-elemene (c.11.0%), β-caryophyllene (about 8%), and germacrene D (about 2%). β-Elemene has been studied for its potential anticancer properties, but human clinical trials have yet to confirm its effectiveness.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum
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Latin name: Crinum latifolium Linn. This plant is considered to be an anticancer, antiviral, immune stimulant. The bulbs are roasted and used for rheumatism. The leaves are also useful for earaches. In India, Vietnam and Cambodia it is used in treatment of prostate and ovarian cancer.
Mistletoe is a hemiparasitic plant & for many years was looked upon as a complete pest because of the damage it could do to the host tree. It is a plant that can only flourish in pure air & whilst travelling around Wiltshire & Gloucestershire I saw many trees with bunches of mistletoe - good news.
Research shows it is a plant that contains unique anticancer compounds & although parts of the plant are poisonous used correctly it has great benefits.
Photo by Vicki Rogers
Notice: We have attempted to identify each mushroom correctly, please be aware that we are not experts. Please do not solely rely on this source for identification and determination of edibility.
Nasturtium - I love it that this common name literally means, "nose-twister" or "nose-tweaker"! I can just imagine getting a nose tweaked in there!!! LOL!!
Garden Nasturtiums are grown for their flowers, and also because both their leaves and flowers are edible; they can be used in salads, imparting a delicately peppery taste. The seeds are also edible, and can be used as a caper substitute.
Nasturtium has long been used in herbal medicine as a disinfectant and wound-healing herb, and as an expectorant to relieve chest conditions. All parts of the plant appear to be antibiotic and an infusion of the leaves can be used to increase resistance to bacterial infections and to clear nasal and bronchial catarrh. The remedy seems to both reduce catarrh formation and stimulate the clearing and coughing up of phlegm.
The leaves are antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, aperient, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative and stimulant. A glycoside found in the plant reacts with water to produce an antibiotic. The plant has antibiotic properties towards aerobic spore forming bacteria. Extracts from the plant have anticancer activity.
The plant is taken internally in the treatment of genito-urinary diseases, respiratory infections, scurvy and poor skin and hair conditions.
Externally it makes an effective antiseptic wash and is used in the treatment of baldness, minor injuries and skin eruptions. Any part of the plant can be used, it is harvested during the growing season and used fresh.
On Explore Apr 24, 2008 #474
#238 in EXPLORE on October 23, 2008
I've been some days in Greece, the Kos Island, just in front of Turkey, for an International Conference. My speech took place on tuesday so I had a lot of time to look around.
Not a bad place... I love to work sitting on the side of a swimmin pool, with a cold drink and some pretty girls around... ehm... Sorry, dreaming....
I told something about girls? Naaaaaaa.... ; P
SN/NC: Euphorbia Tirucalli, Euphorbiaceae Family
Euphorbia tirucalli (commonly known as aveloz, Indian tree spurge, naked lady, pencil tree, pencil cactus, milk bush) is a tree that grows in semi-aridtropical climates. The milky latex from E. tirucalli is extremely irritating to the skin and mucosa and is toxic. Exposure to it can cause blindness. Skin contact causes severe irritation, redness and a burning sensation. If ingested, it can cause burns to the mouth, lips and tongue. It is suggested to wear eye protection gear and gloves for handling the plant. Euphorbia tirucalli is used as alternative medicine in many cultures. Attempts have been made to use it to treat cancer, excrescence, tumors, warts, asthma, cough, earache, neuralgia, rheumatism, and toothaches in countries including Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Euphorbia tirucalli has been promoted as an anticancer agent, but research shows that it suppresses the immune system, promotes tumor growth, and leads to the development of certain types of cancer. Euphorbia tirucalli has also been associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and is thought to be a cofactor of the disease rather than a treatment.Its latex can also be used as fuel. This led chemist Melvin Calvin to propose the exploitation of E. tirucalli for producing oil. This usage is particularly appealing because of the ability of E. tirucalli to grow on land that is not suitable for most other crops. Calvin estimated that 10 to 50 barrels of oil per acre was achievable. In the 1980s the Brazilian national petroleum company Petrobras began experiments based these ideas. It has also been used in the production of rubber, but neither have been very successful.
Euphorbia tirucalli (algemeen bekend als aveloz, Indische boomwolf, naakte dame, potloodboom, potloodcactus, melkstruik) is een boom die groeit in semi-aridtropische klimaten. De melkachtige latex van E. tirucalli is extreem irriterend voor de huid en het slijmvlies en is giftig. Blootstelling eraan kan blindheid veroorzaken. Contact met de huid veroorzaakt ernstige irritatie, roodheid en een branderig gevoel. Bij inslikken kan het brandwonden aan mond, lippen en tong veroorzaken. Er wordt aangeraden oogbescherming en handschoenen te dragen bij het hanteren van de plant. Euphorbia tirucalli wordt in veel culturen gebruikt als alternatief medicijn. Er zijn pogingen gedaan om het te gebruiken voor de behandeling van kanker, uitwas, tumoren, wratten, astma, hoest, oorpijn, neuralgie, reuma en tandpijn in landen als Brazilië, India, Indonesië en Maleisië. Euphorbia tirucalli is gepromoot als middel tegen kanker, maar onderzoek toont aan dat het het immuunsysteem onderdrukt, de tumorgroei bevordert en leidt tot de ontwikkeling van bepaalde soorten kanker
Euphorbia tirucalli (vulgarmente conhecida como aveloz, surto de árvore indiano, mulher nua, lápis, cacto de lápis, arbusto de leite) é uma árvore que cresce em climas semi-áridos. O látex leitoso de E. tirucalli é extremamente irritante para a pele e mucosa e é tóxico. Exposição a ele pode causar cegueira. O contato com a pele causa irritação severa, vermelhidão e sensação de queimação. Se ingerido, pode causar queimaduras na boca, lábios e língua. Sugere-se usar luvas e equipamentos de proteção ocular para manusear a planta. Euphorbia tirucalli é usada como medicina alternativa em muitas culturas. Foram feitas tentativas para usá-lo no tratamento de câncer, excrescência, tumores, verrugas, asma, tosse, dor de ouvido, neuralgia, reumatismo e dores de dente em países como Brasil, Índia, Indonésia e Malásia. O Euphorbia tirucalli foi promovido como um agente anticâncer, mas a pesquisa mostra que suprime o sistema imunológico, promove o crescimento do tumor e leva ao desenvolvimento de certos tipos de câncer. Assim que é todo o contrário. Também a Petrobras tentou plantá-lo como alternativa para extrair o látex e competir com a seringueira, mas foi um fracasso.
Euphorbia tirucalli (comúnmente conocido como aveloz, spurge de árbol indio, mujer desnuda, árbol de lápices, cactus de lápiz, arbusto de leche) es un árbol que crece en climas semiáridos. El látex lechoso de E. tirucalli es extremadamente irritante para la piel y la mucosa y es tóxico. La exposición al mismo puede causar ceguera. El contacto con la piel causa irritación severa, enrojecimiento y una sensación de ardor. Si se ingiere, puede causar quemaduras en la boca, labios y lengua. Se sugiere usar guantes y equipo de protección ocular para manejar la planta. Euphorbia tirucalli se usa como medicina alternativa en muchas culturas. Se han hecho intentos para usarlo para tratar el cáncer, el sobre crecimiento, los tumores, las verrugas, el asma, la tos, el dolor de oído, la neuralgia, el reumatismo y el dolor de muelas en países como Brasil, India, Indonesia y Malasia. La euforbia tirucalli ha sido promovida como un agente anticancerígeno, pero la investigación muestra que suprime el sistema inmunitario, promueve el crecimiento tumoral y conduce al desarrollo de ciertos tipos de cáncer. Entonces es todo lo contrario. Petrobras también trató de plantarlo como una alternativa para extraer el látex y competir con el árbol del caucho, pero fue un fracaso.
Euphorbia tirucalli (communément appelé aveloz, euphorbe indien, dame nue, arbre à crayon, cactus à crayon, buisson de lait) est un arbre qui pousse dans les climats semi-arid tropicaux. Le latex laiteux d'E. Tirucalli est extrêmement irritant pour la peau et les muqueuses et est toxique. L'exposition à celui-ci peut provoquer la cécité. Le contact avec la peau provoque une irritation sévère, des rougeurs et une sensation de brûlure. En cas d'ingestion, il peut provoquer des brûlures sur la bouche, les lèvres et la langue. Il est suggéré d'utiliser des gants et un équipement de protection des yeux pour manipuler la plante. Euphorbia tirucalli est utilisé comme médecine alternative dans de nombreuses cultures. Des tentatives ont été faites pour l'utiliser pour traiter le cancer, la prolifération, les tumeurs, les verrues, l'asthme, la toux, les maux d'oreille, la névralgie, les rhumatismes et les maux de dents dans des pays comme le Brésil, l'Inde, l'Indonésie et la Malaisie. Euphorbia tirucalli a été promu comme agent anticancéreux, mais la recherche montre qu'il supprime le système immunitaire, favorise la croissance tumorale et conduit au développement de certains types de cancer. C'est donc l'inverse. Petrobras a également essayé de le planter comme alternative pour extraire le latex et rivaliser avec l'hévéa, mais ce fut un échec.
Euphorbia tirucalli (allgemein bekannt als Aveloz, indischer Wolfsmilch, nackte Frau, Bleistiftbaum, Bleistiftkaktus, Milchbusch) ist ein Baum, der in semi-aridtropischen Klimazonen wächst. Milchlatex von E. tirucalli reizt Haut und Schleimhaut extrem und ist giftig. Die Einwirkung kann zur Erblindung führen. Hautkontakt verursacht starke Reizungen, Rötungen und ein brennendes Gefühl. Bei Verschlucken kann es zu Verbrennungen an Mund, Lippen und Zunge kommen. Es wird empfohlen, Handschuhe und Augenschutzausrüstung zu verwenden, um die Pflanze zu handhaben. Euphorbia tirucalli wird in vielen Kulturen als alternative Medizin eingesetzt. In Ländern wie Brasilien, Indien, Indonesien und Malaysia wurde versucht, damit Krebs, Überwachsen, Tumore, Warzen, Asthma, Husten, Ohrenschmerzen, Neuralgie, Rheuma und Zahnschmerzen zu behandeln. Euphorbia tirucalli wurde als Antikrebsmittel beworben, aber die Forschung zeigt, dass es das Immunsystem unterdrückt, das Tumorwachstum fördert und zur Entwicklung bestimmter Krebsarten führt. Es ist also umgekehrt. Petrobras versuchte auch, es als Alternative zu pflanzen, um den Latex zu extrahieren und mit dem Gummibaum zu konkurrieren, aber es war ein Misserfolg.
L'euforbia tirucalli (comunemente noto come aveloz, euforbia indiana, donna nuda, albero a matita, cactus a matita, cespuglio di latte) è un albero che cresce in climi semi-aridtropici. Il lattice lattiginoso di E. tirucalli è estremamente irritante per la pelle e le mucose ed è tossico. L'esposizione ad essa può causare cecità. Il contatto con la pelle provoca grave irritazione, arrossamento e sensazione di bruciore. Se ingerito, può causare ustioni alla bocca, alle labbra e alla lingua. Si consiglia di utilizzare guanti e dispositivi di protezione degli occhi per gestire la pianta. L'euforbia tirucalli è usato come medicina alternativa in molte culture. Sono stati fatti tentativi per usarlo per trattare il cancro, la crescita eccessiva, i tumori, le verruche, l'asma, la tosse, il mal d'orecchi, la nevralgia, i reumatismi e il mal di denti in paesi come Brasile, India, Indonesia e Malesia. L'euforbia tirucalli è stata promossa come agente antitumorale, ma la ricerca mostra che sopprime il sistema immunitario, promuove la crescita del tumore e porta allo sviluppo di alcuni tipi di cancro. Quindi è tutto il contrario. Petrobras ha anche provato a piantarlo come alternativa per estrarre il lattice e competere con l'albero della gomma, ma è stato un fallimento.
Euphorbia tirucalli (commonly known as aveloz, Indian tree spurge, naked lady, pencil tree, pencil cactus, milk bush) is a tree that grows in semi-arid tropical climates. A hydrocarbon plant, it produces a poisonous latex that can cause blindness.
Euphorbia tirucalli(俗称:绿玉树、印度树 spurge、光棍树、铅笔树、铅笔仙人掌、牛奶灌木)是一种生长在半干旱气候中的树木。绿玉树的乳白色汁液对皮肤和黏膜有极强的刺激性,且具有毒性。接触眼睛可能导致失明。皮肤接触会引起严重刺激、红肿和灼烧感。若误食,可能导致口腔、嘴唇和舌头灼伤。建议在处理该植物时佩戴手套和护目设备。
绿玉树在许多文化中被用作替代药物。在巴西、印度、印度尼西亚和马来西亚等国,人们曾尝试用它来治疗癌症、赘生物、肿瘤、疣、哮喘、咳嗽、耳痛、神经痛、风湿和牙痛。
绿玉树曾被宣传为一种抗癌剂,但研究表明它会抑制免疫系统,促进肿瘤生长,并导致某些癌症的发生。因此其作用恰恰相反。此外,巴西国家石油公司(Petrobras)曾尝试种植它,以作为橡胶树的替代品来提取乳胶,但最终未能成功。
ユーフォルビア・ティルカリ(一般名:アベロス、インディアンツリースパージ、ミルブッシュ、エンピツボク、エンピツサボテン、ミルクブッシュ)は、半乾燥気候で育つ樹木です。E. tirucalli の乳白色のラテックスは、皮膚や粘膜に対して極めて刺激性が強く、毒性があります。目に入ると失明を引き起こす可能性があります。皮膚に接触すると、重度の炎症、赤み、灼熱感を引き起こします。摂取した場合、口、唇、舌に火傷のような症状を引き起こすことがあります。植物を扱う際は手袋と保護眼具の使用が推奨されます。
ユーフォルビア・ティルカリ は、多くの文化で代替医療として使用されています。ブラジル、インド、インドネシア、マレーシアなどの国々では、癌、贅肉、腫瘍、疣贅、喘息、咳、耳痛、神経痛、リウマチ、歯痛の治療に使用する試みがなされてきました。
ユーフォルビア・ティルカリ は抗がん剤として宣伝されましたが、研究によれば、それは免疫システムを抑制し、腫瘍の成長を促進し、特定のがんの発症につながることが示されています。つまり、全く逆の作用を持つのです。また、ブラジル国営石油会社ペトロブラスは、ゴムノキとの競合を目的としてラテックスを抽出する代替品としてこの植物の栽培を試みましたが、失敗に終わりました。
Euphorbia tirucalli (المعروف باسم aveloz ، شجرة شجرة هندية ، سيدة عارية ، شجرة قلم رصاص ، صبار قلم رصاص ، شجيرة الحليب) هي شجرة تنمو في مناخات شبه قاحلة. يعتبر اللاتكس اللبني من E. tirucalli مهيجًا للغاية للجلد والغشاء المخاطي وهو سام. التعرض لها يمكن أن يسبب العمى. يسبب ملامسة الجلد تهيجًا شديدًا واحمرارًا وحرقًا. في حالة تناوله ، يمكن أن يسبب حروقًا في الفم والشفتين واللسان. يُقترح ارتداء معدات وقفازات لحماية العين عند التعامل مع النبات. يستخدم الفربيون tirucalli كدواء بديل في العديد من الثقافات. بذلت محاولات لاستخدامه في علاج السرطان والزوائد والأورام والثآليل والربو والسعال وآلام الأذن والألم العصبي والروماتيزم وآلام الأسنان في دول مثل البرازيل والهند وإندونيسيا وماليزيا. تم الترويج ل Euphorbia tirucalli كعامل مضاد للسرطان ، لكن الأبحاث تظهر أنه يثبط جهاز المناعة ، ويعزز نمو الورم ، ويؤدي إلى تطور أنواع معينة من السرطان. ارتبطت الفربيون تيروكالي أيضًا بسرطان الغدد الليمفاوية في بوركيت ويُعتقد أنها عامل مساعد للمرض وليس علاجًا ، ويمكن أيضًا استخدام مادة اللاتكس الخاصة بها كوقود. دفع هذا الكيميائي ميلفن كالفن إلى اقتراح استغلال E. tirucalli لإنتاج النفط. هذا الاستخدام جذاب بشكل خاص بسبب قدرة E. tirucalli على النمو على أرض غير مناسبة لمعظم المحاصيل الأخرى. قدر كالفين أن من الممكن تحقيق 10 إلى 50 برميلًا من النفط لكل فدان. في الثمانينيات ، بدأت شركة البترول الوطنية البرازيلية بتروبراس تجارب تستند إلى هذه الأفكار. كما تم استخدامه في إنتاج المطاط ، ولكن لم يكن أي منهما ناجحًا للغاية.
Tropaeolum majus. On Explore Dec 8, 2007 #474
Nasturtium flowers, leaves and immature seed pods have a tangy taste like water cress, and the colorful flowers really brighten up a green salad. Add some nasturtium flowers to an herb vinegar. The immature pods can be pickled. The mature seeds can be roasted for eating out of hand or used like black pepper.
Nasturtium has long been used in herbal medicine as a disinfectant and wound-healing herb, and as an expectorant to relieve chest conditions. All parts of the plant appear to be antibiotic and an infusion of the leaves can be used to increase resistance to bacterial infections and to clear nasal and bronchial catarrh. The remedy seems to both reduce catarrh formation and stimulate the clearing and coughing up of phlegm.
The leaves are antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, aperient, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative and stimulant. A glycoside found in the plant reacts with water to produce an antibiotic. The plant has antibiotic properties towards aerobic spore forming bacteria. Extracts from the plant have anticancer activity.
The plant is taken internally in the treatment of genito-urinary diseases, respiratory infections, scurvy and poor skin and hair conditions.
Externally it makes an effective antiseptic wash and is used in the treatment of baldness, minor injuries and skin eruptions. Any part of the plant can be used, it is harvested during the growing season and used fresh.
Here we see the fractal pattern of Romanesco broccoli, a variant form of cauliflower. The fractal arrangement of the florets in this vegetable's head is amazing!!
As you move your cursor over the photo, you will see the three frames aka notes that I have added to show three sections of the broccoli that are similar to the next larger size (where it exists, of course.)
Romanesco broccoli exhibits "self similarity" characteristic of fractals in mathematics. It also exhibits "scale Invariance" ... Any smaller section of this head of broccoli has the same shapes and patterns as a larger section To me, that is so amazing!!
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-similar
In mathematics, a self-similar object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself (i.e. the whole has the same shape as one or more of the parts). Many objects in the real world, such as coastlines, are statistically self-similar: parts of them show the same statistical properties at many scales.[2] Self-similarity is a typical property of fractals.
Scale invariance is an exact form of self-similarity where at any magnification there is a smaller piece of the object that is similar to the whole. For instance, a side of the Koch snowflake is both symmetrical and scale-invariant; it can be continually magnified 3x without changing shape.
The non-trivial similarity evident in fractals is distinguished by their fine structure, or detail on arbitrarily small scales. As a counterexample, whereas any portion of a straight line may resemble the whole, further detail is not revealed.
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Cauliflower
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower
For other uses, see Cauliflower (disambiguation).
Cauliflower
Cauliflower.JPG
Cauliflower, cultivar unknown
Details
SpeciesBrassica oleracea
Cultivar groupBotrytis cultivar group
OriginNortheast Mediterranean
Cultivar group
membersMany; see text.
Cauliflower, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy104 kJ (25 kcal)
Carbohydrates5 g
- Sugars1.9 g
- Dietary fiber2 g
Fat0.3 g
Protein1.9 g
Water92 g
Thiamine (vit. B1)0.05 mg (4%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)0.06 mg (5%)
Niacin (vit. B3)0.507 mg (3%)
Pantothenic acid (B5)0.667 mg (13%)
Vitamin B60.184 mg (14%)
Folate (vit. B9)57 μg (14%)
Vitamin C48.2 mg (58%)
Vitamin E0.08 mg (1%)
Vitamin K15.5 μg (15%)
Calcium22 mg (2%)
Iron0.42 mg (3%)
Magnesium15 mg (4%)
Manganese0.155 mg (7%)
Phosphorus44 mg (6%)
Potassium299 mg (6%)
Sodium30 mg (2%)
Zinc0.27 mg (3%)
Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages are roughly approximated
using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that reproduces by seed. Typically, only the head (the white curd) is eaten. The cauliflower head is composed of a white inflorescence meristem. Cauliflower heads resemble those in broccoli, which differs in having flower buds.
Its name is from Latin caulis (cabbage) and flower,.[1] Brassica oleracea also includes cabbage, brussels sprouts, kale, broccoli, and collard greens, though they are of different cultivar groups.
For such a highly modified plant, cauliflower has a long history. François Pierre La Varenne employed chouxfleurs in Le cuisinier françois.[2] They were introduced to France from Genoa in the 16th century, and are featured in Olivier de Serres' Théâtre de l'agriculture (1600), as cauli-fiori "as the Italians call it, which are still rather rare in France; they hold an honorable place in the garden because of their delicacy",[3] but they did not commonly appear on grand tables until the time of Louis XIV.[4]
Contents
1 Classification and identification
1.1 Major groups
1.2 Varieties
1.3 Colors
2 Nutrition
3 Cooking
4 Fractal dimension
5 History
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Classification and identification[edit]
Major groups
There are four major groups of cauliflower.[5]
Italian
Diverse in appearance, and biennial and annual in type, this group includes white, Romanesco, various green, purple, brown and yellow cultivars. This type is the ancestral form from which the others were derived.
Northwest European biennial
Used in Europe for winter and early spring harvest, this was developed in France in the 19th century, and includes the old cultivars Roscoff and Angers.
Northern European annuals
Used in Europe and North America for summer and fall harvest, it was developed in Germany in the 18th century, and includes the old cultivars Erfurt and Snowball.
Asian
A tropical cauliflower used in China and India, it was developed in India during the 19th century from the now-abandoned Cornish type,[6] and includes old varieties Early Patna and Early Benaras.
Varieties
There are hundreds of historic and current commercial varieties used around the world. A comprehensive list of about 80 North American varieties is maintained at North Carolina State University.[7]
Colors
White
White cauliflower is the most common color of cauliflower.
Orange
Orange cauliflower (B. oleracea L. var. botrytis) contains 25% more vitamin A than white varieties.[8] This trait came from a natural mutant found in a cauliflower field in Canada.[9] Cultivars include 'Cheddar' and 'Orange Bouquet'.
Green
Green cauliflower, of the B. oleracea botrytis group, is sometimes called broccoflower. It is available both with the normal curd shape and a variant spiky curd called Romanesco broccoli. Both types have been commercially available in the U.S. and Europe since the early 1990s. Green-curded varieties include 'Alverda', 'Green Goddess' and 'Vorda'. Romanesco varieties include 'Minaret' and 'Veronica'.
Purple
The purple color in this cauliflower is caused by the presence of the antioxidant group anthocyanins, which can also be found in red cabbage and red wine.[10] Varieties include 'Graffiti' and 'Purple Cape'. In Great Britain and southern Italy, a broccoli with tiny flower buds is sold as a vegetable under the name "purple cauliflower". It is not the same as standard cauliflower with a purple curd.
White cauliflower
Orange cauliflower
Purple cauliflower
Nutrition
Cauliflower is low in fat, low in carbohydrates but high in dietary fiber, folate, water, and vitamin C, possessing a high nutritional density.[11]
Cauliflower contains several phytochemicals, common in the cabbage family, that may be beneficial to human health.
Sulforaphane, a compound released when cauliflower is chopped or chewed, may protect against cancer.
Other glucosinolates
Carotenoids[11]
Indole-3-carbinol, a chemical that enhances DNA repair,[12][13] and acts as an estrogen antagonist,[14] slowing the growth of cancer cells.
Boiling reduces the levels of these compounds, with losses of 20–30% after five minutes, 40–50% after ten minutes, and 75% after thirty minutes.[15] However, other preparation methods, such as steaming, microwaving, and stir frying, have no significant effect on the compounds.[15]
A high intake of cauliflower has been associated with reduced risk of aggressive prostate cancer.[16]
Cooking
Aloo gobi, an Indian dish prepared with cauliflower and potato
Cauliflower can be roasted, boiled, fried, steamed, or eaten raw. Steaming or microwaving better preserves anticancer compounds than boiling.[15] When cooking, the outer leaves and thick stalks are removed, leaving only the florets. The leaves are also edible, but are most often discarded.[17] The florets should be broken into similar-sized pieces so they are cooked evenly. After eight minutes of steaming, or five minutes of boiling, the florets should be soft, but not mushy (depending on size). Stirring while cooking can break the florets into smaller, uneven pieces.
Low carbohydrate dieters can use cauliflower as a reasonable substitute for potatoes or rice; while they can produce a similar texture, or mouth feel, they lack the starch of the originals.
Fractal Dimension
Fractal pattern of Romanesco broccoli, a variant form of cauliflower
Cauliflower has been noticed by mathematicians for its distinct fractal dimension,[18][19] predicted to be about 2.8.[20]
History
The first reliable reference to cauliflower is found in the writings of the Arab Muslim scientists Ibn al-'Awwam and Ibn al-Baitar, in the 12th and 13th centuries.[21]
IMG_9233 - Version 2
Spring onions, shallots, red onion...
The onion plant (Allium cepa) is unknown in the wild but has been grown and selectively bred in cultivation for at least 7,000 years.
Onions are cultivated and used around the world. As a foodstuff they are usually served cooked, as a vegetable or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can also be eaten raw or used to make pickles or chutneys. They are pungent when chopped and contain certain chemical substances which irritate the eyes. Onions contain phenols and flavonoids that have potential anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, anticancer and antioxidant properties.
In the Middle Ages, onions were such an important food that people would pay their rent with onions, and even give them as gifts.
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Flower of the week in unforgettable flowers
Wetenschappelijk: Chelidonium majus
Scientific name: Chelidonium majus
Nederlands: Stinkende gouwe
English: Greater Celandine
Français: Grande Chélidoine
Deutsch: Schöllkraut
Wetenschappelijk: Chelidonium majus
Familie: Papaverfamilie, Papaveraceae
Geslacht: Chelidonium, Gouwe
Medicinale werkingen
Hier staan de medicinale werkingen beschreven met de reden waarom stinkende gouwe een geneeskrachtige werking heeft:
Doordat het de secretie van de alvleesklier verhoogt werkt het bloedsuikerverlagend.
De urine- en zweetdrijvende werking maakt stinkende gouwe tot een geneesmiddel tegen oedemen, verminderde nierfunctie, nierstenen, artritis, artrose en jicht.
De bloedsomloopstimulerende eigenschappen in de kleine haarvaten maken dit kruid tot een geneesmiddel tegen oogbindvliesontsteking, tranende en brandende ogen en grijze staar.
Omdat het de lever, gal en darmwerking stimuleert is dit een goed geneeskruid tegen de huidaandoeningen eczeem, psoriasis, ringworm en hoofdroos.
Vanwege de kalmerende en licht narcotische werking van chelidonine wordt dit kruid ingezet tegen nervositeit, rusteloosheid, stress, angst en slapeloosheid,
Stinkende gouwe kan in een dieet tijdens de chemokuur worden gebruikt omdat het antitumoraal werkt.
Uitwendig gebruik
Melksap van sttinkende gouwe remt ongebreidelde celdeling en staat om deze reden te boek als antitumorale stof. Het breekt de eeltlaag, het eiwit van de hoornlaag, af; in medische termen heet dat een keratolytische werking. Het gaat zowel virussen als bacteriën tegen en het werkt derhalve ontstekingsremmend. Het melksap wordt gebruikt om de volgende huidaandoeningen te bestrijden:
Wratten, goedaardige huidtumoren,
Eelt, likdoorn,
Schimmelinfecties,
Oogbindvliesontsteking en
Hoornvliesvlekken
Mens en Gezondheid
English
plant for the future
Greater celandine has a long history of herbal use]. Traditionally it was employed as an ophthalmic to treat and clear the eyesight whilst in modern herbal medicine it is used more as a mild sedative, antispasmodic and detoxifying herb, relaxing the muscles of the bronchial tubes, intestines and other organs. The latex is much used externally to treat warts. Caution should be employed, especially when the plant is used internally however, because it contains toxic alkaloids, The leaves and the sap are acrid, alterative, anodyne, antispasmodic, caustic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, hydrogogue, narcotic, purgative. They are used in the treatment of bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, jaundice, gallstones and gallbladder pains. The plant is harvested in the spring as it comes into flower, it is best used fresh, but can also be dried for later use. The roots can also be used, these are harvested in the autumn and dried for later use. The plant has anticancer properties and is analgesic. It is an important component of a stomach ulcer drug. The plant has an abundant acrid bright-orange sap that stains the skin strongly and is powerfully irritant. It is used as an external treatment to get rid of warts, ringworm and corns and has also been used to remove films from the cornea of the eye. The plant contains the alkaloid chelidonine, which is similar to the alkaloid papaverine found in poppies. This alkaloid has antispasmodic and sedative effects on the bile ducts and bronchi. However, results have been inconsistent, especially if the preparation is not fresh]. The plant also contains the alkaloid sparteine, which restores normal rhythm to feeble arrhythmic myocardia. The German Commission E Monographs, a therapeutic guide to herbal medicine, approve Chelidonium majus for liver and gallbladder complaints.
Thanks to bjortklingd for the brushed metal texture, to picaddict for identifying the flower and last but not least to Izatia for the fitting title (read the description below, about the medicinal uses of this plant, to understand why...)!
Best viewed Large, On Black (highly recommended!)
Catharanthus roseus is a species originating from Madagascar, hence its common name: Madagascar Periwinkle. It's now spread all over the world, as it's long been cultivated as an ornamental plant but most importantly for herbal medicine. Although it can be dangerous if consumed orally and also can be hallucinogenic, it had been used for hundreds of years, by various nations, in order to treat a wide assortment of diseases, ranging from common cold to diabetes and cancer! Modern day research has shown that the plant contains some 70 useful alkaloids, most notable being vincristine and vinblastine, who have anticancer properties and are still being used in the treatment of child leukemia!
Sources:
- Wikipedia: Catharanthus roseus
- Description and Natural History of the Periwinkle
- DrugDigest: Catharanthus roseus
- Catharanthus roseus information from NPGS/GRIN
- Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
a recipe from the book "Z rakiem walczy się przy stole" (Verso la scelta vegetariana) by Umberto Veronesi.
Edibility / Nutrition
- Common market product, a popular leafy and stew vegetable, and a good substitute for spinach.
- The green and purple cultivated varieties are preferable to the wild ones.
- Both the young shoots and stems are eaten.
- Excellent source of calcium and iron; good source of vitamins A, B, and C, with a high roughage value.
Folkloric
- Roots are employed as rubefacient.
- Poultice of leaves used to reduce local swelling.
- Sap is applied to acne eruptions to reduce inflammation.
- Decoction of leaves used for its mild laxative effects.
- Pulped leaves applied to boils and ulcers to hasten suppuration.
- Sugared juice of leaves useful for catarrhal afflictions in children.
- Leaf-juice, mixed with butter, is soothing and cooling when applied to burns and scalds.
- In India, used in hemorrhagic diseases and as tonic. Also used for burns and pruritic skin lesions. In Orissa, India, paste of root in rice water taken in the morning on an empty stomach for a month to cure irregular periods.
- In Nigeria, leaves used for hypertension. In Cameroonian folk medicine, used for malaria.
- Mucilaginous liquid obtained from the leaves and tender stalks used for habitual headaches.
- In Ayurveda, used for hemorrhages, skin diseases, sexual weakness, ulcers and as laxative in children. Leaves applied on the head for half a hour before bathing to help bring about a good refreshing sleep. Sap is applied to acne eruptions to reduce inflammation. Decoction of leaves used for a mild laxative effect. Pulped leaves applied to boils and ulcers to hasten suppuration. Leaf juice mixed with butter applied to burns and scalds for a soothing and cooling effect. Leaves and stems have been used as anticancer for melanoma, leukemia, and oral cancer.
- Roots and leaves used for the removal of after birth, stomach pains, and increase milk production.
- Used orally for anal prolapse and hernia.
- In Nigeria, use for fertility enhancement in women.
- In Nepal, leaf juice is used to treat dysentery, catarrh, and applied externally to boils.
- In Thai traditional medicine, the mucilage is used as application for bruises, ringworm, and laboring. Stem and leaves used as mild laxative, diuretic and antipyretic.
- In Cameroon herbal healers use plant extracts to enhance libido and as remedy for infertility.
- In Antilles leaves considered good maturative as cataplasm.
source: stuart xchange
Tropaeolum majus.
Common name: Nasturtium
Family: Tropaeolaceae
The bees have been busy in my Nasturtium patch, and have produced some lovely results from their cross pollination!
Nasturtium flowers, leaves and immature seed pods have a tangy taste like water cress, and the colorful flowers really brighten up a green salad. Add some nasturtium flowers to an herb vinegar. The immature pods can be pickled. The mature seeds can be roasted for eating out of hand or used like black pepper.
Nasturtium has long been used in herbal medicine as a disinfectant and wound-healing herb, and as an expectorant to relieve chest conditions. All parts of the plant appear to be antibiotic and an infusion of the leaves can be used to increase resistance to bacterial infections and to clear nasal and bronchial catarrh. The remedy seems to both reduce catarrh formation and stimulate the clearing and coughing up of phlegm.
The leaves are antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, aperient, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative and stimulant. A glycoside found in the plant reacts with water to produce an antibiotic. The plant has antibiotic properties towards aerobic spore forming bacteria. Extracts from the plant have anticancer activity.
The plant is taken internally in the treatment of genito-urinary diseases, respiratory infections, scurvy and poor skin and hair conditions.
Externally it makes an effective antiseptic wash and is used in the treatment of baldness, minor injuries and skin eruptions. Any part of the plant can be used, it is harvested during the growing season and used fresh.
On Explore August 10, 2008 #225
that's a sure sign spring has arrived: Bloodroot ,Sanguinaria canadensis (L)
81/365
Excerpts from "Peterson Field Guides, Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants:"
"The blood-red fresh root was used in minute doses as an appetite stimulant; in larger doses as an arterial sedative. Formerly, the root was used as an ingredient in cough medicines. American Indians used root tea for rheumatism, asthma, bronchitis, lung ailments, laryngitis, fevers; also as an emetic. Root use applied to warts, also used as a dye and as a decorative skin stain....
...Experimentally, the alkaloid sanguinarine has shown antiseptic, anesthetic, and anticancer activity. It is used commercially as a plaque-inhibiting agent in toothpaste, mouthwashes and rinses.
Warning: Toxic. Do not ingest."
Shitbox Rally is not a race, rather a challenge to achieve the unthinkable… To drive cars worth just $1,500 across Australia via some of its most formidable roads, all in the name of charity.
This rally is for those who want to have an adventure, have fun, who crave something different, who want to make new life long friends, take part in something memorable but most importantly, it’s for those who want to raise much needed money for charity.
Many of us have been affected by cancer in one way or another. Whether it be parents, family, close friends, people we know or ourselves that have battled or are battling cancer, this awful disease has touched us all. We not only want to raise awareness and money for Cancer Council, but also want to offer support and a friendly ear to those that have suffered or are suffering.
Juniperus virginiana
Juniperus virginiana L.
Eastern Red Cedar, Eastern Redcedar, Virginia Juniper, Red Juniper, Pencil Cedar, Carolina Cedar, Red Savin, Baton Rouge
Cupressaceae (Cypress Family)
Synonym(s):
USDA Symbol: juvi
USDA Native Status: L48 (N), CAN (N)
Evergreen, aromatic tree with trunk often angled and buttressed at base and narrow, compact, columnar crown; sometimes becoming broad and irregular. Pyramidal when young, Eastern red-cedar mature form is quite variable. This evergreen usually grows 30-40 ft. but can reach 90 ft. Fragrant, scale-like foliage can be coarse or fine-cut, and varies in color from gray-green to blue-green to light- or dark-green. All colors tend to brown in winter. Pale blue fruits occur on female plants. Soft, silvery bark covers the single trunk.
The most widely distributed eastern conifer, native in 37 states, Eastern Red Cedar is resistant to extremes of drought, heat, and cold. Red Cedar can be injurious to apple orchards because it is an alternate host for cedar-apple rust, a fungal disease. First observed at Roanoke Island, Virginia, in 1564, it was prized by the colonists for building furniture, rail fences, and log cabins.
Benefit
Use Ornamental: Grown for Christmas trees, shelterbelts, and in many cultivated varieties for ornament.
Use Wildlife: The juicy "berries" are consumed by many kinds of wildlife, including the cedar waxwing, named for this tree. The fruits are a staple for many birds and small mammals. Also provides nesting material and cover.
Use Food: Juniper tea can be made by placing a dozen young berryless twigs in a quart of cold water; bring to a boil then allow to simmer for 10 minutes. Strain and use as regular tea, in small quantities. (Poisonous Plants of N.C.) The earliest colonists recognized the value of the Virginia Juniper from the start - for fences and shingles, benches and tables, coffins and the superstructures of boats. (Peattie)
Use Medicinal: Tea of fruits and leaves for coughs and colds. Berries chewed for canker sores in mouth. (Kindscher) Creeks and Choctaws drank oil from red cedar berries for dysentery. Boiled fruit and leaves make a drink for colds and coughs. Smoke from smoldering leafy twigs inhaled for head colds. Kiowas chewed berries and held liquid in mouth as a mild antiseptic rinse. An unnamed part of this juniper was used by Natchez as a specific for mumps.(Weiner) Zuni women took juniper berries to promote uterine recovery after childbirth. Treated wound infections and arthritis. (Castleman) Smoke from the leaves as was used as an inhalant to treat Colds, Bronchitis and Rheumatism. It is thought to contain an anticancer agent, podophyllocotoxin. Fruit tea used for colds, worms, rheumatism, coughs, induce sweating. Leaf smoke or steam inhaled for colds, bronchitis, rheumatism.
Use Other: The aromatic wood is used for fenceposts, cedar chests, cabinetwork, and carvings. Cedar oil for medicine and perfumes is obtained from the wood and leaves. The heartwood was once almost exclusively the source of wood for pencils; Incense Cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens Torr.) is now used instead. Incense for purification and ritual.
Warning: POISONOUS PARTS: Fleshy cones (resembles berries), leaves. Low toxicity when ingested; large amounts may cause diarrhea.
Toxic Principle: Volatile oils including thujone.
Shot at home .
Help prevent and fight cancer Cherries are a rich source of healthy antioxidants, which help to repair damaged cells in the body. They contain queritrin, a potent anticancer agent. They also contain ellagic acid, which experts believe is one of the most useful compounds for cancer prevention. Another compound found in cherries is perillyl alcohol (POH), effective in reducing the occurrence of all types of cancer; it stops the spread of cancerous cells by depriving them of the crucial proteins they require in order to grow.
Act as an anti-inflammatory. Cherries can help with pain relief; they contain anthocyanin and bioflavonoids, which are compounds that produce a similar effect to that of aspirin or ibuprofen. These compounds can relieve or prevent head and body aches, and even ease the symptoms of arthritis and gout.
Improve the body’s Circadian Rhythms. A natural sleep aid, melatonin is abundant in cherries. This antioxidant helps to regulate your sleeping and waking pattern, and since it is found in small quantities in the human body, the dose in cherries can work wonders.
Fight against premature aging. The compounds isoqueritrin and queritrin work to eliminate the byproducts of oxidative stress, and thereby slow the aging process.
Serve as a healthy snack. Cherries are tasty and nutritious: one cup, approximately 21 cherries, contains no fat, about 90 calories, no sodium, and no cholesterol. They’re also a great source of fiber, potassium (270 mg. per serving, to be exact!) and vitamin C.
More at www.googobits.com/articles/p5-1709-just-a-bowl-of-cherrie...
Centaurea is a genus of over 700 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding regions are particularly species-rich. In the western United States, yellow starthistles are an invasive species. Around the year 1850, seeds from the plant had arrived to the state of California. It is believed that those seeds came from South America.
Common names
Common names for this genus are centaury, centory, starthistles, knapweeds, centaureas and the more ambiguous "bluets"; a vernacular name used for these plants in parts of England is "loggerheads" (common knapweed). The Plectocephalus group – possibly a distinct genus – is known as basketflowers. "Cornflower" is used for a few species, but that term more often specifically means either C. cyanus (the annual cornflower) or Centaurea montana (the perennial cornflower). The common name "centaury" is sometimes used, although this also refers to the unrelated plant genus Centaurium.
The name is said to be in reference to Chiron, the centaur of Greek mythology who discovered medicinal uses of a plant eventually called "centaury".
Description
Knapweeds are robust weedy plants. Their leaves, spiny in some species, are usually deeply divided into elongated lobes at least in the plants' lower part, becoming entire towards the top. The "flowers" (actually pseudanthium inflorescences) are diverse in colour, ranging from intense blues, reds and yellows to any mixture of these and lighter shades towards white. Often, the disk flowers are much darker or lighter than the ray flowers, which also differ in morphology and are sterile. Each pseudanthium sits atop a cup- or basket-like cluster of scaly bracts, hence the name "basketflowers". Many species, in particular those inhabiting more arid regions, have a long and strong taproot.
Certain knapweeds have a tendency to dominate large stretches of landscape together with a few other plants, typically one or two grasses and as many other large herbaceous plants. The common knapweed (C. nigra) for example is plentiful in the mesotrophic grasslands of England and nearby regions. It is most prominently found in pastures or meadows dominated by cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata) as well as either of crested dog's-tail (Cynosurus cristatus) and false oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius). It is also often found in mesotrophic grassland on rendzinas and similar calcareous soils in association with glaucous sedge (Carex flacca), sheep's fescue (Festuca ovina), and either tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum) and rough hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus), or upright brome (Bromus erectus). In these grasslands, greater knapweed (C. scabiosa) is found much more rarely by comparison, often in association with red fescue (Festuca rubra) in addition to cock's-foot and false oat-grass.
Due to their habit of dominating ecosystems under good conditions, many Centaurea species can become invasive weeds in regions where they are not native. In parts of North America, diffuse knapweed (C. diffusa), spotted knapweed (C. maculosa) and yellow starthistle (C. solstitialis) cause severe problems in agriculture due to their uncontrolled spread. The seeds are typically transported by human traffic, in particular the tires of all-terrain vehicles. The two knapweeds are harmful mainly because they are strongly allelopathic, producing powerful toxins in their roots that stunt the growth of plants around them not adapted to this. Yellow starthistle, meanwhile, is inedible to most livestock due to its spines and apparently outright poisonous to horses and other equines. However, efficient methods of biological control by insect pests of these weeds have been developed; the knapweeds can also exploited to their detriment by targeted grazing. Controlled burning may also be used, though the timing is important to avoid the plants having seeded already, and neither allowing sufficient time for them to regrow from the rootstock.
Yet other species of Centaurea – mostly ones that occur between Italy and the Caucasus – are endemics of a single island or valley, and some of these are endangered. The Akamas Centaurea (Centaurea akamantis) of Cyprus is almost extinct, while the western Caucasus endemics C. leptophylla and C. straminicephala are at least very rare and C. hedgei and C. pecho from the same region are certainly not abundant either. The last four species would be adversely affected by the proposed Yusufeli Dam, which might actually destroy enough habitat to push the two rarer ones over the brink of extinction.
Centaurea are copious nectar producers, especially on high-lime soils. The high nectar yield of the genus makes it very attractive to insects such as butterflies – including the endangered Karner blue (Plebejus melissa samuelis) which visits introduced spotted knapweed – and day-flying moths – typically Zygaenidae, such as Zygaena loti or the six-spot burnet (Z. filipendulae). The larvae of some other Lepidoptera species use Centaurea species as food plants; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Centaurea. Several of these are used in biological control of invasive knapweeds and starthistles.
Larvae of several true weevils (Curculionidae) of the subfamily Lixinae also feed on Centaurea. Some genera – such as Larinus whose larval food is flowerheads – have many species especially adapted to particular knapweeds or starthistle and are used in biological control too. These include the yellow starthistle flower weevil (L. curtus) for yellow starthistle, lesser knapweed flower weevil (L. minutus) for diffuse knapweed and blunt knapweed flower weevil (L. obtusus) for spotted knapweed. Broad-nosed seedhead weevil (Bangasternus fausti) larvae eat diffuse, spotted and squarrose knapweed (C. virgata ssp. squarrosa), while those of the yellow starthistle bud weevil (B. orientalis) do not seem to live on anything other than yellow starthistle and occasionally purple starthistle (C. calcitrapa). But perhaps most efficient in destroying developing yellow starthistle seedheads is the larva of the yellow starthistle hairy weevil (Eustenopus villosus). Knapweed root weevil (Cyphocleonus achates) larvae bore into the roots of spotted and to a lesser extentely diffuse knapweed, sometimes killing off the entire plant.
Also used in biological control are Tephritidae (peacock flies) whose larvae feed on Centaurea. Knapweed peacock fly (Chaetorellia acrolophi) larvae eat spotted knapweed and some other species. The yellow starthistle peacock fly (C. australis) has an initial generation each year which often uses cornflower (C. cyanus) as larval food; later generations switch to yellow starthistle. The flies are generally considered less efficient in destroying the growing seedheads than the weevils, but may be superior under certain conditions; employing flies and weevils in combination is expensive and does not noticeably increase their effect.
Use by humans
Although the genus may be considered by a quite significant number of relatively informed individuals to have an overall negative impact on human interests, particularly agricultural interests, the situation is not straightforward enough to simply declare the genus, or, at least, its most aggressively-spreading species, altogether negative. For instance, due to their moderate to high nectar production, which can occur over a comparatively long duration, many species of Centaurea are popular food sources for insects that may otherwise attack certain crops.[citation needed] It may be advisable for some types of farms to allow certain species in this genus, such as cornflower (C. cyanus) in a European setting, to grow adjacent to fields. Although they support and attract many types of beneficial life (not just beetles), these areas are known as beetle banks. When they are present, some pests may be drawn away from crops to them and predatory insects and arachnids that feed upon pest insects will be better-supported by these more naturalized areas. They additionally have the beneficial aspect of supporting pollinators, unlike many field crops such as maize. Moreover, being untreated with pesticides and providing more diversity, plants growing in more wild areas adjacent to farms produce more insects that attract and support birds which can also feed on pests that would harm crops. Insect production is especially high for beetle banks that have enough plants that serve in the role of host plant for immature insects, rather than just in the roles of adult food and/or shelter provision.
Some plants which are considered invasive or problematic in certain areas can have beneficial qualities that outweigh their negative qualities from a human and/or human agricultural point of view, although this sometimes requires some human management – particularly if adequate biological control has not been established for the more aggressive species. An example is wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, which produces florets that feed predatory (and other beneficial) insects as well as large tubular stems that provide winter shelter for native bees, wasps, and other organisms that can be beneficial for agriculture. The plant is considered invasive in some areas of the United States and is also often considered undesirable due to its ability to cause contact skin irritation. However, it also serves as a host plant for the black swallowtail butterfly, helps to bring nutrients up from soils with its deep taproot, and possesses evergreen foliage even in climate zones such as US zone 6. This foliage increases soil warmth and moisture which can be beneficial for certain types of life. Perhaps the most dramatic example of a generally disliked plant's beneficial qualities being usually overlooked is the often-despised ragwort, Jacobaea vulgaris, which topped the list by a large amount for nectar production in a UK study, with a production per floral unit of (2921 ± 448μg). This very high nectar production, coupled with its early blooming period, makes the plant helpful for the establishment of bee colonies in spring — a period that is often not well-served by commercial flower meadow seed mixes. It also has the situationally-beneficial quality of being a spring ephemeral, as well as an annual that lacks difficult-to-combat roots. Plants that provide necessary structural supports for invertebrate and small vertebrate predators can help to keep overall pest populations low.
The abundant nectar produced by C. solstitialis flowers attracts many pollinators. This is another reason for the success of the (situationally) highly invasive species. Due to genetic differences related to evolutionary adaption, not all members of Centaurea produce the same amount of nectar. Growing conditions, such as climate and soil, can have a very strong impact, even if the plants grow and flower. For instance, cornflower plants, Centaurea cyanus, produced 33% less seasonal nectar than Centaurea nigra in a UK study. C. nigra also ranked higher than ragwort in another UK study, although ragwort was still in the top 10 for yearly nectar production. The strong nectar production of certain members of the genus can be exploited to the farmer's advantage, possibly in combination with biological control. In particular, the yellow starthistle (C. solstitialis) as well as spotted knapweed (C. maculosa) are major honey plants for beekeepers. Monofloral honey from these plants is light and slightly tangy, and one of the finest honeys produced in the United States – due to its better availability, it is even fraudulently relabeled and sold as the scarce and expensive sourwood honey of the Appalachian Mountains. Placing beehives near stands of Centaurea will cause increased pollination. As most seedheads fail however when biocontrol pests have established themselves, the plants will bloom ever more abundantly in an attempt to replace the destroyed seedheads, to the point where they exhaust their resources in providing food for the pests (seeds), bees (pollen) and humans (honey). Output of allelopathic compounds is also liable to be reduced under such conditions – the plant has to compromise between allocating energy to reproduction and defense. This renders the weeds more likely to be suppressed by native vegetation or crops in the following years, especially if properly timed controlled burning[5] and/or targeted grazing by suitable livestock are also employed. While yellow starthistle and perhaps other species are toxic to equines, some other livestock may eat the non-spiny knapweeds with relish. In Europe, common knapweed (C. nigra) and globe knapweed (C. macrocephala) are locally important pollen sources for honeybees in mid-late summer.
8-Hydroxyquinoline has been identified as a main allelopathic compound produced by diffuse knapweed (C. diffusa); native North American plants are typically sensitive to it, while those of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor usually have coevolved with the knapweed and are little harmed if at all, aided by native microorganisms that break down or even feed on the abundantly secreted compound. Thus, 8-hydroxyquinoline is potentially useful to control American plants that have become invasive weeds in the diffuse knapweed's native range.
Arctiin, found in C. imperialis, has shown anticancer activity in laboratory studies. The roots of the long-lost C. foliosa, an endemic of Hatay Province (Turkey), are used in folk medicine, and other species are presumably too. A South Italian variety[verification needed] of the purple starthistle (C. calcitrapa) is traditionally consumed by ethnic Albanians (Arbëreshë people) in the Vulture area (southern Italy); e.g. in the Arbëreshë communities in Lucania the young whorls of C. calcitrapa are boiled and fried in mixtures with other weedy non-cultivated greens. According to research by the Michael Heinrich group at the Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy (School of Pharmacy, University of London) "the antioxidant activity [...] of the young whorls of Centaurea calcitrapa, both in the DPPH and in the lipid peroxidation inhibition assays, [is] very interesting and [the] species should be investigated phytochemically and biochemically focusing on these properties". Extracts from C. calcitrapa were furthermore found to have significant xanthine oxidase (XO)-inhibiting activity.
Spotted knapweed as well as other species are rich in cnicin, a bitter compound found mainly in the leaves and often used to flavor the digestif amaro. In western Crete, Greece a local variety[verification needed] of C. calcitrapa called gourounaki (γουρουνάκι "little pig") also has its leaves eaten boiled by the locals. In the same island an endemic local species, C. idaea called katsoula (κατσούλα), tsita (τσίτα) or aspragatha (ασπραγκάθα), has its leaves eaten boiled by the locals too.
Some species are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. As regards other aspects of popular culture, cornflower (C. cyanus) is the floral emblem of Östergötland province (Sweden) – where is it called blåklint, literally "blue mountain" – and of Päijänne Tavastia region in Finland, where it is known as ruiskaunokki ("rye-beaks") or ruiskukka ("rye-flower"). It is also the national flower of Estonia where its local name rukkilill means "rye-lily", Belarus where it is called vałoška (Belarusian: валошка), and one of those of Germany where it is called Kornblume ("cornflower"). The origin of the name "caltrop" for the ancient low-tech area denial weapon is probably in some way connected with C. calcitrapa and its spiny seeds. This plant is attested to by the colloquial name "caltrop" at a time when the weapons were still called by their Roman name tribulus. Lastly, the color cornflower blue is named after C. cyanus. Cornflower is also used as a cut flower.
As namesake member of the subtribe Centaureinae of tribe Cardueae, the knapweeds are probably most closely related to genera such as Carthamus (distaff thistles), Cnicus (blessed thistle), Crupina (crupinas) or Notobasis (Syrian thistle), and somewhat less closely to most other thistles. The monotypic Cnicus seems in fact to properly belong in Centaurea.
Research in the late 20th century shows that Centaurea as traditionally defined is polyphyletic. A number of 19th- and 20th-century efforts to reorganize the genus were not successful, and it is not yet clear what the consequences of the recent research will be for classification of this genus and other related genera. The type species C. centaurium stands somewhat apart from the main lineage of knapweeds and thus the taxonomic consequences of a rearrangement might be severe, with hundreds of species needing to be moved to new genera. It has thus been proposed to change the type species to one of the main lineages to avoid this problem. What seems certain however is that the basketflowers – presently treated as a section Plectocephalus – will be reinstated as a distinct genus in the near future. The rock-centauries (Cheirolophus), formerly usually included in Centaurea, are now already treated as separate genus.
Better-known Centaurea species include:
Centaurea acaulis
Centaurea adpressa
Centaurea aegyptiaca
Centaurea aeolica
Centaurea aggregata
Centaurea akamantis – Akamas centaurea
Centaurea alba
Centaurea albonitens Turrill
Centaurea alpestris
Centaurea alpina
Centaurea ambigua
Centaurea amblyolepis
Centaurea americana – American basketflower, American starthistle
Centaurea ammocyanus
Centaurea antennata Dufour
Centaurea antiochia Boiss.
Centaurea aplolepa
Centaurea aplolepa subsp. carueliana
Centaurea appendicigera C.Koch
Centaurea argentea
Centaurea ascalonica
Centaurea aspera L. – rough starthistle
Centaurea atacamensis (Reiche) I.M.Johnst.
Centaurea atropurpurea
Centaurea ×aurata
Centaurea babylonica L.
Centaurea balsamita
Centaurea behen L. – ak behmen (Turkish)
Centaurea bella
Centaurea benedicta – Cnicus
Centaurea bieberseinii
Centaurea borjae
Centaurea bovina
Centaurea bracteata
Centaurea brevifimbriata Hub.-Mor.
Centaurea bulbosa
Centaurea busambarensis Guss.
Centaurea cachinalensis
Centaurea calcitrapa – purple starthistle, red starthistle, "caltrop"
Centaurea calcitrapoides
Centaurea cariensis Boiss.
Centaurea cariensiformis Hub.-Mor.
Centaurea caroli-henrici Gabrieljan & Dittrich
Centaurea centaurium L.
Centaurea chilensis
Centaurea cineraria – velvet centaurea, dusty miller
Centaurea clementei
Centaurea collina L.
Centaurea corymbosa
Centaurea crithmifolia
Centaurea crocodylium
Centaurea cyanoides J.Berggr. & Wahlenb.
Centaurea cyanus – cornflower, bachelor's button, boutonniere flower, hurtsickle, bluebottle, basketflower
Centaurea damascena
Centaurea debeauxii Gren. & Godr.
Centaurea demirizii Wagenitz
Centaurea depressa – low cornflower
Centaurea deusta
Centaurea diffusa – diffuse knapweed, white knapweed, tumble knapweed
Centaurea diluta – North African knapweed
Centaurea drabifolia Sm.
Centaurea drabifolioides Hub.-Mor.
Centaurea dschungarica
Centaurea emilae Hüseynova et Qaraxani[13]
Centaurea eriophora
Centaurea eryngioides
Centaurea filiformis
Centaurea fischeri Willd.
Centaurea floccosa
Centaurea foliosa Boiss. & Kotschy
Centaurea forojuliensis
Centaurea friderici Vis. – palagruška zečina (Croatian)
Centaurea gayana
Centaurea glaberrima Tausch
Centaurea glastifolia
Centaurea grinensis
Centaurea gymnocarpa
Centaurea haradjianii Wagenitz
Centaurea hedgei
Centaurea helenioides Boiss.
Centaurea hermannii F.Hermann
Centaurea horrida Badarò – fiordaliso spinoso (Italian)
Centaurea hyalolepis
Centaurea hypoleuca
Centaurea iberica – Iberian starthistle, Iberian knapweed
Centaurea idaea – katsoula, tsita (Cretan Greek)
Centaurea imperialis Hausskn. ex Bornm.
Centaurea jabukensis
Centaurea jacea – brown knapweed, brownray knapweed
Centaurea kasakorum
Centaurea kopetaghensis
Centaurea kotschyana Heuff.
Centaurea lanulata
Centaurea leptophylla
Centaurea leucophylla
Centaurea limbata
Centaurea lydia Boiss.
Centaurea macrocephala Puschk. ex Willd. – globe knapweed, Armenian basketflower
Centaurea maculosa – spotted knapweed (might belong in C. stoebe subsp. micranthos)
Centaurea mannagettae
Centaurea margaritalba Klok.
Centaurea marschalliana
Centaurea melitensis – Maltese starthistle; tocalote, tocolote (California)
Centaurea minor
Centaurea moschata – sweet sultan
Centaurea ×moncktonii C.E.Britton – meadow knapweed, protean knapweed (= C. ×pratensis Thuill non Salisb.)
Centaurea monocephala
Centaurea montana – montane knapweed, perennial cornflower, mountain cornflower, mountain bluet
Centaurea napifolia L. – fiordaliso romano (Italian)
Centaurea nervosa Rchb. ex Steud.
Centaurea nigra – common knapweed, black knapweed, lesser knapweed, hardheads
Centaurea nigrescens – Tyrol knapweed, short-fringed knapweed, Tyrol thistle
Centaurea nigrifimbria (C.Koch) Sosn.
Centaurea nivea (Bornm.) Wagenitz
Centaurea onopordifolia
Centaurea orientalis L.
Centaurea ornata Willd.
Centaurea ovina
Centaurea pallescens Delile
Centaurea paniculata L.
Centaurea parlatoris
Centaurea pecho
Centaurea phrygia – wig knapweed
Centaurea pindicola
Centaurea polypodiifolia
Centaurea ×pratensis Salisb. (C. jacea × C. nigra) – meadow knapweed
Centaurea procurrens
Centaurea ×psammogena G.Gayer. (C. diffusa × C. stoebe subsp. micranthos)
Centaurea pseudocaerulescens
Centaurea pseudophrygia C.A.Mey.
Centaurea pulcherrima Willd.
Centaurea pullata L.
Centaurea pumilio
Centaurea ragusina L.
Centaurea rigida
Centaurea rothrockii Greenm. – Mexican basketflower, Rothrock's basketflower, Rothrock's knapweed
Centaurea ruthenica
Centaurea rutifolia Sm.
Centaurea sadleriana – Pannonian knapweed
Centaurea salicifolia Bieb. ex Willd.
Centaurea scabiosa – greater knapweed
Centaurea scannensis
Centaurea scoparia
Centaurea scopulorum Boiss. & Heldr.
Centaurea seguenzae
Centaurea seridis L.
Centaurea sibirica
Centaurea simplicicaulis
Centaurea sinaica
Centaurea solstitialis – yellow starthistle, golden starthistle, yellow cockspur, St. Barnaby's thistle, Barnaby thistle
Centaurea speciosa
Centaurea sphaerocephala L.
Centaurea stenolepis
Centaurea stoebe L.
Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos (Gugler) Hayek
Centaurea straminicephala
Centaurea sulphurea – Sicilian starthistle
Centaurea tauromenitana Guss.
Centaurea tenoreana
Centaurea tommasinii
Centaurea transalpina Schleich. ex DC.
Centaurea tchihatcheffii — yanardöner (Turkish)
Centaurea trichocephala Bieb. ex Willd. – featherhead knapweed
Centaurea triniifolia
Centaurea triumfettii All.
Centaurea ucriae Lacaita
Centaurea uniflora Turra
Centaurea verbascifolia Vahl
Centaurea verutum L.
Centaurea virgata
Centaurea virgata subsp. squarrosa – squarrose knapweed
Centaurea wiedemanniana Fisch. & Mey.
Centaurea yozgatensis Wagenitz
Formerly placed here
Plant species placed in Centaurea in former times include:
Acroptilon repens – Russian knapweed (as C. repens)
Cheirolophus crassifolius – Maltese rock-centaury (as C. crassifolia, C. spathulata)
Femeniasia balearica (as C. balearica)
Volutaria muricata (as C. muricata)