View allAll Photos Tagged Angiosperms
Mimosa strigillosa Torrey & Gray, 1840 - sunshine mimosa (Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation's Native Plant Nursery, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA)
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
The sunrise mimosa, Mimosa strigillosa, is native to parts of southeastern and southern America. The foliage has a fern-like appearance, but it is actually an angiosperm. When physically disturbed, even lightly, the leaves on either side of the axis fold together upward.
Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Fabales, Fabaceae
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Sphinx moth and viburnum. The moth hovers like a hummingbird, and flits from one flower to another. Its tongue is specially suited to penetrate this flower and draw nectar from deep inside. In a garden full of plants the viburnum is the only flower it's interested in.
Please join me in my blog “Botany Without Borders: Where Design Meets Science”
Cardiospermum corindum Linnaeus, 1762 - balloon vine (Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation's Native Plant Nursery, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA)
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Sapindales, Sapindaceae
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Narcissus sp. - daffodils in Kentucky, USA (March 2019).
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
Daffodils are widespread and have been extensively cultivated, but they are native to southwestern & southern Europe and northern Africa.
Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Asparagales, Amaryllidaceae
Locality: escaped cultivars, western slopes of entrance dale to Mammoth Cave's Historic Entrance, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA
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THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or modern, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall. The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of insect, birds, and other animals that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
PLANT - The ultimate visual reference to plants and flowers of the world JANET MARINELLI
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Eagle View from the top of Mt. Kitanglad of CdeO Macajalar Bay to Mt. Malindang, Mis. Occ./The Flora and Fauna of Mt. Malindang
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Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury, 1791 - American yellow lady's slipper orchid (public display, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Rayleigh, North Carolina, USA)
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Asparagales, Orchidaceae
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See info. at:
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or modern, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall. The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of insect, birds, and other animals that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
PLANT - The ultimate visual reference to plants and flowers of the world JANET MARINELLI
Mindanao Tourist Destinations
Local/Travel Website and Angelique Ross Kaamiño/TravelEscapade TRAVEL/Leisure Cebu/CdO/Butuanon
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Eagle View from the top of Mt. Kitanglad of CdeO Macajalar Bay to Mt. Malindang, Mis. Occ./The Flora and Fauna of Mt. Malindang
PHOTO INFO-STORY: -wilfredosrb
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Kingdom=Plantae
Clade=Angiosperms
Clade=Monocots
Order=Asparagales
Family=Asparagaceae
Subfamily=Lomandroideae
Genus=Thysanotus
Species=patersonii ID by www.australiasomuchtosee.com
Binomial name=Thysanotus patersonii
Common name=Twining Fringe lily
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, Valerianaceae) is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. The flowers are in bloom in the northern hemisphere from June to September. Valerian was used as a perfume in the sixteenth century.
Native to Europe and parts of Asia, Valerian has been introduced into North America. It is consumed as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including Grey Pug.
La Valeriana comune è una pianta a fiore (angiosperma) appartenente alla famiglia delle Valerianacee. È la più nota del genere Valeriana, costituito da più di 150 specie, maggiormente divulgate nelle regioni boscose europee e, in parte, anche in Nord America e nelle regioni tropicali sudamericane.Il nome botanico si deduce dal latino valere (rigoroso, sano). Il nome popolare, erba dei gatti, proviene dal fatto che la pianta fresca esercita un'attrazione di tipo "stupefacente" sui gatti ed è forse questo il motivo per il quale, pur essendo decorativa, la si incontra raramente nei giardini.
The Monti Simbruini are a mountain range in central Italy, part of Apennines, on the border between the Lazio and Abruzzo regions. They border with the Monti Cantari and the Ciociaria.The name derives from the Latin sub imbribus ("under the rain"). They are also popularly known as "Rome's Alps". The highest peak is the Monte Cotento (2,015 m).The River Aniene has its source within in the range.The Regional Park of the Monti Simbruini was founded on January 29, 1983. It includes also the Monti Cantari, with an area of 300 square kilometres including the comuni of Camerata Nuova, Cervara di Roma (Campaegli), Filettino, Jenne, Subiaco (Monte Livata), Trevi nel Lazio and Vallepietra.A characteristic protected area of the Apennines, with two thousand meter high summits, vast beech tree woods, large karstic plateaus, spring waters ("sub imbribus", under the rain), scattered with small towns (the seven Park Municipalities) rich in ancient historical and artistic evidences. The regional park of Simbruini Mountains covers an area of about 30,000 hectares between the Aniene valley in the west/north-west, the Sacco valley in the south-west, the border with Abruzzi in the east (Simbruini Mountains of Abruzzi and Carseolani Mountains), and Ernici Mountains in the south-east.
Il Parco Naturale Regionale dei Monti Simbruini.A cavallo tra le Province di Roma e Frosinone, su un territorio di 29.990 ha, si estende il Parco Naturale Regionale dei Monti Simbruini, la più vasta area protetta del Lazio. Il territorio abbraccia sette Comuni, situati tra 408 e 1075 m: Jenne, sede dell'Ente, Subiaco, Camerata Nuova, Cervara di Roma, Filettino, Trevi nel Lazio e Vallepietra.Il nome Simbruini deriva dal latino sub imbribus, "sotto le piogge", e testimonia la grande importanza che l'acqua riveste in questo scenario. Già gli antichi romani utilizzavano intensamente la grande risorsa acqua: l'imperatore Nerone costruì una villa nei pressi di Subiaco lungo il corso del fiume Aniene, con tre laghi artificiali, ma soprattutto furono edificati imponenti acquedotti per alimentare l'Urbe (Anio Novus, Marcio e Claudio). Ancora oggi le sorgenti presenti nel territorio del Parco forniscono acqua potabile alla Capitale. Il territorio, prevalentemente montuoso, è caratterizzato dalla presenza di due corsi d'acqua: il fiume Aniene, che nasce in uno dei luoghi più suggestivi del Parco in località Fiumata nel Comune di Filettino, e il torrente Simbrivio, che ha origine poco a monte dell'abitato di Vallepietra sotto il santuario della SS.Trinità. Ai due fiumi fanno da contorno le montagne del sistema orografico dei Simbruini: le vette del Monte Viglio (2156 m) e del Monte Tarino (1961 m), il Monte Autore (1855 m) da cui si gode uno spettacolo particolarmente suggestivo e il Monte Cotento (2015 m) che domina l'abitato di Filettino. La catena montuosa è interrotta da vari pianori di origine carsica, aree pianeggianti circondate da pendici ammantate di faggete, dove non è raro trovare doline ed inghiottitoi che testimoniano il lavoro secolare dell'acqua sulla matrice rocciosa. La Grotta dell'Inferniglio nel comune di Jenne ed il Pozzo del Gelo a Camerata Nuova ne sono un esempio. Tra i piani carsici più interessanti si segnalano quelli di Camposecco, Campaegli, Campo Buffone, Fondi e Ceraso. Il Parco può essere visitato anche con l'occhio rivolto alle testimonianze di epoche passate, in un excursus storico che abbraccia millenni. Si va dalle mura "saracene" di Filettino, risalenti al IV - V secolo a.C., ai ruderi dell'antico abitato di Camerata, distrutto da un incendio nel 1859, passando per il centro storico di Jenne, con i resti del castello dove nacque papa Alessandro IV, e l'imponente Castello Caetani di Trevi nel Lazio, che si estendeva su circa 800mq. Ma i due poli di maggior attrattiva sono sicuramente il Santuario della SS. Trinità a Vallepietra - uno dei pochi in Italia ad essa dedicati, méta di numerosi pellegrini che al canto di "viva viva, sempre viva quelle tre person divine.." entrano nella grotta del Monte Autore dove si venera l'immagine raffigurante le persone identiche in atto di benedire - ed il centro abitato di Subiaco, dove la storia emerge prepotentemente in ogni angolo: il Convento di San Francesco (1327) con il vicino ponte medievale (1356), l'arco trionfale (1787), la concattredale di Sant'Andrea (1789) e tutto il caratteristico rione che si snoda intorno alla Rocca dei Borgia, dove nacquero Cesare e Lucrezia Borgia.
Poco fuori Subiaco, inerpicandosi per la Valle Santa, si incontrano i ruderi della Villa che l'imperatore Nerone si fece costruire a ridosso di tre sbarramenti artificiali del fiume Aniene ed i Monasteri di Santa Scolastica e di San Benedetto, che soli meritano una visita per le ricchezze artistiche li racchiuse e l'atmosfera di vera spiritualità che si respira. Un discorso a parte merita il paese di Cervara di Roma, dove arte, cultura e natura si integrano e compenetrano in un unicum che lascerà sensazioni e ricordi indelebili. Cervara è veramente un museo all'aperto, con le sue numerose sculture incise nella roccia, le poesie che possono leggersi nel percorrere il dedalo di vicoli e scalinate che caratterizzano il piccolo centro.
Seppur nelle vicinanze di Roma il Parco dei Monti Simbruini ospita inoltre una tipica comunità di specie animali dell'Appennino di grande valore per la conservazione. Sono presenti popolazioni di ungulati selvatici, come il cinghiale e il capriolo, che permettono la sopravvivenza di almeno due branchi di lupi, di cui in tutta Italia si stima la presenza di soli 600 esemplari. A volte nei boschi e sulle cime innevate si trovano le impronte dell'orso marsicano, una razza rarissima di orso sull'orlo dell'estinzione, di cui si contano in tutto meno di 50 esemplari.
Il Parco ha iniziato ora un programma di reintroduzione dei cervi per favorire le popolazioni dei due grandi carnivori.
Nel Parco nidificano 105 specie di uccelli, di cui 12 rapaci. Il territorio dei Simbruini ospita uno dei pochi nidi di aquila dell'Italia centrale, e moltissime specie di passeriformi specializzati nella vita di alta montagna e dei torrenti. La coturnice, un'altra specie rarissima, frequenta le cime montane. Nei fontanili e nelle zone umide si trovano anfibi particolari, di cui uno, la salamandrina degli occhiali, è un vero e proprio endemismo dell'Italia Centrale.
Il Parco dei Monti Simbruini ha iniziato ad attivare una serie di progetti che si misurano proprio su questo insieme di tematiche vasto e complesso: è stato reintrodotto, dopo un accurato studio scientifico, il cervo e sono state realizzate le aree faunistiche del capriolo e del cervo stesso. E' in via di completamento la realizzazione di un Centro Studi internazionale sulla Biodiversità del quale l'Ente dovrà presto approntare un Piano di Gestione. E' stato inoltre appena terminato un Centro di recupero della fauna selvatica che servirà tutto il Centro Italia. Grande impegno è anche riposto nell'affrontare in maniera nuova due problemi "opposti e complementari": il bracconaggio e i danni da fauna selvatica, particolarmente da cinghiale.
Il paesaggio vegetale del Parco Regionale dei Monti Simbruini possiede un notevole valore ambientale. La posizione geografica dell'area insieme a una serie di altri fattori permettono di incontrare sia specie vegetali tipiche delle regioni centroeuropee, che specie tipiche delle coste del mar mediterraneo, per non dimenticare che nelle vette più alte è presente una vegetazione tipica delle regioni subalpine. Il territorio è in gran parte occupato da boschi (circa 25.000 ettari). La formazione più estesa è sicuramente la faggeta che vegeta dai 900 ai 1900 metri. Al suo interno insieme al dominante faggio, si possono rinvenire oltre che il sorbo degli uccellatori, il frassino, l'acero montano e l'acero riccio, anche altre due specie alquanto rare ed esattamente il sempreverde tasso, noto per la sua velenosità, e l'agrifoglio, considerato un relitto terziario in quanto una specie molto diffusa nel periodo terziario che ha contratto notevolmente il proprio areale in seguito alle glaciazioni del quaternario. Essendo popolamenti relativamente giovani (di circa 60 anni, infatti nel dopoguerra si hanno avuto utilizzazioni imponenti) presentano sottobosco povero a causa della copertura bassa e densa, nelle radure oltre alla flora nitrofila (Urtica, Geranium, Mercurialis) è possibile rinvenire piante più vistose come la belladonna e la dafne.Al di sotto del limite vegetazionale delle faggete predominano i boschi semplici o misti di specie quercine caducifoglie, come il cerro o la roverella, oppure di carpino nero; in tali formazioni è possibile riscontrare altre specie quali l'orniello, l'acero campestre e l'opalo. Un'altra specie, di notevole interesse paesaggistico, che si riscontra sulle pendici ripide e assolate è il sempreverde leccio.
Welcome to beautiful Leu Gardens. Explore an amazing 50-acre botanical oasis minutes from downtown Orlando. Each garden is designed specifically to further our mission: inspire visitors to appreciate and understand plants. The Leu House Museum located in the heart of the gardens reveals turn-of-the century living for the families who once called this home. The gardens and historical home were donated to the City of Orlando in 1961 by Mr. Harry P. Leu and his wife, Mary Jane.
The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae Lindl or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies (derived characteristics). These characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure; they are fruiting plants, although more commonly referred to as flowering plants.
MACAJALAR BAY AREA
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or modern, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall. The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of insect, birds, and other animals that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
PLANT - The ultimate visual reference to plants and flowers of the world JANET MARINELLI
Mindanao Tourist Destinations
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Eagle View of CdeO Macajalar Bay to Mt. Malindang, Mis. Occ.
PHOTO INFO-STORY: -wilfredosrb
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June 28, 2012 ·
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THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or modern, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall. The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of insect, birds, and other animals that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
PLANT - The ultimate visual reference to plants and flowers of the world JANET MARINELLI
Mindanao Tourist Destinations
Local/Travel Website and Angelique Ross Kaamiño/TravelEscapade TRAVEL/Leisure Cebu/CdO/Butuanon
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Eagle View from the top of Mt. Kitanglad of CdeO Macajalar Bay to Mt. Malindang, Mis. Occ./Oscar Oca Caiña
September 23, 2014 · Edited · with the Talisayans Tourism Technical Working Group, me ,Boyet, Noynoy, Benoy and ABC President Leonard M. Winstanley, a guest,,
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THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and CENOZOIC, or MODERN, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall.
The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of INSECTS, BIRDS, and OTHER ANIMALS that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
THE ULTIMATE VISUAL REFERENCE TO PLANTS AND FLOWERS OF THE WORLD - Janet Marinelli, Ed-in-Chief
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Calo Horse-Farm and Ecological Landscaping/Seed Bank, propagation, conservation and protection of Nature Garden on the vanishing Flora and Fauna/South East Asian Tour of the Balanghai boat Photos.
PHOTO INFO-STORY: -wilfredosrb/butuan city
Mindanao Tourist Destinations created an event.
June 28, 2012 ·
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PHOTO TRAVEL-STORY: - wilfredosrb
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and CENOZOIC, or MODERN, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall.
The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of INSECTS, BIRDS, and OTHER ANIMALS that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
THE ULTIMATE VISUAL REFERENCE TO PLANTS AND FLOWERS OF THE WORLD - Janet Marinelli, Ed-in-Chief
Mindanao Tourist Destinations Local/Travel Website
and Angelique Ross Kaamiño/TravelEscapade TRAVEL/Leisure Cebu/CdO/Butuanon
FEATURED LINK-
Calo Horse-Farm and Ecological Landscaping/Seed Bank, propagation, conservation and protection of Nature Garden on the vanishing Flora and Fauna/South East Asian Tour of the Balanghai boat Photos.
PHOTO INFO-STORY: -wilfredosrb/butuan city
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"Namaqua Carrion Flower"
Origin and Habitat: Little Namaqualand with some doubt as to whether it occurs in Southern Namibia.
History: Huernia namaquensis was first collected by Neville Stuart Pillans in September 1926 in the Holgat River gorge. The first record of that plant was the illustration made by Robert Gordon during an expedition to the mouth of Orange River in 1779.
(Info from: llifle.net & huernia.com)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
(unranked):Angiosperms
(unranked):Eudicots
(unranked):Asterids
Order:Gentianales
Family:Apocynaceae
Subfamily:Asclepiadoideae
Tribe:Stapeliae
Genus:Huernia
Betula maximowicziana Regel, 1868 - monarch birch (Dawes Arboretum, Licking County, Ohio, USA)
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
The monarch birch is native to eastern Russia and Japan.
Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Fagales, Betulaceae
Kingdom : Plantae
(unranked) : Angiosperms
(unranked) : Eudicots
(unranked) : Asterids
Order : Gentianales
Family : Apocynaceae
Genus : Adenium
Species : Adenium obesum
Larrea tridentata (de Candolle, 1824) - creosote bush in Nevada, USA.
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
The creosote bush is a desert angiosperm in America's Southwest and Mexico.
-----------------------------
From park signage:
This is the most common shrub seen in the Mojave Desert. After a rain, a strong resinous odor pervades the air, produced from an oily coating on the leaves of the creosote bush. Some people call this plant "greasewood" or "chaparrel".
-----------------------------
Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Zygophyllales, Zygophyllaceae
Locality: Valley of Fire State Park visitor center, southeastern Nevada, USA
-----------------------------
See info. at:
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or MODERN, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall.
The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of INSECTS, BIRDS, and OTHER ANIMALS that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
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It's More Fun in Dipolog City — at Linabo Peak, Dipolog City.
October 19, 2014 · Photos
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Cleome hassleriana Chodat, 1898 - spider flower (Dawes Arboretum, Licking County, Ohio, USA)
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
The spider flower, Cleome hassleriana (also known as Tarenaya hassleriana), is native to parts of South America.
Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Brassicales, Cleomaceae
-----------------------
See info. at:
This is the third year this cyclamen is giving us flowers. Quite an amazing plant. I fed it with some worm tea a couple of months ago before the flower buds appeared and the plant went totally bionic.
Nice drama against the dark background I think.
Please join me in my blog “Botany Without Borders: Where Design Meets Science”
Um texto, em português, da Wikipédia:
Hibiscus
Hibiscus L. é um gênero botânico, com cerca de 300 espécies, inserido na família das Malvaceae, com flores e folhas exuberantes. Devido à nova taxonomia pela filogenética (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group), muitas espécies que pertenciam a esse gênero estão migrando para outros gêneros. Por exemplo: Hibiscus esculentus L., a planta do quiabo, agora é Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. O cultivo dos exemplares do gênero, tanto ornamental como econômico, está disseminado nas regiões subtropicais e tropicais, cuidando para não sofrerem com geadas e temperaturas baixas constantes.
Etimologia:
Hibiscus significa Ísis (deusa egípcia), em grego.
Sinonímia:
Bombycidendron Zoll. & Moritzi
Bombycodendron Hassk.
Brockmania W. Fitzg.
Fioria Mattei
Espécies:
Hibiscus acetosella
Hibiscus x archeri (híbrido)
Hibiscus arnottianus
Hibiscus bifurcatus
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Hibiscus calyphyllus
Hibiscus cameronii
Hibiscus cannabinus
Hibiscus chitra
Hibiscus cisplatinus
Hibiscus clayi
Hibiscus coccineus
Hibiscus denisonii
Hibiscus diversifolius
Hibiscus elatus
Hibiscus furcellatus
Hibiscus fuscus
Hibiscus grandiflorus
Hibiscus hastatus
Hibiscus heterophyllus
Hibiscus indicus
Hibiscus kokio
Hibiscus lasiocarpos
Hibiscus lavaterioides
Hibiscus lobatus
Hibiscus ludwigii
Hibiscus macrophyllus
Hibiscus mastersianus
Hibiscus militaris
Hibiscus moscheutos
Hibiscus mutabilis (malva-rosa)
Hibiscus paramutabilis
Hibiscus pedunculatus
Hibiscus pernambucensis (guanxuma-do-mangue)
Hibiscus platanifolius
Hibiscus radiatus
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (hibisco)
Hibiscus sabdariffa (vinagreira)
Hibiscus schizopetalus (hibisco-crespo)
Hibiscus scottii
Hibiscus sinosyriacus
Hibiscus splendens
Hibiscus syriacus (hibisco-da-síria)
Hibiscus tiliaceus (algodoeiro-da-praia)
Hibiscus trionum (flor-de-todas-as-horas)
Hibiscus waimeae
Hibiscus dioscorides
Hibiscus diriffan
Hibiscus escobariae
Hibiscus noli-tangere
Hibiscus quattenensis
Hibiscus socotranus
Hibiscus stenanthus
Portugal:
Em Portugal este género está representado por 2 espécies, presentes em Portugal Continental, a primeira nativa, a segunda introduzida:1
Hibiscus palustris L.
Hibiscus trionum L.
Classificação do gênero:
Sistema Classificação Referência
Linné Classe Monadelphia, ordem Polyandria Species plantarum (1753)
Papuodendron C. T. White
Pariti Adans.
Talipariti Fryxell
Wilhelminia Hochr.
A text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Hibiscus
For other uses, see Hibiscus (disambiguation).
Hibiscus
Hibiscus flower TZ.jpg
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angiosperms
Class: Eudicots
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Malvoideae
Tribe: Hibisceae
Genus: Hibiscus
L.
Species
232 species
Synonyms
Bombycidendron Zoll. & Moritzi
Bombycodendron Hassk.
Brockmania W.Fitzg.
Pariti Adans.
Wilhelminia Hochr.
Hibiscus (/hɨˈbɪskəs/ or /haɪˈbɪskəs/) is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is quite large, containing several hundred species that are native to warm-temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species are often noted for their showy flowers and are commonly known simply as hibiscus, or less widely known as rose mallow. The genus includes both annual and perennial herbaceous plants, as well as woody shrubs and small trees. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ἱβίσκος (hibískos), which was the name Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40–90) gave to Althaea officinalis.
Description:
The leaves are alternate, ovate to lanceolate, often with a toothed or lobed margin. The flowers are large, conspicuous, trumpet-shaped, with five or more petals, color from white to pink, red, orange, purple or yellow, and from 4–18 cm broad. Flower color in certain species, such as H. mutabilis and H. tiliaceus, changes with age.[5] The fruit is a dry five-lobed capsule, containing several seeds in each lobe, which are released when the capsule dehisces (splits open) at maturity. It is of red and white colours. It is an example of complete flowers.
Uses:
Symbolism and culture
Hibiscus species represent nations: Hibiscus syriacus is the national flower of South Korea, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is the national flower of Malaysia. The hibiscus is the national flower of Haiti. The red hibiscus is the flower of the Hindu goddess Kali, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the art of Bengal, India, often with the goddess and the flower merging in form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to goddess Kali and Lord Ganesha in Hindu worship.
In the Philippines, the gumamela (local name for hibiscus) is used by children as part of a bubble-making pastime. The flowers and leaves are crushed until the sticky juices come out. Hollow papaya stalks are then dipped into this and used as straws for blowing bubbles.
The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by Tahitian and Hawaiian girls. If the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married or in a relationship. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or openly available for a relationship. The hibiscus is Hawaii's state flower.
Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie named her first novel Purple Hibiscus after the delicate flower.
The bark of the hibiscus contains strong bast fibres that can be obtained by letting the stripped bark set in the sea to let the organic material rot away.
Landscaping
Many species are grown for their showy flowers or used as landscape shrubs, and are used to attract butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds.
Paper
One species of Hibiscus, known as kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), is extensively used in paper-making.
Beverage
Main article: Hibiscus tea
The tea made of hibiscus flowers is known by many names in many countries around the world and is served both hot and cold. The beverage is well known for its color, tanginess and flavor.
It is known as bissap in West Africa, agua de jamaica in Mexico and Honduras (the flower being flor de jamaica) and gudhal (गुड़हल) in India. Some refer to it as roselle, a common name for the hibiscus flower. In Jamaica, Trinidad and many other islands in the Caribbean, the drink is known as sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa; not to be confused with Rumex acetosa, a species sharing the common name sorrel). In Ghana, the drink is known as soobolo in one of the local languages.
Roselle is typically boiled in an enamel-coated large stock pot as most West Indians believe the metal from aluminum, steel or copper pots will destroy the natural minerals and vitamins.[citation needed]
In Cambodia, a cold beverage can be prepared by first steeping the petals in hot water until the colors are leached from the petals, then adding lime juice (which turns the beverage from dark brown/red to a bright red), sweeteners (sugar/honey) and finally cold water/ice cubes.
In Egypt,[citation needed] Sudan and the Arab world, hibiscus tea is known as karkadé (كركديه), and is served as both a hot and a cold drink.
Food
Dried hibiscus is edible, and it is often a delicacy in Mexico. It can also be candied and used as a garnish.
The roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is used as a vegetable. The species Hibiscus suratensis Linn synonymous to Hibiscus aculeatus G. Don is noted in Visayas Philippines being a souring ingredient for almost all local vegetables and menus. Known as Labog in the Visayan area, (or Labuag/Sapinit in Tagalog), the species is a very good ingredient in cooking native chicken soup. Certain species of hibiscus are also beginning to be used more widely as a natural source of food coloring (E163),[citation needed] and replacement of Red #3 / E127.
Hibiscus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidopteran species, including Chionodes hibiscella, Hypercompe hambletoni, the nutmeg moth, and the turnip moth.
Health benefits
The tea is popular as a natural diuretic; it contains vitamin C and minerals, and is used traditionally as a mild medicine.
A 2008 USDA study shows consuming hibiscus tea lowers blood pressure in a group of prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults. Three cups of tea daily resulted in an average drop of 8.1 mmHg in their systolic blood pressure, compared to a 1.3 mmHg drop in the volunteers who drank the placebo beverage. Study participants with higher blood pressure readings (129 or above) had a greater response to hibiscus tea: their systolic blood pressure went down by 13.2 mmHg. These data support the idea that drinking hibiscus tea in an amount readily incorporated into the diet may play a role in controlling blood pressure, although more research is required.
Studies have demonstrated the anti-hypertensive effects of H. sabdariffa in both humans and animals. It has been proposed that the antihypertensive effects of H. sabdariffa is due to its angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibiting activity. In a randomized, controlled clinical trial involving 39 patients with mild to moderate hypertension, Captopril was compared to an extract of H. sabdariffa for antihypertensive effects. Subjects taking an extract of H.sabdariffa, consumed daily before breakfast for four weeks, found reduction in blood pressure similar to Captopril. Another randomized, placebo clinical trial involving 54 study participants with moderate hypertension demonstrated a reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However upon discontinuation of treatment, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were subsequently elevated.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has a number of medical uses in Chinese herbology. Lokapure s.g.et al. their research indicates some potential in cosmetic skin care; for example, an extract from the flowers of Hibiscus rosa- sinensis has been shown to function as an anti-solar agent by absorbing ultraviolet radiation.
In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Ayurveda, hibiscus, especially white hibiscus and red hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), is considered to have medicinal properties. The roots are used to make various concoctions believed to cure ailments such as cough, hair loss or hair greying. As a hair treatment, the flowers are boiled in oil along with other spices to make a medicated hair oil. The leaves and flowers are ground into a fine paste with a little water, and the resulting lathery paste is used as a shampoo plus conditioner.
Hibiscus tea also contains bioflavonoids, which are believed to help prevent an increase in LDL cholesterol, which can increase the buildup of plaque in the arteries.
A previous animal study demonstrated the effects of H.sabdariffa extract on atherosclerosis in rabbits. Notably, a reduction in triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein was observed in rabbits consuming a high cholesterol diet (HCD) in addition to H.sabdariffa extract compared to rabbits only fed HCD, suggesting a beneficial effect.[16] Furthermore, the H. sabdariffa seed is abundant in phytosterol and tocopherol, plant forms of cholesterol that have antioxidant and LDL cholesterol lowering effects.
Precautions and Contraindications:
Pregnancy and Lactation
While the mechanism is not well understood, previous animal studies have demonstrated both an inhibitory effect of H. sabdariffa on muscle tone and the anti-fertility effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, respectively. The extract of H. sabdariffa has been shown to stimulate contraction of the rat bladder and uterus; the H.rosa-sinensis extract has exhibited contraceptive effects in the form of estrogen activity in rats. These findings have not been observed in humans. The Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is also thought to have emmenagogue effects which can stimulate menstruation and, in some women, cause an abortion. Due to the documented adverse effects in animal studies and the reported pharmacological properties, the H. sabdariffa and H.rosa-sinensis are not recommended for use during pregnancy. Additionally, they are not recommended while breastfeeding due to the lack of reliable information on its safety and use.
Contraindications
No contraindications have been identified.
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
It is postulated that H. sabdariffa interacts with diclofenac, chloroquine and acetaminophen by altering the pharmacokinetics. In healthy human volunteers, the H. sabdariffa extract was found to reduce the excretion of diclofenac upon co-administration. Additionally, co-administration of Karkade (H. sabdariffa), a common Sudanese beverage, was found to reduce chloroquine bioavailability. However, no statistically significant changes were observed in the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen when administered with the Zobo (H.sabdariffa) drink. Further studies are needed to demonstrate clinical significance.
Species:
In temperate zones, probably the most commonly grown ornamental species is Hibiscus syriacus, the common garden hibiscus, also known in some areas as the "Rose of Althea" or "Rose of Sharon" (but not to be confused with the unrelated Hypericum calycinum, also called "Rose of Sharon"). In tropical and subtropical areas, the Chinese hibiscus (H. rosa-sinensis), with its many showy hybrids, is the most popular hibiscus.
Several hundred species are known, including:
Hibiscis acapulcensis
Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern.—False Roselle
Hibiscus acicularis
Hibiscus aculeatus—Comfortroot
Hibiscus altissimus
Hibiscus andongensis
Hibiscus angolensis
Hibiscus aponeurus[26]
Hibiscus archeri—Archer's Hibiscus
Hibiscus aridicola
Hibiscus arnottianus A.Gray—Kokiʻo ʻula (Hawaii)
Hibiscus asper—Bush Roselle
Hibiscus austroyunnanensis
Hibiscus barbosae
Hibiscus benguellensis
Hibiscus berberidifolius
Hibiscus bernieri
Hibiscus bifurcatus—Fork-bracted Rosemallow
Hibiscus biseptus—Arizona Rosemallow
Hibiscus bojerianus
Hibiscus boryanus—Foulsapate Marron
Hibiscus brackenridgei A.Gray—Hawaiian hibiscus Maʻo hau hele
Hibiscus burtt-davyi
Hibiscus caerulescens
Hibiscus caesius—Dark-eyed Hibiscus (South Africa)
Hibiscus calyphyllus—Lemonyellow Rosemallow (Tropical Africa)
Hibiscus cameronii—Cameron's Hibiscus, Pink Hibiscus
Hibiscus cannabinus L.—Kenaf
Hibiscus castroi
Hibiscus cisplatinus—Rosa Del Rio
Hibiscus citrinus-
Hibiscus clayi O.Deg. & I.Deg.—Hawaiian red hibiscus (Hawaii)
Hibiscus clypeatus—Congo Mahoe
Hibiscus coccineus (Medik.) Walter—Scarlet Rosemallow
Hibiscus colimensis
Hibiscus columnaris—Mahot Rempart
Hibiscus comoensis
Hibiscus congestiflorus
Hibiscus costatus
Hibiscus coulteri—Desert Rosemallow
Hibiscus cuanzensis
Hibiscus dasycalyx—Neches River Rosemallow
Hibiscus denudatus Benth.—Pale Face (Southwestern United States, Northwestern Mexico)
Hibiscus dimidiatus
Hibiscus dioscorides A.G.Mill. (es/pt) (Yemen)
Hibiscus diplocrater
Hibiscus diriffan A.G.Mill. (Yemen)
Hibiscus diversifolius—Swamp Hibiscus
Hibiscus dongolensis
Hibiscus donianus
Hibiscus elatus—Mahoe
Hibiscus elegans
Hibiscus engleri—Wild Hibiscus
Hibiscus escobariae
Hibiscus excellii
Hibiscus ferrugineus
Hibiscus ficalhoanus
Hibiscus flavoroseus
Hibiscus fragilis DC.—Mandrinette (Mascarene Islands)
Hibiscus fragrans
Hibiscus fritzscheae
Hibiscus furcellatus Desr.—Lindenleaf rosemallow (Caribbean, Florida, Central America, South America, Hawaii)
Hibiscus fugosioides
Hibiscus furcellatus—Salad Hibiscus
Hibiscus fuscus
Hibiscus genevii Bojer (Mauritius)
Hibiscus gilletii
Hibiscus gossweileri
Hibiscus grandidieri
Hibiscus grandiflorus Michx.—Swamp rosemallow (Southeastern United States)
Hibiscus grandistipulatus
Hibiscus grewiifolius
Hibiscus hamabo
Hibiscus hastatus
Hibiscus heterophyllus—Native rosella
Hibiscus hirtus—Lesser Mallow
Hibiscus hispidissimus
Hibiscus huellensis
Hibiscus hybridus
Hibiscus indicus
Hibiscus insularis Endl.—Phillip Island hibiscus (Phillip Island)
Hibiscus integrifolius
Hibiscus jaliscensis
Hibiscus kochii
Hibiscus kokio—Red Rosemallow
Hibiscus labordei
Hibiscus laevis All. (=H. militaris)—Halberd-leaved rosemallow (central and eastern North America)
Hibiscus lasiocarpos—Woolly Rosemallow
Hibiscus lasiococcus
Hibiscus lavaterioides
Hibiscus laxiflorus
Hibiscus leptocladus ([Northwest Australia])
Hibiscus leviseminus
Hibiscus lilacinus—Lilac Hibiscus
Hibiscus liliiflorus—Rodrigues Tree Hibiscus
Hibiscus longifolius
Hibiscus longisepalus
Hibiscus ludwigii
Hibiscus lunariifolius
Hibiscus macrogonus
Hibiscus macrophyllus—Largeleaf Rosemallow
Hibiscus macropodus
Hibiscus makinoi—Okinawan Hibiscus
Hibiscus malacophyllus Balf.f. (Yemen)
Hibiscus malacospermus
Hibiscus martianus—Heartleaf Rosemallow
Hibiscus moscheutos Welw. ex Hiern.—Crimsoneyed Rosemallow (Central and Eastern North America)
Hibiscus mutabilis L.—Cotton Rosemallow, Confederate Rose (East Asia)
Hibiscus paramutabilis
Hibiscus pedunculatus
Hibiscus pernambucensis—Seaside Mahoe
Hibiscus phoeniceus—Brazilian Rosemallow
Hibiscus platanifolius
Hibiscus quattenensis
Hibiscus poeppigii—Poeppig's Rosemallow
Hibiscus radiatus—Monarch Rosemallow
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.—Chinese hibiscus (East Asia)
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.—Roselle, Omutete, or Sorrel
Hibiscus schizopetalus—Fringed Rosemallow
Hibiscus scottii
Hibiscus socotranus
Hibiscus sinosyriacus
Hibiscus splendens
Hibiscus stenanthus Balf.f. (Yemen)
Hibiscus striatus—Striped Rosemallow
Hibiscus syriacus L. (Type species)—Rose of Sharon (Asia)
Hibiscus tiliaceus L.—Sea hibiscus (Australia, Southeast Asia, Oceania)
Hibiscus trilobus—Threelobe Rosemallow
Hibiscus trionum L.—Flower-of-an-Hour
Hibiscus vitifolius—Tropical Rose Mallow
Hibiscus waimeae A.Heller—Kokiʻo keʻokeʻo (Hawaii)
Mt. Tuminungan - Mt. Dulang-dulang - Mt. Kitanglad.
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or modern, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall. The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of insect, birds, and other animals that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
PLANT - The ultimate visual reference to plants and flowers of the world JANET MARINELLI
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Kingdom=Plantae
unranked=Angiosperms
unranked=Monocots
Order=Asparagales
Family=Iridaceae
Subfamily=Patersonioideae
Genus=Patersonia
Species=occidentalis?
Binomial name=Patersonia occidentalis?
Common name=Purple flag?
Larrea tridentata (de Candolle, 1824) - creosote bush in Nevada, USA.
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
The creosote bush is a desert angiosperm in America's Southwest and Mexico.
-----------------------------
From park signage:
This is the most common shrub seen in the Mojave Desert. After a rain, a strong resinous odor pervades the air, produced from an oily coating on the leaves of the creosote bush. Some people call this plant "greasewood" or "chaparrel".
-----------------------------
Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Zygophyllales, Zygophyllaceae
Locality: Valley of Fire State Park visitor center, southeastern Nevada, USA
-----------------------------
See info. at:
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or MODERN, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall.
The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of INSECTS, BIRDS, and OTHER ANIMALS that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
THE ULTIMATE VISUAL REFERENCE TO PLANTS AND FLOWERS OF THE WORLD - Janet Marinelli, Ed-in-Chief
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What does a mountain tell you? A mountain may proudly share its treasures. It may weep in agony. It may teach you lessons in life. And it wordlessly tells you its poignant story. For this trip, we decided to listen to the silent tales of majestic Mt. Maculot, the jewel of the municipality of Cuenca in Batangas, Philippines.
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THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and CENOZOIC, or MODERN, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall.
The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of INSECTS, BIRDS, and OTHER ANIMALS that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
THE ULTIMATE VISUAL REFERENCE TO PLANTS AND FLOWERS OF THE WORLD - Janet Marinelli, Ed-in-Chief
Mindanao Tourist Destinations Local/Travel Website
and Angelique Ross Kaamiño/TravelEscapade TRAVEL/Leisure Cebu/CdO/Butuanon
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Calo Horse-Farm and Ecological Landscaping/Seed Bank, propagation, conservation and protection of Nature Garden on the vanishing Flora and Fauna/South East Asian Tour of the Balanghai boat Photos.
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Cannabis sativa Linnaeus, 1753 - marijuana plants in Kansas, USA.
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
Marijuana is a famous psychoactive plant that is native to central Asia, but has been extensively cultivated, resulting in a near-worldwide distribution. These escaped individuals are growing along the edge of a suburban woodland.
The lighter green-colored, wider-leaved plant just below the center of the photo is bindweed.
Classification of marijuana plants: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Rosales, Cannabaceae
Classification of bindweed: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Solanales, Convolvulaceae
Locality: escaped cultivars along Anderson Avenue, western side of Manhattan, eastern Kansas, USA
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Monarda menthifolia Graham 1829 - horse mint in Colorado, USA.
This plant is also known as Monarda fistulosa menthifolia and Monarda fistulosa fistulosa menthifolia.
Plants are multicellular, photosynthesizing eucaryotes. Most species occupy terrestrial environments, but they also occur in freshwater and saltwater aquatic environments. The oldest known land plants in the fossil record are Ordovician to Silurian. Land plant body fossils are known in Silurian sedimentary rocks - they are small and simple plants (e.g., Cooksonia). Fossil root traces in paleosol horizons are known in the Ordovician. During the Devonian, the first trees and forests appeared. Earth's initial forestation event occurred during the Middle to Late Paleozoic. Earth's continents have been partly to mostly covered with forests ever since the Late Devonian. Occasional mass extinction events temporarily removed much of Earth's plant ecosystems - this occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary (251 million years ago) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (65 million years ago).
The most conspicuous group of living plants is the angiosperms, the flowering plants. They first unambiguously appeared in the fossil record during the Cretaceous. They quickly dominated Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, and have dominated ever since. This domination was due to the evolutionary success of flowers, which are structures that greatly aid angiosperm reproduction.
The horse mint, Monarda menthifolia, is native to much of western North America.
Classification: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Lamiales, Lamiaceae
Locality: grounds near Garden of the Gods visitor center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
--------------------
See info. at:
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind
TUMKUR is famous for tamarind ( Best tamarind ) |the tropical plant|the South American monkey|Tamarin}}
Not to be confused with Tamarix (tamarisk), a genus of small flowering trees and shrubs.
For other uses, see Tamarind (disambiguation) and Tamarindo (disambiguation).
Tamarind
Tamarindus indica pods.JPG
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Detarioideae
Genus:
Tamarindus
L.
Species:
T. indica
Binomial name
Tamarindus indica
L. 1753
Synonyms[2][3][4]
Cavaraea Speg. 1916
Cavaraea elegans Speg. 1916[1]
Tamarindus erythraeus Mattei 1908
Tamarindus occidentalis Gaertn. 1791
Tamarindus officinalis Hook. 1851
Tamarindus somalensis Matteqi 1908
Tamarindus umbrosa Salisb. 1796
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a leguminous tree (family Fabaceae) bearing edible fruit that is indigenous to tropical Africa. The genus Tamarindus is monotypic, meaning that it contains only this species.
The tamarind tree produces pod-like fruit that contains a brown, edible pulp used in cuisines around the world. The pulp is also used in traditional medicine and as a metal polish. The tree's wood can be used for woodworking and tamarind seed oil can be extracted from the seeds. Tamarind's tender young leaves are used in Indian cuisine, especially in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[5] Because tamarind has multiple uses, it is cultivated around the world in tropical and subtropical zones.
Contents
Etymology:
Tamarindus leaves and fruit pod
The name derives from Arabic: تمر هندي, romanized tamar hindi, "Indian date". Several early medieval herbalists and physicians wrote tamar indi, medieval Latin use was tamarindus, and Marco Polo wrote of tamarandi.[6]
In Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Italy, Spain, and throughout the Lusosphere, it is called tamarindo. In those countries it is often used to make the beverage of the same name (or agua de tamarindo). In Timor-Leste it is also called sukaer. In the Caribbean, tamarind is sometimes called tamón.[7] In the Philippines, it is called sampalok or sampaloc in Filipino, and sambag in Cebuano.[citation needed] Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is sometimes confused with "Manila tamarind" (Pithecellobium dulce). While in the same taxonomic family Fabaceae, Manila tamarind is a different plant native to Mexico and known locally as guamúchili.
Origin:
Tamarindus indica is probably indigenous to tropical Africa,[8] but has been cultivated for so long on the Indian subcontinent that it is sometimes reported to be indigenous there.[9] It grows wild in Africa in locales as diverse as Sudan, Cameroon, Nigeria, Zambia and Tanzania. In Arabia, it is found growing wild in Oman, especially Dhofar, where it grows on the sea-facing slopes of mountains. It reached South Asia likely through human transportation and cultivation several thousand years BC.[7][10] It is widely distributed throughout the tropical belt, from Africa to South Asia, northern Australia, and throughout Oceania, Southeast Asia, Taiwan and China.
In the 16th century, it was introduced to Mexico, and to a lesser degree to South America, by Spanish and Portuguese colonists, to the degree that it became a staple ingredient in the region's cuisine.[11]
Today, India is the largest producer of tamarind.[12] The consumption of tamarind is widespread due to its central role in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, especially Mexico.
Description:
A tamarind seedling
The tamarind is a long-lived, medium-growth tree, which attains a maximum crown height of 12 to 18 metres (39 to 59 ft). The crown has an irregular, vase-shaped outline of dense foliage. The tree grows well in full sun. It prefers clay, loam, sandy, and acidic soil types, with a high resistance to drought and aerosol salt (wind-borne salt as found in coastal areas).[13]
The evergreen leaves are alternately arranged and pinnately lobed. The leaflets are bright green, elliptic-ovular, pinnately veined, and less than 5 cm (2.0 in) in length. The branches droop from a single, central trunk as the tree matures, and are often pruned in agriculture to optimize tree density and ease of fruit harvest. At night, the leaflets close up.[13]
As a tropical species, it is frost-sensitive. The pinnate leaves with opposite leaflets give a billowing effect in the wind. Tamarind timber consists of hard, dark red heartwood and softer, yellowish sapwood.[14]
The tamarind flowers (although inconspicuously), with red and yellow elongated flowers. Flowers are 2.5 cm wide (one inch), five-petalled, borne in small racemes, and yellow with orange or red streaks. Buds are pink as the four sepals are pink and are lost when the flower blooms.[15]
Tamarind pollen grains
Tamarind pollen grains
Raw tamarind fruit
Fruit:
The fruit is an indehiscent legume, sometimes called a pod, 12 to 15 cm (4.7 to 5.9 in) in length, with a hard, brown shell.[16][17][18]
The fruit has a fleshy, juicy, acidic pulp. It is mature when the flesh is coloured brown or reddish brown. The tamarinds of Asia have longer pods (containing six to 12 seeds), whereas African and West Indian varieties have shorter pods (containing one to six seeds). The seeds are somewhat flattened, and a glossy brown. The fruit is best described as sweet and sour in taste, and is high in tartaric acid, sugar, B vitamins, and, unusually for a fruit, calcium.[13]
The fruit is harvested by pulling the pod from its stalk. A mature tree may be capable of producing up to 175 kg (386 lb) of fruit per year. Veneer grafting, shield (T or inverted T) budding, and air layering may be used to propagate desirable cultivars. Such trees will usually fruit within three to four years if provided optimum growing conditions.[13]
Culinary use:
Tamarind paste
Tamarind balls from Trinidad and Tobago
Tamarinds, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
239 kcal (1,000 kJ)
Carbohydrates
62.5 g
Sugars
57.4
Dietary fiber
5.1 g
Fat
0.6 g
Saturated
0.272 g
Monounsaturated
0.181 g
Polyunsaturated
0.059 g
Protein
2.8 g
Tryptophan
0.018 g
Lysine
0.139 g
Methionine
0.014 g
Vitamins
Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
0% 2 μg
Vitamin A
30 IU
Thiamine (B1)
37% 0.428 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
13% 0.152 mg
Niacin (B3)
13% 1.938 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
3% 0.143 mg
Vitamin B6
5% 0.066 mg
Folate (B9)
4% 14 μg
Choline
2% 8.6 mg
Vitamin C
4% 3.5 mg
Vitamin E
1% 0.1 mg
Vitamin K
3% 2.8 μg
Minerals
Quantity %DV†
Calcium
7% 74 mg
Copper
43% 0.86 mg
Iron
22% 2.8 mg
Magnesium
26% 92 mg
Phosphorus
16% 113 mg
Potassium
13% 628 mg
Selenium
2% 1.3 μg
Sodium
2% 28 mg
Zinc
1% 0.1 mg
Other constituents
Quantity
Water
31.40 g
USDA Database; entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
The fruit pulp is edible. The hard green pulp of a young fruit is considered by many to be too sour, but is often used as a component of savory dishes, as a pickling agent or as a means of making certain poisonous yams in Ghana safe for human consumption.[19] As the fruit matures it becomes sweeter and less sour (acidic) and the ripened fruit is considered more palatable. The sourness varies between cultivars and some sweet tamarind ones have almost no acidity when ripe. In Western cuisine, tamarind pulp is found in Worcestershire Sauce[20] and HP Sauce.
Tamarind paste has many culinary uses including a flavoring for chutnies, curries, and the traditional sharbat syrup drink.[21] Tamarind sweet chutney is popular in India and Pakistan[22] as a dressing for many snacks. Tamarind pulp is a key ingredient in flavoring curries and rice in south Indian cuisine, in the Chigali lollipop, and in certain varieties of Masala Chai tea. Across the Middle East, from the Levant to Iran, tamarind is used in savory dishes, notably meat-based stews, and often combined with dried fruits to achieve a sweet-sour tang.[23][24] In the Philippines, the whole fruit is used as an ingredient in the traditional dish called sinigang to add a unique sour taste, unlike that of dishes that use vinegar instead. Indonesia also has a similarly sour, tamarind-based soup dish called sayur asem.
In Mexico and the Caribbean, the pulp is diluted with water and sugared to make an agua fresca drink.
Tamarind seed oil:
Tamarind seed oil is the oil made from the kernel of tamarind seeds.[25] Isolation of the kernel without the thin but tough shell (or testa) is difficult. Tamarind kernel powder is used as sizing material for textile and jute processing, and in the manufacture of industrial gums and adhesives. It is de-oiled to stabilize its colour and odor on storage.
Composition of tamarind seed kernel
Composition Original De-oiled
Oil7.6%0.6%
Protein7.6%19.0%
Polysaccharide51.0%55.0%
Crude fiber1.2%1.1%
Total ash3.9%3.4%
Acid insoluble ash0.4%0.3%
Moisture7.1%
The fatty acid composition of the oil is linoleic 46.5%, oleic 27.2%,
and saturated fatty acids 26.4%. The oil is usually bleached after refining.
Fatty acid composition of tamarind kernel oil
Fatty acid(%) Range reported
Lauric acid (C12:0)tr-0.3
Myristic acid (C14:0)tr-0.4
Palmitic acid (C16:0)8.7–14.8
Stearic acid (C18:0)4.4–6.6
Arachidic acid (C20:0)3.7–12.2
Lignoceric acid (C24:0)4.0–22.3
Oleic acid (C18:1)19.6–27.0
Linoleic acid (18:2)7.5–55.4
Linolenic acid (C18:3)2.8–5.6
Cultivation:
Tamarind tree on the site of the founding of Santa Clara, Cuba
Seeds can be scarified or briefly boiled to enhance germination. They retain their germination capability for several months if kept dry.[citation needed]
The tamarind has long been naturalized in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Philippines, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands. Thailand has the largest plantations of the ASEAN nations, followed by Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines. In parts of Southeast Asia, tamarind is called asam.[26] It is cultivated all over India, especially in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Extensive tamarind orchards in India produce 275,500 tons (250,000 MT) annually.[13]
Tamarind flowers:
In the United States, it is a large-scale crop introduced for commercial use, second in net production quantity only to India, mainly in the southern states, notably south Florida, and as a shade tree, along roadsides, in dooryards and in parks.[27]
A traditional food plant in Africa, tamarind has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.[28] In Madagascar, its fruit and leaves are a well-known favorite of the ring-tailed lemur, providing as much as 50 percent of their food resources during the year if available.[29]
Folk medicine:
Throughout Southeast Asia, the fruit of the tamarind is used as a poultice applied to foreheads of fever sufferers.[16] The fruit exhibits laxative effects due to its high quantities of malic acid, tartaric acid, and potassium bitartrate. Its use for the relief of constipation has been documented throughout the world.[30][31]
Woodworking:
Tamarind lumber is used to make furniture, carvings, turned objects such as mortars and pestles, chopping blocks, and other small specialty wood items. Tamarind heartwood is reddish brown, sometimes with a purplish hue. The heartwood in tamarind tends to be narrow and is usually only present in older and larger trees. The pale yellow sapwood is sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Heartwood is said to be durable to very durable in decay resistance, and is also resistant to insects. Its sapwood is not durable and is prone to attack by insects and fungi as well as spalting. Due to its density and interlocked grain, tamarind is considered difficult to work. Heartwood has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Tamarind turns, glues, and finishes well. The heartwood is able to take a high natural polish.[32]
Metal polish:
In homes and temples, especially in Buddhist Asian countries, the fruit pulp is used to polish brass shrine statues and lamps, and copper, brass, and bronze utensils. The copper alone or in brass reacts with moist carbon dioxide to gain a green coat of copper carbonate. Tamarind contains tartaric acid, a weak acid that can remove the coat of copper carbonate. Hence, tarnished copper utensils are cleaned with tamarind or lime, another acidic fruit.[7]
Horticulture:
Throughout South Asia and the tropical world, tamarind trees are used as ornamental, garden, and cash crop plantings. Commonly used as a bonsai species in many Asian countries, it is also grown as an indoor bonsai in temperate parts of the world.[33]
Research:
In hens, tamarind has been found to lower cholesterol in their serum, and in the yolks of the eggs they laid.[34][35] Due to a lack of available human clinical trials, there is insufficient evidence to recommend tamarind for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia or diabetes.[36] Different parts of tamarind (T. indica) are recognized for their various medicinal properties. A previous study reported that the seed, leaf, leaf veins, fruit pulp and skin extracts of tamarind possessed high phenolic content and antioxidant activities.[37] The presence of lupanone and lupeol,[38] catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and isorhamnetin[37] in the leaf extract could have contributed towards the diverse range of the medicinal activities. On the other hand, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analyses revealed that tamarind seeds contained catechin, procyanidin B2, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chloramphenicol, myricetin, morin, quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol.[39] The treatment of tamarind leaves on liver HepG2 cells significantly regulated the expression of genes and proteins involved with consequential impact on the coagulation system, cholesterol biosynthesis, xenobiotic metabolism signaling and antimicrobial response.[40]
Historical tamarind
References:
^ Speg. Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 82: 223 1916
^ "Tamarindus indica L." The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
^ Quattrocchi U. (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, Louisiana: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 3667–3668. ISBN 9781420080445.
^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program (February 10, 2005). "Cavaraea Speg". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
^ Borah, Prabalika M. (April 27, 2018). "Here's what you can cook with tender tamarind leaves". The Hindu.
^ Tamarind; Oxford English dictionary
^ a b c Morton, Julia F. (1987). Fruits of Warm Climates. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 115–121. ISBN 978-0-9653360-7-9.
^ Diallo, BO; Joly, HI; McKey, D; Hosaert-McKey, M; Chevallier, MH (2007). "Genetic diversity of Tamarindus indica populations: Any clues on the origin from its current distribution?". African Journal of Biotechnology. 6 (7).
^ Abukakar, MG; Ukwuani, AN; Shehu, RA (2008). "Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Tamarindus indica Pulp Extract". Asian Journal of Biochemistry. 3 (2): 134–138. doi:10.3923/ajb.2008.134.138.
^ Popenoe, W. (1974). Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Hafner Press. pp. 432–436.
^ Tamale, E.; Jones, N.; Pswarayi-Riddihough, I. (August 1995). Technologies Related to Participatory Forestry in Tropical and Subtropical Countries. World Bank Publications. ISBN 978-0-8213-3399-0.
^ Tamarind monograph; PDF format; retrieved May 2017
^ a b c d e "Tamarind – Tamarindus indica – van Veen Organics". van Veen Organics. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
^ "Tamarind: a multipurpose tree". DAWN.COM. July 9, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
^ "Tamarind". Plant Lexica. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
^ a b Doughari, J. H. (December 2006). "Antimicrobial Activity of Tamarindus indica". Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 5 (2): 597–603. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v5i2.14637.
^ "Fact Sheet: Tamarindus indica" (PDF). University of Florida. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
^ Christman, S. "Tamarindus indica". FloriData. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
^ El-Siddig, K. (2006). Tamarind: Tamarindus indica L. ISBN 9780854328598.
^ "BBC Food:Ingredients—Tamarind recipes". BBC. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
^ Azad, Salim (2018). "Tamarindo—Tamarindus indica". In Sueli Rodrigues, Ebenezer de Oliveira Silva, Edy Sousa de Brito (eds.) (eds.). Exotic Fruits. Academic Press. pp. 403–412. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803138-4.00055-1. ISBN 978-0-12-803138-4.
^ The Complete Asian Cookbook. Tuttle Publishing. 2006. p. 88. ISBN 9780804837576.
^ "Tamarind is the 'sour secret of Syrian cooking'". PRI. July 2014
^ Nathan, Joan (2004). "Georgian Chicken in Pomegranate and Tamarind Sauce". New York Times
^ Tamarind Seeds. agriculturalproductsindia.com
^ "Asam or Tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica) on the Shores of Singapore". www.wildsingapore.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
^ "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations".
^ National Research Council (January 25, 2008). "Tamarind". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits. Lost Crops of Africa. 3. National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/11879. ISBN 978-0-309-10596-5. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
^ "Ring-Tailed Lemur". Wisconsin Primate Research Center. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
^ Havinga, Reinout M.; Hartl, Anna; Putscher, Johanna; Prehsler, Sarah; Buchmann, Christine; Vogl, Christian R. (February 2010). "Tamarindus Indica L. (Fabaceae): Patterns of Use in Traditional African Medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127 (3): 573–588. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.028. PMID 19963055.
^ Panthong, A; Khonsung, P; Kunanusorn, P; Wongcome, T; Pongsamart, S (July 2008). "The laxative effect of fresh pulp aqueous extracts of Thai Tamarind cultivars". Planta Medica. 74 (9). doi:10.1055/s-0028-1084885.
^ "Tamarind". The Wood Database. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
^ D'Cruz, Mark. "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Tamarindus indica". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
^ Salma, U.; Miah, A. G.; Tareq, K. M. A.; Maki, T.; Tsujii, H. (April 1, 2007). "Effect of Dietary Rhodobacter capsulatus on Egg-Yolk Cholesterol and Laying Hen Performance". Poultry Science. 86 (4): 714–719. doi:10.1093/ps/86.4.714. PMID 17369543. as well as in egg-yolk (13 and 16%)
^ Chowdhury, SR; Sarker, DK; Chowdhury, SD; Smith, TK; Roy, PK; Wahid, MA (2005). "Effects of dietary tamarind on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens". Poultry Science. 84 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1093/ps/84.1.56. PMID 15685942.
^ "Tamarindus indica". Health Online. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
^ a b Razali, Nurhanani; Mat-Junit, Sarni; Abdul-Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Subramaniam, Senthilkumar; Abdul-Aziz, Azlina (2012). "Effect of various solvents on the extraction of antioxidant phenolics from the leaves, seeds, veins and skins of Tamarindus indica L.". Food Chemistry. 131 (2): 441–448. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.001.
^ Imam, S.; Azhar, I.; Hasan, M. M.; Ali, M. S.; Ahmed, S. W. (2007). "Two triterpenes lupanone and lupeol isolated and identified from Tamarindus indica linn". Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 20 (2): 125–7. PMID 17416567.
^ Razali, N.; Mat Junit, S.; Ariffin, A.; Ramli, N. S.; Abdul Aziz, A. (2015). "Polyphenols from the extract and fraction of T. indica seeds protected HepG2 cells against oxidative stress". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 15: 438. doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0963-2. PMC 4683930. PMID 26683054.
^ Razali, Nurhanani; Abdul Aziz, Azlina; Lim, Chor Yin; Mat Junit, Sarni (2015). "Investigation into the effects of antioxidant-rich extract of Tamarindus indicaleaf on antioxidant enzyme activities, oxidative stress and gene expression profiles in HepG2 cells". PeerJ. 3: e1292. doi:10.7717/peerj.1292. PMC 4636403. PMID 26557426.
Young leaves are generally light green because they emerge without fully synthesized chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is expensive for the plant to produce (for one thing it is high in trace elements like nitrogen and magnesium). When the threat of a late frost is still present, a chlorophyll-laden leaf would be an unfortunate sacrifice to cold weather. Plants have evolved to form chlorophyll conservatively in the spring in order to minimize this possibility. The synthesis of chlorophyll requires numerous enzymes as well as energy-rich molecules like ATP. Investing these resources is expensive, and this is another reason that leaves at risk "wait" before producing chlorophyll.
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This inspired the design of velcro. If you look at the periphery of each fruit you will see that the retrorse prickles that allow it to stick to the fur of mammals.
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THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and CENOZOIC, or MODERN, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall.
The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of INSECTS, BIRDS, and OTHER ANIMALS that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
THE ULTIMATE VISUAL REFERENCE TO PLANTS AND FLOWERS OF THE WORLD - Janet Marinelli, Ed-in-Chief
Mindanao Tourist Destinations Local/Travel Website
and Angelique Ross Kaamiño/TravelEscapade TRAVEL/Leisure Cebu/CdO/Butuanon
FEATURED LINK-
Calo Horse-Farm and Ecological Landscaping/Seed Bank, propagation, conservation and protection of Nature Garden on the vanishing Flora and Fauna/South East Asian Tour of the Balanghai boat Photos.
PHOTO INFO-STORY: -wilfredosrb/butuan city
Mindanao Tourist Destinations created an event.
June 28, 2012 ·
Let us help promote Mindanao Tourism
July 31, 2012
PHOTO TRAVEL-STORY: - wilfredosrb
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or modern, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall. The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of insect, birds, and other animals that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
PLANT - The ultimate visual reference to plants and flowers of the world JANET MARINELLI
Mindanao Tourist Destinations
Local/Travel Website and Angelique Ross Kaamiño/TravelEscapade TRAVEL/Leisure Cebu/CdO/Butuanon
Featured Link-
Eagle View from the top of Mt. Kitanglad of CdeO Macajalar Bay to Mt. Malindang, Mis. Occ./The Flora and Fauna of Mt. Malindang
PHOTO INFO-STORY: -wilfredosrb
Mindanao Tourist Destinations created an event.
June 28, 2012 ·
Let us help promote Mindanao Tourism
July 31, 2012
PHOTO INFO-STORY: - wilfredosrb.
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and CENOZOIC, or MODERN, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall.
The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of INSECTS, BIRDS, and OTHER ANIMALS that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
THE ULTIMATE VISUAL REFERENCE TO PLANTS AND FLOWERS OF THE WORLD - Janet Marinelli, Ed-in-Chief
Mindanao Tourist Destinations Local/Travel Website
and Angelique Ross Kaamiño/TravelEscapade TRAVEL/Leisure Cebu/CdO/Butuanon
FEATURED LINK-
Calo Horse-Farm and Ecological Landscaping/Seed Bank, propagation, conservation and protection of Nature Garden on the vanishing Flora and Fauna/South East Asian Tour of the Balanghai boat Photos.
PHOTO INFO-STORY: -wilfredosrb/butuan city
Mindanao Tourist Destinations created an event.
June 28, 2012 ·
Let us help promote Mindanao Tourism
July 31, 2012
PHOTO TRAVEL-STORY: - wilfredosrb
Scientific classification:
Plantae
Angiosperms
Eudicots
Asterids
Asterales
Campanulaceae
Campanula
C. rapunculoides
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or modern, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall. The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of insect, birds, and other animals that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
PLANT - The ultimate visual reference to plants and flowers of the world JANET MARINELLI
Mindanao Tourist Destinations
Local/Travel Website and Angelique Ross Kaamiño/TravelEscapade TRAVEL/Leisure Cebu/CdO/Butuanon
Featured Link-
Eagle View from the top of Mt. Kitanglad of CdeO Macajalar Bay to Mt. Malindang, Mis. Occ./The Flora and Fauna of Mt. Malindang
PHOTO INFO-STORY: -wilfredosrb
Mindanao Tourist Destinations created an event.
June 28, 2012 ·
Let us help promote Mindanao Tourism
July 31, 2012
PHOTO INFO-STORY: - wilfredosrb.
THE AGE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANGIOSPERM means "seed borne in vessel," while GYMNOSPERM means "naked seed," a reference to the lack of protective structure enveloping the seed. One reason that flowering plants were able to diversify so dramatically and spread during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, or MODERN, the era was the evolution of new structures and tissues such as the carpel, a womb-like vessel that encloses angiosperm seeds and endosperm, a placenta-like tissue that nourishes the young plant as it develop within the seed, Today, angiosperm dominate terrestrial life on the planet. At an estimated 422,000 species, they compose by far the largest group of plants. They grow in greater range of environments, exhibits a wider range of growth habits, and display more variation in form than any living group of plants. In size, angiosperm range from tiny duckweed to eucaplytuses more than 330 ft (100 m) tall.
The explosion of angiosperm diversity has gone hand in hand with the proliferation of INSECTS, BIRDS, and OTHER ANIMALS that pollinate their flowers, disperse their fruits and seeds, and eat their leaves.
THE ULTIMATE VISUAL REFERENCE TO PLANTS AND FLOWERS OF THE WORLD - Janet Marinelli, Ed-in-Chief
Mindanao Tourist Destinations Local/Travel Website
and Angelique Ross Kaamiño/TravelEscapade TRAVEL/Leisure Cebu/CdO/Butuanon
FEATURED LINK-
Calo-Navarro Family Clan from the 1st Atega Generation HOUSE circa 1849
Geni.The Kaamiño Family Tree.com/Eleuterio Atega-Basilisa Azura/Eugenio Sanchez-Isabel Flores Merger 2009