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This government building in downtown Fort Myers, Florida offers the following services:
• Visitor & Convention Bureau
• Economic Development
• Sports Development
• Mediation
• Clerk of Court’s Human Resources
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
www.leepa.org/Display/DisplayParcel.aspx?FolioID=10162392...
www.leegov.com/PublishingImages/Area%20Maps/DowntownCount...
www.leegov.com/resources/PublishingImages/Area%20Maps/Lee...
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
“Baby it hurts the most when you don’t have a friend.
You know you broke our trust and now you’re stuck on the wrong side of the fence.”
In The End - Nick Jonas & The Administration
I've grown a strong love for this song :)
Iraq Crisis Is Not Obama's Fault ..THERE'S A GROWING POLITICAL DEBATE OVER WHETHER THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION DESERVES BLAME FOR THE CHAOS There are lots of competing incentives for the ..Arms-to-Iraq...Churchill's Folly: How Winston Churchill Created Mode
The crisis in Iraq is tectonically important. Fighting between the Iraqi government and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (or, as it's abbreviated, ISIS) is tearing Iraq apart. The conflict has the potential to transform the politics of the broader Middle East.
It's also extremely complicated. So we've broken down the 11 most important things you need to know to understand the issue, starting from the beginning.
1. ISIS used to be called al-Qaeda in Irack
ISIS is, in a roundabout way, a product of the Iraq war.
It's essentially a rebooted version of al-Qaeda in Iraq, the Islamist group that rose to power after the American invasion. US troops and allied Sunni militias defeated AQI during the post-2006 "surge," but it didn't demolish them. The US commander in Iraq, General Ray Odierno, described the group in 2010 as down but "fundamentally the same." "What they want," the general continued, "is to form an ungoverned territory or at least pieces of ungoverned territory, inside of Iraq, that they can take advantage of."
In 2011, the group rebooted. ISIS successfully freed a number of prisoners held by the Iraqi government and, slowly but surely, began rebuilding their strength. The chaos today is a direct result of the Iraqi government's failure to stop them.
2. ISIS wants to carve out an Islamic state in Iraq and Syria
Their goal since being founded in 2004 has been remarkably consistent: found a hardline Sunni Islamic state. General Odierno again: "They want complete failure of the government in Iraq. They want to establish a caliphate in Iraq." Even after ISIS split with al-Qaeda in February 2014 (in large part because ISIS was too brutal even for al-Qaeda), ISIS' goal remained the same.
Today, ISIS holds a fair amount of territory in both Iraq and Syria — a mass roughly the size of Belgium. One ISIS map, from 2006, shows its ambitions stopping there — though interestingly overlapping a lot of oil fields:
Another shows their ambitions stretching across the Middle East, and some have apparently even included territory in North Africa:
Now, they have no chance of accomplishing any of these things in the foreseeable future. ISIS isn't even strong enough to topple the Iraqi or Syrian governments at present. But these maps do tell us something important about ISIS: they're incredibly ambitious, they think ahead, and they're quite serious about their expansionist Islamist ideology.
3. ISIS thrives on tension between Iraq's two largest religious groups
Marwan Ibrahim/AFP/Getty Images
Perhaps the single most important factor in ISIS' recent resurgence is the conflict between Iraqi Shias and Iraqi Sunnis. ISIS fighters themselves are Sunnis, and the tension between the two groups is a powerful recruiting tool for ISIS.
The difference between the two largest Muslim groups originated with a controversy over who got to take power after the Prophet Muhammed's death, which you can read all about here. But Iraq's sectarian problems aren't about relitigating 7th century disputes; they're about modern political power and grievances.
A majority of Iraqis are Shias, but Sunnis ran the show when Saddam Hussein, himself Sunni, ruled Iraq. The civil war after the American invasion had a brutally sectarian cast to it, and the pseudo-democracy that emerged afterwards empowered the Shia majority (with some heavy-handed help from Washington). The point is that the two groups don't trust each other, and so far have competed in a zero-sum game for control over Iraqi political institutions.
So long as Shias control the government, and Sunnis don't feel like they're fairly represented, ISIS has an audience for its radical Sunni message. That's why ISIS is gaining in the heavily Sunni northwest.
4. The Iraqi government has made this tension worse by persecuting Sunnis and through other missteps
Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki, a Shia Muslim, has built a Shia sectarian state and refused to take steps to accommodate Sunnis. Police have killed peaceful Sunni protestors and used anti-terrorism laws to mass-arrest Sunni civilians. ISIS cannily exploited that brutality to recruit new fighters.
WHEN ISIS REESTABLISHED ITSELF, IT PUT SUNNI SECTARIANISM AT THE HEART OF ITS IDENTITY AND PROPAGANDA
When ISIS reestablished itself, it put Sunni sectarianism at the heart of its identity and propaganda. The government persecution, according to the Washington Institute for Near East Studies' Michael Knights, "played right into their hands." Maliki "made all the ISIS propaganda real, accurate." That made it much, much easier for ISIS to replenish its fighting stock.
That wasn't the only way the Iraqi government helped ISIS grow, according to Knights. The US and Iraqi governments released a huge number of al-Qaeda prisoners from jail, which he thinks called "an unprecedented infusion of skilled, networked terrorist manpower - an infusion at a scale the world has never seen." US forces were running sophisticated raids "every single night of the year," and Knights believes their withdrawal gave ISIS a bit more breathing room.
5. ISIS raises money like a government
Unlike some other Islamist groups fighting in Syria, ISIS doesn't depend on foreign aid to survive. In Syria, they've built up something like a mini-state: collecting the equivalent of taxes and selling electricity to fund its militant activities.
My colleague Max Fisher has an in-depth breakdown of how they managed to do this, which includes extorting money from humanitarian workers and selling electricity to the Syrian government that it's currently fighting.
There are two important takeaways here. First, as Max explains, these clever revenue bases have made ISIS much more effective on the battlefield than other militant groups:
This money goes a long way: it pays better salaries than moderate Syrian rebels or the Syrian and Iraqi professional militaries, both of which have suffered mass desertions. ISIS also appears to enjoy better internal cohesion than any of its state or non-state enemies, at least for the moment.
Second, it makes the idea that ISIS' near-term goal is to hold Iraqi oil and power facilities more credible. Some reports suggest they've restarted oil fields in eastern Syria. If that's true, then ISIS isn't just a strong military force: they're also smartly laying the economic groundwork to accomplish their dream of an Islamic state in Iraq and Syria.
6. Iraq has another major ethno-religious group, the Kurds, who could matter in this fight
Kurds are mostly Sunnis, but they're ethnically distinct from Iraqi Arabs. They control a swath of northeast Iraq where a lot of the oil fields lie, and are something of a wild card in the conflict between the Iraqi government and ISIS.
Iraqi Kurdistan in northeast Iraq is governed semi-autonomously. The Kurdish security forces are partly integrated with the government, but there's somewhere between 80,000 and 240,000 Kurdish peshmerga (militias) who don't answer to Baghdad. They're well equipped and trained, and represent a serious military threat to ISIS.
You'll notice that Mosul is inside the dotted lines of territory under defacto Kurdish control. Indeed, according to Knights, Kurdish security forces control eastern parts of the city. More broadly, Iraqi Kurdistan borders ISIS territory at a number of different points.
So far, there hasn't been any major conflict between the Kurds and ISIS. The Kurds have taken advantage of the chaos to occupy Kirkuk, a city near massive oil deposits that they've wanted for some time. That means the crisis has been, in a strange way, a boon to the Kurds — provided that they can remain out of the fighting.
7. The Syria conflict has made ISIS much stronger
The crisis in Syria is one of the most important reasons why ISIS grew capable of mounting such an effective attack on the Iraqi government. To see why, take a look at this map from March, paying special attention to the blue ISIS-controlled areas in eastern Syria:
The chaos in Syria allowed ISIS to hold this territory pretty securely. This is a big deal in terms of weaponry and money. "The war gave them a lot of access to heavy weaponry," Michael Knights said. ISIS also "has a funding stream available to them because of local businesses and the oil and gas sector."
It's also hugely important as a safe zone. When fighting Syrian troops, ISIS can safely retreat to Iraq; when fighting Iraqis it can go to Syria. Statistical evidence says these safe "rear areas" help insurgents win: "one of the best predictors of insurgent success that we have to date is the presence of a rear area," Jason Lyall, a political scientist at Yale University who studies insurgencies, said.
8. Mosul, the big city ISIS recently conquered, is really important — and ISIS has spread out from there
Mosul is the second-largest city in Iraq, second only to Baghdad. It's the capital of the northwester Ninevah province, and fairly close to major oilfields. The Mosul Dam, according to McClatchy, plays an important role in the country's water supply. ISIS conquered most of Mosul on June 10th, and it's unclear when the Iraqi army will make a serious play to take it back.
Since then, ISIS has moved out to other parts of northern and central Iraq, including Saddam Hussein's hometown Tikrit and the significant oil town Baiji. Here's a good map of where things stood on June 12th, and how far ISIS is from Iraq's biggest oil fields:
Securing America's Future Energy
As Brad Plumer explains elsewhere on Vox, ISIS' gains threaten one important oil pipeline that ships to Turkey, but not the broader oil infrastructure. Right now, then, ISIS controls a significant part of Iraq's territory, but hasn't yet majorly threatened the industry that makes up 95 percent of Iraq's GDP.
9. Iran is already involved, and this conflict could get much bigge
The Iranian government is Shia, and it has close ties with the Iraqi government. Much like in Syria, Iran doesn't want Sunni Islamist rebels to topple a friendly Shia government. So in both countries, Iran has gone to war.
THESE IRANIAN TROOPS OUTCLASS ISIS ON THE BATTLEFIELD
Iran has sent two battalions of Iranian Revolutionary Guards to help Iraq fight ISIS. These aren't just any old Iranian troops. They're Quds Force, the Guards' elite special operations group. The Quds Force is one of the most effective military forces in the Middle East, a far cry from the undisciplined and disorganized Iraqi forces that fled from a much smaller ISIS force in Mosul. One former CIA officer called Quds Force commander Qassem Suleimani "the single most powerful operative in the Middle East today." Suleimani, the Journal reports, is currently helping the Iraqi government "manage the crisis" in Baghdad.
These Iranian troops outclass ISIS on the battlefield. According to the Wall Street Journal, combined Iranian-Iraqi forces have already retaken about 85 percent of Tikrit. That alone demonstrates the military significance of Iranian intervention: Iraqi forces have previously floundered in block-to-block city battles with ISIS.
IRANIAN INTERVENTION COULD ALSO HELP ISIS IN ITS QUEST TO BUILD SUPPORT AMONG IRAQ'S SUNNIS
However, Iranian intervention could also help ISIS in its quest to build support among Iraq's Sunnis. The perception that the Iraqi government is far too close to Iran is already a significant grievance among Sunnis. That's part pure sectarianism and part nationalism. Many Iraqis don't like the idea of a foreign power manipulating their government, particularly Iran (memories of the Iran-Iraq war haven't faded).
So Iranian participation in actual combat risks legitimizing ISIS' propaganda line: this isn't a conflict between the central Iraqi government and Islamist rebels, but rather a war between Sunnis and Shias.
Here's one other scary thought. Iran is now helping both the Iraqi and Syrian governments fight largely Sunni rebels. What happens if the two battlefields get joined?
10. The Iraqi Army is much larger than ISIS, but also a total mess
ISIS cannot challenge the Iraqi government for control over the country. On a basic level, it's simple math. A rough count of ISIS' fighting strength suggests it has a bit more than 7,000 combat troops, and it can occasionally grab reinforcements from other extremist militias. The Iraqi army has 250,000 troops, plus armed police. That Iraqi military also has tanks, airplanes, and helicopters. ISIS can't make a serious play for the control of Baghdad, let alone the south of Iraq, without a serious risk of getting crushed.
But the Iraqi army is also a total mess, which explains why ISIS has had the success it's had despite being dramatically outnumbered.
TAKE ISIS' VICTORY IN MOSUL: 30,000 IRAQI TROOPS RAN FROM 800 ISIS FIGHTERS
Take ISIS' victory in Mosul. 30,000 Iraqi troops ran from 800 ISIS fighters. Those are 40:1 odds! Yet Iraqi troops ran because they simply didn't want to fight and die for this government. There had been hundreds of desertions per month for months prior to the events of June 10th. The escalation with ISIS is, of course, making it worse.
Sectarianism also plays a role here. The Iraqi army is mixed Sunni-Shia, and "it appears that the Iraqi Army is cleaving along sectarian lines," Yale's Jason Lyall said. "The willingness of Sunni soldiers to fight to retake Mosul appears limited." This makes some sense out of the Mosul rout: some Sunni Muslims don't really want to fight other Sunnis in the name of a government that oppresses them.
This suggests a natural limit to ISIS' expansion. Mosul is a mostly Sunni city, but military resistance will be much stiffer in Shia areas. ISIS needs to stick to Sunni land if it doesn't want to overreach.
11. Iraq may secretly want American drone strikes, and Obama may be considering
Multiple reports say the Iraqi government has quietly requested American military aid in the form of drone strikes against ISIS. Let's assume those are correct. Will Obama say yes?
That's not 100 percent clear. So far, there's no evidence that the administration is leaning towards strikes. But in a press conference about Iraq, Obama didn't rule them out.
THERE'S A GROWING POLITICAL DEBATE OVER WHETHER THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION DESERVES BLAME FOR THE CHAOS
There are lots of competing incentives for the president on this issue. His administration has always touted withdrawal from Iraq as a major accomplishment, but it also (rightly or wrongly) sees drone strikes as a highly effective way of fighting extremist groups like ISIS. The administration is skittish about siding with a repressive creep like Maliki, but it has already publicly committed to assisting the Iraqi army in as-yet unannounced ways.
There's also a growing political debate over whether the Obama administration deserves blame for the chaos. Some conservative critics say Obama should have convinced Iraq to allow him to leave a residual force of American troops to conduct raids on ISIS. The administration's defenders say that would have been impossible, and probably wouldn't have prevented this regardless.
So, to recap. Iraq has essentially just began another civil war, and it's totally unclear how long it's going to last or how it's going to end. And no one's sure what to do about it.
The Arms-to-Iraq affair concerned the uncovering of the government-endorsed sale of arms by British companies to Iraq, then under the rule of Saddam Hussein. The scandal contributed to the growing dissatisfaction with the Conservative government of John Major and may have contributed to the electoral landslide for Tony Blair's Labour Party at the 1997 general election. The whole affair also highlighted the weakness of the constitutional convention of individual ministerial accountability.
Churchill's Folly: How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq Paperback
by Christopher Catherwood (Author)
Following the first Gulf War of 1991 there was interest in the extent to which British companies had been supplying Saddam Hussein's administration with the materials to prosecute the war. Four directors of the British machine tools manufacturer, Matrix Churchill, were put on trial for supplying equipment and knowledge to Iraq, but in 1992 the trial collapsed, when it was revealed that the company had been advised by the government on how to sell arms to Iraq. Several of the directors were eventually paid compensation.
Matrix Churchill
Classified documents released at the trial indicate that Britain violated the embargo in an effort to keep the country's machine-tool industry, including Matrix Churchill, whose managing director Paul Henderson had been working unpaid for British intelligence for 15 years, in business.
—The Economist (1992)[3]
Matrix Churchill was an engineering company based in Coventry, with expertise in both the design and manufacture of precision machine tools. Established in 1913 by Walter Tattler and his brother in law Sir Harry Harley, the company had its origins in gauge and tool manufacture, the original company being known as Walter Tattler Ltd..
In 1989, as the result of a debt settlement, it was acquired by "Iraqi interests" for nothing. New directors were appointed including two who worked for the Iraqi security services and the company began shipping components for Saddam Hussein's secret weapons programme.[4] According to the International Atomic Energy Authority, its products found in Iraq were among the highest quality of their kind in the world. They were "dual use" machines that could be used to manufacture weapons including artillery shells and parts for medium range missiles.
As one of the other directors claimed to have been working for the British intelligence services, the Ministry of Defence advised Matrix Churchill on how to apply for export licences of materials that could be used to make munitions in such a way that would not attract attention. When Alan Clark admitted under oath that he had been "economical with the actualité" in answering questions about the policy on arms exports to Iraq, the trial collapsed and triggered the Scott Inquiry, which reported in 1996.
This case also raised the issue of public interest immunity, the process by which information believed to be highly sensitive is kept outwith the public domain. In order to prevent information being public the relevant government minister must issue a public interest immunity certificate.
Did Churchill Have the Right Idea About Iraq?
by Shannon Monaghan
Shannon Monaghan studies history at Yale University and writes for the History News Service.
On Sept. 1, 1922, Great Britain's colonial secretary, the man responsible for the administration of the British presence in Iraq, wrote a scathing letter to his Prime Minister on the miserable state of that country and Britain's interests there. He closed his letter with these crushing lines:
"At present we are paying eight millions [in] pounds Sterling a year [the equivalent of half a billion dollars today] for the privilege of living on an ungrateful volcano out of which we are in no circumstances to get anything worth having."
The name of that colonial secretary? Winston Churchill.
The phrase "history repeats itself" is overused; the greater tragedy is that in this instance the cliche is entirely appropriate. President Bush appears to think that he can somehow escape the lessons that the past can teach us and that history will treat his misadventure in Iraq well. Experience does not bode well for his hopes.
By 1922, Churchill had no such illusory hopes about Iraq. In fact, he declared the task of managing the country "impossible."
Little has changed since Churchill came to that sobering conclusion. Like those who would today challenge the American president on Iraq, Churchill paid a price for his view. His prime minister severely rebuked him, and refused to allow even the notion of withdrawal to be brought before his cabinet. It took Great Britain ten years more of harsh lessons before it finally granted that nation its independence.
In making his case to Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Churchill argued that Britain's course of action in Iraq was a waste - a waste of money, effort, time and political capital. The difficulties with Britain's stance that Churchill emphasized are those that the American public faces day after day, month after month, year after year.
Churchill declared the Arab officials of Iraq's British-backed King Feisal "incompetent." He noted the gross over-expenditure of monies in the region by the British government, which "it is almost certain Iraq will not be able to pay." Furthermore, he lamented that "no progress has been made in developing the oil." He was worried about British troops and desperately concerned about increased Turkish influence in the region and a potential Turkish invasion. He insisted that "there is scarcely a single newspaper . . . which is not consistently hostile to our remaining in this country."
In fact, Churchill strongly advocated immediately removing the British presence in Iraq if the provisional Iraqi government did not co-operate. Furthermore, he pointed out that in Britain the party had "no political strength to face disaster of any kind," and that the British public's opinion of the situation was so poor that a newly formed government at home would have to order "instant evacuation" to gain immediate support. After reciting at length this litany of failures, Churchill crisply stated, "Altogether, I am getting to the end of my resources."
One need only to turn on the news to realize that the United States is futilely struggling with the very same problems that Churchill struggled with - and more. The U.S. government and its military leaders cannot find a solution to the problems besetting the Iraqi government, the development and allocation of the country's oil, the influence of Iran and other countries in the region and sectarian violence. U.S. military forces face unrelieved dangers. Public opinion at home has soured on the war. Americans, like Britons in Churchill's day, have reached the end of their resources.
Ironically, Bush declared in 2004 that "I've always been a great admirer of Sir Winston Churchill, admirer of his career, admirer of his strength, admirer of his character -- so much so that I keep a stern-looking bust of Sir Winston in the Oval Office." If the President so admires Churchill, he should heed that great man's warnings about involvement in Iraq and remove American troops from that nation now.
Fort Travis is an early 20th century US Army coastal defense artillery installation on the Bolivar Peninsula, northeast of Galveston. It was built in 1898, with additions made over the years. In 1949 the installation was declared surplus and sold. Galveston County later purchased the site and now uses it as a public park. I visited this place on March 15, 2021.
In addition to the batteries and military structures, there were here a number of support buildings. The buildings, usually wooden, no longer exist, but the foundations remain.
Battery Kimble is in the background.
A possibly haunted and decaying administration room inside an abandoned hospital in Ontario, Canada.
©James Hackland
Minffordd Cottage Hospital is a small isolation hospital built in the aftermath of the 1882 Bangor typhoid epidemic. There were a total of 42 fatalities, and source was eventually found to be bacteria transferred in water and milk from a local farm, situated above Bangor's water supply.
The hospital was finally abandoned in 2009, having functioned as a hospital for the mentally infirm in its final years.
These photographs, taken in April 2017, showcase the buildings as they stand today.
Inspiration for the framing of the shots came from the 1975 New Topographics exhibition.
Joseph Beuys, 7000 Eichen - Stadtverwaldung statt Stadtverwaltung, 1982, Ausstellung documenta 7 (bis documenta 8, 1987), Portal des Fridericianums, Kassel
Altro titolo - Another title: At least 1 Oak - City Forestation instead of City Administration, 2025
[Fototeca Fondazione Omeri]
I apologize if this offends anyone and in no way I do I mean to be offensive to anyone's political stances, but I just thought it would be fun have a villains line up.
L to R:
Emperor Palpatine
Mumm-ra
Loki
Cobra Commander
Donald Trump
Malificent
Voldemort
Skeletor
Joker
Back entrance to the Administration part of the prison. West Virginia State Penitentiary is now a retired, gothic style prison located in Moundsville, WV. It operated from 1876 to 1995. It closed after a riot broke out in 1988 resulting in the deaths of 3 inmates and exposing the facility to the fact that it was not designed for what had become modern day criminals.
44 second exposure, protomachines light set to green and gold, massive sodium vapor light behind camera right and left.
Click on the image, because it's best BIG on BLACK!!!
Explore #125 13-01-13
Sad news at the end of last week....Jessops into administration. The Southend store has served me well over the last 3 years....I've bought nearly all my camera kit from here, preferring to support it over buying online. Unfortunately (although my wallet will disagree) I obviously wasn't spending enough. Thanks to the staff of the Southend store - genuine photography/camera enthusiasts always willing to offer sensible advice. You will be missed - a huge loss to the highstreet. :(
Bit of fancy dress fun and an early (and v.cold) Sunday morning. Big thanks to the wife for being a model death and braving the cold with me.......
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This is a photo of an electronic billboard taken on July 14, 2005.
This electronic billboard ad was along interstate I-10 in a spot where traffic backs up for hours every day in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Never seen anything like it in the US. This is another devious example of how Bush has used the 911 incident to manipulate the American people. And the worst part is that the Bush administration (after everything else they have lied about) has without question lied to the world about the truth regarding the 911 attacks.
Today on October 3, 2005 I found out from Lamar Advertising of Baton Rouge, that a "Private" donation (an individual) from Rural Louisiana Funded this series of Bush Advertisements.
Given that the Bush administration has now been found to be "Buying News" illegally, is this form of advertising acceptable? The Bush administration could design an ad and get anyone to pay for it and we would never know the difference. Just like Payola in the music industry. Would it be okay to put up abortion ad's paid for by the HMO's for example? (SEE THE OTHER AD WITH A CROSS erected from 911 Steel beams: www.flickr.com/photos/antifluff/26013360/in/photostream/)
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Have a look at this: Naomi Wolf talks with Amy Goodman of "Democracy Now" about " 10 Step Blue print for closing down a democracy", and America has already implemented all of these steps:
Her interview on Democracy Now:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH5U-BPJor4&feature=related
www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0gGRS9ng9g
- July 31 2006 : The 911 Truth movement held a www.americanscholarssymposium.org/ symposium in Los Angeles on June 25, 2006. This taping is now airing (it's July 29 2006) on CSPAN many times over. I must say it was something to see on mainstream media. It's about time, better late than not at all.
****You can see it here online: video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5004704309041471296&...
This info. about the "Loose Change" video added to this post on 5-13-06.
"LOOSE CHANGE" 2nd EDITION
This video will probably be the next Farenheight 911 only this is the real thing and it gets down
to the irrefutable meat and potatoes of the Bush admin.'s 911 coverup and complicity in the attacks.
IF YOU WATCH THIS VIDEO IT WILL MOST LIKELY CHANGE WHAT YOU BELIEVE ABOUT 911: video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8260059923762628848&...
-A video to watch which explains the biz. end of things regarding the invasion
of Afghanistan. Sibel Edmonds is mentioned as well as the Bridas Corp. which successfully
sued in the US and won millions: Karl Schwartz video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6032507852941583054&...
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Buying of News by Bush's Aides Is Ruled Illegal
By ROBERT PEAR
Published: October 1, 2005
WASHINGTON, Sept. 30 - Federal auditors said on Friday that the Bush administration violated the law by buying favorable news coverage of President Bush's education policies, by making payments to the conservative commentator Armstrong Williams and by hiring a public relations company to analyze media perceptions of the Republican Party.
In a blistering report, the investigators, from the Government Accountability Office, said the administration had disseminated "covert propaganda" in the United States, in violation of a statutory ban.
www.nytimes.com/2005/10/01/politics/01educ.html
We have to override the Bush Media Machine and expose the truth about this criminal administration. The things they have done and are doing are unprecedented. Don’t believe ANYTHING you SEE or HEAR no matter what the medium. This is how we got in this position.
WAKE UP AMERICA!
What's it gonna take?
The Bush administration has not told the truth about 911.
They are lying. How could they do that you ask? They did it with a war! How? With advertising, covert propaganda, lying, buying media, fixing elections, fraud, payola, threatening judges lives...
Pentagon Bars Military Officers And Analysts From Testifying
September 21, 2005, Wednesday
By PHILIP SHENON (NYT); National Desk
Late Edition - Final, Section A, Page 15, Column 5, 477 words
select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70F1EF93D540C72...
Republicans See Signs That Pentagon Is Evading Oversight
By DOUGLAS JEHL
Published: September 29, 2005
Correction Appended
www.nytimes.com/2005/09/29/politics/29intel.html
QUESTION: Think about this carefully. Do you really think Jet Fuel could bring down the World Trade Center Buildings? And Building 7 one block away?
Why were the Huge STEEL pylons burrowed deep into the earth’s bedrock on fire & Smoking for weeks? How could jet fuel possibly do that? Especially when the Jet fuel would be incinerated immediately in the explosion?
Look at this: www.whatreallyhappened.com/wtc7.html
Larry Silverstein, WTC 7, and the 9/11 Demolition
www.whatreallyhappened.com/cutter.html
We have access to unprecedented amounts of information.
Let it not obscure the truth.
IMPEACH GEORGE W. BUSH
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READ THIS on MY BLOG:
Thursday, August 18, 2005
Bush continues to use "State Secrets Privilege" to Block Inquiries into Treasonous Behavior regarding 911 & Nuclear Weapons Trading
antifluffsuperstar.blogspot.com/
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- Bunnatine Greenhouse
This is no doubt a great and courageous woman. She is laying down her life and future to expose Dick Cheney for his Halliburton No Bid Contracts (52%) involved with the illegal justification of murder in Iraq.
Army Whistleblower Draws Fire After Questioning Deals
'Bunny' Greenhouse Asks Why No One Competes Against Halliburton, Other Contractors
By DEBORAH HASTINGS, AP
WASHINGTON (Aug. 7) - In the world as Bunnatine Greenhouse sees it, people do the right thing. They stand up for the greater good and they speak up when things go wrong. She believes God has a purpose for each life and she prays every day for that purpose to be made evident. These days she is praying her heart out, because she is in a great deal of trouble. www.vanityfair.com/commentary/content/articles/050307roco02
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Below are links for those who want to investigate for themselves. Don’t take my word for it and for God’s Sake Don’t Take Bush’s word for it:
DECIDE FOR YOURSELF
BOHEMIAN GROVE EXPOSED! BUSH=OCCULT or JESUS?
*** Watch David Gergen former Clinton Adviser talk about Bohemian Grove:
www.infowars.com/video/previews/martial_law/wm_bb.htm
www.infowars.com/video/previews/martial_law/qt_bb.htm
CHECK THIS OUT: (REAL PLAYER CLIP)
www.infowars.com/Video/BG/BG_Trailer_fast.ram
Occult Activities at the Elite Bohemian Grove in Northern California Exposed!
www.propagandamatrix.com/archivebohemiangrove.html
-More on Bohemian Grove: www.rotten.com/library/conspiracy/bohemian-grove/
www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=b...
www.sonomacountyfreepress.com/bohos/bohofact.html
Some of the most powerful people in the US government attend occult worship events every July at "Bohemian Grove". Is that funny? Do you think it's true? Decide for yourself. Movies of it exist. Hit the links.
-See George W. Bush, “Christian”- "God told me I was going to be president..." flip the BIRD on Video.
www.infowars.com/video/previews/martial_law/wm_56.htm
www.infowars.com/video/previews/martial_law/qt_256.htm
****Watch these two videos below:
- “Video Clip from Loose Change”: this video link to "Loose Change" is no longer available?
But you can view the trailer here and look at other interesting things about the 911 coverup:
- “Video of 911 Truth”: 67.32.161.240/uploads/CZGDn6KVKqs18ghZOW4-dQ/14aRXW_v8lCj...
This one is Long but it's a very important video to watch to get the whole picture. It's worth it.
-This Blog is dedicated to 911 Truth:
bgtruth.blogspot.com/2005_07_01_bgtruth_archive.html
bgtruth.blogspot.com/2004_07_01_bgtruth_archive.html
Reopen911.org: reopen911.org/
www.media-criticism.com/911_Theory_10_2003.html
-911 The Road to Tyrany: tvnewslies.org/html/911-_the_road_to_tyranny_dvd.html
-911 Video Page: tvnewslies.org/html/covering_up.html
THE MILITARY CAPITALIZATION CORPORATION OF AMERICA:
- Carlyle Group/Bush Sr. www.hereinreality.com/carlyle.html
“Carlyle Group Exposed Video”: www.indybay.org/news/2004/04/1678405.php
Larry Silverstein, WTC 7, and the 9/11 Demolition
www.whatreallyhappened.com/cutter.html
-Oil/Halliburton/Cheny/PNAC... Mere Coincidence?
“The study estimates that Halliburton has received roughly 52 percent of the $25.4 billion that the Pentagon has paid out to so far to 77 private contractors in Iraq.”
www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=12476
www.iht.com/bin/print_ipub.php?file=/articles/2005/06/22/...
www.motherjones.com/news/featurex/2003/07/we_455_01.html
HERE IS A BUNCH OF OTHER INFORMATION:
Bombs in the Building: World Trade Center 'Conspiracy Theory' is a Conspiracy Fact
(READ THIS!!!)
www.prisonplanet.com/analysis_lavello_050503_bombs.html
YOUR PAPERS, PLEASE …
Florida under martial law?
Rumors persist despite official denial from Jeb Bush administration.
www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25051
Hijack 'suspects' alive and well
BBC News
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1559151.stm#
THE LIE OF THE CENTURY
www.whatreallyhappened.com/lieofthecentury.html
THE HISTORY OF PEARL HARBOR
THE BONES OF "STATION H"
whatreallyhappened.com/SH.html
Occult Activities at the Elite Bohemian Grove in Northern California Exposed!
www.propagandamatrix.com/archivebohemiangrove.html
What causes Gulf War Illness?
(a.k.a. Gulf War Syndrome; Persian Gulf Illness)
Rove: out of White House, into jail?
www.pww.org/article/articleprint/7413/
White House Silenced Experts Who Questioned Iraq Intel Six Months Before War
by Jason Leopold
June 12, 2003
John Dean, the former counsel to President Richard Nixon, wrote in a column this week that if President Bush mislead the public in building a case for war in Iraq, a case for impeachment could be made.
"Presidential statements, particularly on matters of national security, are held to an expectation of the highest standard of truthfulness," Dean wrote this week. "A president cannot stretch, twist or distort facts and get away with it. President Lyndon Johnson's distortions of the truth about Vietnam forced him to stand down from reelection. President Richard Nixon's false statements about Watergate forced his resignation."
OTHER BUSH PICTURE POSTS WITH DOCUMENTATION:
Desperately Seeking Jesus:
www.flickr.com/photos/antifluff/26013360/
Authoritarianism and ideology
www.flickr.com/photos/antifluff/25408362/
Dick Cheney: "Torture Man"
The present Barcaldine Shire Hall was built in 1911 - 1912 and is the second official building used by the Council for the administration of the shire. The building was designed by Alfred Mowbray Hutton. Major alterations were made to the building in 1952.
The town of Barcaldine developed almost 'overnight' in 1886 with the extension of the Central Railway west from Rockhampton. The railway was a vital factor in opening up the central western regions of Queensland to European settlement in the mid to late nineteenth century. The original site of the terminus was to have been the pastoral station of Barcaldine Downs, established by pastoralist Donald Cameron in 1865. It was eventually decided to locate the terminus at Lagoon Creek however.
Barcaldine rapidly grew to prosperity, on a permanent scale, unlike most of the other railway townships on the central line. The town was surveyed by Victor Desgrand, the Government Surveyor, in July 1885 and sales of town lots were held in December. The town was laid out on a rectangular grid, parallel to and south of the railway line. A town reserve of 100 square miles was gazetted in June 1886, when further allotments of land were sold. The railway was not officially opened until December 1886, by which time the town had already 'assumed formidable proportions'. After a year of official European settlement, the population of Barcaldine in 1887 was estimated at 1500
The Divisional Boards Act of 1879 brought local government into the outback of Queensland. The Kargoolnah Divisional Board was created in this year and centred on Blackall, an early pastoral township. The geographical area serviced by this board covered a great area in western Queensland, taking in the future towns of Tambo, Barcaldine and Jericho. With Barcaldine developed rapidly from 1886, the residents formed the Barcaldine Progress Association, and began agitating for their own municipal representation. In 1893, a Divisional Board at Barcaldine was instituted, which was to evolve into the Barcaldine Shire Council.
At first the Barcaldine Divisional Board met in a building in Oak Street, but the building was burnt down during a fire in the town in 1896. It was decided to construct a hall to the design of the Rockhampton architects, Eaton and Bates. Completed in May 1898, the hall was located on the south-eastern corner of Ash and Beech Streets in the Divisional Board Reserve. This building served the community more than adequately into the twentieth century, witnessing the administrative changeover from Divisional Board to Shire Council in 1903. By the early years of the new century however, it was apparent that the hall was too small for the administration of the shire.
In 1911 the council commissioned the architect A.M. Hutton to design a new building for the Shire Hall and Offices. Hutton died shortly after completing the plans. The design was then taken over by Frederick Boddington, Hutton's partner. Robinson & Freeman, builders of Rockhampton, submitted the only tender, which was accepted with a price of £2675.
The new hall was planned to be completed to coincide with the silver anniversary celebrations of the settling of the town. Delays were encountered in its construction before the hall was completed in February 1912. It appears it was constructed adjacent to the former hall, which was then purchased by the Aramac Shire Council for £500 and removed.
The 1912 building was constructed largely as designed by Hutton although there were a number of slight modifications. It was built of timber with a corrugated iron roof, with the official rooms of the council at the front section, and the hall behind. The offices were designed as a separate but linked pavilion, with a single skin wall. They were surrounded by verandahs at the front and sides, with a six feet (1.8 metres) wide passage separating them from the hall. The main entrance to the building was identified by a large triangular pediment which capped an archway. The clock tower rose above the entrance in the centre of the building. Pediments were installed each end of the front verandah. Between these and the entrance, the verandah was divided into four bays with a lattice valance forming complimentary arches across the face of the building. Side verandahs to the office section were also treated similarly.
The council rooms opened out to the verandah on all sides with the french doors and casement windows. The Council Chambers and Shire Chairman's office were to the right of the central passage, and the offices for the Shire Clerk and a solicitor to the left. The floors of these rooms were generally covered in linoleum, with green or grey walls and white pressed metal ceilings. At the end of the central passage through two sets of double doors was located the hall. The hall featured a flat floor with a raised stage, and an upstairs gallery. The hall opened sideways onto the subsidiary verandah spaces. On the eastern verandah was a supper room, on the western were smoking rooms and toilets. The hall was of large proportions, measuring 80 feet (24.3 m) by 40 feet (12.2 m), and was well ventilated with vents and louvres, and fanlights which acted as a clerestory providing light and ventilation over the adjoining verandah roofs.
The gallery of the hall was reached through a staircase in the front section of the building. A passageway provided access from this gallery, out to the clock tower and along a viewing deck which sat above the verandahs of the office section.
The Barcaldine Shire Hall was the principal public building in the town. The hall was used by most citizens of the shire in some capacity, for fundraising activities, as a public venue, to attend meetings, for the associated operations in the efforts of two world wars, for the health and welfare of the people, and many other events.
In 1952 the Shire Hall underwent some rather major alterations, documented by the Brisbane architect C.W.T. Fulton with A.H. Job & J.M. Collin architects in association. The major change involved the demolition and removal of the clock tower and the promenade deck. The decorative front and side verandah to the office was also removed, and replaced with a new verandah design. The east verandah of the hall, which contained the supper room, was also partially rebuilt. New toilet facilities were added within the west verandah, which was also enclosed. The hall was also repainted, a new ticket office was installed, and memorial gates at the entrance were later built. These gates were planned by the Barcaldine War Memorial Committee and included plaques bearing the names of those from the district who enlisted and those who died.
In 1993 a conservation study of the Barcaldine Shire Hall was prepared for the Barcaldine Shire Council. In the mid-1990s, two new freestanding buildings were erected, one either side of the 1911 - 1912 building at the front, and linked to it, providing new shire council offices and a new shire library.
Source: Queensland Heritage Register.
Technicians move the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Joint Polar Satellite System-2 (JPSS-2), stacked atop NASA’s Low-Earth Orbit Flight Test of an Inflatable Decelerator (LOFTID) secondary payload into the first half of the United Launch Alliance Atlas V payload fairing inside the Astrotech Space Operations facility at Vandenberg Space Force Base (VSFB) in California on Oct. 12, 2022. JPSS-2 is the third satellite in the Joint Polar Satellite System series. It is scheduled to lift off from VSFB on Nov. 1 from Space Launch Complex-3. JPSS-2, which will be renamed NOAA-21 after reaching orbit, will join a constellation of JPSS satellites that orbit from the North to the South pole, circling Earth 14 times a day and providing a full view of the entire globe twice daily. The NOAA/NASA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite, and NOAA-20, previously known as JPSS-1, are both already in orbit. Each satellite carries at least four advanced instruments to measure weather and climate conditions on Earth. LOFTID is dedicated to the memory of Bernard Kutter. LOFTID will demonstrate inflatable heat shield technology that could enable a variety of proposed NASA missions to destinations such as Mars, Venus, and Titan, as well as returning heavier payloads from low-Earth orbit. Photo credit: USSF 30th Space Wing/Steve Gerlich
I was surprised to see this Federal Railroad Administration passenger car on the rear of a westbound CSX intermodal train. It is shown in Kent, Ohio, on what is probably a deadhead move, but who knows. That is the Cuyahoga River at left.
Any comments and favs are very much appreciated
If you like my creative work, please follow the tracking or other social networking sites below
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email : iwakuma.kelvin@gmail.com
Creator(s): General Services Administration. National Archives and Records Service. Office of the National Archives. ca. 1949-1985 (Most Recent)
Series: Construction of the National Archives Building, 1932 - 1942 Record Group 64: Records of the National Archives and Records Administration, 1789 - ca. 2007
Production Date: 1932 - 1942
Access Restriction(s):Unrestricted
Use Restriction(s):Unrestricted
Contact(s): National Archives at College Park - Still Pictures (RDSS)
National Archives at College Park
8601 Adelphi Road
College Park, MD 20740-6001
Phone: 301-837-0561
Fax: 301-837-3621
Email: stillpix@nara.gov
National Archives Identifier: 26327071
Local Identifier: 64-NAC-292
Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/26327071
Scope and Content Note: This photograph is part of the McCloskey Co. Contract for the construction of the extension of the National Archives Building.
Creator(s): General Services Administration. National Archives and Records Service. Office of the National Archives. (9/19/1966 - 4/1/1985)
Series: Series: Historic Photograph File of National Archives Events and Personnel, 1935 - 1975
Record Group 64: Records of the National Archives and Records Administration, 1789 - ca. 2007
Production Date: 1935 - 1975
Access Restriction(s): Unrestricted
Use Restriction(s): Unrestricted
Contact(s): National Archives at College Park - Still Pictures (RDSS)
National Archives at College Park
8601 Adelphi Road
College Park, MD 20740-6001
Phone: 301-837-0561
Fax: 301-837-3621
Email: stillpix@nara.gov
National Archives Identifier: 7873493
Local Identifier: 64-NA-1-558
Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/7873493
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration WP-3D Orion Reg: N42RF "NOAA 42" arriving at Shannon from Halifax.
NASA’s SpaceX Crew-6 astronauts stand near the mission emblem in the astronaut crew quarters inside the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Feb. 26, 2023. From left are Andrey Fedyaev, Roscosmos cosmonaut and mission specialist; NASA astronaut Warren “Woody” Hoburg, pilot; NASA astronaut Stephen Bowen, spacecraft commander; and Sultan Alneyadi, UAE (United Arab Emirates) astronaut and mission specialist. The astronauts are preparing for their launch to the International Space Station aboard SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft atop the Falcon 9 rocket. Launch was targeted for 1:45 a.m. EST on Feb. 27 from Launch Complex 39A, but was scrubbed for the day. Crew-6 is the sixth crew rotation mission with SpaceX to the station, and the seventh flight of Dragon with people as part of the agency’s Commercial Crew Program. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
A Works Progress Administration poster, part of an exhibit at the National Museum of Wildlife Art in Jackson, Wyoming, in 2016.
I spent the day working in a mine administration office, which is situated some 10 klm outside the Leonora township.
During my lunch break I stepped out across the road to have a closer look at the train line which services the mines in the region. The other side of this road stretches out over the horizon with nothing but arid dry land as far as the eye can see. It is a beautiful landscape, although you would not want to venture out too far as the heat is quite stifling.
And then, just like that, it was impossible to get into back in the day. An administration building for a campus in MA that became locked up and closed off pretty quickly. I hear tell it's fairly open again, but haven't had the chance to get back up there. Hopefully sometime soon! :D © 2014-Current.
Federal Railroad Administration track geometry car DOTX 221 sits outside the Ensco facility near Chambersburg, PA. The FRA car had been running measurements on Amtrak before being dropped off in Harrisburg. Norfolk Southern brought the car down the Lurgan Branch to Shippensburg and CSX brought the car to the Pennsylvania and Southern.
Port Said is an Egyptian city at the northern end of the Suez Canal, on the Mediterranean Sea. A concrete lighthouse dates from the canal’s opening in 1869. On the waterfront is the former department store Simon Arzt. Now disused, the art deco building offers a glimpse into the past, to when Port Said was a cosmopolitan trading hub. Nearby is the Islamic-style Suez Canal Authority Building, with its green domes.
Dublin (/ˈdʌblᵻn/, Irish: Baile Átha Cliath [blʲaːˈklʲiəh]) is the capital and largest city of Ireland.[8][9] Dublin is in the province of Leinsteron Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey. The city has an urban area population of 1,273,069.[10] The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2011, was 1,801,040 persons.
Founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Ireland's principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland.
Dublin is administered by a City Council. The city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as a global city, with a ranking of "Alpha-", placing it among the top thirty cities in the world.[11][12] It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy and industry.
Toponymy
Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times, the writings of Ptolemy (the Greco-Roman astronomer and cartographer) in about 140 AD provide possibly the earliest reference to a settlement there. He called the settlement Eblana polis (Greek: Ἔβλανα πόλις).[13]
Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in 1988 AD, meaning that the Irish government recognised 988 AD as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin.
The name Dublin comes from the Gaelic word Dublind, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u:/ meaning "black, dark", and lind /lʲiɲ[d̪ʲ] "pool", referring to a dark tidal pool where the River Poddle entered the Liffey on the site of the Castle Gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi:lʲiɲ/. The original pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as Old English Difelin, Old Norse Dyflin, modern Icelandic Dyflinn and modern Manx Divlyn as well as Welsh Dulyn. Other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin,[14] Divlin[15] and Difflin.[16]Historically, scribes using the Gaelic scriptwrote bh with a dot over the b, rendering Duḃlinn or Duiḃlinn. Those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are also found in traditionally Gaelic-speaking areas (the Gàidhealtachd, cognate with Irish Gaeltacht) of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh ("the black pool"), which is part of Loch Linnhe.
It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, from which Dyflin took its name. Beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The Viking settlement of about 841 was known as Dyflin, from the Irish Duibhlinn, and a Gaelic settlement, Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles") was further up river, at the present day Father Mathew Bridge (also known as Dublin Bridge), at the bottom of Church Street. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled ford", is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a place name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, currently occupied by Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church. There are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford.
The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay. The Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships; the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew. The Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle. Táin Bó Cuailgne ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") refers to Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath, meaning "Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath".
Middle Ages
Dublin was established as a Viking settlement in the 10th century and, despite a number of rebellions by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the Norman invasion of Ireland was launched from Wales in 1169.[17]The King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, enlisted the help of Strongbow, the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murrough's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, King Henry II of England reaffirmed his sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and pronounced himself Lord of Ireland.[18] Around this time, the county of the City of Dublin was established along with certain liberties adjacent to the city proper. This continued down to 1840 when the barony of Dublin City was separated from the barony of Dublin. Since 2001, both baronies have been redesignated the City of Dublin.
Dublin Castle, which became the centre of Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King John of England.[19] Following the appointment of the first Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King Robert I of Scotland to capture the city in 1317.[18] It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the Black Death, a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade.[20][21]
Dublin was incorporated into the English Crownas the Pale, which was a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern seaboard. The Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in Ireland. Determined to make Dublin a Protestant city, Queen Elizabeth I of England established Trinity College in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic St. Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals be converted to Protestant.[22]
The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague in 1649–51 wiped out almost half of the city's inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with England, reaching a population of over 50,000 in 1700.
Early Modern
As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, Georgian Dublin became, for a short period, the second largest city of the British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130,000. The vast majority of Dublin's most notable architecture dates from this period, such as the Four Courtsand the Custom House. Temple Bar and Grafton Street are two of the few remaining areas that were not affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction and maintained their medieval character.
Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many famous districts and buildings, such as Merrion Square, Parliament House and the Royal Exchange.[22] The Wide Streets Commissionwas established in 1757 at the request of Dublin Corporation to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings. In 1759, the founding of the Guinness brewery resulted in a considerable economic gain for the city. For much of the time since its foundation, the brewery was Dublin's largest employer.
Late Modern
Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the Act of Union of 1800, under which the seat of government was transferred to the Westminster Parliament in London. The city played no major role in the Industrial Revolution, but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland. Belfast developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding.
The Easter Rising of 1916, the Irish War of Independence, and the subsequent Irish Civil War resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin. The Government of the Irish Free State rebuilt the city centre and located the new parliament, the Oireachtas, in Leinster House. Since the beginning of Normanrule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541), Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800), island as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), and the Irish Republic (1919–1922). Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, it became the capital of the Irish Free State(1922–1937) and now is the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the Garden of Remembrance.
Dublin was also victim to the Northern IrishTroubles. While during this 30 year conflict, violence mainly engulfed Northern Ireland. However, the Provisional IRA drew a lot of support from the Republic, specifically Dublin. This caused a Loyalist paramilitary group the Ulster Volunteer Force to bomb the city. The most notable of atrocities carried out by loyalists during this time was the Dublin and Monaghan bombings in which 34 people died, mainly in Dublin itself.
Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed immensely. The city was at the forefront of Ireland's rapid economic expansion during the Celtic Tiger period, with enormous private sector and state development of housing, transport and business.
Dublin (/ˈdʌblᵻn/, Irish: Baile Átha Cliath [blʲaːˈklʲiəh]) is the capital and largest city of Ireland.[8][9] Dublin is in the province of Leinsteron Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey. The city has an urban area population of 1,273,069.[10] The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2011, was 1,801,040 persons.
Founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Ireland's principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland.
Dublin is administered by a City Council. The city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as a global city, with a ranking of "Alpha-", placing it among the top thirty cities in the world.[11][12] It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy and industry.
Toponymy
Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times, the writings of Ptolemy (the Greco-Roman astronomer and cartographer) in about 140 AD provide possibly the earliest reference to a settlement there. He called the settlement Eblana polis (Greek: Ἔβλανα πόλις).[13]
Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in 1988 AD, meaning that the Irish government recognised 988 AD as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin.
The name Dublin comes from the Gaelic word Dublind, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u:/ meaning "black, dark", and lind /lʲiɲ[d̪ʲ] "pool", referring to a dark tidal pool where the River Poddle entered the Liffey on the site of the Castle Gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi:lʲiɲ/. The original pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as Old English Difelin, Old Norse Dyflin, modern Icelandic Dyflinn and modern Manx Divlyn as well as Welsh Dulyn. Other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin,[14] Divlin[15] and Difflin.[16]Historically, scribes using the Gaelic scriptwrote bh with a dot over the b, rendering Duḃlinn or Duiḃlinn. Those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are also found in traditionally Gaelic-speaking areas (the Gàidhealtachd, cognate with Irish Gaeltacht) of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh ("the black pool"), which is part of Loch Linnhe.
It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, from which Dyflin took its name. Beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The Viking settlement of about 841 was known as Dyflin, from the Irish Duibhlinn, and a Gaelic settlement, Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles") was further up river, at the present day Father Mathew Bridge (also known as Dublin Bridge), at the bottom of Church Street. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled ford", is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a place name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, currently occupied by Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church. There are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford.
The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay. The Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships; the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew. The Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle. Táin Bó Cuailgne ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") refers to Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath, meaning "Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath".
Middle Ages
Dublin was established as a Viking settlement in the 10th century and, despite a number of rebellions by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the Norman invasion of Ireland was launched from Wales in 1169.[17]The King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, enlisted the help of Strongbow, the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murrough's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, King Henry II of England reaffirmed his sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and pronounced himself Lord of Ireland.[18] Around this time, the county of the City of Dublin was established along with certain liberties adjacent to the city proper. This continued down to 1840 when the barony of Dublin City was separated from the barony of Dublin. Since 2001, both baronies have been redesignated the City of Dublin.
Dublin Castle, which became the centre of Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King John of England.[19] Following the appointment of the first Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King Robert I of Scotland to capture the city in 1317.[18] It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the Black Death, a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade.[20][21]
Dublin was incorporated into the English Crownas the Pale, which was a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern seaboard. The Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in Ireland. Determined to make Dublin a Protestant city, Queen Elizabeth I of England established Trinity College in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic St. Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals be converted to Protestant.[22]
The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague in 1649–51 wiped out almost half of the city's inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with England, reaching a population of over 50,000 in 1700.
Early Modern
As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, Georgian Dublin became, for a short period, the second largest city of the British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130,000. The vast majority of Dublin's most notable architecture dates from this period, such as the Four Courtsand the Custom House. Temple Bar and Grafton Street are two of the few remaining areas that were not affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction and maintained their medieval character.
Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many famous districts and buildings, such as Merrion Square, Parliament House and the Royal Exchange.[22] The Wide Streets Commissionwas established in 1757 at the request of Dublin Corporation to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings. In 1759, the founding of the Guinness brewery resulted in a considerable economic gain for the city. For much of the time since its foundation, the brewery was Dublin's largest employer.
Late Modern
Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the Act of Union of 1800, under which the seat of government was transferred to the Westminster Parliament in London. The city played no major role in the Industrial Revolution, but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland. Belfast developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding.
The Easter Rising of 1916, the Irish War of Independence, and the subsequent Irish Civil War resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin. The Government of the Irish Free State rebuilt the city centre and located the new parliament, the Oireachtas, in Leinster House. Since the beginning of Normanrule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541), Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800), island as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), and the Irish Republic (1919–1922). Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, it became the capital of the Irish Free State(1922–1937) and now is the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the Garden of Remembrance.
Dublin was also victim to the Northern IrishTroubles. While during this 30 year conflict, violence mainly engulfed Northern Ireland. However, the Provisional IRA drew a lot of support from the Republic, specifically Dublin. This caused a Loyalist paramilitary group the Ulster Volunteer Force to bomb the city. The most notable of atrocities carried out by loyalists during this time was the Dublin and Monaghan bombings in which 34 people died, mainly in Dublin itself.
Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed immensely. The city was at the forefront of Ireland's rapid economic expansion during the Celtic Tiger period, with enormous private sector and state development of housing, transport and business.
a shot from the neighborhood...
shot on Fuji Superia 100, scanned with a Hasseblad Imacon Flextight One
looks better in Bigger
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration WP-3D Orion Reg: N42RF "NOAA 42" arriving back at Shannon.
Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Barcelona, (Spain).
Wiki Loves Monuments Code: RI-51-0004278
Nit10: Actividades culturales nocturnas para festejar el aniversario de TV3.
Better seen in Fluidr.
Se ve mejor en Fluidr.
ENGLISH
The present Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Catalan for Hospital of the Holy Cross and Saint Paul) in the Guinardó, Barcelona, Catalonia, is a complex built between 1901 and 1930, designed by the Catalan Modernisme architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner. Together with Palau de la Música Catalana, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today it is still a fully functional hospital. There have been discussions to convert this building to a museum sometime in the future.
Although the hospital's current buildings date from the 20th century, the Hospital de Sant Pau was founded in 1401 when six small medieval hospitals merged. The hospital's former buildings near the center of Barcelona date from the 15th century, and now house an art school (Escola Massana) and Biblioteca de Catalunya (National Library of Catalonia).
More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_de_Sant_Pau
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CASTELLANO
El Hospital de Sant Pau (Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Hospital de la Santa Cruz y San Pablo) está hoy situado en un conjunto de edificios situados en Barcelona (España), proyectados por el arquitecto Lluís Domènech i Montaner, uno de los principales representantes del modernismo catalán. Con su edificio principal y sus numerosos pabellones, el Hospital de Sant Pau es, junto con el Institut Pere Mata de Reus también del mismo arquitecto, uno de los conjuntos más grandes de la arquitectura modernista catalana.
El Hospital se fundó en 1401, por la fusión ("reducción") de seis hospitales que por aquel entonces existían en Barcelona y que a raíz de la peste de 1348 y la crisis demográfica posterior entraron en una profunda crisis económica. El nombre de la nueva institución fue Hospital de la Santa Creu (Hospital de la Santa Cruz). La MIA (Muy Ilustre Administración) se componía de dos canónigos de la Catedral de Barcelona y dos miembros del Consejo de Ciento (órgano de gobierno de la ciudad de Barcelona). La gestión estaba a cargo de un Prior, que siempre era un sacerdote (en Valencia se llamaba clavario y en Zaragoza Mayordomo). Hasta 1904, fue la principal institución asistencial del principado de Cataluña y, con los hospitales de Gracia de Zaragoza y General de Valencia, las tres piezas clave del dispositivo de acción social de la Corona de Aragón. Situado en el Raval de Barcelona (actualmente el edificio es la sede de la Biblioteca de Catalunya) el crecimiento urbanístico de la ciudad durante el siglo XVIII le rodeó. Si hasta 1714 la hegemonía en la MIA la tuvo el brazo civil, durante el periodo borbónico, hubo una evidente desafección de los concejales en favor de un poder creciente del brazo religioso de la Junta que condujo a percibir lo que era un hospital civil como un hospital religioso. Este hecho motivó que el papel de los médicos fuese subalterno. Los cambios en la formación médica durante el XIX movieron a muchos médicos a efectuar críticas muy acerbas relativas al funcionamiento del Hospital, y a la subordinación del mismo a los intereses religiosos. Por eso, inspecciones municipales como la de 1847 y numerosos escritos en la prensa cuestionan la política asistencial de la institución, y por eso los médicos lucharon porque la facultad de medicina y el hospital universitario se trasladasen a otra institución (el Clínico).
Desde principios del siglo XIX menudean las quejas sobre la vetustez del edificio y la imposibilidad de garantizar su ampliación en un contexto de creciente urbanización y demanda asistencial, así como críticas acerbas ante el modelo de gestión de la institución, defendida por la MIA como de beneficencia particular, de tal manera que Barcelona no dispuso de un hospital de gestión pública hasta la aparición del Clínico. La aplicación de la Ley de Beneficencia de 1849 y del Reglamento de 1852, y sobre todo la desamortización de buena parte de su patrimonio rústico y urbano mediante las leyes de Madoz, pusieron en cuestión la autonomía del Hospital de los poderes públicos y la necesidad de adaptarse a la legislación. Con el objeto de mantener su independencia, la Administración instó su conversión en hospital de beneficencia privada, estatuto que mantuvo hasta los acuerdos entre la MIA y la Generalidad Provisional en 1978 y que supusieron la entrada en la Administración de la Generalidad de Cataluña y el nombramiento por esta del Presidente. Desde entonces, el hospital actúa como proveedor de servicios del Instituto Catalán de la Salud en el marco de la Red Hospitalaria de Utilidad Pública.
Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_de_la_Santa_Creu_i_Sant_Pau