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Costco Produce Handling Chart
They have this in every Costco walk in produce cooler! There are different requirements for all the different kinds of fresh produce
*All product must be rotated daily
*Cooler to maintain product at 40 degrees Fahrenheit
*Reduce D & D by reworking produce daily
Blackberries
Months Available: Domestic: May-August; Imported: October-May
Display and back stock: Primary display should be in the walk-in coolers. If displayed on floor, limited quantities, 2-3 layers on a stack of 5-6 pallets. Keep all back stock in the cooler. Store product in cooler at night
General Information: We carry US #1 grade. The berries should be large in size and firm to the touch. Keep berries dry and refrigerated. We specify varieties that we accept, which at times limits our availability and effects pricing.
Main Defects: Mold and decay.
Blueberries
Months Available: Domestic: April-September; Imported: October-April
Display and back stock: Primary display should be in the walk-in coolers. If displayed on floor, limited quantities, 2-3 layers on a stack of 5-6 pallets. Keep all back stock in the cooler. Store product in cooler at night
General Information: Good quality product will be plump with a fresh appearance and uniform sizing. Berries should be clean, dry and free of leaves and stems. Shelf life improves during the domestic season. May - July are the peak months with very good supplies. Argentina is the primary source during October and November and fruit is fumigated prior to shipment, which reduces shelf life. January through March, boat blueberries from Chile are the primary program.
Main Defects: Mold, shrivel, decay
Cranberries
Months Available: October - December
Display and back stock: Display and store back stock in the produce cooler at temperatures of 38 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: Cranberries should be firm and red in color. They are susceptible to chill damage and will soften and lose their crispness if frozen.
Main Defects: Soft sunken berries. Wet bleeding berries. White-colored berries.
Raspberries
Months Available: Domestic: Year round, but good volumes May-September; Imported: October-April
Display and back stock: Primary display should be in the walk-in coolers. If displayed on floor, limited quantities, 2-3 layers on a stack of 5-6 pallets. Keep all back stock in the cooler. Store product in cooler at night
General Information: We carry US #1 grade. The berries should be large in size and firm to the touch. Keep berries dry and refrigerated. Raspberries have a very short shelf life 3-4 days in best case scenario, less if weather conditions are poor.
Main Defects: Mold and decay
Strawberries
Months Available: Domestic: January-November; Imported: November-April
Display and back stock: Primary display should be in the walk-in coolers. If displayed out of refrigeration, no more than 1 1/2 days supply should be on the floor at any time. Store product in cooler at night
General Information: The primary package is a 4 lb clamshell, but will use a smaller 2 lb clamshell in during the winter months due to extremely high markets. We stop buying strawberries when the sizing drops. Our standard is to make no more than 90 berries to make 4 lbs of fruit during the summer and 100 during the winter months. We focus on full color berries, which can reduce the shelf life.
Main Defects: Mold and decay
Apples
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display pallet quantities on the floor with back stock in the cooler.
General Information: We carry many different varieties from around the globe. Acceptable grades for Costco: U.S. #1., Washington Extra Fancy and Export Class, Cat. 1. The size profile ranges from 90s to 64s, when making competitive shops please note size and grade.
Main Defects: Decay, stem puncture, skin spotting.
Apricots
Months Available: California: May-June; Washington: July-September; Chile: December-January
Display and back stock: Apricots require special care and handling. They do not have long shelf life, especially upon turning full ripe. Display outside of cooler in controlled quantities. Keep back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: Newer varieties include apriums and black apricots. Apricots should be a deep yellow, yellow-orange, plump, well formed and fairly firm. Apricots stored in high temperature become mealy.
Main Defects: Decay, bruising, pale green shading.
Bananas
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Bananas are susceptible to damage from fluctuating temperatures. They should not be exposed to extreme cold or heat. They are high impulse items. The larger display creates dramatic visual impact.
General Information: We will handle a U.S. #1 grade. Bananas are the top-selling item at retail level. Air stack upon arrival to avoid heat build up and ripening. Never stack boxes over five high on display. Do not dump stack to prevent bruising.
Main Defects: Bruising, chill damage, dehydration.
Cantaloupe
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler. Keep back stock in refrigerator. If displayed out of refrigeration, no more than one day supply should be on the floor at any time.
General Information: These melons are ripe when they acquire an aroma. Tuscan and Galia melons although different varieties should be handled similarly. Do not dumpstack melons as it causes brusing.
Main Defects: Decay, overripe, sunken skin.
Cherries
Months Available: May-August; December-January
Display and back stock: Display in cooler. Keep back stock in cooler. If displayed out of refrigeration, no more than one day supply should be on the floor at any time.
General Information: We carry many different varieties from around the globe. We carry Red Cherries (different varieties) and Rainier Cherries. Acceptable grades for Costco: U.S. #1, Washington Extra Fancy and Export Class, Cat. 1. The size profile ranges from 10.5 row to 8.0 row, when making competitive shops please note size and grade.
Main Defects: Mold, splits, decay.
Figs
Months Available: June-October
Display and back stock: Display and store back stock in the produce cooler at temperatures of 38 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: There are many varieties including black, brown & white/green. Figs are odor-sensitive and will absorb onion or apple odors.
Main Defects: Wet leaky fruit, mold or decay.
Fresh Cut Fruit
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display should be in the walk-in or upright coolers (where available). Product should never be out of refrigeration. Each hour above 40 degrees Fahrenheit can reduce shelf life by one day. Back stock should always be kept refrigerated.
General Information: May contain at least four of the following fruits: cantaloupe, honeydew, pineapple, red grapes, strawberries, apples, blueberries, kiwi, mango, pineapple, and papaya.
Main Defects: Mold, decay.
Grapefruit
Months Available: Year-round. Peak November-May. Pummelos available November-May.
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. It is OK to display back stock under refrigeration for a short amount of time.
General Information: We will carry a U.S. Fancy in larger sizes. Main varieties are Ruby Red and Star Ruby. Do not stack the bags too high on the bin to avoid bruising fruit.
Main Defects: Mold, decay.
Grapes
Months Available: Year-round imports from Chile, South Africa, Egypt, Argentina, Spain, Brazil, Mexico and Peru. Champagne: July-September.
Display and back stock: Display on floor in limited quantities. Keep only one day supply of grapes on the floor at any given time. Keep back stock in cooler.
General Information: We will only carry U.S. Extra Fancy grapes. Main varieties include Flames, Thompson, Sugraone, Seedless, Crimson and Champagne.
Main Defects: Ambering, mold, brown stems, decay.
Honeydew
Months Available: Domestic: May-October; Imported: October-May
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler in full pallet quantities. Back stock should be stored outside cooler. Do not store back stock in steel.
General Information: Honeydew and Golden Honeydew 4-6 count cartons sold individually in display container.
Main Defects: Discoloration, heavy scarring, excessive dirt, bruised or sunken areas.
Kiwi
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. Back stock should be stored in cooler.
General Information: Both New Zealand and California grow and ship the Hayward variety. We also import from Greece and Italy. When ripe, kiwi will be soft to the touch and will have a nice sweet smell. We handle U.S. Fancy grade. Fruit should be mature, clean, with no broken skin or other damages.
Main Defects: Broken skin, decay.
Lemons
Months Available: Year-round. Meyer lemons: November-March.
Display and back stock: Floor displays are recommended for best results. Minimum shelf life is 7 days. Back stock should be refrigerated.
General Information: Domestic fruit is available year-round, however we will import from Spain and Chile during the summer months in order to have fresh unstored lemons for our consumption. The best lemons will be fine-textured and heavy for their size. Course thick skinned and light lemons are likely to have less juice. Meyer lemons are a cross between a lemon and a mandarin orange.
Main Defects: Shrivel, hard skin, soft, spongy, mold.
Limes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. Back stock should be stored outside cooler away from direct sun.
General Information: Susceptible to chill damage below 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Keep out of direct sunlight which causes them to yellow.
Main Defects: Yellowing and brown pitting on the skin. Shriveling.
Mandarins
Months Available: Clementines: Year-round; Tangerines: November-March; Tangelos: October-May; Satsumas: November-December
Display and back stock: Display outside of refrigeration. Keep back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: A good quality mandarin will be heavy for its size and be deep orange or almost red, depending on the particular variety. A puffy appearance and feel is normal.
Main Defects: Stem puncture, broken skin, decay.
Mangos
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. Back stock should be stored outside cooler.
General Information: Mangos are ripe when they become soft to the touch. Ataulfo variety will turn full yellow when ready to eat. The majority of mangos consumed in the U.S. are imported from Mexico and Central America.
Main Defects: Decay, spotting, overripe.
Medjool Dates
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Store either inside or outside of the cooler along with the back stock.
General Information: Dates are odor-sensitive and will pick up odors from onions and other odor produce.
Main Defects: Hardened, crystallized fruit. White worms.
Nectarines
Months Available: June-September; January-March
Display and back stock: Display on the floor. Do not keep back stock in the cooler. This will cause internal breakdown of the fruit.
General Information: Nectarines, like peaches, do not gain sugar once they have been picked and must be harvested as close to maturity as possible. We need to handle this product with extra care. We stay with the largest sizes available and there is a large price difference between the smaller sizes, and the large ones we carry. Please keep this in mind when doing competitive shops.
Main Defects: Overripe, mold, decay and shrivel.
Oranges
Months Available: Cara Cara: November - May & August - September; Navels: Year-round; Turocco: February-May
Display and back stock: Display pallet quantities on the floor with back stock in the cooler.
General Information: Orange supplies peak November-May. Always check product and rework daily as needed.
Main Defects: Mold, decay.
Papaya
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display and store outside of the cooler.
General Information: Papayas are susceptible to chill damages at temperatures below 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Varieties include the Kapaho Solo from Hawaii, Solo Golden from Brazil. Red varieties are the Thainung or Royal Star.
Main Defects: Dime-sized decay spots, brusing and overripe.
Peaches
Months Available: May-October; January-March
Display and back stock: Display on the floor. Do not keep back stock in the cooler. This will cause internal breakdown of the fruit.
General Information: We handle a U.S. #1 grade peach. All peaches should have a deep reddish color, uniform size and be free of skin damage.
Main Defects: Overripe, mold, decay and shrivel
Pears
Months Available: July - May
Display and back stock: Display pallet quantities on the floor with back stock in the cooler. Avoid bruising, do not mound or dump stack pears.
General Information: We carry many different varieties from around the globe. Acceptable grades for Costco: US #1, Washington Extra Fancy and Export Class, Cat. 1. The size profile ranges vary depending on the variety.
Main Defects: Bruising, scars, minor skin blemish, russeting.
Asian Pears
Months Available: Imports: March - May; July - December
Display and back stock: Display on floor in limited quantities. Keep back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: These are the oldest cultivated pears known. Originated in Japan, these pears have a clear yellow, brown or yellow-brown skin. The most popular are the 20th Century, Hosui and Shenseiki. Unlike most other pears, this item is ripe even when it does not yield to pressure.
Main Defects: Bruising, decay.
Persimmons
Months Available: October-December
Display and back stock: Floor display only. Back stock should be stored outside cooler.
General Information: Hundreds of varieties are available but only two types are sold commercially, the Fuyu and the Hachiya. Both have thin, smooth skin that can bruise easily. The Fuyu is somewhat flat with smooth brilliant orange skin and burnt-orange flesh. The Hachiya is sweet and spicy when ripe. It is slightly pointed with smooth, bright orange skin and burnt-orange flesh.
Main Defects: Decay and soft sunken areas.
Pineapple
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display on floor. Store back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: Peak supplies are generally between March and June. Good quality pineapple should be plump, large and fragrant. Crown leaves should be fresh and deep green.
Main Defects: Mold, decay, bruising, dry leaves.
Plums
Months Available: June - November & January - April; Pluots: July - September & February - March; Prune Plums: July - September
Display and back stock: Display on floor with back stock in cooler. Prune plums should be kept refrigerated, with only one day supply outside the cooler.
General Information: We will carry red & black plums with both yellow and red flesh as well as pluots. Pluots are a cross between plums and another type of stone fruit.
Main Defects: Skin breaks, punctures, brown discoloration.
Pomegranates & Arils
Months Available: October - January
Display and back stock: Pomegranates should be displayed on the floor and the back stock can be maintained inside the cooler. Pomegranate arils should be displayed and maintained in the cooler.
General Information: Whole pomegranates are susceptible to chill damage below 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Arils will decay immediately if not refrigerated.
Main Defects: Sunken shriveled, dehydrated & discolored whole fruit. Arils are fermented smelling due to over maturity. Mold or decay.
Watermelon & Mini Watermelon
Months Available: Domestic: May - October; Imported: October - May
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler in full pallet quantities. Back stock should be stored outside cooler. Do not store back stock in steel.
General Information: We carry only seedless varieties of watermelon. Melons will have a yellowish underside where the fruit contacted the ground in the fields. Melon should be stored at room temperature. Primary pack will be in cartons during the imported season, and bins during the domestic season. Costco carries 2 sizes of mini watermelons (6s and 8s). Size 6 melons will have 3 units per case, and size 8 melons will have 4 units per case.
Main Defects: Decay, spongy melons, under ripe melons.
Artichokes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler or under refrigeration.
General Information: Artichokes are selected according to season. In the spring, they should be globe-shaped, heavy, compact and plump with good green color and tight leaves. In the fall, they should be conical, lighter in color and weight with slightly flared leaves that are spiny. We will handle jumbo-sized artichokes.
Main Defects: Darkening, wilting, molding.
Asparagus
Months Available: Domestic: March-June; Imported: June-March
Display and back stock: Recommended that asparagus always be refrigerated due to shelf life studies. The product is in a micro perforated bag which extends shelf life but is only effective at temperature between 34-40 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: We carry US #1 grade in standard and large sizing (7/16-11/16 - diameter 1" up from bottom of stalk). Stalks should be fresh, well trimmed, and fairly straight. Tips should be firm, with only minimal flowering. Primary pack is a 2.25 lb bag.
Main Defects: Flowering tips, decay, shrivel, dehydration.
Avocados
Months Available: Domestic: March-September; Imported: September-June
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. Back stock should be stored in dry area, but not in cooler. If overstocked, and need to store back stock in refrigeration, keep away from fans. Any temperature below 38 degrees Fahrenheit will damage the fruit.
General Information: Costco only carries Hass and lamb hass varieties, and size 40's and larger. Product will be soft to the touch and dark in appearance when ready to eat. Note size and variety when doing comp shop.
Main Defects: Decay, over-ripe, shrivel.
Broccoli
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler case and back stock must be stored in cooler. Also pertains to organic broccolette and broccolini.
General Information: Broccoli bud clusters will be tight, neat evenly cut. Some yellowing and blonding is acceptable at times of the year when there is greater cloud cover and less sunshine preventing full green buds. Broccolini and Organic Broccolette have broccoli type heads with long stems. They may also have yellow flowers on the head.
Main Defects:
Brussels Sprouts
Months Available: September-May
Display and back stock: Display in cooler with back stock.
General Information: Leaves will yellow quickly at room temperature. Ethylene sensitive and somewhat sensitive to freezing.
Main Defects: Mold, decay, yellowing leaves.
Bulk Carrots
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler case or on floor. Back stock must be stored in cooler. Product can be displayed outside of cooler provided sales occur within 48 hours.
General Information: The grade we carry is US #1. All carrots will have short trimmed tops and will be large to jumbo in size.
Main Defects: Sprouting, decay, mold.
Peeled Carrots
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in the cooler with the back stock. Snack pack carrots are handled in the same manner.
General Information: The grade we carry is US #1. This is a value-added product with carrots being peeled and cleaned. Snack Pack Carrots are handled just like the peeled carrots.
Main Defects: Slime, decay.
Celery Sticks, Celery Hearts
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler with the back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: Celery is an odor producer do not store near odor absorbing produce. Celery can also absorb odors from onions, apples and pears.
Main Defects: Dehydration, dried ends turning brown.
Corn
Months Available: Domestic: March - August; Imported: September - March
Display and back stock: Tray corn should always be displayed under refrigeration. Shelf life and flavor will decrease if left at room temperature, as the sugars begin to turn to starch and undergo fermentation.
General Information: Costco carries a tray corn that has the husk completely removed. Costco sells "super sweet" varieties, and will accept white, yellow, and (can't read word).
Main Defects: Mold, shriveled kernels
Cucumbers
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Long English cucumbers can be displayed and stored outside the cooler. Mini cucumbers will have significantly better shelf life if displayed and stored inside the cooler.
General Information: English cucumbers and mini cucumbers come from Canada and the U.S. in the summer months and from Mexico and the U.S. in the winter months.
Main Defects: Cucumbers should be firm and green. Soft tips and yellowing are signs of age and decay.
Eggplant
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Eggplant should be displayed on the floor when possible. Eggplant are susceptible to chill damage.
General Information: Eggplant has about 10% of dietary fiber (RDA). Eggplant are odor sensitive, do not store next to ginger or onions.
Main Defects: Decay, wrinkled skin. Discard if there is mold on the calyx (top), or pitted wrinkled skin.
French Beans
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in the cooler case and back stock must be kept in the cooler. Product should never be out of refrigeration.
General Information: Grade U.S. #1 Haricot Vert Seed Variety. Imported from Guatemala and Mexico.
Main Defects: Mold, decay, brown spots.
Garlic
Months Available: California: July-May; Mexico: April; Argentina: March-April
Display and back stock: Ideal temperature is 40 degrees Fahrenheit. It is OK to store inside cooler to extend shelf life.
General Information: We do not carry garlic from China.
Main Defects: Mold, sprouting, dehydration.
Kale
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler case and back stock must be stored in the cooler.
General Information: Organic baby kales will vary in color from dark blue green to bright green. Leaf texture and shape will vary from slightly serrated to almost oak-leaf shaped. The red stem varieties will generally be higher in color overall and may appear slightly yellow/green compared with blue green varieties.
Main Defects: Organic baby kale are susceptible to mildew, yellowing or incomplete seals on bags when the temperature is elevated above 38 degrees.
Mushrooms
Months Available: Baby Bella: Year-round.; Chanterelle: October - December; White: Year-round
Display and back stock: Display should be in the cooler. Product should never be out of refrigeration. Back stock should always be kept refrigerated.
General Information: Baby Bella is washed and cleaned. Chanterelle is grown in the wild and harvested from the forest. It may contain an occasional pine needle. White mushrooms are grown in peat moss and as they push through the beds, you may get some refusal amounts on the finished product.
Main Defects: Overripe, mold, decay, slimy and shrivel.
Onions
Display and back stock: Display and store outside the cooler.
*Yellow onions available year-round.
*Vidalias are available April - August from Georgia.
*Walla Wallas are available June - September from Washington.
*Peru/Mayans are available October - January.
*Chile/Osos are available January - April.
*Texas Sweets are available March - May.
General Information: We may carry other sweet onions depending on your region.
Main Defects: Mold, sprouting, decay.
Sugar Snap Peas
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in the cooler. Back stock must also be kept in cooler.
General Information: Product comes from the U.S., Mexico, Guatemala and Peru. This is a stringless variety.
Main Defects: Yellowing,black or brown spots.
Peppers
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Mini peppers should be stored and displayed in the cooler. Bell peppers can be displayed on the floor or in the cooler. Ideal temperature is 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: Peppers are very high in Vitamin C. Peppers with some green skin will ripen in a couple days.
Main Defects: Decay, wrinkled skin. Decayed peppers can be detected by smell.
Red and Gold Potatoes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display and store outside the cooler. At night place cover over back stock to minimize greening. Golds are more susceptible to light than reds.
General Information: Sizes are A, B and C from largest to smallest. We carry a B size red and an A size gold, both of which are the premium sizes as well as C size for the fingerling or gourmet medley varieties.
Main Defects: Mechanical damage, sprouting, decay, greening.
Russet Potatoes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display and store potatoes outside the cooler. Place cover over the back stock when the warehouse is closed to minimize greening.
General Information: We handle a 50 ct potato that weighs about one pound each. Keep as cool as possible to help prevent sprouting, but outside cooler to prevent condensation. Potatoes naturally want to sprout in the springtime and we should vigilante March-June.
Main Defects: Mechanical damage, sprouting, decay, greening.
Sweet Potatoes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display and store outside of the cooler. Back stock should be stored in a dry, dark, cool place, preferably 55 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: Sweet potatoes are susceptible to chill damage, do not refrigerate. Sweet potatoes are low in sodium, saturated fat and cholesterol. They are also a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins A, B6, C, potassium and manganese.
Main Defects: Sunken, shriveled skin, mold and decay.Romaine Hearts
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler. Back stock must also be stored in cooler.
General Information: Maximum height on leaves to be 10" diameter and 5" circumference from the butt end. Net weight to be 3.5 lbs. Product (November - March) appearance will be light green with 70% bleaching. Product (April - October) appearance slightly darker with 70% bleaching.
Main Defects: Broken ribs, pink or brown discoloration.
Spring Mix
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: This item must be kept under refrigeration at all times.
General Information: This is a custom-packed blend of special variety lettuces combined together to make a colorful, upscale salad. This blend may contain a mix of 8 to 16 baby lettuces and herbs such as radicchio, arugula, frise, lolla rossa, baby spinach, mache, sorrel and red oak leaf. The key to the success of this item is never break the cold chain from distribution to display.
Main Defects: Decay, yellow leaves, freezer burn.
Salad/Leafy Greens
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler case and back stock must be stored in cooler. Product should never be out of refrigeration.
General Information: When handling this product, be gentle as lettuce can be easily bruised. Salad mix contains lettuce, carrots and red cabbage.
Main Defects: Yellowing, brown edges, decay.
Spinach
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Always display under refrigeration. Back stock should never break the cold chain.
General Information: Spinach is a very delicate item. It is harvested, washed three times, dried, and packaged at shipping point. It should have fresh, crisp, clean leaved with solid green coloring.
Main Defects: Yellow leaves, sour odor.
Butternut Squash
Months Available: October - April.
Display and back stock: Display in the cooler with the back stock kept under refrigeration.
General Information: Butternut squash is bright and yellow to orange in appearance.
Main Defects: Slimy, wet-looking product, mold or decay. No off odor.
Tomatoes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Store and display outside of cooler. Ideal temperature is 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Chill damage occurs under 50 degrees Fahrenheit which negatively impacts shelf life, taste and vine condition. Tomatoes ripen quickly above 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Look at them regularly and cull to maintain high-quality presentations.
General Information: Tomatoes are high in vitamins A and C, potassium, and most contain lycopene, an antioxidant.
Main Defects: Over-ripe, mold.
Veggie Tray
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display should be in the cooler along with the back stock. Product should never be out of refrigeration. The veggie snack pack should be handled in the same manner.
General Information: The package will contain four of the following veggies: broccoli, peeled carrots, sugar snap peas, cauliflower and grape tomatoes. The veggie snack pack is to be handled in the same manner as the tray.
Main Defects: Mold, decay.
Costco Produce Handling Chart
They have this in every Costco walk in produce cooler! There are different requirements for all the different kinds of fresh produce
*All product must be rotated daily
*Cooler to maintain product at 40 degrees Fahrenheit
*Reduce D & D by reworking produce daily
Blackberries
Months Available: Domestic: May-August; Imported: October-May
Display and back stock: Primary display should be in the walk-in coolers. If displayed on floor, limited quantities, 2-3 layers on a stack of 5-6 pallets. Keep all back stock in the cooler. Store product in cooler at night
General Information: We carry US #1 grade. The berries should be large in size and firm to the touch. Keep berries dry and refrigerated. We specify varieties that we accept, which at times limits our availability and effects pricing.
Main Defects: Mold and decay.
Blueberries
Months Available: Domestic: April-September; Imported: October-April
Display and back stock: Primary display should be in the walk-in coolers. If displayed on floor, limited quantities, 2-3 layers on a stack of 5-6 pallets. Keep all back stock in the cooler. Store product in cooler at night
General Information: Good quality product will be plump with a fresh appearance and uniform sizing. Berries should be clean, dry and free of leaves and stems. Shelf life improves during the domestic season. May - July are the peak months with very good supplies. Argentina is the primary source during October and November and fruit is fumigated prior to shipment, which reduces shelf life. January through March, boat blueberries from Chile are the primary program.
Main Defects: Mold, shrivel, decay
Cranberries
Months Available: October - December
Display and back stock: Display and store back stock in the produce cooler at temperatures of 38 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: Cranberries should be firm and red in color. They are susceptible to chill damage and will soften and lose their crispness if frozen.
Main Defects: Soft sunken berries. Wet bleeding berries. White-colored berries.
Raspberries
Months Available: Domestic: Year round, but good volumes May-September; Imported: October-April
Display and back stock: Primary display should be in the walk-in coolers. If displayed on floor, limited quantities, 2-3 layers on a stack of 5-6 pallets. Keep all back stock in the cooler. Store product in cooler at night
General Information: We carry US #1 grade. The berries should be large in size and firm to the touch. Keep berries dry and refrigerated. Raspberries have a very short shelf life 3-4 days in best case scenario, less if weather conditions are poor.
Main Defects: Mold and decay
Strawberries
Months Available: Domestic: January-November; Imported: November-April
Display and back stock: Primary display should be in the walk-in coolers. If displayed out of refrigeration, no more than 1 1/2 days supply should be on the floor at any time. Store product in cooler at night
General Information: The primary package is a 4 lb clamshell, but will use a smaller 2 lb clamshell in during the winter months due to extremely high markets. We stop buying strawberries when the sizing drops. Our standard is to make no more than 90 berries to make 4 lbs of fruit during the summer and 100 during the winter months. We focus on full color berries, which can reduce the shelf life.
Main Defects: Mold and decay
Apples
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display pallet quantities on the floor with back stock in the cooler.
General Information: We carry many different varieties from around the globe. Acceptable grades for Costco: U.S. #1., Washington Extra Fancy and Export Class, Cat. 1. The size profile ranges from 90s to 64s, when making competitive shops please note size and grade.
Main Defects: Decay, stem puncture, skin spotting.
Apricots
Months Available: California: May-June; Washington: July-September; Chile: December-January
Display and back stock: Apricots require special care and handling. They do not have long shelf life, especially upon turning full ripe. Display outside of cooler in controlled quantities. Keep back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: Newer varieties include apriums and black apricots. Apricots should be a deep yellow, yellow-orange, plump, well formed and fairly firm. Apricots stored in high temperature become mealy.
Main Defects: Decay, bruising, pale green shading.
Bananas
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Bananas are susceptible to damage from fluctuating temperatures. They should not be exposed to extreme cold or heat. They are high impulse items. The larger display creates dramatic visual impact.
General Information: We will handle a U.S. #1 grade. Bananas are the top-selling item at retail level. Air stack upon arrival to avoid heat build up and ripening. Never stack boxes over five high on display. Do not dump stack to prevent bruising.
Main Defects: Bruising, chill damage, dehydration.
Cantaloupe
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler. Keep back stock in refrigerator. If displayed out of refrigeration, no more than one day supply should be on the floor at any time.
General Information: These melons are ripe when they acquire an aroma. Tuscan and Galia melons although different varieties should be handled similarly. Do not dumpstack melons as it causes brusing.
Main Defects: Decay, overripe, sunken skin.
Cherries
Months Available: May-August; December-January
Display and back stock: Display in cooler. Keep back stock in cooler. If displayed out of refrigeration, no more than one day supply should be on the floor at any time.
General Information: We carry many different varieties from around the globe. We carry Red Cherries (different varieties) and Rainier Cherries. Acceptable grades for Costco: U.S. #1, Washington Extra Fancy and Export Class, Cat. 1. The size profile ranges from 10.5 row to 8.0 row, when making competitive shops please note size and grade.
Main Defects: Mold, splits, decay.
Figs
Months Available: June-October
Display and back stock: Display and store back stock in the produce cooler at temperatures of 38 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: There are many varieties including black, brown & white/green. Figs are odor-sensitive and will absorb onion or apple odors.
Main Defects: Wet leaky fruit, mold or decay.
Fresh Cut Fruit
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display should be in the walk-in or upright coolers (where available). Product should never be out of refrigeration. Each hour above 40 degrees Fahrenheit can reduce shelf life by one day. Back stock should always be kept refrigerated.
General Information: May contain at least four of the following fruits: cantaloupe, honeydew, pineapple, red grapes, strawberries, apples, blueberries, kiwi, mango, pineapple, and papaya.
Main Defects: Mold, decay.
Grapefruit
Months Available: Year-round. Peak November-May. Pummelos available November-May.
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. It is OK to display back stock under refrigeration for a short amount of time.
General Information: We will carry a U.S. Fancy in larger sizes. Main varieties are Ruby Red and Star Ruby. Do not stack the bags too high on the bin to avoid bruising fruit.
Main Defects: Mold, decay.
Grapes
Months Available: Year-round imports from Chile, South Africa, Egypt, Argentina, Spain, Brazil, Mexico and Peru. Champagne: July-September.
Display and back stock: Display on floor in limited quantities. Keep only one day supply of grapes on the floor at any given time. Keep back stock in cooler.
General Information: We will only carry U.S. Extra Fancy grapes. Main varieties include Flames, Thompson, Sugraone, Seedless, Crimson and Champagne.
Main Defects: Ambering, mold, brown stems, decay.
Honeydew
Months Available: Domestic: May-October; Imported: October-May
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler in full pallet quantities. Back stock should be stored outside cooler. Do not store back stock in steel.
General Information: Honeydew and Golden Honeydew 4-6 count cartons sold individually in display container.
Main Defects: Discoloration, heavy scarring, excessive dirt, bruised or sunken areas.
Kiwi
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. Back stock should be stored in cooler.
General Information: Both New Zealand and California grow and ship the Hayward variety. We also import from Greece and Italy. When ripe, kiwi will be soft to the touch and will have a nice sweet smell. We handle U.S. Fancy grade. Fruit should be mature, clean, with no broken skin or other damages.
Main Defects: Broken skin, decay.
Lemons
Months Available: Year-round. Meyer lemons: November-March.
Display and back stock: Floor displays are recommended for best results. Minimum shelf life is 7 days. Back stock should be refrigerated.
General Information: Domestic fruit is available year-round, however we will import from Spain and Chile during the summer months in order to have fresh unstored lemons for our consumption. The best lemons will be fine-textured and heavy for their size. Course thick skinned and light lemons are likely to have less juice. Meyer lemons are a cross between a lemon and a mandarin orange.
Main Defects: Shrivel, hard skin, soft, spongy, mold.
Limes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. Back stock should be stored outside cooler away from direct sun.
General Information: Susceptible to chill damage below 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Keep out of direct sunlight which causes them to yellow.
Main Defects: Yellowing and brown pitting on the skin. Shriveling.
Mandarins
Months Available: Clementines: Year-round; Tangerines: November-March; Tangelos: October-May; Satsumas: November-December
Display and back stock: Display outside of refrigeration. Keep back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: A good quality mandarin will be heavy for its size and be deep orange or almost red, depending on the particular variety. A puffy appearance and feel is normal.
Main Defects: Stem puncture, broken skin, decay.
Mangos
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. Back stock should be stored outside cooler.
General Information: Mangos are ripe when they become soft to the touch. Ataulfo variety will turn full yellow when ready to eat. The majority of mangos consumed in the U.S. are imported from Mexico and Central America.
Main Defects: Decay, spotting, overripe.
Medjool Dates
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Store either inside or outside of the cooler along with the back stock.
General Information: Dates are odor-sensitive and will pick up odors from onions and other odor produce.
Main Defects: Hardened, crystallized fruit. White worms.
Nectarines
Months Available: June-September; January-March
Display and back stock: Display on the floor. Do not keep back stock in the cooler. This will cause internal breakdown of the fruit.
General Information: Nectarines, like peaches, do not gain sugar once they have been picked and must be harvested as close to maturity as possible. We need to handle this product with extra care. We stay with the largest sizes available and there is a large price difference between the smaller sizes, and the large ones we carry. Please keep this in mind when doing competitive shops.
Main Defects: Overripe, mold, decay and shrivel.
Oranges
Months Available: Cara Cara: November - May & August - September; Navels: Year-round; Turocco: February-May
Display and back stock: Display pallet quantities on the floor with back stock in the cooler.
General Information: Orange supplies peak November-May. Always check product and rework daily as needed.
Main Defects: Mold, decay.
Papaya
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display and store outside of the cooler.
General Information: Papayas are susceptible to chill damages at temperatures below 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Varieties include the Kapaho Solo from Hawaii, Solo Golden from Brazil. Red varieties are the Thainung or Royal Star.
Main Defects: Dime-sized decay spots, brusing and overripe.
Peaches
Months Available: May-October; January-March
Display and back stock: Display on the floor. Do not keep back stock in the cooler. This will cause internal breakdown of the fruit.
General Information: We handle a U.S. #1 grade peach. All peaches should have a deep reddish color, uniform size and be free of skin damage.
Main Defects: Overripe, mold, decay and shrivel
Pears
Months Available: July - May
Display and back stock: Display pallet quantities on the floor with back stock in the cooler. Avoid bruising, do not mound or dump stack pears.
General Information: We carry many different varieties from around the globe. Acceptable grades for Costco: US #1, Washington Extra Fancy and Export Class, Cat. 1. The size profile ranges vary depending on the variety.
Main Defects: Bruising, scars, minor skin blemish, russeting.
Asian Pears
Months Available: Imports: March - May; July - December
Display and back stock: Display on floor in limited quantities. Keep back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: These are the oldest cultivated pears known. Originated in Japan, these pears have a clear yellow, brown or yellow-brown skin. The most popular are the 20th Century, Hosui and Shenseiki. Unlike most other pears, this item is ripe even when it does not yield to pressure.
Main Defects: Bruising, decay.
Persimmons
Months Available: October-December
Display and back stock: Floor display only. Back stock should be stored outside cooler.
General Information: Hundreds of varieties are available but only two types are sold commercially, the Fuyu and the Hachiya. Both have thin, smooth skin that can bruise easily. The Fuyu is somewhat flat with smooth brilliant orange skin and burnt-orange flesh. The Hachiya is sweet and spicy when ripe. It is slightly pointed with smooth, bright orange skin and burnt-orange flesh.
Main Defects: Decay and soft sunken areas.
Pineapple
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display on floor. Store back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: Peak supplies are generally between March and June. Good quality pineapple should be plump, large and fragrant. Crown leaves should be fresh and deep green.
Main Defects: Mold, decay, bruising, dry leaves.
Plums
Months Available: June - November & January - April; Pluots: July - September & February - March; Prune Plums: July - September
Display and back stock: Display on floor with back stock in cooler. Prune plums should be kept refrigerated, with only one day supply outside the cooler.
General Information: We will carry red & black plums with both yellow and red flesh as well as pluots. Pluots are a cross between plums and another type of stone fruit.
Main Defects: Skin breaks, punctures, brown discoloration.
Pomegranates & Arils
Months Available: October - January
Display and back stock: Pomegranates should be displayed on the floor and the back stock can be maintained inside the cooler. Pomegranate arils should be displayed and maintained in the cooler.
General Information: Whole pomegranates are susceptible to chill damage below 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Arils will decay immediately if not refrigerated.
Main Defects: Sunken shriveled, dehydrated & discolored whole fruit. Arils are fermented smelling due to over maturity. Mold or decay.
Watermelon & Mini Watermelon
Months Available: Domestic: May - October; Imported: October - May
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler in full pallet quantities. Back stock should be stored outside cooler. Do not store back stock in steel.
General Information: We carry only seedless varieties of watermelon. Melons will have a yellowish underside where the fruit contacted the ground in the fields. Melon should be stored at room temperature. Primary pack will be in cartons during the imported season, and bins during the domestic season. Costco carries 2 sizes of mini watermelons (6s and 8s). Size 6 melons will have 3 units per case, and size 8 melons will have 4 units per case.
Main Defects: Decay, spongy melons, under ripe melons.
Artichokes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler or under refrigeration.
General Information: Artichokes are selected according to season. In the spring, they should be globe-shaped, heavy, compact and plump with good green color and tight leaves. In the fall, they should be conical, lighter in color and weight with slightly flared leaves that are spiny. We will handle jumbo-sized artichokes.
Main Defects: Darkening, wilting, molding.
Asparagus
Months Available: Domestic: March-June; Imported: June-March
Display and back stock: Recommended that asparagus always be refrigerated due to shelf life studies. The product is in a micro perforated bag which extends shelf life but is only effective at temperature between 34-40 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: We carry US #1 grade in standard and large sizing (7/16-11/16 - diameter 1" up from bottom of stalk). Stalks should be fresh, well trimmed, and fairly straight. Tips should be firm, with only minimal flowering. Primary pack is a 2.25 lb bag.
Main Defects: Flowering tips, decay, shrivel, dehydration.
Avocados
Months Available: Domestic: March-September; Imported: September-June
Display and back stock: Display outside of cooler. Back stock should be stored in dry area, but not in cooler. If overstocked, and need to store back stock in refrigeration, keep away from fans. Any temperature below 38 degrees Fahrenheit will damage the fruit.
General Information: Costco only carries Hass and lamb hass varieties, and size 40's and larger. Product will be soft to the touch and dark in appearance when ready to eat. Note size and variety when doing comp shop.
Main Defects: Decay, over-ripe, shrivel.
Broccoli
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler case and back stock must be stored in cooler. Also pertains to organic broccolette and broccolini.
General Information: Broccoli bud clusters will be tight, neat evenly cut. Some yellowing and blonding is acceptable at times of the year when there is greater cloud cover and less sunshine preventing full green buds. Broccolini and Organic Broccolette have broccoli type heads with long stems. They may also have yellow flowers on the head.
Main Defects:
Brussels Sprouts
Months Available: September-May
Display and back stock: Display in cooler with back stock.
General Information: Leaves will yellow quickly at room temperature. Ethylene sensitive and somewhat sensitive to freezing.
Main Defects: Mold, decay, yellowing leaves.
Bulk Carrots
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler case or on floor. Back stock must be stored in cooler. Product can be displayed outside of cooler provided sales occur within 48 hours.
General Information: The grade we carry is US #1. All carrots will have short trimmed tops and will be large to jumbo in size.
Main Defects: Sprouting, decay, mold.
Peeled Carrots
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in the cooler with the back stock. Snack pack carrots are handled in the same manner.
General Information: The grade we carry is US #1. This is a value-added product with carrots being peeled and cleaned. Snack Pack Carrots are handled just like the peeled carrots.
Main Defects: Slime, decay.
Celery Sticks, Celery Hearts
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler with the back stock under refrigeration.
General Information: Celery is an odor producer do not store near odor absorbing produce. Celery can also absorb odors from onions, apples and pears.
Main Defects: Dehydration, dried ends turning brown.
Corn
Months Available: Domestic: March - August; Imported: September - March
Display and back stock: Tray corn should always be displayed under refrigeration. Shelf life and flavor will decrease if left at room temperature, as the sugars begin to turn to starch and undergo fermentation.
General Information: Costco carries a tray corn that has the husk completely removed. Costco sells "super sweet" varieties, and will accept white, yellow, and (can't read word).
Main Defects: Mold, shriveled kernels
Cucumbers
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Long English cucumbers can be displayed and stored outside the cooler. Mini cucumbers will have significantly better shelf life if displayed and stored inside the cooler.
General Information: English cucumbers and mini cucumbers come from Canada and the U.S. in the summer months and from Mexico and the U.S. in the winter months.
Main Defects: Cucumbers should be firm and green. Soft tips and yellowing are signs of age and decay.
Eggplant
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Eggplant should be displayed on the floor when possible. Eggplant are susceptible to chill damage.
General Information: Eggplant has about 10% of dietary fiber (RDA). Eggplant are odor sensitive, do not store next to ginger or onions.
Main Defects: Decay, wrinkled skin. Discard if there is mold on the calyx (top), or pitted wrinkled skin.
French Beans
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in the cooler case and back stock must be kept in the cooler. Product should never be out of refrigeration.
General Information: Grade U.S. #1 Haricot Vert Seed Variety. Imported from Guatemala and Mexico.
Main Defects: Mold, decay, brown spots.
Garlic
Months Available: California: July-May; Mexico: April; Argentina: March-April
Display and back stock: Ideal temperature is 40 degrees Fahrenheit. It is OK to store inside cooler to extend shelf life.
General Information: We do not carry garlic from China.
Main Defects: Mold, sprouting, dehydration.
Kale
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler case and back stock must be stored in the cooler.
General Information: Organic baby kales will vary in color from dark blue green to bright green. Leaf texture and shape will vary from slightly serrated to almost oak-leaf shaped. The red stem varieties will generally be higher in color overall and may appear slightly yellow/green compared with blue green varieties.
Main Defects: Organic baby kale are susceptible to mildew, yellowing or incomplete seals on bags when the temperature is elevated above 38 degrees.
Mushrooms
Months Available: Baby Bella: Year-round.; Chanterelle: October - December; White: Year-round
Display and back stock: Display should be in the cooler. Product should never be out of refrigeration. Back stock should always be kept refrigerated.
General Information: Baby Bella is washed and cleaned. Chanterelle is grown in the wild and harvested from the forest. It may contain an occasional pine needle. White mushrooms are grown in peat moss and as they push through the beds, you may get some refusal amounts on the finished product.
Main Defects: Overripe, mold, decay, slimy and shrivel.
Onions
Display and back stock: Display and store outside the cooler.
*Yellow onions available year-round.
*Vidalias are available April - August from Georgia.
*Walla Wallas are available June - September from Washington.
*Peru/Mayans are available October - January.
*Chile/Osos are available January - April.
*Texas Sweets are available March - May.
General Information: We may carry other sweet onions depending on your region.
Main Defects: Mold, sprouting, decay.
Sugar Snap Peas
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in the cooler. Back stock must also be kept in cooler.
General Information: Product comes from the U.S., Mexico, Guatemala and Peru. This is a stringless variety.
Main Defects: Yellowing,black or brown spots.
Peppers
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Mini peppers should be stored and displayed in the cooler. Bell peppers can be displayed on the floor or in the cooler. Ideal temperature is 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: Peppers are very high in Vitamin C. Peppers with some green skin will ripen in a couple days.
Main Defects: Decay, wrinkled skin. Decayed peppers can be detected by smell.
Red and Gold Potatoes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display and store outside the cooler. At night place cover over back stock to minimize greening. Golds are more susceptible to light than reds.
General Information: Sizes are A, B and C from largest to smallest. We carry a B size red and an A size gold, both of which are the premium sizes as well as C size for the fingerling or gourmet medley varieties.
Main Defects: Mechanical damage, sprouting, decay, greening.
Russet Potatoes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display and store potatoes outside the cooler. Place cover over the back stock when the warehouse is closed to minimize greening.
General Information: We handle a 50 ct potato that weighs about one pound each. Keep as cool as possible to help prevent sprouting, but outside cooler to prevent condensation. Potatoes naturally want to sprout in the springtime and we should vigilante March-June.
Main Defects: Mechanical damage, sprouting, decay, greening.
Sweet Potatoes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display and store outside of the cooler. Back stock should be stored in a dry, dark, cool place, preferably 55 degrees Fahrenheit.
General Information: Sweet potatoes are susceptible to chill damage, do not refrigerate. Sweet potatoes are low in sodium, saturated fat and cholesterol. They are also a good source of dietary fiber, vitamins A, B6, C, potassium and manganese.
Main Defects: Sunken, shriveled skin, mold and decay.Romaine Hearts
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler. Back stock must also be stored in cooler.
General Information: Maximum height on leaves to be 10" diameter and 5" circumference from the butt end. Net weight to be 3.5 lbs. Product (November - March) appearance will be light green with 70% bleaching. Product (April - October) appearance slightly darker with 70% bleaching.
Main Defects: Broken ribs, pink or brown discoloration.
Spring Mix
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: This item must be kept under refrigeration at all times.
General Information: This is a custom-packed blend of special variety lettuces combined together to make a colorful, upscale salad. This blend may contain a mix of 8 to 16 baby lettuces and herbs such as radicchio, arugula, frise, lolla rossa, baby spinach, mache, sorrel and red oak leaf. The key to the success of this item is never break the cold chain from distribution to display.
Main Defects: Decay, yellow leaves, freezer burn.
Salad/Leafy Greens
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display in cooler case and back stock must be stored in cooler. Product should never be out of refrigeration.
General Information: When handling this product, be gentle as lettuce can be easily bruised. Salad mix contains lettuce, carrots and red cabbage.
Main Defects: Yellowing, brown edges, decay.
Spinach
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Always display under refrigeration. Back stock should never break the cold chain.
General Information: Spinach is a very delicate item. It is harvested, washed three times, dried, and packaged at shipping point. It should have fresh, crisp, clean leaved with solid green coloring.
Main Defects: Yellow leaves, sour odor.
Butternut Squash
Months Available: October - April.
Display and back stock: Display in the cooler with the back stock kept under refrigeration.
General Information: Butternut squash is bright and yellow to orange in appearance.
Main Defects: Slimy, wet-looking product, mold or decay. No off odor.
Tomatoes
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Store and display outside of cooler. Ideal temperature is 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Chill damage occurs under 50 degrees Fahrenheit which negatively impacts shelf life, taste and vine condition. Tomatoes ripen quickly above 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Look at them regularly and cull to maintain high-quality presentations.
General Information: Tomatoes are high in vitamins A and C, potassium, and most contain lycopene, an antioxidant.
Main Defects: Over-ripe, mold.
Veggie Tray
Months Available: Year-round.
Display and back stock: Display should be in the cooler along with the back stock. Product should never be out of refrigeration. The veggie snack pack should be handled in the same manner.
General Information: The package will contain four of the following veggies: broccoli, peeled carrots, sugar snap peas, cauliflower and grape tomatoes. The veggie snack pack is to be handled in the same manner as the tray.
Main Defects: Mold, decay.