View allAll Photos Tagged sublingual
Used sublingual morphine syringes. In the past I imagined that, for someone in hospice, taking morphine would, in addition to reducing pain and alleviating shortness of breath, also give a 'high'. Not so. Morphine addresses those symptoms, and, in general, 'takes the edge off', but there is no drug high. And, as with all drugs, there are numerous side effects. Requires a constant process of assessing the benefits, vs. the side effects, of increasing or decreasing the dosage.
Peace I Ask Of Thee Oh River: youtu.be/64DS36WCs_w
in Explore 2021-01-11 (#426)
Rocky Mountain National Park
Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), sometimes referred to as Clark's crow or woodpecker crow, is a passerine bird in the family Corvidae, native to the mountains of western North America. The nutcracker is an omnivore but subsists mainly on pine nuts, burying seeds in the ground in the summer and then retrieving them in the winter by memory.
Food
The most important food resources for this species are the seeds of pines (Pinus sp.), principally the two cold-climate (high altitude) species of white pine (Pinus subgenus Strobus) with large seeds P. albicaulis and P. flexilis, but also using other high-altitude species like P. balfouriana, P. longaeva and P. monticola. During migrations to lower altitudes, it also extensively uses the seeds of pinyon pines. The isolated Cerro Potosí population is strongly associated with the local endemic Potosi pinyon Pinus culminicola. All Clark's Nutcrackers have a sublingual pouch capable of holding around 50–150 seeds, depending on the size of the seeds; the pouch greatly enhances the birds' ability to transport and store seeds.
Clark's nutcrackers store seeds, usually in the ground for later consumption, in caches of 1–15 seeds (average of 3–4 seeds).[5] Depending on the cone crop as well as the tree species, a single Clark's nutcracker can cache as many as 98,000 seeds per season. The birds regularly store more than they actually need as insurance against seed theft by other animals (squirrels, etc.), as well as low availability of alternative foods; this surplus seed is left in the cache, and may be able to germinate and grow into new trees, if the conditions are right. Through this activity of caching and over-storing, the bird is perpetuating its own habitat. Closely tied in with this storage behavior is the bird's remarkable long-term spatial memory; they are able to relocate caches of seeds with great accuracy, even nine months later, and even when the cache sites are buried under up to a meter (3 ft) of snow. Its powers of memory exemplify the high intelligence of the Corvidae.
The Clark’s Nutcracker, found in the mountains of western North America, is a favourite species of mine, both for its connection with the high country and for its intelligence as reflected in its amazing spatial recall of the locations where it has cached food.
These birds have a sublingual pouch (under the tongue) where they store food, such as the seeds of Whitebark Pine, and then place it in holes and other crannies to which they return with high accuracy. This ability enables them to have their young earlier in the year when food would otherwise be scarce, giving their offspring more time to “learn the ropes” and thus granting them better odds in the survival sweepstakes. {The unretrieved seeds also help the birds since they can germinate and perpetuate the habitat they need.}
The common name of this Corvid comes from a co-leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the western USA in the early 1800s, which was the first to describe the species. (The expedition also described the Lewis’s Woodpecker: www.flickr.com/photos/luminouscompositions/50731325353/in...)
The Clark’s Nutcracker in this photograph was seen in the Canadian Rockies at Lake Louise, which lies in Banff National Park in the province of Alberta.
All in all, the Clark’s Nutcracker is an impressive bird — including that long, powerful bill. It gives distinctive raspy calls, and in flight shows flashes of white in the wings and the tail.
Photographed along Bethel Ridge Road near the top of Bethel Ridge, Yakima County, Washington.
Clark's Nutcracker was first observed on 22 August 1805 by William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition.
This bird is associated with pine forests. Pine seeds are the bulk of their diet. Here in Washington state I have watched them feeding on whitebark pine which are required for their survival. Unfortunately many stands of whitebark pine some of which are more than a thousand years old are diseased and dying.
Nutcrackers have an ability to gather and cache seeds, and to remember where they put them, even when covered under deep snow. Nutcrackers have a sublingual pouch capable of storing dozens of seeds.
IMG_9298
The original of this image is available as a stock photograph with Grandmaison Photo Agency www.grandmaisonphotography.com/image?&_bqG=0&_bqH...
This adult of the ‘Interior’ form of Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch was gathering food on the shore of Lake Oesa, at high elevation in Yoho National Park, British Columbia. What amazing colours!
Jason Rogers, an accomplished birder based in Banff, Alberta, Canada, pointed out to me that this image shows a distended area in the throat region that is used for food storage and is called a buccal pouch. It is similar in function to other such features like the sublingual pouch in Clark’s Nutcracker [see www.flickr.com/photos/luminouscompositions/51171213280/in... ] and crops in many larger birds including raptors.
... o el encanto de la arqui.textura
www.goear.com/listen/ee3c9d6/unknown-saybia
para tí ... www.flickr.com/photos/arkite/
y tu flamante Canon :-)
.
Au moment où l'avion faisait un virage à droite et s'inclinait beaucoup avec le bout de l'aile droite pointé vers le sol, certains passagers aux fenêtres, très anxieux, ont interprété que l'avion était incontrôlable et allait tomber, ce qui n'était qu'une illusion.
La voix de l'hôtesse de l'air m'a appelé pour aider pendant le vol : " Attention, y a-t-il un médecin à bord ? Veuillez vous présenter. "
Au bout de l'allée de l'avion, j'ai pu voir l'hôtesse de l'air à côté d'une dame visiblement pâle et en détresse.
La trousse de premiers soins n'était pas vraiment nécessaire, c'était un épisode de trouble panique aigu et intense et le médicament anxiolytique sublingual était dans le sac de la dame, je lui ai juste rappelé et l'aidais à prendre le médicament qu'elle avait apporté avec elle et en raison d'une anxiété sévère, il ne s'en souvenait pas.
C'était des soins médicaux, juste une thérapie rassurante.
Peu de temps après, elle a beaucoup pleuré et s'est rétablie.
Non, ce n'était pas une crise cardiaque comme elle et l'hôtesse de l'air à côté d'elle le pensaient.
Quel était l'outil de diagnostic que j'ai utilisé pour l'aider ?
J'ai utilisé une anamnèse bonne et minutieuse.
J'ai dit :
" Prenez-vous des médicaments ?
Avez-vous besoin de les emporter avec vous en cas d'urgence ?
Quel est le nom du médicament ? "
Et elle a dit : « Rivotril ! »
Ivan
-------------------------------------------
At the moment the plane made a turn to the right and tilted significantly with the tip of the right wing pointing towards the ground, some passengers at the windows, very anxious, interpreted that the plane was out of control and would crash, which was just an illusion.
The voice of the flight attendant called me to assist during the flight: "Attention, is there a doctor on board ? Please introduce yourself."
At the end of the aisle of the plane, I could see the flight attendant next to a visibly pale and distressed lady.
The first aid kit was not really necessary, it was an episode of acute and intense panic disorder and the sublingual anxiolytic medication was in the lady's bag, I just reminded her and helped her take the medication that she had brought with her and due to severe anxiety but she didn't remember it.
It was medical care, just reassuring therapy.
Shortly after, she cried a lot and recovered.
No, it was not a heart attack as she and the flight attendant next to her thought.
What was the diagnostic tool that I used to help her ?
I used a good and careful history.
I said,
"Are you taking any medication ?
Do you need to carry it with you in case of emergency ?
What is the name of the medication ?"
And she said, "Rivotril !"
Ivan
On March 2nd, we had to say goodbye to our cat Tabs. We had her only 1 year and 9 months, but she was much loved –despite presenting us with some challenges we’d not experienced with our previous cat. Tabs was a “forget-me-not” at the Animal Humane Society meaning she was there awaiting adoption longer than most others. She was already a senior cat at 14 years old and we thought she was a good fit for us since we have a quiet home with no kids. She was named Tabitha by her previous owners and since she was older, we kept the name but eventually referred to her in a shortened version of Tabs. For an older cat, she was still quite playful and we discovered that she went bananas over yarn, but only if someone was tugging at the other end. So of course I found myself playing yarn with her nearly every evening after work. Tabs was an indoor-only cat, unlike our previous one so we tried to keep her occupied with lots of “window time” in the spring, summer, and fall when we’d open the window near either of her two cat towers and she could watch and listen to the outside world. I’d even open her window for short times in the winter on warmer days. She lived a good life with us with tons of uninterrupted nap times, belly rubs, fancy feast, and lots of treats. And she was reciprocal with constant, loving “head bumps” and purring.
Neither of us could have known she would take an unexpected turn for the worse that left her unable to stand or walk without crying out loudly in pain. It came completely out of the blue on Saturday morning when we noticed she was walking wobbly. Then she started hiding from us, in dark corners, closets, or wherever we’d not think to look for her. By the following day she was not using her rear right leg and therefore moving only short distances while also making the most awful noises you’ve ever heard. Christine and I spent all day trying to figure out what happened to her and after a while I was convinced she’d broken her leg, possibly a result of falling from her cat tower, though neither of us saw or heard such. We spent almost 5 hours at an emergency vet on Monday and they didn’t have any definitive answers on her condition, only that she had no broken or fractured bones whatsoever. Their best guess was that she had a herniated disc, or some type of spine related issue. Even at this point we were considering euthanasia, but we ended up taking her home after they said they could give her a topical dose of pain medication that would last about 4 days. They also gave us additional sublingual meds which I volunteered to be in charge of administering. We spent the next few days nursing her as best we could, setting her up on various old blankets and towels in Christine’s closet so she felt safe and hidden. We had to bring her both food and water and she did partake in both after a little coaxing. Unfortunately she couldn’t even walk a few feet to her litter box and would pee on whatever blanket she was laying on, so we were washing constantly and placing her on fresh ones. After continuing this routine for a few days and not really showing any signs of improvement, we knew we had to make the tough decision.
The vet allowed both Christine and I to be with Tabs until the end and it was incredibly sad. As a teenager, we had to put down our family dog of 16(?) years and at that time I don’t think I shed many tears. I tried hard to be an adult and “suck it up” and not let my emotions get to me. But now as an adult, I am absolutely wrecked when having to put an animal down. You can’t ask an animal where it hurts when they are in pain, and you can’t tell them how much you love them and how sorry you are at the end. You can only caress them and hope that they understand. We did so for a while even after she had passed and I told her she was “a good pudd” for the last time.
A bird I had never seen before and I was excited to meet up with ten one day. It is named after the explorer William Clark, after the Corps of Discovery found it while camping with the Shoshone Indians in Idaho on the Lemhi River, August 22, 1805.
Their primary food source is the seeds of pines. All of these Nutcrackers have a sublingual pouch capable of holding 50-150 seeds. they normally store them in the ground for later consumption in caches of 1-15 seeds. A single Nutcracker could cache as many as 98,000 seeds per season! This bird has a remarkable long-term spatial memory letting it relocate caches of seeds with accuracy (9 mos later and even under 3 ft of snow). Both parents care for the young in incubation and feeding.
Please note: DEPICTION IS NOT ADVOCACY!
(Hand-drawn watercolor-crayon transfer on paper) (BEST VIEWED LARGE)
(During the course of my career in non-profit quality control, I smoked marijuana every day for 29 of the past 42 years. Marijuana can be a good medicine, and I found that it often inspired me.
My favorite imported kinds of marijuana were Punta Roja Colombian, "Thai sticks", and Mexican from Oaxaca.
I also enjoyed some of the hashish that came from Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Nepal. The hashoil I smoked that came from Morocco greatly lifted my spirits and provided unique insight. "Bubble Hash" made in Berkeley gave me colorful visions.
I even quaffed Hi-Brew Beer [early 1980s marijuana/alcohol beverage].
[In the 1970s I trimmed MANY pounds of marijuana. One of my associates, a taxi driver who claimed that he had “rolled so many joints I don’t have any fingerprints left” was so impressed that he borrowed my scissors and had them plated with gold.]
['Miron had stolen a big pile of wedding invitations... and we would use them to make filters for joints."
---Etgar Keret, translated from the Hebrew by Miriam Shlesinger and Sondra Silverston, in his 2002 collection of short stories THE NIMROD FLIPOUT. When I was arrested in 1985 the police seized a small box of filters from me that I had made by cutting some of my business cards into strips. I called them "jay-spacers" and had labeled the box. In 1986 when I went in front of the parole board, they (not knowing what a "jay-spacer" is) made a big deal out of the filters. "You had almost a hundred jay-spacers!" they said very accusingly...]
Surfing on a toke--and when the bowl of the pipe looks like the Grand Canyon, I know I've almost had enough...
[Willie Nelson won 10 Grammy awards, and has appeared in 37 movies and TV shows. More than 40 million copies of his more than 100 albums have been sold. He has smoked marijuana for MANY years. Nelson is an outspoken advocate for the drug and has been arrested several times for possession of marijuana. He was arrested in 2006 for possessing marijuana and hallucinogenic mushrooms. His latest song is titled "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die".
---from an Associated Press news report, 4.21. 2012.]
["I smoke two joints in the morning
I smoke two joints at night
I smoke two joints in the afternoon
It makes me feel all right"
"I smoke two joints in time of peace
And two in time of war
I smoke two joints before I smoke two joints
And then I smoke two more"
---Chris Kay and Michael Kay, in their 1983 song "Smoke Two Joints", which was recorded by The Toyes.]
["Things Get Grounded When There's Chemistry"
"Cannabis Connects"
"Life In Color" (over a rainbow of colors)
---from a billboard advertisement for cannabis oil cartridges, edibles, and tinctures made by a company named Chemistry. I saw the billboard, which has a lavender background and depicts two women on a rug smiling at each other, on Telegraph Avenue at 63rd street in Oakland, California in June 2019.]
[The first cannabis label that I remember seeing (printed in black ink on blue paper) was "STONY RIDGE" brand marijuana. It was on a one-pound bag of American-grown product that I obtained from Richard Krech in 1972.]
["One toke over the line sweet Jesus
One toke over the line"
"Waitin' for the train that goes home sweet Mary
Hopin' that the train is on time
Sittin' downtown in a railway station
One toke over the line"
---Mike Brewer and Tom Shipley, in their 1970 song "One Toke Over The Line". Vice President Spiro Agnew did not like the song and called it "subversive". After being investigated on suspicion of conspiracy, bribery, extortion, and tax fraud, Agnew was convicted of felony tax evasion and forced to resign.]
["He said 'drugs make you too pleased with everything.'"
---Sarah Seiter, associate curator of Natural Sciences at the Oakland Museum of California, quoting David Hockney on the connection between drugs and creativity. Seiter was quoted by Paul Kilduff in an interview about a current show, "Altered State: Marijuana in California". The East Bay Monthly, July 2016 issue.
I think I somewhat understand what Hockney said, and I think there is truth in his statement. I also think that I often find great value and much joy in seeing beauty in both the wheat AND the chaff!]
Here is a list of some of the cannabis products I have used that were obtained from marijuana stores in the San Francisco bay area. [From labels I saved.]
Blueberry
Tsunami
Outdoor Rom
Trainwreck
Orange Hill Special
Red Widow
Smoothelove
Dutch Passionkush
Northern Green
Spice
Nor Kali Black Spice
Sensi Star
Organic Main Wreck
Sour Diesel ["22.73% THC" from "Elyon" 2019]
Ice Ice
Fruity Bliss
Organic Remedy
NYC Diesel
S1-5
Organic Super Silver Haze
Morning Star
Snow Cap
Sun Grown Purple OG
Jedi
Sweet Nightmare
Kosher Strawberries
Dirty Little Pig
Durbin Poison
Oracle
Space Cowboy
Bubble Haze
White Widow
Mountain Kick
Snow White
Sun Grown Diesel
Yumbolt
Co-op
Organic Flo
Candyland
Silvercratic
Sun Grown Chocolope
Pineapple Kush
Organic Purple Haze
Goo-5
Nor Kali Kaui Kola
Dynomite
Nor Kali Buddha's Haze
Old Grand Huck
Grape Ape
Sour Diesel Lemon
Buddha's Sister
Super Jack
Organic Rom Thai
Third Eye
Pink Champagne
World Wide Widow
Afgootiva
Greased Lightning
Outdoor Organic Humboldt
Balance
Herijuana
Cherry Pie
Peak 19
Organic Mazar
Outdoor Train Crossing
Organic Shaman
Super Star
Rhino
Burmese
Double Dream
Jelly
Caramel
Kahuna
Shiva's Tears
Organic A-10
Purple Burmese
Lemon Skunk x Royal Orange
Mendo Blendo
The Sativa
Organic Hawaiian Snow
Purple Kush Domina
Organic Ultra Skunk
Sage 'n' Sour
Outdoor Organic Kam
Tree-W
Da Kind
Jack Frost
Pot O' Gold
Shiva Afghani
Gorilla's Mist
Strawberry Cough
Sativa 2
Organic Jane
Organic Purple Way
Outdoor Organic Bonkers
Organic Purps
Outdoor Organic Goo
Juicy Fruit
Blue Dream
Mind Eraser
Pearly Baker
Lavender Goo
Titan OG
White Russian
Sonoma Coma
Organic Sticky Nurple
MK Ultra
Outdoor Organic Trainwreck x White Widow
Organic Sweetleaf
Organic Purple Ice
Jack Herer
God's Gift
Outdoor Organic Purple Mendo
Organic Ogre
Organic Trance
William's Wonder x Northern Lights
Blue Ogre
Organic Lamb's Bread
Champagne
Black Bunanna
Super Chunk
Organic Rom Cross
Sun Grown Goji Jack
Rom Hottie
Organic Slider
Animal Cookies
Sunshine Grown Green Dragon
El Bueno
Jakki
Organic Time Warp
Durban Dream
Organic Mist
Cookie Pie
Mantanuska TF
Pineapple Trainwreck
Organic Mantanuska Mist
Organic Mothership
Traincrash
Swazi Haze
Golden Goo
Organic Trance
Jack'l Berry
Outdoor Mysty
Purple Peak 19
AK-47
Sage
Motor City
Purple Erkel
Crazy Hazy
Bright Star
Green Crack
Power Plant
Organic Cindy 99
Skunk #2
Organic Bonana
Outdoor Organic Hash Plant
Baby Blues
Cat Piss
Mr. Nice (G 13 x Hash Plant)
Girl Scout Cookie
Outdoor Organic Blue Dot
Sour Daze
Thin Mint
Grand Daddy Purple
Spicy Jack
Outdoor Organic Pure Rezin
Old Mother Sativa
Master Yoda Kush
Mountain Girl
Green Ribbon
Super Wreck
Sapphire Star
Bombshell
Also Known As
Pea Soup
Pirate's Kush
Leda Una
Northern Lights x Big Bud
All Star Organic Oaktown Wreck
Animal Punch
Humboldt OG ["17.76% THC" hybrid pre-roll. Cultivator: "Grouse Mountain Green" in Humboldt County, California. Distributor: "Emerald Family Farms" 2019]
Ghost OG ["22.49% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." pre-roll]
Wedding Cuvee ["21.60% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." "Time For Blast Off" (On package containing 3.5 grams) 2019]
Jungle Glue ["Krush Kingz" pre-roll by "Berkeley Pharmz" 2019]
Orange Mango ["19.8% THC" "Distributed by Black Oak Gallery" 2019]
Ziablo [Grown by IC Collective.] [2019] [The jars containing 3.5 grams feature one of my favorite labels, a very colorful skeleton-skull!]
Now and Laters ["20.51% THC" "Sativa" Grown in Shasta County, California, and distributed by Ember Valley, 2019.]
Ghost Mints ["23.31% THC, 0.9% CBD". "...may be habit forming." "This product may be unlawful outside of Washington State." from "Green Fire Production, Inc."]
Extreme Jack [16.49% THC "even hybrid" "greenhouse-grown" "Warning: This product can expose you to chemicals including arsenic, which is known to the state of California to cause cancer. For more information, go to www.p65warnings.ca.gov" from Foxworthy Farms, 2019.]
Blackout ["Inspire featuring limonene 7.84% THC, 8.05% CBD. From Abatin Farms, 2018]
Cherry Vortex [Sativa-dominant."17.46% THC". From Headwaters. Source: UPI Supply Systems, Inc. Origin: Carpenteria, CA. Packaged 12. 14. 2018. Expiration date: 12. 13. 2019. "WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive harm."]
Wedding Cake ["14.36% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt Growers". 2019] [Also: from Marley Natural, "grown in Trinity County, California." "16.3% THC" 2019] [Also: "from Sublime, in Oakland, California." "Fuzzies" brand pre-roll, "infused with cannabis concentrate, kief, and terpenes" "25% THC and 1% CBD" 2019]
Blueberry Muffin ["15.94% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt County Indoor". Harvested 12.1. 2018]
Raspberry Diesel ["18.2% THC", grown by "Fleur d'elite"]
Banjo [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Banjo [2 gram bottle from "Coastal Sun Farm". Package date: 8.28. 2019. "26% THC. 30.9% total cannabinoids". "Consciously Grown." "Healthy Plants Heal Humans".]
Wifi43 [pre-roll from State Flower Cannabis Company, San Francisco 2019 "19.63% THC"]
Dolato [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Miss U.S.A. [1 gram all flower Indica pre-roll from Lowell Smokes. 18% THC. In a glass tube. "Test: Cannasafe 01. 19. 19"]
Royal Blend ["Krush Kings" brand pre-roll from "Industry Standard Group, Inc." 18.74% THC "hybrid-indica" "Your Royal Highness"]
San Fernando Valley OG ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram."]
Shark Shock ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram." "grown by Caliber." "Harvested 4.20. 2019." "19.5% total cannabinoids"]
Gelato 45 [The Weed Brand preroll. Harvest date: 7.23. 2018. Packed: 9.24. 2018. "Best Buy": 7.23. 2019. 16.9% THC. 0.26% CBD.]
Banana Bubble [1 gram pre-roll. 160 mg THC. Manufactured by Marigold. Packaged in Santa Rosa, California. 9.28. 2018. "Cultivation with a conscience"]
Pure Kush [Indica. preroll. 133 mg THC. "Harvested 7.6. 2018. Best by 10.3. 2019."]
Grizzly Bones [Hybrid. 1 gram preroll. Indoor-grown. 155 mg THC. "Grown by Grizzly Peak Farms."]
"Lifted" brand .7 gm "House Cone Fortified with Hash Oil"]
Chocolate Hashberry [Grown in downtown Los Angeles. "Manufactured by Purple Heart Compassionate, Inc."]
Orange Citron ["19.19% THC, 0.02% CBD" "Packaged 4.24. 2019" from "Molecular Farms" in California.]
El Fuego [from "Molecular Farms]
Key Lime Pie ["Humboldt Farms" "Premium Flower-Hybrid" "15.2% THC, 0.00% CBD" "Harvested on July 2018, Packaged on July 2018" "One-Eighth Ounce" in a clear glass jar with a stopper made of wood. The label has a 1" x 2" colorful detailed image of tall trees and small flowers and a small white Volkswagen van. Printed with metallic ink. After smoking some Key Lime Pie I decided that, in my opinion, this extremely appealing image is the best illustration I have seen on a cannabis label.]
Taffie [This medical cannabis strain is sold in cork-lined light-proof well-labeled tins, each containing 5 joints. The tins come sealed in a bag that contains a Boveda 2-way humidity control packet. This product is distributed by Humboldt Legends, and is labeled Steelhead Sativa. Organically grown in sunlight and harvested by hand. The label has the name (and a copy of the handwritten signature) of the person who grew the marijuana (Scott Davies). Also the batch number and the percentages of THC (19.5%) and CBD (0.0%). The label on the back of the tin states that the group of cultivators who call themselves "Humboldt Legends" have been growing marijuana for "forty years". A warning note states that marijuana is a “Schedule 1 controlled substance”. And that “Smoking this product will expose you and those in your immediate vicinity to marijuana smoke...known to the State of California to cause cancer.” “Keep out of reach of children and animals.” "This product may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery." Obtained in the San Francisco bay area, 2017. (After I smoked some of this marijuana in a dark room, I closed my eyes and saw beautiful hallucinations that were extremely complex, with uniquely vivid colors. When I opened my eyes I had a VERY strong urge to write poetry.)]
Juicee Fruit ["bud-only pre-roll. 1 gram. Cultivated 7.28.18. Packaged 7.16.18. Batch ID 6-15-18-JF.] THC 21.14%. 211.4 mg/serving. 0mg CBD/serving V.H.H.C. Juicy Fruit $9.99+Tax" Seven Leaves brand, packaged in black plastic child-proof tube]
"Top Shelf Rainbow Diesel Minis [Sativa]" [small joints]
"Top Shelf Hell OG Minis [Indica]" [small joints]
"Mericanna" hybrid [small joint] "16.79% THC" [2018]
"Pacific Remedy Shatter joint, hand-rolled in California" "Blue Russian flower, Kosher Kush, BHO Snake" "Indica-dominant" [2017]
"Heshies" brand pre-rolls "Selfies" [small joints] [2019]
"Sour Diesel X Sherbet" [Hybrid pre-roll. 19.97% THC.] [2019] [From Pacific Sunset.]
"Sublime King Fuzzies", pre-roll terpene-enhanced "top shelf bud, CO2 wax/kief", "Indica OG Kush" "THC 253 mg". [2017]
Trix Bubble [concentrate]
"Shiva Crystals" [hashish]
"Biscotti" [Indica] [Half gram THC pods, for vaping.] [88.24% THC.] [2019] [From STIIIZY. Made by Ironworks Collective.]
"Yogi Berries" ["Refined raw resin. 81.99% THC."] ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden". 2019]
"Skydoggie" ["Refined raw resin 83.33% THC 0.2% CBD] ["Indica" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Lemon Haze" [Distilled CO2 extract.] ["90.63% THC plus 1.64% CBD".] [Made by "Clear Day". 2019]
"Mendo Breath" [CO2- extracted cannabis oil. 78.2% THC.] [From by Marley Natural.] [2019]
"Mango Kush" [Cannabinoid extract plus terpene blend cartridge] [2019] [Made by "Pure Extracts".]
"Select" brand "Mimosa" "cannabis oil vape cartridge" [125 doses per cartridge] 3.5 mg THC per dose. [from the "Select" brand label: "Curating the Science of Feeling" [2018]
Cali Gold H20 [extracted cannabis resin]
"Emerald Dream" ["Single Origin"] [Trinity County, CA] [58% THC] cannabis oil extracted with CO2 [cartridge for use with "Highlighter" vapor pen]
Garlic Cookies [Raw Zen solvent-less cannabis extract. 72.45% THC. One gram in a small glass jar.] [2019]
"Chemdawg" ["terpene rich distillate" by Bakked. 81% THC. 1.14% CBD.]
"XJ-13" [distillate. 88.08% THC. ]
"Granddaddy Purple" ["Flavored Cannabis Extract" cartridge, for vaping, by "Naked Extracts"] ["Indica] ["Ingredients: Cannabis Extract, Non-Cannabis Terpene Blend, Natural Flavors"] [2019]
"Green Crack" [distillate. 88.13% THC.]
"Pineapple Express" [THC oil by ScrewCartz.]
"hybrid cannabis" from Space Monkey Meds.
Chemdawg + Gelato "Sativa cannabis flowers" distributed in 2019 by "Papa's Herb", 3.5 grams in a lightproof ziplock bag.
"Green Crack" cannabis flowers bought at High Fidelity, a marijuana store next to Amoeba Music on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, several blocks from the University of California campus. "Grown by: Blue Nose. Harvested: 10.18. 2018. THC: 16.42%." High Fidelity motto: "Your supreme source for herbal inspiration and higher education."
(After smoking this marijuana, I ate a bag of HIPPEAS brand Bohemian Barbecue Flavor organic chickpea puffs. "Store in a dry and, like, totally cool place.")
("UC Berkeley synthetic biologists have engineered brewer's yeast to produce marijuana's main ingredients--mind-altering THC and non-psychoactive CBD--as well as novel cannabinoids not found in the plant itself. Feeding only on sugar, the yeast are an easy and cheap way to produce pure cannabinoids that today are costly to extract from the buds of the marijuana plant..."
---Robert Sanders, "Yeast Produce Low-Cost High-Quality Cannabinoids", news.berkeley.edu, 2.27. 2019).
"THC-Indica" transdermal patch 18.4 mg THC per patch. By Mary's Medicinals. [Made: 2.4. 2019. Expires: 2.4. 2021.] I have also tried the CBD version.
"Releaf Patch" Transdermal patch by Papa & Barkley. "18.56 mg THC plus 18.61 mg CBD" Mfg. date: 7.15. 2019 Best by date: 8.5. 2020
[A few times I have gone for months without smoking marijuana, and then smoked a potent joint. On more than one such occasion I have experienced intense fearful disorientation, acute paranoia, and horrible physical distress including nausea and a sudden loss of consciousness. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!]
I have eaten a variety of cannabis preparations sold at marijuana stores in Berkeley, including:
"Butter Brothers" brand Brownies, Phat Mints, Blackberry Streusel, Ginger Snaps, Vegan Chocolate Chip Cookies, and Peanut Butter Cookies.
"Pura Vida" brand Ocean Spray, Happy Trails, Chocolate Jubilee, and Chocolate Chip Protein Bar.
"Ganja Candy" brand Caramel, Blackberry, and Dr. Pepper.
"Tainted" brand Thin Mints
"Dank" candy
"420 Grand" candy
HealTHCare "Private Reserve OG" [cannabis tincture in vegetable glycerin base]
"Double-Strength Medi Pills" [cannabis oil capsules]
"Shiva Candy" [hashish candy]
"Auntie Dolore's Medical Cannabis Glazed Pecans"
"Hashey's 200 mg Indica Bar" [made with dark chocolate In Santa Cruz]
"Rhino Pellet" [tiny cookie]
"Potlava" [vegan cannabis baklava]
"Enjoyable Edibles" brand cannabis-infused Snickerdoodle cookies. ["10.8 mg THC" per cookie. Each package contains 10 cookies. Made with "full-spectrum cannabis extract" by Ironworks Collective. 2019]
"Habit" brand "Sparkling Pineapple Cooler". 10 doses of THC in each 12.6 fl. oz. bottle. Made in Los Angeles by Canna Healthcare, Inc.
"Orange Zest Awakening Mints" [sublingual 10 mg THC tablets]
"Breez" brand mints [sublingual 5 mg THC tablets]
"Kiva" brand Blackberry Dark Chocolate [cannabis oil candy]
"Black Cherry Gummi" [cannabis oil candy]
"Original PLUS Super Potent Hybrid Cannabis-Infused Gummies" ["20 mg THC"]
"PureCure Sativa Strips" [preparation for oral use] [from the label: "EXTREMELY STRONG!"]
"Dr. Norm's Extra Strength medical cannabis cookie" "Chocolate Chip Therapy" 25 mg THC per cookie. hybrid.
"Full Extract Cannabis Oil" [Indica-dominant strain, for oral use. Full-plant extracted with ethyl alcohol. Dated 12.1. 2015 and provided in a 3 milliliter oral syringe marked for 0.1 milliliter doses. "THC 37.05%"]
Stokes brand "Mint Micros" [Sativa-strain] [small tablets, each containing 5 mg of cannabis extract] [I have used 2 different flavors: Mint and Watermelon]
OMedibles brand "Tree Hugger Medical Cannabis Cinnamon Maple" [high CBD extract mixed with nuts and spices]
Utopia Farms brand "Medical Cannabis Raspberry Macaroons"
"Cafe Attitude THCoffee" 40 mg THC per 8 oz. bottle ["70% Sativa, 30% Indica"]
"Evil Aunt Emily's Seriously Psychotic Suckers" [cannabis oil candy])
"Sprig" brand citrus soda containing 45 mg THC per can. Made in California. [2017]
"Petra" brand "Moroccan mint"-flavored medical cannabis tablets, each containing 2.5 mg THC plus matcha tea. Produced in 2017 by Kiva, a not-for-profit collective. Lab tested by CW Analytical. "A micro-dosed blend." Packaged in tins containing 42 tablets.
("CW uses its best efforts to deliver high-quality results and to verify that the data contained therein are based on sound scientific judgement. However, CW makes no warranties or claims to that effect and further shall not be liable for any damage or misrepresentation that may result from the use or misuse of this data in any way."
---from a disclaimer issued by CW Analytical. [found outside of a warehouse in Berkeley in 2019.]
"KushyPunch" brand plum flavor Cannabis Indica gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC + 0.1 mg CBD + 0.8 gm sugar. "Feel the power of the punch"
"OmEdibles" brand Sour Apple flavor cannabis gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC. Distributed in plastic boxes containing 6 gummies each.
"OmEdibles" brand Lychee Blossom flavor cannabis gummies, packaged the same as the above.
"CuriouslyCannabis" brand "Rayne Drops" berry, orange, and lemon flavor cannabis pastilles. Each pastille contains 5 mg THC. Distributed in tins containing 20 pastilles each.
"Emerald Sky" brand Alpine Strawberry cannabis-infused licorice. 10 mg THC doses of Cannabis Sativa. 10 doses per container.
Kanha "Enhanced Nanomolecular Gummies" made from hybrid cannabis 10 mg THC in each "Blueberry Blast"-flavored dose. 2019.
"Cannabis-Infused" organic microwave popcorn, 44.5 gram pop-up bag containing 10 mg THC and less than 2 mg CBD. Made in Berkeley in 2019 by "Type 7 Manufacturing, Inc". "Movie Night's New Best Friend".
"Somatik" brand "Sparks" cannabis-infused chocolate coffee beans. 3 mg THC per bean. 25 beans per container. '"Lovingly made by A Tribe of Us Collective". "Turn Your Magic On".
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Watermelon Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Peach Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Green Apple Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
Kaneh Co. brand Mango Chile fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving. Manufactured by Xtracta.
Distribution, Inc. Made and packaged 3.6. 2019. Best by 7.6. 2019. Tested 3.15. 2019 by Infinite Chemical Analysis.
Kaneh Co. brand Raspbery Lime fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving.
"Edible Cannabis Oil" batch 030119-MUT-5-01 [4.30. 2019] by CalVape Collective.
"MC Farma" brand "Full Spectrum Oil" capsules "THC 90 + THCV" ["THC 80.11 mg + CBD 20.35 mg + THCV 29.09 mg + CBG 2.98 mg" per capsule. Cannabinoids, lipids, fats, and terpenes remain in full spectrum extraction, which "enhances efficacy and is known as the 'entourage' effect." Each package contains 10 capsules. Manufactured in 2020 in Marin County, California.]
[It is not uncommon for people to have EXTREMELY negative experiences after they have eaten too much of a product containing cannabis. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!])
IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT SALES OF MARIJUANA AT STORES IN BERKELEY:
I have seen marijuana contaminated by toxic insecticides that was purchased from (city-approved) marijuana stores in Berkeley. I have seen marijuana contaminated with other toxic chemicals that was purchased from marijuana stores in Berkeley. I have seen marijuana contaminated with toxic mold that was purchased at marijuana stores in Berkeley. As of this writing, there are no enforced standards that designate who may or may not be marijuana grower-sellers in the city of Berkeley. These for-profit privately-owned stores charge an obscenely high price for their questionable products. THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT MARIJUANA CAN BE ONE OF THE VERY BEST MEDICINES IN THE WORLD!!!!!!!! (Depending upon the type and dose of marijuana, the route of administration, and the set and setting in which it is used.) BUT BEWARE: Greedy and/or stupid capitalists selling untested products grown by greedy and/or stupid amateurs ARE NOT BEHAVING IN A RESPONSIBLE MANNER!
("...marijuana is not legal."
---Ed Rosenthal, interviewed by Paul Kilduff, The Monthly, December 2014.)
("Indeed, positive hits for pathogenic mold are already changing grower operations. 'You smoke ten random samples of cannabis and you've most likely smoked aspergillus [mold],' said Dave, one of the lab's two founders. 'It's in there, often at unacceptable levels. Now it's up to the industry to respond. We also are not in a position where we want to make enemies and piss people off. We want to see it happen in the best way for the movement and the industry to kind of just naturally evolve.'
While the distributed nature of California's cannabis supply network obviously benefits mom-and-pop growers, it doesn't encourage quality assurance. Consequently, Dave and his peers believe that some pot consumers are in danger.
'It's expensive to test every single thing that comes through the door — that's the price you pay with a decentralized supply system,' Dave said. 'But that's what you've got. You've got five pounds coming from here and two from there and one individual. I mean, a dog walks in the grow room, and wags its tail — anything can be coming off that dog's tail. It's gross. Fertilizers with E. coli. Compost teas that they don't make right, anaerobic tea that has elevated levels of E. coli and salmonella...There's no way that this is sustainable. All it takes is one story of immune-compromised people dying from aspergillus infection. The myth that cannabis hasn't killed a single person in 3,000 years is allowed to go on. Well, it's not cannabis that kills people, it's all the shit that's in it.'
[From "The Manhattan Project of Marijuana", David Downs, the East Bay Express, 3.4. 2009.])
(Steep Hill Lab says eighty-five percent of the medical marijuana samples it tests "show traces of mold".
---Peter Hecht, "Pot Lab Fills Need for Oversight", the Sacramento Bee, 4.6. 2010. The owners of Steep Hill Lab in Oakland California [which is NOT a federally-certified laboratory] are extremely in favor of medical marijuana...)
("We find e.coli in hash. We're seeing pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacteria that's found in filth."
---Robert Martin, of the Association of California Cannabis Labs. Martin was quoted by David Downs in the East Bay Express, 4.11. 2012.)
("It's a nasty little secret in the medical marijuana world that many growers spray their plants liberally with pesticides..."
---Robert Gammon, the East Bay Express, 7.28. 2010.)
(In places like Berkeley in 2018, where cannabis production is encouraged, much cannabis waste is generated. Some of the waste is toxic if consumed. Moldy marijuana, marijuana contaminated with chemicals, contaminated hashish, and contaminated cannabis concentrates do not seem to be rare. Some homeless people, alcohol addicts, and methamphetamine addicts find these sometimes poisonous contaminated cannabis products in garbage containers and sell them on the streets...)
("A 2015 study published in The Journal of Toxicological Sciences found that more than 80 percent of the concentrate samples were contaminated by residual solvents."
"In the same 2015 study, pesticides were detected in one-third of the concentrate samples."
---Kathleen Richards, The East Bay Express, 3.21. 2018, in an article about vaping cannabis.)
("...the true danger in untested cannabis comes from the potential pathogens--pseudomonas, aspergillis, and E. coli are routinely found by our laboratory [CW Analytical]."
---David Egerton, in a letter to the editor of the East Bay Express, 7.18. 2012.)
("...Anresco Laboratories conducted tests on all of the cannabis featured at the HempCon Festival held in San Francisco in August 2017. The San Francisco-based laboratory discovered that 80 percent of the cannabis at the festival was contaminated with unhealthy levels of solvents, pesticides, molds, fungus, or various bacteria."
---John Geluardi, East Bay Express, 9.20. 2017.)
(Over the decades, I have seen MANY careless and ignorant people with hands contaminated by perfume, cologne, cosmetics, grease, oils [and a number of other toxic substances] use their fingers to prepare marijuana for smoking. I am dismayed by the amount of marijuana I have had to throw away because of toxic substances that stupid and/or careless people have allowed marijuana to come into contact with!)
("Illegal Vapes are Killing People. Blame the 'Legal Market'"
---title of an article by Dan Mitchell, 9.11. 2019, East Bay Express. This San Francisco bay area newspaper is extremely pro-marijuana.
"Legal cannabis has created a market for manufactured products like vapes and gummies. If not for that legal market, there would likely be far fewer pirates out there making what look like legal vapes--complete with legit-looking packaging--but were actually made half-assedly by random cretins. When it comes to vapes, half-assed production can mean illness and death."
There is a full color ad for the Magnolia dispensary in Oakland on the same page as the article. "Dab Bar and Vape Lounge Open 7 Days 9AM--9PM".)
("People like to make poison. If you don't understand this, you will never understand anything."
---Margaret Atwood, in a short story, quoted by Jia Tolentino in her review of Atwood's 2019 novel THE TESTAMENTS, a sequel to THE HANDMAID'S TALE. The review was in the 9.16. 2019 issue of The New Yorker.)
("Mycobutanil...was found in a product recently recalled by Mettrum Ltd., a Toronto-based medical marijuana company."
Mycobutanil, used to control mildew, is said to emit hydrogen cyanide gas when heated.
"The Mettrum discovery was made recently, when a random screening of the company's products by Health Canada turned up the unauthorized use of pyrethrin, a pesticide...that is also not approved for medical cannabis..."
---Grant Robertson, The Globe and Mail, 3.10. 2017.)
("While I am grateful for access to the pot clubs...I am at a bit of a loss to understand why, given the virtual absence of risk in producing and distributing pot, it is still so expensive."
"What we have...are facilities charging the high end of street prices to people who are already ostensibly facing hardship."
["An ounce for $300 to $400..."]
"...besides basic capitalist greed, why does it still cost so much? Most of the truly disabled and terminally ill are on a fixed income, rendering the cost of pot not at all that compassionate."
--- Quotes from a letter written by Steve Stevens to the editor of the San Francisco Weekly, 1.20. 2010.)
("Each one-gram container of flower are packaged together in a wine bottle-shaped tin, topped with a version of Coppola's signature label and an embossed pot leaf. Each box will retail for $99 and comes with a branded pipe and rolling papers."
---Katie Shapiro, Forbes.com, 11.2. 2018, describing marijuana grown in California's Humboldt County that will be sold by Francis Ford Coppola, who directed the 1972 film The Godfather.)
("According to Rand Corporation estimates...legalized...high-grade pot would cost just $20 per pound to produce. And low-grade weed would cost only $5 per pound."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 10.9. 2013.)
(Since May 2011, four marijuana stores in Richmond, California [near Berkeley and Oakland] "...have paid $486,390 in police fees."
"To some, the situation evokes...the protection racket."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 8.28. 2013)
(Daniel Rush, the former chair of Berkeley's Medical Cannabis Commission, was charged with 15 criminal counts, including extortion, fraud, and money-laundering. He later pleaded guilty to three felony counts.
["...federal authorities charged him for offering special treatment to one of the applicants for Berkeley's fourth dispensary spot."
---Frances Dinkelspiel, Berkeleyside.com, 6.23. 2017.])
("I've never met so many greedy slugs in my whole life."
---Michelle LaMay, chairwoman of the Teapot Party in Colorado, describing having to deal with the more than 3,000 people who have contacted her because they want to start their own cannabis business. [Willie Nelson was arrested in Texas for possessing marijuana on November 26, 2010. Following his arrest, Nelson founded the Teapot Party.] The quote is from an article by Eric Spitznagel, Bloomberg Businessweek, that was published in the San Francisco Chronicle, 11.20. 2011)
("We did $20 million in sales last year."
---Steve DeAngelo, executive director of Harborside Health Collective, a marijuana store in Oakland. DeAngelo was quoted by Kathleen Pender in an article, "Push to Protect Banks on Legal Pot Business". The San Francisco Chronicle, 5.25. 2010.)
("California's medical marijuana dispensaries now generate as much as $1.3 billion in sales and $105 million in state sales taxes each year, according to new---and dramatically increased---state sales estimates by California's Board of Equalization."
"The Board of Equalization earlier this year estimated medical marijuana sales at only $98 million annually..."
--- the Sacramento Bee, 5.8. 2010.)
(The Berkeley Patients Group is "a dispensary with about 10,000 patients in the Bay Area". In 2007 the DEA "pounced on a Southern California offshoot of the Berkeley nonprofit for distributing a federally controlled substance. Agents seized nearly everything on-site as well as $100,000 in funds in a bank account."
"The Berkeley dispensary actually got the money back after the City of Berkeley stood up for it. The city stated in a 2008 resolution 'seizures of assets of medical marijuana dispensaries and collectives have blocked payments of taxes to the state of California and the City of Berkeley.' The city asked federal authorities to back off and they did."
"Berkeley Patients Group, along with two other Berkeley clubs, net about $18.5 million per year."
---David Downs, the East Bay Express, 9.15. 2010.)
("The city of Berkeley filed a legal claim Wednesday in a federal asset forfeiture case against the landlord of a medical marijuana dispensary here, saying it would lose tax money from pot sales if the dispensary is forced to close."
---Doug Oakley, West County Times, 7.4. 2013.)
("Oakland's lawsuit said the closure would damage the city, which expects to collect more than $1.4 million this year in business taxes from Harborside and three other city-licensed dispensaries."
---Bob Egelko, San Francisco Chronicle, 10.14. 2012. Seeking to prevent the forced closure of Harborside Health Center, a "medical marijuana" dispensary, the City of Oakland filed a lawsuit against the federal government.)
Years ago there was a legitimate drug testing laboratory in California where a user could anonymously have a sample of their "dope" tested. Unfortunately, at one point such drug-testing laboratories were declared illegal by federal law enforcement officials and were forced to cease operation. As far as I can tell, the public does not have legal access to any federally-certified illegal-drug testing laboratory.
("This product was produced without regulatory oversight for health, safety or efficacy."
---quote from a blister-pack containing sixteen 10 milligram THC "Orange Zest"-flavored sublingual tablets that were made August 10, 2016 in Salinas, California for a company in Denver, Colorado. [The main isomer of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive constituent of marijuana.])
("This product has not been tested as required by the Medicinal and Adult-Use Cannabis Regulation and Safety Act."
---quote from a childproof bottle containing one gram of "King Louis OG" cannabis flowers that was sold for $15 in February 2018 by KindPeoples Collective in Soquel, California.)
Many of the anti-drug police say they believe that "harm reduction" strategies increase drug use and are thus unacceptable. Some anti-drug police believe that the world would be a better place if users of illegal drugs died...
("Casual drug users should be taken out and shot. Smoke a joint, lose your life."
---Darryl Gates,
Head of Los Angeles Police Department, speaking to a
United States Senate Judiciary Committee on September 5, 1990.
[Gates said the above because he felt casual drug users were guilty of "treason", according to author Martin Torgoff, writing in his book CAN'T FIND MY WAY HOME--America in the Great Stoned Age, 1945-2000.] )
("In 1996, Newt Gingrich introduced a bill mandating the death penalty for bringing two ounces of marijuana into the country!"
[quote from a document published by Unitarian Universalists for Drug Policy Reform].)
("William Bennett, federal drug policy coordinator, said Thursday night he had no moral qualms about beheading convicted drug dealers.
'Morally, I don't have any problem with that at all,' Bennett said when asked on the CNN program 'Larry King Live' call-in television show..."
---Los Angeles Times, 6.16. 1989.)
("Quinlivan told the judges that nobody has the right to use marijuana..."
"Judge Harry Pregerson asked Quinlivan whether it was OK for Raich to die or succumb to 'unbearable suffering.'
'So go ahead and die. That would be all right?' he asked.
'Congress has made that value judgement,' Quinlivan replied."
---David Kravets, the Oakland Tribune, 3.28. 2006, in an article about a hearing before a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Angel McClary Raich is a very seriously ill patient that multiple doctors say must use marijuana as a medicine or she will likely die. Mark T. Quinlivan is an Assistant U. S. Attorney.)
("One child said 'I love you, Mom'-- for the first time in his life."
---Debra Kamin, Newsweek, 2.23. 2018, describing what happened when a severely autistic child was given marijuana oil. The quote is printed large, with the words "I love you, Mom" in bright red. The front cover of this issue features an image of neon marijuana leaves and the words "The Blunt Truth About Weed and Autism". The back cover is a full-page full-color advertisement for Kavalan whisky. [The article is about a study of 60 severely autistic children who were given an oil containing a 20-to-1 ratio of CBD to THC. The study was conducted by Dr. Adi Aran, a pediatric neurologist and director of the pediatric unit of Jerusalem's Shaare Zedeck Hospital. "Most parents said their children improved. Nearly half saw a notable reduction in the core symptoms of autism."])
("You're real! You're really real!"
---Floyd, age ten, who had never spoken before, after being given a series of large doses of LSD at Fairview Developmental Center in California in the early 1960s. The quote was reported by Connell Cowan, at the time a psych tech, who was one of the people who were giving large doses of LSD to children. Cowan was working with Gary Fisher, a psychologist who had first taken LSD in 1959. [From "The Elementary Kool-Aid Acid Test", a podcast by Amy Standen and Judy Campbell, The Leap, KQED, 4.11. 2017.])
("...good people don't smoke marijuana."
---Jeff Sessions, in a Senate hearing in April 2016. Sessions is now Attorney General of the United States. He is the chief law enforcement officer and the chief lawyer of the U.S. government. It is obvious that Sessions is very mentally ill, as is Donald Trump, who chose Sessions to be Attorney General.)
("I'm a firm believer that drugs are the root of all evil."
---Contra Costa County [California] deputy sheriff Andy VanZelf,
quoted 10.4. 2009 in the Conta Costa Times by columnist Tom Barnidge. "VanZelf [a police officer for 23 years] ...was born to the job--his mother, father, and brother were cops--but that's not why he stuck with it. 'Putting bad guys in jail is very satisfying,' he said.")
(“You can grow enough marihuana in a window-box to drive the whole population of the United States stark, staring, raving mad.”
---Winifred Black, an early Hearst anti-cannabis propagandist, in her 1929 book DOPE--THE STORY OF THE LIVING DEAD.)
("According to the FBI's annual Uniform Crime Report, in 2007 there were 872,721 arrests in the U.S. for marijuana violations."
---Adam Tschorn, the Los Angeles Times, 9.3. 2009.)
("It was downtown San Jose and another police officer had made a stop on three kids who were touring San Jose on a Saturday night. You know, driving around in circles like American Graffiti. And the officer pulled three kids out of the car and he didn't know but one kid panicked and tried to swallow a small bag of marijuana---and I pulled up just to watch and assist if needed and didn't realize what was going on either. And this kid died in front of us choking on a bag of marijuana. He didn't die because of marijuana, he died because he panicked over these stupid laws we have."
---former San Jose, California undercover narcotics detective Russ Jones, quoted by David Downs, the East Bay Express, 5.12. 2010. Russ Jones is a spokesman for the "Law Enforcement Against Prohibition" organization.)
("The general commanding Mexico's drug enforcement unit--hailed by U.S. drugs czar McCaffrey as 'an honest man and no-nonsense field commander'--was detained in 1997 for corruptly collaborating with Amado Carillo Fuentes."
---Kevin Williamson, in DRUGS AND THE PARTY LINE.)
Please click here to read my "autobiography":
thewordsofjdyf333.blogspot.com/
My telephone number is: 510-260-9695
(Please click on the link below to see labels from marijuana "legally" sold in stores in Berkeley, California and to read some important warnings:
www.flickr.com/photos/jdyf333/2173269110/ )
Please note: DEPICTION IS NOT ADVOCACY!!!
Please note: DEPICTION IS NOT ADVOCACY!
(Color pencils on paper, enhanced with ArcSoft PhotoImpressions software)
("For the first time, the General Social Survey--a large, national survey conducted every two years and widely considered to represent the gold standard for public opinion research--shows a majority of Americans favoring the legalization of marijuana."
---Christopher Ingraham, the Washington Post, 3.4. 2015.)
(I subscribe to a free official California state website run by the Department of Cannabis Control, which can be found here:
cannabis.ca.gov/resources/cannabis-recalls-and-safety-notices/
I think their testing of cannabis products is far, far too limited, in that there are many toxic and possibly toxic substances that they are not testing for. Still, there is value in receiving their email warnings, because I am not seeing these warnings about specific products being widely posted anywhere by the online media, and I do not see such warnings being publicly posted at cannabis stores. Below is a warning I received today.
"Notification of Mandatory Product Recall
June 25, 2024
The Department of Cannabis Control (DCC) is issuing this consumer advisory for a single CUREpen PREMIUM THC OIL Vape Cartridge product due to the presence of the pesticide chlorfenapyr.
Consumers who purchased this product are urged to check their packaging for the UID and batch number listed below."
The notification also mentions that the recalled product was "Packaged by: Alkhemist DM LLC".)
(The website of the large cannabis dispensary Harborside in Oakland, California has a "Seizure-Safe" setting that "clears flashes and reduces color".)
(In May 2011, "DistantEchoes" commented on reddit dot com that viewing my art "may cause seizures and brain damage.")
("...video games with rapidly changing images or highly regular patterns can produce seizures, and video games have increased in importance as triggers as they have become more common."
---from the Wikipedia page "Photosensitive Epilepsy".)
("...in November 2017, two months before legal sales were to begin...the California Department of Food and Agriculture released rules that shocked the farming community: The state would allow legal pot farms to grow as large as they want."
"Glass House Farms, one of the state’s biggest cultivators, grows cannabis in a 2 million-square-foot greenhouse facility that was financed by a $100 million loan."
---Lester Black, 11.17. 2024, SFGATE.
["Glass House reported its cost of production at $139 per pound. The company also stated that it sold the equivalent of over 90,000 pounds of dried biomass in the second quarter of 2023 at an average price of $340 per pound."
---cannabis benchmarks dot com, 8.22. 2023.]
["...we’re the largest cannabis flower brand in the largest market in the world."
---glass house brands dot com, 11.19. 2024. The site also says that Glass House has a six million square-foot "state of the art greenhouse footprint".]
[On their website, Glass House tells people how to buy stock in Glass House Brands, even providing links to brokers like Charles Schwab.])
"'Criminal records for marijuana use and possession have imposed needless barriers to employment, housing, and educational opportunities,' Biden said in December. 'Too many lives have been upended because of our failed approach to marijuana. It's time that we right these wrongs.'"
---from a 4.30. 2024 CBS News article "Justice Dept will move to reclassify marijuana in a historic shift, sources say". ("Robert Legare and Willie James Inman contributed to this report.") "The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration will move to reclassify marijuana as a less dangerous drug, a historic shift to generations of American drug policy that could have wide ripple effects across the country."
(During the course of my career in non-profit quality control, I smoked marijuana every day for 29 of the past 42 years. I found that it often inspired me.
***Burning plants and then inhaling the smoke very, very obviously seems like an unhealthy thing to do since there are so many, many possibly toxic substances in the smoke!***
[“'On Jan. 1, 2014 in Denver, 1/8 ounce of Bubba Kush was the USA’s first legal sale of this for recreational purposes,' the host said."
"One of the $2,000 challenges on a recent episode was to identify the first part of the name of a 'well-known hallucinogen' that ends 'acid diethylamide.' The contestant said 'lysergic,' as in LSD."
---Kyle Jaeger, 5.12. 2019, marijuanamoment dot net, writing about the mainstream television game show "Jeopardy".]
As of early 2022, there are said to be 779 different strains of marijuana being sold.
My favorite imported kinds of marijuana were Punta Roja Colombian, "Thai sticks", and Mexican from Oaxaca. Some of the Cannabis Sativa grown in Hawaii that I smoked was not only potently psychedelic, but also WONDERFULLY TASTY.
I also enjoyed some of the hashish that came from Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Nepal. The hashoil I smoked that came from Morocco greatly lifted my spirits and provided unique insight. "Bubble Hash" made in Berkeley gave me colorful visions.
I even quaffed Hi-Brew Beer [early 1980s marijuana/alcohol beverage].
To celebrate my 70th birthday I smoked a potent "sativa hybrid" strain of marijuana called "Runtz". [29.1% THC, .05% CBD, 33.8% total cannabinoids. Total terpenes: 1.5%. Top 3 terpenes: caryophyllene, limonene, and myrcene. Packaged 9.6. 2021. Tested by Belcosta Labs. Distributed by a company in North Hollywood, California.]
[In the 1970s I trimmed MANY pounds of marijuana. One of my associates, a taxi driver who claimed that he had “rolled so many joints I don’t have any fingerprints left” was so impressed that he borrowed my scissors and had them plated with gold.]
['Miron had stolen a big pile of wedding invitations... and we would use them to make filters for joints."
---Etgar Keret, translated from the Hebrew by Miriam Shlesinger and Sondra Silverston, in his 2002 collection of short stories THE NIMROD FLIPOUT. When I was arrested in 1985 the police seized a small box of filters from me that I had made by cutting some of my business cards into strips. I called them "jay-spacers" and had labeled the box. In 1986 when I went in front of the parole board, they (not knowing what a "jay-spacer" is) made a big deal out of the filters. "You had almost a hundred jay-spacers!" they said very accusingly...]
["I was able to access memories I didn't even know I had in extreme detail!!"
---Idefe, describing "Peanut Butter Breath", a hybrid strain of marijuana. Leafly dot com, 2019. Idefe gave "Peanut Butter Breath" the highest possible rating. I AGREE!]
[And yet:
In late April 2021, Facebook warned me that when it comes to illegal drugs, on my Facebook page I am NOT allowed to admit "personal use" without acknowledgment of or reference to recovery, treatment, or other assistance to combat usage...]
Surfing on a toke--and when the bowl of the pipe looks like the Grand Canyon, I know I've almost had enough...
[Stoner humor: Photo of a marijuana cigarette. Over the first four-fifths of the marijuana cigarette is written "I love nature so much...what a beautiful day." Over the last fifth is written "The raccoons work for the CIA."]
[Willie Nelson won 10 Grammy awards, and has appeared in 37 movies and TV shows. More than 40 million copies of his more than 100 albums have been sold. He has smoked marijuana for MANY years. Nelson is an outspoken advocate for the drug and has been arrested several times for possession of marijuana. He was arrested in 2006 for possessing marijuana and hallucinogenic mushrooms. His latest song is titled "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die".
---from an Associated Press news report, 4.21. 2012.]
["I smoke two joints in the morning
I smoke two joints at night
I smoke two joints in the afternoon
It makes me feel all right"
"I smoke two joints in time of peace
And two in time of war
I smoke two joints before I smoke two joints
And then I smoke two more"
---Chris Kay and Michael Kay, in their 1983 song "Smoke Two Joints", which was recorded by The Toyes.]
["Things Get Grounded When There's Chemistry"
"Cannabis Connects"
"Life In Color" (over a rainbow of colors)
---from a billboard advertisement for cannabis oil cartridges, edibles, and tinctures made by a company named Chemistry. I saw the billboard, which has a lavender background and depicts two women on a rug smiling at each other, on Telegraph Avenue at 63rd street in Oakland, California in June 2019.]
[The first cannabis label that I remember seeing (printed in black ink on blue paper) was "STONY RIDGE" brand marijuana. It was on a one-pound bag of American-grown product that I obtained from Richard Krech in 1972.]
["One toke over the line sweet Jesus
One toke over the line"
"Waitin' for the train that goes home sweet Mary
Hopin' that the train is on time
Sittin' downtown in a railway station
One toke over the line"
---Mike Brewer and Tom Shipley, in their 1970 song "One Toke Over The Line". Vice President Spiro Agnew did not like the song and called it "subversive". After being investigated on suspicion of conspiracy, bribery, extortion, and tax fraud, Agnew was convicted of felony tax evasion and forced to resign.]
["California's cannabis-growing nuns pray for profits"
---BBC News headline, late October 2022.]
["He said 'drugs make you too pleased with everything.'"
---Sarah Seiter, associate curator of Natural Sciences at the Oakland Museum of California, quoting David Hockney on the connection between drugs and creativity. Seiter was quoted by Paul Kilduff in an interview about a current show, "Altered State: Marijuana in California". The East Bay Monthly, July 2016 issue.
I think I somewhat understand what Hockney said, and I think there is truth in his statement. I also think that I often find great value and much joy in seeing beauty in both the wheat AND the chaff!]
[After many years of refusing to go to marijuana stores, I made my first purchase at one in 2020. (I now must purchase my cannabis at a store since, because of my extreme poverty, it is not [and has never been] possible for me to grow marijuana, and since it is no longer safe for me to continue, as I did for decades, to purchase black market marijuana. I enjoy interacting with the many helpful and kind people working at the local cannabis store. It makes me very happy to see them working there!)]
Here is a list of some of the cannabis products I have used [and a few that I have not used, or do not remember the effects of using] that were obtained from marijuana stores in the San Francisco bay area. [From labels I saved]:
"Jeeter" brand "Mai Tai" [sativa] pre-roll one gram joint of indoor-grown marijuana "infused" with THCA "diamonds" and kief. "MFG/PKG date: June 23RD, 2023" "Total THC: 42.5%, delta-9 THC: 1.69%, THCA: 46.5%"
["...a class action lawsuit against DreamFields Inc., and Med for America Inc., on behalf of California consumers who purchased cannabis products with inaccurate THC content labels.
The lawsuit alleges that defendants, who make, sell, and market 'Jeeter' brand cannabis products, overcharged consumers by illegally selling products whose THC content was substantially lower than the amounts listed on the label."
---from a October 2022 press release.]
Blueberry
Tsunami
Outdoor Rom
Trainwreck
Orange Hill Special
Red Widow
Smoothelove
Dutch Passionkush
Northern Green
Spice
Nor Kali Black Spice
Sensi Star
Organic Main Wreck
Sour Diesel ["22.73% THC" (2019)]
Sour Diesel [26.22% THC, .8% CBD, 27.72% total cannabinoids (2021)]
Ice Ice
Fruity Bliss
Organic Remedy
NYC Diesel
S1-5
Organic Super Silver Haze
Morning Star
Sun Grown Purple OG
Jedi
Sweet Nightmare
Kosher Strawberries
Dirty Little Pig
Durbin Poison
Oracle
Space Cowboy
Bubble Haze
White Widow
Mountain Kick
Snow White
Sun Grown Diesel
Yumbolt
Co-op
Organic Flo
Candyland
Silvercratic
Sun Grown Chocolope
Pineapple Kush
Goo-5
Nor Kali Kaui Kola
Dynomite
Nor Kali Buddha's Haze
Old Grand Huck
Grape Ape
Sour Diesel Lemon
Buddha's Sister
Super Jack
Organic Rom Thai
Third Eye
Pink Champagne
World Wide Widow
Afgootiva
Greased Lightning
Outdoor Organic Humboldt
Herijuana
Cherry Pie
Peak 19
Organic Mazar
Outdoor Train Crossing
Organic Shaman
Super Star
Rhino
Burmese
Double Dream
Jelly
Caramel
Kahuna
Shiva's Tears
Organic A-10
Purple Burmese
Lemon Skunk x Royal Orange
Mendo Blendo
The Sativa
Organic Hawaiian Snow
Purple Kush Domina
Organic Ultra Skunk
Sage 'n' Sour
Outdoor Organic Kam
Tree-W
Da Kind
Jack Frost
Pot O' Gold
Shiva Afghani
Gorilla's Mist
Strawberry Cough
Sativa 2
Organic Jane
Organic Purple Way
Outdoor Organic Bonkers
Organic Purps
Outdoor Organic Goo
Juicy Fruit
Mind Eraser
Pearly Baker
Lavender Goo
Titan OG
White Russian
Sonoma Coma
Organic Sticky Nurple
MK Ultra
Outdoor Organic Trainwreck x White Widow
Organic Sweetleaf
Organic Purple Ice
Jack Herer
Zlushie Kush
God's Gift
Outdoor Organic Purple Mendo
Organic Ogre
Organic Trance
William's Wonder x Northern Lights
Blue Ogre
Organic Lamb's Bread
Champagne
Black Bunanna
Super Chunk
Organic Rom Cross
Sun Grown Goji Jack
Rom Hottie
Organic Slider
Animal Cookies
Sunshine Grown Green Dragon
El Bueno
Jakki
Organic Time Warp
Durban Dream
Organic Mist
Cookie Pie
Mantanuska TF
Pineapple Trainwreck
Organic Mantanuska Mist
Organic Mothership
Traincrash
Swazi Haze
Grape Pop
Golden Goo
Organic Trance
Jack'l Berry
Outdoor Mysty
Purple Peak 19
AK-47
Sage
Motor City
Purple Erkel
Crazy Hazy
Bright Star
Green Crack
Power Plant
Organic Cindy 99
Skunk #2
Organic Bonana
Outdoor Organic Hash Plant
Baby Blues
Cat Piss
Mr. Nice (G 13 x Hash Plant)
Girl Scout Cookie
Outdoor Organic Blue Dot
Sour Daze
Thin Mint
Grand Daddy Purple
Spicy Jack
Outdoor Organic Pure Rezin
Old Mother Sativa
Master Yoda Kush
Mountain Girl
Green Ribbon
Ice Cream Cake #5
Super Wreck
Sapphire Star
Grenadine
Bombshell
Also Known As
Pea Soup
Razzlez
Pirate's Kush
Purple Tangie
Leda Una
Cloud Berry
Northern Lights x Big Bud
All Star Organic Oaktown Wreck
Animal Punch
805 Glue
Sunset Sherbet
Forbidden Fruit
Cookie Monster
Blue Dream [Blueberry x Santa Cruz Haze] [26.64% THC, .1% CBD] ["AlphaPinene: 0.51%, BetaCaryophyllene: 0.25%, BetaMyrcene: 0.95%, BetaPinene: 0.23%, Bisabolol: 0.03%, CBC: 0.06%, CBD: 1.08mg/g, CBDa: 1.23mg/g, CBG: 0.07%, CBGA: 0.26%, CBN: 0.02%, Humulene: 0.1%, Limonene: 0.1%, Linalool: 0.06%, THC: 266.45mg/g, THC9: 19.57mg/g, THCA: 281.51mg/g" (Information posted by the Harborside cannabis store in San Leandro, California on 10.23. 2024 about "Dime Bag" brand Blue Dream marijuana flowers.)]
Berry Haze [26.8% THC, .1% CBD, 28.51% total cannabinoids] ["AlphaPinene: 0.03%, BetaCaryophyllene: 0.49%, BetaMyrcene: 0.05%, BetaPinene: 0.06, CBD: 1.02mg/g , CBDa: 1.17mg/g, CBG: 0.06%, CBGA: 1.31%, CBN: 0.02%, Humulene: 0.16%, Limonene: 0.35%, Linalool: 0.1%, THC: 267.97mg/g, THC9: 5.87mg/g, THCA: 298.85mg/g" (Information posted by the Harborside cannabis store in San Leandro, California on 10.23. 2024 about "Dime Bag" brand Berry Haze marijuana flowers.)]
Jelly Cake [27.4% THC, .14% CBD]
Cherry Popperz [28.85% THC]
Blue Face [Face Off OG x Animal Mints (Blue Pheno)] [32.90% THC, .05% CBD]
Orange Tree [27.08% THC, .06% CBD, 28.84% total cannabinoids]
Bubblegum Runtz [32.5% THC]
Starberry Cough [21.51% THC, 21.62% total cannabinoids]
Apple Fritter [37.1% THC]
Girl Scout Cookies [36.58% THC]
Organic Purple Haze
Purple Haze [34.5% THC, .043% CBD, 35.2% total cannabinoids]
Z x Georgia Pie [27.8% THC, 29.1% total cannabinoids]
Space Lollipops [31.42% THC, .12% CBD, 32.1% total cannabinoids]
Snow Runtz [37.34% THC]
Sour Tangie [25.05% THC, 25.29% total cannabinoids]
Rainbow Smacks [indoor shake] [23.37% THC, .01% CBD, 34.64% total cannabinoids (15.4% delta-9 THC)]
Platinum Gelato [18.17% THC, .07% CBD]
Blueberry Space Cake [31.98% THC, 33.6% total cannabinoids] [Said to be a 90% indica-10% sativa hybrid. Packaged on 8.31. 2023.]
[I am thinking of legally changing my name to Blueberry Space Cake...]
Gooberry [30.43% THC, .1% CBD, 31.75% total cannabinoids]
Lemonwreck [34% THC]
Balance [31% THC]
Chill [34% THC]
Platinum Scout [26.90% THC, .07% CBD, 27.60% total cannabinoids]
Cadillac Cookies [38.79% THC, 39.11% total cannabinoids] [infused with THCA "diamonds"] [With the image of an American flag:"Veteran owned and operated since 2017."]
Woah-Si-Woah [41.7% THC, 42.07% total cannabinoids] [infused with THCA "diamonds"]
Grapes N Cream [27.05% THC, .05% CBD]
Space Mamba [32.14% THC, .14% CBD, 32.71% total cannabinoids]
Blue Horchata Mintz [30.44% THC, .08% CBD, 35.78% total cannabinoids]
Triangle Cookies [19.49% THC, .07% CBD (21.22% total cannabinoids: 14.93% THCA, 6.40% delta-9 THC) (1.32% terpenes, including .69% b-caryophyllene and .21% humulene)]
GMO Fuel [Girl Scout Cookies x Chemdawg] [33.1 % THC, .06% CBD, 35.4% total cannabinoids] [A mostly indica strain that has a strong taste and smell reminding some people of things like "garlic, mushrooms, and onions" aka "GMO". (NOT genetically-modified, at least not in the conventional meaning of the term...)] I smoked GMO Fuel to celebrate becoming 72 years old in 2023.
Obama Runtz [30.61% THC, .09% CBD, 31.02% total cannabinoids]
Headband [OG Kush x Sour Diesel] [37% THC]
Jetfuel [31% THC]
GMO [28.7% THC]
Rainbow Belts [Moonbow x Zkittlez] [32% THC}
Wet Dream [Blue Dream x Ocean Beach Haze] [28.65% THC, 28.94% total cannabinoids]
Animal Mints [Thin Mint GSC x Fire OG] [25.03% THC, .03% CBD, 26.62% total cannabinoids]
Mixed Berry Runtz [30.6% THC, .07% CBD, 32.7% total cannabinoids]
Gello [21.4% THC, .04% CBD, 22.15% total cannabinoids] ["Indoor Sugar-Trim"]
Bernie Hana Butter [24.65% THC]
Prism [25.17% THC, 30.06% total cannabinoids]
Delirium [29% THC, 35% total cannabinoids]
Pave [29.9% THC, 30.9% total cannabinoids]
Astro Funk [21.2% THC] [Pre-ground indoor-grown flower shake] [Limited amounts of this surprisingly potent marijuana were being legally sold in California cannabis stores in May 2023 for fifty cents per gram as marijuana "extender"...]
Lemonchello Gelato [33.205% THC] ["Main Terpenes: limonene, caryophyllene, humulene"] A FAVORTE!
Gush Mints [27.32% THC]
Gush Mints [18.6% THC] ["indoor sugar-trim"]
OG Legend Littles [23.11% THC, .06% CBD]
Cherry Chem [21.16% THC, .04% CBD]
Dosilato [27.32% THC]
Cereal Milk [24.5% THC]
Fuji Ice [Apple Fritter x Ice Bx2] [31.44% THC]
White Cherry Gelato [25.07% THC]
Peanut Butter Gelato [Do-Si-Dos x Mendo Breath] [28% THC]
Toffee [26.6% THC]
Maui Cheesecake [24% THC]
Wedding Cake "Sugar Shake" [30.31% THC]
Kush Mints "Sugar Shake" [24.32% THC, 26.46% total cannabinoids]
Apple Sauce [33.84% THC, 37.91% total cannabinoids]
Early Bird [34.71% THC, 38.16% total cannabinoids]
Purple Cake Batter [25.82% THC, .06% CBD, 31.21% total cannabinoids]
True OG [26.4% THC, 27.2% total cannabinoids]
Magic City Mango [Platinum Cookies x GDP x Blue Power x Gelatti] [26.4% THC, .07% CBD, 31.3% total cannabinoids]
Cookie Dawg [26.89% THC, .07% CBD, 31.79% total cannabinoids]
Lemon Jack [25.86% THC, .06% CBD, 30.90% total cannabinoids]
Hawaiian Haze [25.56% THC, .07% CBD, 30.65% total cannabinoids]
Marshmallow OG [24.99% THC (22.49% THCA, 5.25% THCD9), 1.06% CBD, 29.16% total cannabinoids, 4.6% terpenes (1.72% Limonene, .82% B-Caryophyllene, .47% Myrcene, .35% B-Pinene, .30% Linalool, .25% a-Humulene, .24% a-Pinene, .23% Nerolidol) (indoor-grown)]
GMO Crasher [Wedding Crasher x GMO] [24.7% THC, .062% CBD, 26.46% total cannabinoids]
Black Diamond [28.26% THC, .08% CBD, 34.51% total cannabinoids]
Bubba Berry [36.57% THC, .11% CBD, 44.47% total cannabinoids]
Cookies and Cream [26.6% THC, .08% CBD, 32.7% "total active cannabinoids"]
Blue Cookies [38.25% THC, .15% CBD, 46.77% total cannabinoids]
Snowcap [38.96% THC, 41.35% total cannabinoids] [Packaged in May 2022 with an image of people dancing and the words "a Party in every Bag!"]
Hawaiian Dream [26.71% THC, .8% CBD, 31.97% total cannabinoids]
Cookies Kush [27.66% THC, .08% CBD, 32.72% total cannabinoids]
White Kush [26.06% THC, .07% CBD, 34.60% total cannabinoids]
Papaya Punch [28.10% THC, .07% CBD, 33.02% total cannabinoids]
Royal Kush [24.47% THC, .07% CBD, 29.31% total cannabinoids]
Platinum Cake [31.63% THC, .11% CBD, 38.23% total cannabinoids]
Gorilla Breath [22.33% THC, .16% CBD, 23.56% total cannabinoids]
French Cookies [Girl Scout Cookie x Chemdawg] [21.44% THC, .06% CBD, 26% total cannabinoids]
Bubba Hash [34.32% THC, .16% cbd, 35.68% total cannabinoids]
Dank You [26.57% THC, .06% CBD, 31.86% total cannabinoids]
Sugar Plum [27.87% THC, .23% CBD, 28.64% total cannabinoids]
Mazar Kush [36.86% THC, .16% CBD, 38.25% total cannabinoids]
Blackberry Hashplant [26.09% THC, .06% CBD, 31.19% total cannabinoids]
Kali Mist [26.24% THC, .08% CBD, 31.47% total cannabinoids]
Gumball No. 3 [29.73% THC, 35.73% total cannabinoids]
Gumball No. 4 [27.93% THC, 28.31% total cannabinoids]
Wedding Pie [28.13% THC, 32.72% total cannabinoids]
E85 [Jetfuel OG x Biscotti] [32.99% THC, 2.11% CBD, 2.56% terpenes, 35.1% total cannabinoids]
Super Lemon Cherry [31.4% THC, 36.6% total cannabinoids, 2.3% terpenes "white ash, no black ash, all organic, 14-day flush, slow cure"] Sour Jack [24.24% THC, .2% CBD, 25.23% total cannabinoids]
Sweet Diesel [34.3% THC, .06% CBD, 34.41% total cannabinoids]
Banana Dream [25.2% THC, .09% CBD, 30.5% total cannabinoids]
Banana Bread [Banana OG x Maui Bread] [34.98% THC, 42.2% total cannabinoids]
Kush Mountains [30.2% THC, .07% CBD, 35.19% total cannabinoids]
Hindu Kush [24.1% THC, .04% CBD, 28.79% active cannabinoids]
Hindu Kush [24.99% THC, .07% CBD, 29.92% total cannabinoids]
Biscotti Cookies [22% THC]
LA Pop Rocks [27% THC, 31% total cannabinoids]
OCC [17.87% THC, 20.38% total cannabinoids]
Sundae Driver [24% THC]
Flow White [22.14% THC, 0.056% CBD]
Slurricane [22.57% THC, 0.065% CBD]
Super Silver Haze [24% THC, 0.07% CBD, 1.30% total terpenes]
Super Silver Haze [27.87% THC, .16% CBD, 29.98% total cannabinoids]
Space Cakes [31.96% THC]
Gorilla Goo [23.24% THC]
King Louis [20.82% THC, 25.77% total cannabinoids]
Turquoise Jeep [23.6% THC]
OG Kush [22.0% THC]
Kush Mint Cookies [31.36% THC]
Willie's Kush [23.97% THC]
Chem Reserve [38.56% THC]
Petrol Kush [20.73% THC]
Mimosa [24.8% THC, .1% CBD]
Mimosa [27.05% THC, .14% CBD, 27.99% total cannabinoids]
Mimosa [28.49% THC, 0% CBD]
Clout Cake [26.14% THC, .06% CBD] ["Friends Don't Let Friends Smoke Mids"]
Cali Cherry Pie [20.60% THC, .08% CBD]
PR OG [16.51% THC]
Meat Breath [21.26% THC, 26.56% total cannabinoids]
Orange Cookies [19.90% THC]
White Fire [29.1% THC, .07% CBD, 34.5% total cannabinoids]
Motorbreath [15.42% THC]
805 Sour [20.72% THC]
Cherry Dosido [Cherry Cheesecake x Dosido] [29.98% THC]
Cherry Do-Si-Do [24% THC]
Super Chem [Sour 2.0 x Chem] [21.28% THC, 26.17% total cannabinoids]
Orange [20.08% THC]
Malawi Dream [20.4% THC, .19% CBD]
Purple Cake [18.34% THC]
Strawberry Banana [20.59% THC, .19% CBD]]
Peanut Butter Breath [18.18% THC]
Peanut Butter Breath [27.7% THC, .05% CBD, 32.8% total cannabinoids]
Alien OG [20.18% THC]
Garanimal Cookies [20.64% THC, .03% CBD]
Dark Karma [Dutch Treat x Strange Love] [25.71% THC, .04% CBD]
China White [26.42% THC]
Gushers [20.65% THC]
Gushers [36.08% THC]
Los Angeles Kush [23.05% THC]
Triple Scoop Gelato [27.7% THC]
Purple Punch [26.44% THC]
Trifi Cookies [21.99% THC]
Rollins [24.36% THC]
Wedding Chemz [24.2% THC] [from a cannabis company founded by Grateful Dead percussionist Mickey Hart]
Han Solo Burger [GMO Cookies x Larry F8] [More than 30% THC]
Cereal Milk [29% THC, 31.12% total cannabinoids] [A hybrid strain that is distributed in glass jars with VIVIDLY colorful reflective metallic labels containing 28 pre-rolled filter-tipped marijuana cigarettes. Each marijuana cigarette contains .5 gram "greenhouse hydroponic" cannabis.
One of the warnings on the label:
"Smoking cannabis increases your cancer risk and during pregnancy exposes your child to delta-9-THC and other chemicals that can affect your child's birth weight, behavior, and learning ability."]
Ice Cream Cake [22.2% THC] ["Honest Flower" brand "Indica" from Eden Enterprises. "Flower You Can Trust" 3.5 grams in a small child-resistant plastic container from Calyx Containers. "Made in USA"]
Humboldt OG ["17.76% THC" hybrid pre-roll. Cultivator: "Grouse Mountain Green" in Humboldt County, California. Distributor: "Emerald Family Farms" 2019]
Ghost OG ["22.49% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." pre-roll]
Wedding Cuvee ["21.60% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." "Time For Blast Off" (On package containing 3.5 grams) 2019]
Jungle Glue ["Krush Kingz" pre-roll by "Berkeley Pharmz" 2019]
Orange Mango ["19.8% THC" "Distributed by Black Oak Gallery" 2019]
Ziablo [Grown by IC Collective.] [2019] [The jars containing 3.5 grams feature one of my favorite labels, a very colorful skeleton-skull!]
Now and Laters ["20.51% THC" "Sativa" Grown in Shasta County, California, and distributed by Ember Valley, 2019.]
Ghost Mints ["23.31% THC, 0.9% CBD". "...may be habit forming." "This product may be unlawful outside of Washington State." from "Green Fire Production, Inc."]
Extreme Jack [16.49% THC "even hybrid" "greenhouse-grown" "Warning: This product can expose you to chemicals including arsenic, which is known to the state of California to cause cancer. For more information, go to www.p65warnings.ca.gov" from Foxworthy Farms, 2019.]
Blackout ["Inspire featuring limonene 7.84% THC, 8.05% CBD. From Abatin Farms, 2018]
Cherry Vortex [Sativa-dominant."17.46% THC". From Headwaters. Source: UPI Supply Systems, Inc. Origin: Carpenteria, CA. Packaged 12. 14. 2018. Expiration date: 12. 13. 2019. "WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive harm."]
Wedding Cake ["14.36% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt Growers". 2019] [Also: from Marley Natural, "grown in Trinity County, California." "16.3% THC" 2019] [Also: "from Sublime, in Oakland, California." "Fuzzies" brand pre-roll, "infused with cannabis concentrate, kief, and terpenes" "25% THC and 1% CBD" 2019] [Also: from Pacific Stone in Santa Barbara, California 2019]
Blueberry Muffin ["15.94% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt County Indoor". Harvested 12.1. 2018]
Unicorn Tears [indoor Sativa"blend"] "22.8% THC", 1 gram pre-roll from Sunset Connect in San Francisco, 2024.
Raspberry Diesel ["18.2% THC", grown by "Fleur d'elite"]
Banjo [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Banjo [2 gram bottle from "Coastal Sun Farm". Package date: 8.28. 2019. "26% THC. 30.9% total cannabinoids". "Consciously Grown." "Healthy Plants Heal Humans".]
Banjo ["16.49% THC "sativa" from Pacific Stone in Santa Barbara, California.
Wifi43 [pre-roll from State Flower Cannabis Company, San Francisco 2019 "19.63% THC"]
Dolato [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Miss U.S.A. [1 gram all flower Indica pre-roll from Lowell Smokes. 18% THC. In a glass tube. "Test: Cannasafe 01. 19. 19"]
Royal Blend ["Krush Kings" brand pre-roll from "Industry Standard Group, Inc." 18.74% THC "hybrid-indica" "Your Royal Highness"]
San Fernando Valley OG ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram."]
Shark Shock ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram." "grown by Caliber." "Harvested 4.20. 2019." "19.5% total cannabinoids"]
Gelato 45 [The Weed Brand preroll. Harvest date: 7.23. 2018. Packed: 9.24. 2018. "Best Buy": 7.23. 2019. 16.9% THC. 0.26% CBD.]
Banana Bubble [1 gram pre-roll. 160 mg THC. Manufactured by Marigold. Packaged in Santa Rosa, California. 9.28. 2018. "Cultivation with a conscience"]
Fire OG [1 gram pre-roll. 29.23% THC. "infused with oil and kief". From Jeeter.] Pure Kush [Indica. pre-roll. 133 mg THC. "Harvested 7.6. 2018. Best by 10.3. 2019."]
Grizzly Bones [Hybrid. 1 gram pre-roll. Indoor-grown. 155 mg THC. "Grown by Grizzly Peak Farms."]
"Lifted" brand .7 gm "House Cone Fortified with Hash Oil"]
"Cookies" brand "Triple Scoop Infused Blunt" [1 gram flower, .25 gram BADDER, and .25 gram THCA] [hemp wrap and glass tip.]
Super Silver Haze [infused pre-roll] [29.26% THC]
Chocolate Hashberry [Grown in downtown Los Angeles. "Manufactured by Purple Heart Compassionate, Inc."]
Orange Citron ["19.19% THC, 0.02% CBD" "Packaged 4.24. 2019" from "Molecular Farms" in California.]
El Fuego [from "Molecular Farms"]
Key Lime Pie ["Humboldt Farms" "Premium Flower-Hybrid" "15.2% THC, 0.00% CBD" "Harvested on July 2018, Packaged on July 2018" "One-Eighth Ounce" in a clear glass jar with a stopper made of wood. The label has a 1" x 2" colorful detailed image of tall trees and small flowers and a small white Volkswagen van. Printed with metallic ink. After smoking some Key Lime Pie I decided that, in my opinion, this extremely appealing image is the best illustration I have seen on a cannabis label.]
Taffie [This medical cannabis strain is sold in cork-lined light-proof well-labeled tins, each containing 5 joints. The tins come sealed in a bag that contains a Boveda 2-way humidity control packet. This product is distributed by Humboldt Legends, and is labeled Steelhead Sativa. Organically grown in sunlight and harvested by hand. The label has the name (and a copy of the handwritten signature) of the person who grew the marijuana (Scott Davies). Also the batch number and the percentages of THC (19.5%) and CBD (0.0%). The label on the back of the tin states that the group of cultivators who call themselves "Humboldt Legends" have been growing marijuana for "forty years". A warning note states that marijuana is a “Schedule 1 controlled substance”. And that “Smoking this product will expose you and those in your immediate vicinity to marijuana smoke...known to the State of California to cause cancer.” “Keep out of reach of children and animals.” "This product may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery." Obtained in the San Francisco bay area, 2017. (After I smoked some of this marijuana in a dark room, I closed my eyes and saw beautiful hallucinations that were extremely complex, with uniquely vivid colors. When I opened my eyes I had a VERY strong urge to write poetry.)]
Juicee Fruit ["bud-only pre-roll. 1 gram. Cultivated 7.28.18. Packaged 7.16.18. Batch ID 6-15-18-JF.] THC 21.14%. 211.4 mg/serving. 0mg CBD/serving V.H.H.C. Juicy Fruit $9.99+Tax" Seven Leaves brand, packaged in black plastic child-proof tube]
"Top Shelf Rainbow Diesel Minis [Sativa]" [small joints]
"Top Shelf Hell OG Minis [Indica]" [small joints]
"Maui Wowie" [infused flowers] 25.20% Delta-9 THC, 41.75% total cannabinoids [from Baby Jeeter]
"Blue Poison" indoor-grown ground Sativa flower infused with solventless cannabis oil [45.1% THC, 47.8% total cannabinoids]
"Pineapple Express" hybrid indoor cannabis-infused 51.17% THC prerolls, live resin-infused, kief-coated, and terp-enhanced. Five prerolls in a glass jar from Stiiizy. Each pre-roll weighs .5 gram.
"Mericanna" hybrid [small joint] "16.79% THC" [2018]
"Pacific Remedy Shatter joint, hand-rolled in California" "Blue Russian flower, Kosher Kush, BHO Snake" "Indica-dominant" [2017]
"Heshies" brand pre-rolls "Selfies" [small joints] [2019]
"Sour Diesel X Sherbet" [Hybrid pre-roll. 19.97% THC.] [2019] [From Pacific Sunset.]
"Sublime King Fuzzies", pre-roll terpene-enhanced "top shelf bud, CO2 wax/kief", "Indica OG Kush" "THC 253 mg". [2017]
"Watermelon" ["Fuzzies" infused pre-roll, 54.72% THC]
"Trix Bubble" [concentrate]
"Fire Walker" [Raw Garden brand .5 gram pre-roll infused with "Crushed Diamonds" from fresh frozen whole flower. 42.4%
cannabinoids]
ZAZA flower pre-rolls [65% THC, .84% CBD "infused with dual refined distillate, rolled in golden kief"]
"Shiva Crystals" [hashish]
"Pineapple Fruz" [52.56% THC] "Diamond-infused select flowers" in a glass jar containing 2.5 grams of flowers, plus one gram "diamond". [Pineapple Fruz flowers are totally covered with THC "diamond" that looks like dense confectioner's powdered sugar.]
Bombed Buzz [36.46% THC, 36.30% total cannabinoids] ["ingredients: cannabis flwers, THCa, terpene blend"] The packaging features a colorful and vivid cartoon of a bee wearing aviator goggles, smoking a joint while kicked-back on a red bomb falling through the clouds, with these words: "Our mission is to achieve federal legalization for veterans. Your purchase helps fund our lobbying efforts to pressure Congress and the White House to make it happen ASAP. Thank YOU for YOUR support. Let's Roll!" [From the "American Weed Company"]
"Biscotti" [Indica] [Half gram THC pods, for vaping.] [88.24% THC.] [2019] [From STIIIZY. Made by Ironworks Collective.]
"Juicy Melon" [Half gram pods, for vaping.] [41.05% THC, 1:1 CBD] [2020] [From STIIIZY] "This product can expose you to chemicals including Beta-myrcene, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
"Sky Diver" ["Refined raw resin. 84.68% THC .29% CBD" ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" "100% fresh frozen whole flower terpenes and cannabis oil" 2019]
Jack Herer brand 1 ml cannabis oil cartridge 83.98% THC, .16% CBD, 89.49% total cannabinoids
"Yogi Berries"["Refined raw resin. 81.99% THC."] ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Skydoggie" ["Refined raw resin. 83.33% THC 0.2% CBD"] ["Indica" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Chemberry" ["Refined raw resin. 81.65% THC .35% CBD"] ["Indica" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Chem Walker" ["Refined raw resin. 81.82% THC" ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Lemon Haze" [Distilled CO2 extract.] ["90.63% THC 1.64% CBD".] [Made by "Clear Day". 2019]
"Mendo Breath" [CO2- extracted cannabis oil. 78.2% THC.] [From by Marley Natural.] [2019]
"Mango Kush" [Cannabinoid extract plus terpene blend cartridge] [2019] [Made by "Pure Extracts".]
"Select" brand "Mimosa" "cannabis oil vape cartridge" [125 doses per cartridge] 3.5 mg THC per dose. [from the "Select" brand label: "Curating the Science of Feeling" [2018]
Cali Gold H20 [extracted cannabis resin]
"Emerald Dream" ["Single Origin"] [Trinity County, CA] [58% THC] cannabis oil extracted with CO2 [cartridge for use with "Highlighter" vapor pen]
Garlic Cookies [Raw Zen solvent-less cannabis extract. 72.45% THC. One gram in a small glass jar.] [2019]
"Chemdawg" ["terpene rich distillate" by Bakked. 81% THC. 1.14% CBD.]
"XJ-13" [distillate. 88.08% THC. ]
"Granddaddy Purple" ["Flavored Cannabis Extract" cartridge, for vaping, by "Naked Extracts"] ["Indica] ["Ingredients: Cannabis Extract, Non-Cannabis Terpene Blend, Natural Flavors"] [2019]
"Granddaddy Purple" "cured resin" [79.6% THC, 82.1% total cannabinoids]
"Green Crack" [distillate. 88.13% THC.]
[Concentrates:
Banana Kush 95.25% THC
Banana OG 79% THC
Skywalker OG 91.62% THC
Alien OG 87.76% THC
Sour Cookies 89.53% THC
King Louis XIII 85.85% THC
King Louis XIII 90.76% THC
King Louis XIII 92.28% THC
Blue Valley 77.54% THC, .23% CBD
Acapulco Gold 87% THC, .18% CBD, 92% total active cannabinoids
Lemon Tree 90% THC
OG Kush 91.68% THC
Purple Punch 91.7% THC
Super Silver Haze 79.46% THC [live resin]
Electric Blue 78.69% THC [live resin]
Dutch Treat Haze 84% THC, .20% CBD
Blackberry Kush 82.4% THC
SFV OG (San Fernando Valley OG) 78% THC
Crunch Berries Crumble 88.96% THC, 89.09% total cannabinoids
Apple Jack 88% THC
Strawberry Shortcake 91% THC
Dream Queen 87% THC
Star Chaser 89.42% THC
Berry Blast 88.13% THC
Jack Herer 90.83% THC
Blackberry Diesel 91.1% THC
Beach Party 2 83.07% THC
God's Gift 90.8% THC
Mango Dream 86% THC
Strawnana 92.25% THC
Stawberry Shortcake 91% THC
Melonade 91% THC
Incredible Hulk [Green Crack x Jack Herer] 88.93% THC
Strawberry Cough 85.47% THC
Mendo Clouds 83.77% THC
Golden Kiwi 82.84% THC
Do-Si-Dos 91.35% THC
Cookies 84% THC
Blue Beary 83.91% THC
Birthday Cake 83.15% THC
Birthday Cake 87.72% THC
Watermelon Z 71.45% THC
Watermelon OG 91% THC
Cannis Major x Milky Way 65.6% THC, 67.9% total cannabinoids
Double Platinum Cookies 73.27% THC
Gorilla Cookies 77.65% THC
Orange Cookies #12 83.89% THC
Yoda OG 90.43% THC
Blueberry Cookies 85.0% THC
Grapefruit Romulan 92.2% THC
Limeade 83.20% THC
Premium Jack 90.5% THC
Dosi Lemonade 81.62% THC
White Fire 93% THC
Fruity Pebble OG 92.0% THC
Slurmberry 82.71% THC
Pineapple Express 92.82% THC
Georgia Peach 90.63% THC, .23% CBD
"Raw Garden" brand "Forbidden Fruit" "liquified diamonds and botanical terpenes" [87.98% THC, 92.81 total cannabinoids] ***Ocean Beach .5 gram "dry flower" vape cartridge from Cookies (November 2021): 35.3% delta-9 THC, 59.3% total THC, THCA 27.3%. Total terpenes: 7.53%, 1.8% Limonene, 1.08% Linalool, 1.54% Betacaryophyllene***
"hybrid cannabis" from Space Monkey Meds.
Chemdawg + Gelato "Sativa cannabis flowers" distributed in 2019 by "Papa's Herb", 3.5 grams in a lightproof ziplock bag.
"Green Crack" cannabis flowers bought at High Fidelity, a marijuana store next to Amoeba Music on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, several blocks from the University of California campus. "Grown by: Blue Nose. Harvested: 10.18. 2018. THC: 16.42%." High Fidelity motto: "Your supreme source for herbal inspiration and higher education."
(After smoking this marijuana, I ate a bag of HIPPEAS brand Bohemian Barbecue Flavor organic chickpea puffs. "Store in a dry and, like, totally cool place.")
("UC Berkeley synthetic biologists have engineered brewer's yeast to produce marijuana's main ingredients--mind-altering THC and non-psychoactive CBD--as well as novel cannabinoids not found in the plant itself. Feeding only on sugar, the yeast are an easy and cheap way to produce pure cannabinoids that today are costly to extract from the buds of the marijuana plant..."
---Robert Sanders, "Yeast Produce Low-Cost High-Quality Cannabinoids", news.berkeley.edu, 2.27. 2019).
"THC-Indica" transdermal patch 18.4 mg THC per patch. By Mary's Medicinals. [Made: 2.4. 2019. Expires: 2.4. 2021.] I have also tried the CBD version.
"Releaf Patch" Transdermal patch by Papa & Barkley. "18.56 mg THC plus 18.61 mg CBD" Mfg. date: 7.15. 2019 Best by date: 8.5. 2020
Oh, Yes! [cannabis extract + aloe vera] [for vaginal use] [from Quim]
[A few times I have gone for months without smoking marijuana, and then smoked a potent joint. On more than one such occasion I have experienced intense fearful disorientation, acute paranoia, and horrible physical distress including nausea and a sudden loss of consciousness. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!]
I have eaten a variety of cannabis preparations sold at marijuana stores in Berkeley, including:
"Emerald Bay Extracts" ["a women owned company"] brand 25 mg THC tablets. [Each of these tablets is said to contain 25 mg of THC from RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a very potent strain of Cannabis Indica called "Afgoo". (The strain is so-named because it is very resinous and is genetically related to marijuana from Afghanistan.) RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil is named for a Canadian, Rick Simpson, who claimed in 2003 that "full spectrum" marijuana oil can cure a variety of ailments. RSO is VERY easily made by soaking dried and cured marijuana flowers in ethyl alcohol, then filtering out the flowers by pouring the alcohol/marijuana oil mixture through a coffee filter, then removing the alcohol from the alcohol/marijuana oil mixture by heating, leaving the "full spectrum" marijuana oil in the bottom of the container.
"Full spectrum" marijuana oil can be made from any strain of marijuana. I first made "full spectrum" marijuana oil more than 51 years ago. Over the decades I made and smoked quite a bit of it. I remain convinced that "full spectrum" marijuana oil made using pure food-grade ethyl alcohol as a solvent yields a product that gets me higher when I smoke it than any other marijuana oil I have tried that was made by any other method.
I never ate any of the "full spectrum" marijuana oil I made because I thought it was too difficult to accurately measure the dosage.
I find these easily dividable tablets to be EXTREMELY potent.
["Emerald Bay Extracts" also produces 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a very potent and, to me, very mind-active strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Blue Dream". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a powerful and, to me, dreamy strain of Cannabis Indica, "Grand Daddy Purple". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from what to me is a wonderfully sensual strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Super Sour Diesel". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a mysterious and exotic strain of Cannabis Sativa known as "Blackberry Sour". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of Cannabis Indica, "Ice Cream Cake". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a (what I often find to be trippy) strain of indica-dominant hybrid cannabis, "Trifi Cookies". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of hybrid cannabis, "Banana Kush". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Lemon Zest". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a thrillingly tasty strain of indica-dominant hybrid cannabis called "Dosilato" that seems to make art come alive. Also 25 mg tablets containing tasty RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a hybrid strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Lemon Cherry Gelato" ("Sunset Sherbet" x "Girl Scout Cookies"). Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a hybrid strain, "Runtz". The indescribable mental effects I experience after taking "Banana Kush" tablets are INTENSE.]
["Emerald Bay Extracts" gave me a free tin of small tablets. The rainbow-colored tin contained 20 tablets made in a variety of colors. Each 5 mg THC tablet contained RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of marijuana called "XXX". "Pride Pack", April 2021.]
["Emerald Bay Extracts" also produces stronger 50 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a fascinatingly dreamy strain of Cannabis Indica, "Biscotti". I was given a free 20-tablet tin of these stronger doses at a cannabis store on 4.20. 2023..."WARNING! SUPER POTENT!"]
"Plus" brand vegan "10:1 Calm Mango" gummies, each containing 1 mg THC, 10 mg CBD, and a blend of terpenes. [20 gummies per container]
"Froot" brand orange tangie-flavored cannabis-infused "chews", each containing 10mg of THC. "sativa" [10 "chews" per package]
"Froot" brand blue razz dream-flavored cannabis-infused "chews", each containing 10mg of THC. "hybrid" [10 "chews" per package]
"Pax" brand wild strawberry-flavored cannabis-infused live rosin gummies containing 10mg THC. [10 gummies per package]
"Park Jams" brand coconut-flavored cannabis-infused gummies containing 10 mg THC. [10 gummies per package]
"Kiva" brand peppermint pattie-flavored dark chocolate-coated cannabis-infused "bites" containing 5 mg THC from "solventless cold water hash". [20 "bites" per container]
"Yummi Karma" brand "Wicked Apple Drops". Each bottle contains 30 milliliters of fractionated coconut oil, "whole plant cannabis extract" said to contain 1000 mg THC, flavors and sweetener. Each one milliliter dose is said to contain 32.89 mg THC, .08 mg CBD, .89 mg CBG, and .42 mg CBC. [San Francisco bay area in California, 2022]
"Uncle Arnie's" brand "Blueberry Night Cap" cannabis-infused beverage. Each 59 ml bottle contains cannabis oil containing 100 mg THC and 25 mg CBN.
"High Power" brand "Watermelon "cannabis-infused THC tincture", 250 mg THC per bottle.
"Korova" brand "Cannabis-Infused Tincture", said to contain 1000 milligrams of [what I experience as VERY POTENT] "THC distillate" per bottle. With "Midnight Guava" flavoring, water, etc. ["DRINK ME. MIX ME. MICRODOSE. MACRODOSE."]
"Butter Brothers" brand Brownies, Phat Mints, Blackberry Streusel, Ginger Snaps, Vegan Chocolate Chip Cookies, and Peanut Butter Cookies.
"Absolute Extracts" brand Sleepy Time blueberry lavender cannabis-infused gummies containing "Ice Water Cannabis Extract, CBN, terpenes", etc. [5 mg THC plus 2.5 mg CBN per gummy] [2023]
"Dr. Norm's" brand SleepWell gummies containing "nanotized THC, nanotized CBN & long acting THC" [10 mg nano THC blend, 5 mg nano CBN, and 1 mg CBD per gummy] [2023]
"Chill" brand chocolate bar with finely crushed espresso coffee beans and 100 mg THC.
"Pura Vida" brand Ocean Spray, Happy Trails, Chocolate Jubilee, and Chocolate Chip Protein Bar.
"Ganja Candy" brand Caramel, Blackberry, and Dr. Pepper.
"Tainted" brand Thin Mints
"Dank" candy
"420 Grand" candy
HealTHCare "Private Reserve OG" [cannabis tincture in vegetable glycerin base]
"Double-Strength Medi Pills" [cannabis oil capsules]
"Shiva Candy" [hashish candy]
"Auntie Dolore's Medical Cannabis Glazed Pecans"
"Hashey's 200 mg Indica Bar" [made with dark chocolate In Santa Cruz]
"Rhino Pellet" [tiny cookie]
"Potlava" [vegan cannabis baklava]
"Enjoyable Edibles" brand cannabis-infused Snickerdoodle cookies. ["10.8 mg THC" per cookie. Each package contains 10 cookies. Made with "full-spectrum cannabis extract" by Ironworks Collective. 2019]
"Habit" brand "Sparkling Pineapple Cooler". 10 doses of THC in each 12.6 fl. oz. bottle. Made in Los Angeles by Canna Healthcare, Inc.
"Orange Zest Awakening Mints" [sublingual 10 mg THC tablets]
"Drivn" brand watermelon-flavored cannabis-infused gummies, 10 mg THC per gummy.
"Breez" brand mints [sublingual 5 mg THC tablets]
"Kiva" brand Blackberry Dark Chocolate [cannabis oil candy]
"Black Cherry Gummi" [cannabis oil candy]
"Wyld" brand Elderberry gummies [10 mg THC and 5 mg CBN per piece] For sleeping. "It's a little like watching sheep count you."
"Absolute Extracts" brand Blueberry Lavender gummies [5 mg THC and 2 mg CBN per piece] For sleeping.
"Original PLUS Super Potent Hybrid Cannabis-Infused Gummies" ["20 mg THC"]
"PureCure Sativa Strips" [preparation for oral use] [from the label: "EXTREMELY STRONG!"]
"Dr. Norm's Extra Strength medical cannabis cookie" "Chocolate Chip Therapy" 25 mg THC per cookie. hybrid.
"Full Extract Cannabis Oil" [Indica-dominant strain, for oral use. Full-plant extracted with ethyl alcohol. Dated 12.1. 2015 and provided in a 3 milliliter oral syringe marked for 0.1 milliliter doses. "THC 37.05%"]
"Stokes" brand "Mint Micros" [Sativa-strain] [small tablets, each containing 5 mg of cannabis extract] [I have used 2 different flavors: Mint and Watermelon]
OMedibles brand "Tree Hugger Medical Cannabis Cinnamon Maple" [high CBD extract mixed with nuts and spices]
Utopia Farms brand "Medical Cannabis Raspberry Macaroons"
"Cafe Attitude THCoffee" 40 mg THC per 8 oz. bottle ["70% Sativa, 30% Indica"]
"Evil Aunt Emily's Seriously Psychotic Suckers" [cannabis oil candy] ["79 mg cannabis oil" per sucker])
("'Remember when Abigail got her prescription for medical marijuana and we all went to the top of Doheny and sucked on those marijuana lollipops and watched the sun set?'
'That was a perfect day', Cheryl says definitely."
---A.M. Homes, portraying some young people in Los Angeles in a short story in her book DAYS OF AWE.)
"Sprig" brand citrus soda containing 45 mg THC per can. Made in California. [2017]
Petra "Moroccan mint"-flavored medical cannabis tablets, each containing 2.5 mg THC plus matcha tea. Produced in 2017 by Kiva, a not-for-profit collective. Lab tested by CW Analytical. "A micro-dosed blend." Packaged in tins containing 42 tablets.
Kiva "Lost Farm" cannabis-infused fruit chews, 10mg THC from "live resin" per piece. These fruit chews are strain-specific. My favorite so far is BLUEBERRY.
["CW uses its best efforts to deliver high-quality results and to verify that the data contained therein are based on sound scientific judgement. However, CW makes no warranties or claims to that effect and further shall not be liable for any damage or misrepresentation that may result from the use or misuse of this data in any way."
---from a disclaimer issued by CW Analytical. (found outside of a warehouse in Berkeley in 2019.)]
"KushyPunch" brand plum flavor Cannabis Indica gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC + 0.1 mg CBD + 0.8 gm sugar. "Feel the power of the punch"
"Korova" brand Peanut Butter Dip cookie, containing 100 mg THC.
"OmEdibles" brand Sour Apple flavor cannabis gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC. Distributed in plastic boxes containing 6 gummies each.
"OmEdibles" brand Lychee Blossom flavor cannabis gummies, packaged the same as the above.
"CuriouslyCannabis" brand "Rayne Drops" berry, orange, and lemon flavor cannabis pastilles. Each pastille contains 5 mg THC. Distributed in tins containing 20 pastilles each.
"Emerald Sky" brand Alpine Strawberry cannabis-infused licorice. 10 mg THC per piece [Cannabis Sativa]. 10 pieces per container.
"Emerald Sky" brand Creme Filled Chocolate cannabis infused cookies. 10 mg THC per cookie [hybrid cannabis]. 10 cookies per box.
Kanha "Enhanced Nanomolecular Gummies" made from hybrid cannabis 10 mg THC in each "Blueberry Blast"-flavored dose. 2019.
"Cannabis-Infused" organic microwave popcorn, 44.5 gram pop-up bag containing 10 mg THC and less than 2 mg CBD. Made in Berkeley in 2019 by "Type 7 Manufacturing, Inc". "Movie Night's New Best Friend".
"Somatik" brand "Sparks" cannabis-infused chocolate coffee beans. 3 mg THC per bean. 25 beans per container. '"Lovingly made by A Tribe of Us Collective". "Turn Your Magic On".
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Watermelon Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Peach Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Green Apple Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
Kaneh Co. brand Mango Chile fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving. Manufactured by Xtracta.
Distribution, Inc. Made and packaged 3.6. 2019. Best by 7.6. 2019. Tested 3.15. 2019 by Infinite Chemical Analysis.
Kaneh Co. brand Raspbery Lime fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving.
"Edible Cannabis Oil" batch 030119-MUT-5-01 [4.30. 2019] by CalVape Collective.
"Chew & Chill" Blueberry Dream + Sky Og Indica "LIVE RESIN" gummies, 10 mg THC per gummy
"MC Farma" brand "Full Spectrum Oil" capsules "THC 90 + THCV" ["THC 80.11 mg + CBD 20.35 mg + THCV 29.09 mg + CBG 2.98 mg" per capsule. Cannabinoids, lipids, fats, and terpenes remain in full spectrum extraction, which "enhances efficacy and is known as the 'entourage' effect." Each package contains 10 capsules. Manufactured in 2020 in Marin County, California.
Also: "MC Farma" brand "Full Spectrum Oil" capsules "THC 60" [" THC 62.86 mg + CBD .38 mg + THCV 2.92 mg +CBN 1.66 mg + CBG 3.63 mg" per capsule.]
Glowing Buddha brand grape flavor cannabis candy, 10 mg THC per piece. Made in Santa Rosa, California. 2020
[It is not uncommon for people to have EXTREMELY negative experiences after they have eaten too much of a product containing cannabis. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!])
(The cannabinoid cannabidiol [CBD], along with the cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], is produced by many marijuana [cannabis] plants. Bottled water containing CBD is currently [2021] being sold over-the-counter ["AN EXTREMELY EXTREME VALUE"] at my local grocery store, where it apparently is frequently purchased by schoolkids. [From the "CBD Living Water" label: "Consult your physician before use if you are pregnant, lactating, have a medical condition or are taking any medication. CANNABIDIOL USE MAY BE HARMFUL. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. These staements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."] Last night I saw an ad for "Harrelson's Own CBD" on national TV: "When Life Gets Crazy...It Just Makes Everything About My Day Better")
("...the dudebros continue to pile into pot. Perhaps their worst public showing was when a bunch of them traversed the convention floor during MJ Bizcon wearing t-shirts that read 'Buy Weed From Rich White Men'. This was supposedly a response to the Buy Weed From Women movement, which has popular t-shirts of its own."
---Dan Mitchell, in his article "Low Times-2022: the year of stunts and desperation", East Bay Express, 12.28. 2022.)
("...marijuana is not legal."
---Ed Rosenthal, interviewed by Paul Kilduff, The Monthly, December 2014.)
("Indeed, positive hits for pathogenic mold are already changing grower operations. 'You smoke ten random samples of cannabis and you've most likely smoked aspergillus [mold],' said Dave, one of the lab's two founders. 'It's in there, often at unacceptable levels. Now it's up to the industry to respond. We also are not in a position where we want to make enemies and piss people off. We want to see it happen in the best way for the movement and the industry to kind of just naturally evolve.'
While the distributed nature of California's cannabis supply network obviously benefits mom-and-pop growers, it doesn't encourage quality assurance. Consequently, Dave and his peers believe that some pot consumers are in danger.
'It's expensive to test every single thing that comes through the door — that's the price you pay with a decentralized supply system,' Dave said. 'But that's what you've got. You've got five pounds coming from here and two from there and one individual. I mean, a dog walks in the grow room, and wags its tail — anything can be coming off that dog's tail. It's gross. Fertilizers with E. coli. Compost teas that they don't make right, anaerobic tea that has elevated levels of E. coli and salmonella...There's no way that this is sustainable. All it takes is one story of immune-compromised people dying from aspergillus infection. The myth that cannabis hasn't killed a single person in 3,000 years is allowed to go on. Well, it's not cannabis that kills people, it's all the shit that's in it.'
[From "The Manhattan Project of Marijuana", David Downs, the East Bay Express, 3.4. 2009.])
(Steep Hill Lab says eighty-five percent of the medical marijuana samples it tests "show traces of mold".
---Peter Hecht, "Pot Lab Fills Need for Oversight", the Sacramento Bee, 4.6. 2010. The owners of Steep Hill Lab in Oakland California [which is NOT a federally-certified laboratory] are extremely in favor of medical marijuana...)
("We find e.coli in hash. We're seeing pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacteria that's found in filth."
---Robert Martin, of the Association of California Cannabis Labs. Martin was quoted by David Downs in the East Bay Express, 4.11. 2012.)
("It's a nasty little secret in the medical marijuana world that many growers spray their plants liberally with pesticides..."
---Robert Gammon, the East Bay Express, 7.28. 2010.)
(In places like Berkeley in 2018, where cannabis production is encouraged, much cannabis waste is generated. Some of the waste is toxic if consumed. Moldy marijuana, marijuana contaminated with chemicals, contaminated hashish, and contaminated cannabis concentrates do not seem to be rare. Some homeless people, alcohol addicts, and methamphetamine addicts find these sometimes poisonous contaminated cannabis products in garbage containers and sell them on the streets...)
("A 2015 study published in The Journal of Toxicological Sciences found that more than 80 percent of the concentrate samples were contaminated by residual solvents."
"In the same 2015 study, pesticides were detected in one-third of the concentrate samples."
---Kathleen Richards, The East Bay Express, 3.21. 2018, in an article about vaping cannabis.)
("...the true danger in untested cannabis comes from the potential pathogens--pseudomonas, aspergillis, and E. coli are routinely found by our laboratory [CW Analytical]."
---David Egerton, in a letter to the editor of the East Bay Express, 7.18. 2012.)
("...Anresco Laboratories conducted tests on all of the cannabis featured at the HempCon Festival held in San Francisco in August 2017. The San Francisco-based laboratory discovered that 80 percent of the cannabis at the festival was contaminated with unhealthy levels of solvents, pesticides, molds, fungus, or various bacteria."
---John Geluardi, East Bay Express, 9.20. 2017.)
(Over the decades, I have seen MANY careless and ignorant people with hands contaminated by perfume, cologne, cosmetics, grease, oils [and a number of other toxic substances] use their fingers to prepare marijuana for smoking. I am dismayed by the amount of marijuana I have had to throw away because of toxic substances that stupid and/or careless people have allowed marijuana to come into contact with!)
("Illegal Vapes are Killing People. Blame the 'Legal Market'"
---title of an article by Dan Mitchell, 9.11. 2019, East Bay Express. This San Francisco bay area newspaper is extremely pro-marijuana.
"Legal cannabis has created a market for manufactured products like vapes and gummies. If not for that legal market, there would likely be far fewer pirates out there making what look like legal vapes--complete with legit-looking packaging--but were actually made half-assedly by random cretins. When it comes to vapes, half-assed production can mean illness and death."
There is a full color ad for the Magnolia dispensary in Oakland on the same page as the article. "Dab Bar and Vape Lounge Open 7 Days 9AM--9PM".)
("People like to make poison. If you don't understand this, you will never understand anything."
---Margaret Atwood, in a short story, quoted by Jia Tolentino in her review of Atwood's 2019 novel THE TESTAMENTS, a sequel to THE HANDMAID'S TALE. The review was in the 9.16. 2019 issue of The New Yorker.)
("Mycobutanil...was found in a product recently recalled by Mettrum Ltd., a Toronto-based medical marijuana company."
Mycobutanil, used to control mildew, is said to emit hydrogen cyanide gas when heated.
"The Mettrum discovery was made recently, when a random screening of the company's products by Health Canada turned up the unauthorized use of pyrethrin, a pesticide...that is also not approved for medical cannabis..."
---Grant Robertson, The Globe and Mail, 3.10. 2017.)
("While I am grateful for access to the pot clubs...I am at a bit of a loss to understand why, given the virtual absence of risk in producing and distributing pot, it is still so expensive."
"What we have...are facilities charging the high end of street prices to people who are already ostensibly facing hardship."
["An ounce for $300 to $400..."]
"...besides basic capitalist greed, why does it still cost so much? Most of the truly disabled and terminally ill are on a fixed income, rendering the cost of pot not at all that compassionate."
--- Quotes from a letter written by Steve Stevens to the editor of the San Francisco Weekly, 1.20. 2010.)
("...in the Wild West of recreational marijuana consumption roamed by pandemic-stressed adults."
---Valeriya Safronova, The New York Times, 5.23. 2021. Article title: "Big Candy Is Angry". Some cannabis companies make drug-infused candy that is packaged to look similar to popular brand-name mainstream candy.)
("Each one-gram of flower is packaged in a wine bottle-shaped tin, topped with a version of Coppola's signature label and an embossed pot leaf. Each tin will retail for $99 and comes with a branded pipe and rolling papers."
---Katie Shapiro, Forbes.com, 11.2. 2018, describing marijuana grown in California's Humboldt County that will be sold by Francis Ford Coppola, who directed the 1972 film The Godfather.)
("According to Rand Corporation estimates...legalized...high-grade pot would cost just $20 per pound to produce. And low-grade weed would cost only $5 per pound."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 10.9. 2013.)
(Since May 2011, four marijuana stores in Richmond, California [near Berkeley and Oakland] "...have paid $486,390 in police fees."
"To some, the situation evokes...the protection racket."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 8.28. 2013)
(Daniel Rush, the former chair of Berkeley's Medical Cannabis Commission, was charged with 15 criminal counts, including extortion, fraud, and money-laundering. He later pleaded guilty to three felony counts.
["...federal authorities charged him for offering special treatment to one of the applicants for Berkeley's fourth dispensary spot."
---Frances Dinkelspiel, Berkeleyside, 6.23. 2017.])
Please note: DEPICTION IS NOT ADVOCACY!
(Made with a Nikon FE 35mm SLR camera + amber light + close-up lens) (1993) (Berkeley, California)
("For the first time, the General Social Survey--a large, national survey conducted every two years and widely considered to represent the gold standard for public opinion research--shows a majority of Americans favoring the legalization of marijuana."
---Christopher Ingraham, the Washington Post, 3.4. 2015.)
(I subscribe to a free official California state website run by the Department of Cannabis Control, which can be found here:
cannabis.ca.gov/resources/cannabis-recalls-and-safety-notices/
I think their testing of cannabis products is far, far too limited, in that there are many toxic and possibly toxic substances that they are not testing for. Still, there is value in receiving their email warnings, because I am not seeing these warnings about specific products being widely posted anywhere by the online media, and I do not see such warnings being publicly posted at cannabis stores. Below is a warning I received today.
"Notification of Mandatory Product Recall
June 25, 2024
The Department of Cannabis Control (DCC) is issuing this consumer advisory for a single CUREpen PREMIUM THC OIL Vape Cartridge product due to the presence of the pesticide chlorfenapyr.
Consumers who purchased this product are urged to check their packaging for the UID and batch number listed below."
The notification also mentions that the recalled product was "Packaged by: Alkhemist DM LLC".)
(The website of the large cannabis dispensary Harborside in Oakland, California has a "Seizure-Safe" setting that "clears flashes and reduces color".)
(In May 2011, "DistantEchoes" commented on reddit dot com that viewing my art "may cause seizures and brain damage.")
("...video games with rapidly changing images or highly regular patterns can produce seizures, and video games have increased in importance as triggers as they have become more common."
---from the Wikipedia page "Photosensitive Epilepsy".)
("...in November 2017, two months before legal sales were to begin...the California Department of Food and Agriculture released rules that shocked the farming community: The state would allow legal pot farms to grow as large as they want."
"Glass House Farms, one of the state’s biggest cultivators, grows cannabis in a 2 million-square-foot greenhouse facility that was financed by a $100 million loan."
---Lester Black, 11.17. 2024, SFGATE.
["Glass House reported its cost of production at $139 per pound. The company also stated that it sold the equivalent of over 90,000 pounds of dried biomass in the second quarter of 2023 at an average price of $340 per pound."
---cannabis benchmarks dot com, 8.22. 2023.]
["...we’re the largest cannabis flower brand in the largest market in the world."
---glass house brands dot com, 11.19. 2024. The site also says that Glass House has a six million square-foot "state of the art greenhouse footprint".]
[On their website, Glass House tells people how to buy stock in Glass House Brands, even providing links to brokers like Charles Schwab.])
"'Criminal records for marijuana use and possession have imposed needless barriers to employment, housing, and educational opportunities,' Biden said in December. 'Too many lives have been upended because of our failed approach to marijuana. It's time that we right these wrongs.'"
---from a 4.30. 2024 CBS News article "Justice Dept will move to reclassify marijuana in a historic shift, sources say". ("Robert Legare and Willie James Inman contributed to this report.") "The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration will move to reclassify marijuana as a less dangerous drug, a historic shift to generations of American drug policy that could have wide ripple effects across the country."
(During the course of my career in non-profit quality control, I smoked marijuana every day for 29 of the past 42 years. I found that it often inspired me.
***Burning plants and then inhaling the smoke very, very obviously seems like an unhealthy thing to do since there are so many, many possibly toxic substances in the smoke!***
[“'On Jan. 1, 2014 in Denver, 1/8 ounce of Bubba Kush was the USA’s first legal sale of this for recreational purposes,' the host said."
"One of the $2,000 challenges on a recent episode was to identify the first part of the name of a 'well-known hallucinogen' that ends 'acid diethylamide.' The contestant said 'lysergic,' as in LSD."
---Kyle Jaeger, 5.12. 2019, marijuanamoment dot net, writing about the mainstream television game show "Jeopardy".]
As of early 2022, there are said to be 779 different strains of marijuana being sold.
My favorite imported kinds of marijuana were Punta Roja Colombian, "Thai sticks", and Mexican from Oaxaca. Some of the Cannabis Sativa grown in Hawaii that I smoked was not only potently psychedelic, but also WONDERFULLY TASTY.
I also enjoyed some of the hashish that came from Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Nepal. The hashoil I smoked that came from Morocco greatly lifted my spirits and provided unique insight. "Bubble Hash" made in Berkeley gave me colorful visions.
I even quaffed Hi-Brew Beer [early 1980s marijuana/alcohol beverage].
To celebrate my 70th birthday I smoked a potent "sativa hybrid" strain of marijuana called "Runtz". [29.1% THC, .05% CBD, 33.8% total cannabinoids. Total terpenes: 1.5%. Top 3 terpenes: caryophyllene, limonene, and myrcene. Packaged 9.6. 2021. Tested by Belcosta Labs. Distributed by a company in North Hollywood, California.]
[In the 1970s I trimmed MANY pounds of marijuana. One of my associates, a taxi driver who claimed that he had “rolled so many joints I don’t have any fingerprints left” was so impressed that he borrowed my scissors and had them plated with gold.]
['Miron had stolen a big pile of wedding invitations... and we would use them to make filters for joints."
---Etgar Keret, translated from the Hebrew by Miriam Shlesinger and Sondra Silverston, in his 2002 collection of short stories THE NIMROD FLIPOUT. When I was arrested in 1985 the police seized a small box of filters from me that I had made by cutting some of my business cards into strips. I called them "jay-spacers" and had labeled the box. In 1986 when I went in front of the parole board, they (not knowing what a "jay-spacer" is) made a big deal out of the filters. "You had almost a hundred jay-spacers!" they said very accusingly...]
["I was able to access memories I didn't even know I had in extreme detail!!"
---Idefe, describing "Peanut Butter Breath", a hybrid strain of marijuana. Leafly dot com, 2019. Idefe gave "Peanut Butter Breath" the highest possible rating. I AGREE!]
[And yet:
In late April 2021, Facebook warned me that when it comes to illegal drugs, on my Facebook page I am NOT allowed to admit "personal use" without acknowledgment of or reference to recovery, treatment, or other assistance to combat usage...]
Surfing on a toke--and when the bowl of the pipe looks like the Grand Canyon, I know I've almost had enough...
[Stoner humor: Photo of a marijuana cigarette. Over the first four-fifths of the marijuana cigarette is written "I love nature so much...what a beautiful day." Over the last fifth is written "The raccoons work for the CIA."]
[Willie Nelson won 10 Grammy awards, and has appeared in 37 movies and TV shows. More than 40 million copies of his more than 100 albums have been sold. He has smoked marijuana for MANY years. Nelson is an outspoken advocate for the drug and has been arrested several times for possession of marijuana. He was arrested in 2006 for possessing marijuana and hallucinogenic mushrooms. His latest song is titled "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die".
---from an Associated Press news report, 4.21. 2012.]
["I smoke two joints in the morning
I smoke two joints at night
I smoke two joints in the afternoon
It makes me feel all right"
"I smoke two joints in time of peace
And two in time of war
I smoke two joints before I smoke two joints
And then I smoke two more"
---Chris Kay and Michael Kay, in their 1983 song "Smoke Two Joints", which was recorded by The Toyes.]
["Things Get Grounded When There's Chemistry"
"Cannabis Connects"
"Life In Color" (over a rainbow of colors)
---from a billboard advertisement for cannabis oil cartridges, edibles, and tinctures made by a company named Chemistry. I saw the billboard, which has a lavender background and depicts two women on a rug smiling at each other, on Telegraph Avenue at 63rd street in Oakland, California in June 2019.]
[The first cannabis label that I remember seeing (printed in black ink on blue paper) was "STONY RIDGE" brand marijuana. It was on a one-pound bag of American-grown product that I obtained from Richard Krech in 1972.]
["One toke over the line sweet Jesus
One toke over the line"
"Waitin' for the train that goes home sweet Mary
Hopin' that the train is on time
Sittin' downtown in a railway station
One toke over the line"
---Mike Brewer and Tom Shipley, in their 1970 song "One Toke Over The Line". Vice President Spiro Agnew did not like the song and called it "subversive". After being investigated on suspicion of conspiracy, bribery, extortion, and tax fraud, Agnew was convicted of felony tax evasion and forced to resign.]
["California's cannabis-growing nuns pray for profits"
---BBC News headline, late October 2022.]
["He said 'drugs make you too pleased with everything.'"
---Sarah Seiter, associate curator of Natural Sciences at the Oakland Museum of California, quoting David Hockney on the connection between drugs and creativity. Seiter was quoted by Paul Kilduff in an interview about a current show, "Altered State: Marijuana in California". The East Bay Monthly, July 2016 issue.
I think I somewhat understand what Hockney said, and I think there is truth in his statement. I also think that I often find great value and much joy in seeing beauty in both the wheat AND the chaff!]
[After many years of refusing to go to marijuana stores, I made my first purchase at one in 2020. (I now must purchase my cannabis at a store since, because of my extreme poverty, it is not [and has never been] possible for me to grow marijuana, and since it is no longer safe for me to continue, as I did for decades, to purchase black market marijuana. I enjoy interacting with the many helpful and kind people working at the local cannabis store. It makes me very happy to see them working there!)]
Here is a list of some of the cannabis products I have used [and a few that I have not used, or do not remember the effects of using] that were obtained from marijuana stores in the San Francisco bay area. [From labels I saved]:
"Jeeter" brand "Mai Tai" [sativa] pre-roll one gram joint of indoor-grown marijuana "infused" with THCA "diamonds" and kief. "MFG/PKG date: June 23RD, 2023" "Total THC: 42.5%, delta-9 THC: 1.69%, THCA: 46.5%"
["...a class action lawsuit against DreamFields Inc., and Med for America Inc., on behalf of California consumers who purchased cannabis products with inaccurate THC content labels.
The lawsuit alleges that defendants, who make, sell, and market 'Jeeter' brand cannabis products, overcharged consumers by illegally selling products whose THC content was substantially lower than the amounts listed on the label."
---from a October 2022 press release.]
Blueberry
Tsunami
Outdoor Rom
Trainwreck
Orange Hill Special
Red Widow
Smoothelove
Dutch Passionkush
Northern Green
Spice
Nor Kali Black Spice
Sensi Star
Organic Main Wreck
Sour Diesel ["22.73% THC" (2019)]
Sour Diesel [26.22% THC, .8% CBD, 27.72% total cannabinoids (2021)]
Ice Ice
Fruity Bliss
Organic Remedy
NYC Diesel
S1-5
Organic Super Silver Haze
Morning Star
Sun Grown Purple OG
Jedi
Sweet Nightmare
Kosher Strawberries
Dirty Little Pig
Durbin Poison
Oracle
Space Cowboy
Bubble Haze
White Widow
Mountain Kick
Snow White
Sun Grown Diesel
Yumbolt
Co-op
Organic Flo
Candyland
Silvercratic
Sun Grown Chocolope
Pineapple Kush
Goo-5
Nor Kali Kaui Kola
Dynomite
Nor Kali Buddha's Haze
Old Grand Huck
Grape Ape
Sour Diesel Lemon
Buddha's Sister
Super Jack
Organic Rom Thai
Third Eye
Pink Champagne
World Wide Widow
Afgootiva
Greased Lightning
Outdoor Organic Humboldt
Herijuana
Cherry Pie
Peak 19
Organic Mazar
Outdoor Train Crossing
Organic Shaman
Super Star
Rhino
Burmese
Double Dream
Jelly
Caramel
Kahuna
Shiva's Tears
Organic A-10
Purple Burmese
Lemon Skunk x Royal Orange
Mendo Blendo
The Sativa
Organic Hawaiian Snow
Purple Kush Domina
Organic Ultra Skunk
Sage 'n' Sour
Outdoor Organic Kam
Tree-W
Da Kind
Jack Frost
Pot O' Gold
Shiva Afghani
Gorilla's Mist
Strawberry Cough
Sativa 2
Organic Jane
Organic Purple Way
Outdoor Organic Bonkers
Organic Purps
Outdoor Organic Goo
Juicy Fruit
Mind Eraser
Pearly Baker
Lavender Goo
Titan OG
White Russian
Sonoma Coma
Organic Sticky Nurple
MK Ultra
Outdoor Organic Trainwreck x White Widow
Organic Sweetleaf
Organic Purple Ice
Jack Herer
Zlushie Kush
God's Gift
Outdoor Organic Purple Mendo
Organic Ogre
Organic Trance
William's Wonder x Northern Lights
Blue Ogre
Organic Lamb's Bread
Champagne
Black Bunanna
Super Chunk
Organic Rom Cross
Sun Grown Goji Jack
Rom Hottie
Organic Slider
Animal Cookies
Sunshine Grown Green Dragon
El Bueno
Jakki
Organic Time Warp
Durban Dream
Organic Mist
Cookie Pie
Mantanuska TF
Pineapple Trainwreck
Organic Mantanuska Mist
Organic Mothership
Traincrash
Swazi Haze
Grape Pop
Golden Goo
Organic Trance
Jack'l Berry
Outdoor Mysty
Purple Peak 19
AK-47
Sage
Motor City
Purple Erkel
Crazy Hazy
Bright Star
Green Crack
Power Plant
Organic Cindy 99
Skunk #2
Organic Bonana
Outdoor Organic Hash Plant
Baby Blues
Cat Piss
Mr. Nice (G 13 x Hash Plant)
Girl Scout Cookie
Outdoor Organic Blue Dot
Sour Daze
Thin Mint
Grand Daddy Purple
Spicy Jack
Outdoor Organic Pure Rezin
Old Mother Sativa
Master Yoda Kush
Mountain Girl
Green Ribbon
Ice Cream Cake #5
Super Wreck
Sapphire Star
Grenadine
Bombshell
Also Known As
Pea Soup
Razzlez
Pirate's Kush
Purple Tangie
Leda Una
Cloud Berry
Northern Lights x Big Bud
All Star Organic Oaktown Wreck
Animal Punch
805 Glue
Sunset Sherbet
Forbidden Fruit
Cookie Monster
Blue Dream [Blueberry x Santa Cruz Haze] [26.64% THC, .1% CBD] ["AlphaPinene: 0.51%, BetaCaryophyllene: 0.25%, BetaMyrcene: 0.95%, BetaPinene: 0.23%, Bisabolol: 0.03%, CBC: 0.06%, CBD: 1.08mg/g, CBDa: 1.23mg/g, CBG: 0.07%, CBGA: 0.26%, CBN: 0.02%, Humulene: 0.1%, Limonene: 0.1%, Linalool: 0.06%, THC: 266.45mg/g, THC9: 19.57mg/g, THCA: 281.51mg/g" (Information posted by the Harborside cannabis store in San Leandro, California on 10.23. 2024 about "Dime Bag" brand Blue Dream marijuana flowers.)]
Berry Haze [26.8% THC, .1% CBD, 28.51% total cannabinoids] ["AlphaPinene: 0.03%, BetaCaryophyllene: 0.49%, BetaMyrcene: 0.05%, BetaPinene: 0.06, CBD: 1.02mg/g , CBDa: 1.17mg/g, CBG: 0.06%, CBGA: 1.31%, CBN: 0.02%, Humulene: 0.16%, Limonene: 0.35%, Linalool: 0.1%, THC: 267.97mg/g, THC9: 5.87mg/g, THCA: 298.85mg/g" (Information posted by the Harborside cannabis store in San Leandro, California on 10.23. 2024 about "Dime Bag" brand Berry Haze marijuana flowers.)]
Jelly Cake [27.4% THC, .14% CBD]
Cherry Popperz [28.85% THC]
Blue Face [Face Off OG x Animal Mints (Blue Pheno)] [32.90% THC, .05% CBD]
Orange Tree [27.08% THC, .06% CBD, 28.84% total cannabinoids]
Bubblegum Runtz [32.5% THC]
Starberry Cough [21.51% THC, 21.62% total cannabinoids]
Apple Fritter [37.1% THC]
Girl Scout Cookies [36.58% THC]
Organic Purple Haze
Purple Haze [34.5% THC, .043% CBD, 35.2% total cannabinoids]
Z x Georgia Pie [27.8% THC, 29.1% total cannabinoids]
Space Lollipops [31.42% THC, .12% CBD, 32.1% total cannabinoids]
Snow Runtz [37.34% THC]
Sour Tangie [25.05% THC, 25.29% total cannabinoids]
Rainbow Smacks [indoor shake] [23.37% THC, .01% CBD, 34.64% total cannabinoids (15.4% delta-9 THC)]
Platinum Gelato [18.17% THC, .07% CBD]
Blueberry Space Cake [31.98% THC, 33.6% total cannabinoids] [Said to be a 90% indica-10% sativa hybrid. Packaged on 8.31. 2023.]
[I am thinking of legally changing my name to Blueberry Space Cake...]
Gooberry [30.43% THC, .1% CBD, 31.75% total cannabinoids]
Lemonwreck [34% THC]
Balance [31% THC]
Chill [34% THC]
Platinum Scout [26.90% THC, .07% CBD, 27.60% total cannabinoids]
Cadillac Cookies [38.79% THC, 39.11% total cannabinoids] [infused with THCA "diamonds"] [With the image of an American flag:"Veteran owned and operated since 2017."]
Woah-Si-Woah [41.7% THC, 42.07% total cannabinoids] [infused with THCA "diamonds"]
Grapes N Cream [27.05% THC, .05% CBD]
Space Mamba [32.14% THC, .14% CBD, 32.71% total cannabinoids]
Blue Horchata Mintz [30.44% THC, .08% CBD, 35.78% total cannabinoids]
Triangle Cookies [19.49% THC, .07% CBD (21.22% total cannabinoids: 14.93% THCA, 6.40% delta-9 THC) (1.32% terpenes, including .69% b-caryophyllene and .21% humulene)]
GMO Fuel [Girl Scout Cookies x Chemdawg] [33.1 % THC, .06% CBD, 35.4% total cannabinoids] [A mostly indica strain that has a strong taste and smell reminding some people of things like "garlic, mushrooms, and onions" aka "GMO". (NOT genetically-modified, at least not in the conventional meaning of the term...)] I smoked GMO Fuel to celebrate becoming 72 years old in 2023.
Obama Runtz [30.61% THC, .09% CBD, 31.02% total cannabinoids]
Headband [OG Kush x Sour Diesel] [37% THC]
Jetfuel [31% THC]
GMO [28.7% THC]
Rainbow Belts [Moonbow x Zkittlez] [32% THC}
Wet Dream [Blue Dream x Ocean Beach Haze] [28.65% THC, 28.94% total cannabinoids]
Animal Mints [Thin Mint GSC x Fire OG] [25.03% THC, .03% CBD, 26.62% total cannabinoids]
Mixed Berry Runtz [30.6% THC, .07% CBD, 32.7% total cannabinoids]
Gello [21.4% THC, .04% CBD, 22.15% total cannabinoids] ["Indoor Sugar-Trim"]
Bernie Hana Butter [24.65% THC]
Prism [25.17% THC, 30.06% total cannabinoids]
Delirium [29% THC, 35% total cannabinoids]
Pave [29.9% THC, 30.9% total cannabinoids]
Astro Funk [21.2% THC] [Pre-ground indoor-grown flower shake] [Limited amounts of this surprisingly potent marijuana were being legally sold in California cannabis stores in May 2023 for fifty cents per gram as marijuana "extender"...]
Lemonchello Gelato [33.205% THC] ["Main Terpenes: limonene, caryophyllene, humulene"] A FAVORTE!
Gush Mints [27.32% THC]
Gush Mints [18.6% THC] ["indoor sugar-trim"]
OG Legend Littles [23.11% THC, .06% CBD]
Cherry Chem [21.16% THC, .04% CBD]
Dosilato [27.32% THC]
Cereal Milk [24.5% THC]
Fuji Ice [Apple Fritter x Ice Bx2] [31.44% THC]
White Cherry Gelato [25.07% THC]
Peanut Butter Gelato [Do-Si-Dos x Mendo Breath] [28% THC]
Toffee [26.6% THC]
Maui Cheesecake [24% THC]
Wedding Cake "Sugar Shake" [30.31% THC]
Kush Mints "Sugar Shake" [24.32% THC, 26.46% total cannabinoids]
Apple Sauce [33.84% THC, 37.91% total cannabinoids]
Early Bird [34.71% THC, 38.16% total cannabinoids]
Purple Cake Batter [25.82% THC, .06% CBD, 31.21% total cannabinoids]
True OG [26.4% THC, 27.2% total cannabinoids]
Magic City Mango [Platinum Cookies x GDP x Blue Power x Gelatti] [26.4% THC, .07% CBD, 31.3% total cannabinoids]
Cookie Dawg [26.89% THC, .07% CBD, 31.79% total cannabinoids]
Lemon Jack [25.86% THC, .06% CBD, 30.90% total cannabinoids]
Hawaiian Haze [25.56% THC, .07% CBD, 30.65% total cannabinoids]
Marshmallow OG [24.99% THC (22.49% THCA, 5.25% THCD9), 1.06% CBD, 29.16% total cannabinoids, 4.6% terpenes (1.72% Limonene, .82% B-Caryophyllene, .47% Myrcene, .35% B-Pinene, .30% Linalool, .25% a-Humulene, .24% a-Pinene, .23% Nerolidol) (indoor-grown)]
GMO Crasher [Wedding Crasher x GMO] [24.7% THC, .062% CBD, 26.46% total cannabinoids]
Black Diamond [28.26% THC, .08% CBD, 34.51% total cannabinoids]
Bubba Berry [36.57% THC, .11% CBD, 44.47% total cannabinoids]
Cookies and Cream [26.6% THC, .08% CBD, 32.7% "total active cannabinoids"]
Blue Cookies [38.25% THC, .15% CBD, 46.77% total cannabinoids]
Snowcap [38.96% THC, 41.35% total cannabinoids] [Packaged in May 2022 with an image of people dancing and the words "a Party in every Bag!"]
Hawaiian Dream [26.71% THC, .8% CBD, 31.97% total cannabinoids]
Cookies Kush [27.66% THC, .08% CBD, 32.72% total cannabinoids]
White Kush [26.06% THC, .07% CBD, 34.60% total cannabinoids]
Papaya Punch [28.10% THC, .07% CBD, 33.02% total cannabinoids]
Royal Kush [24.47% THC, .07% CBD, 29.31% total cannabinoids]
Platinum Cake [31.63% THC, .11% CBD, 38.23% total cannabinoids]
Gorilla Breath [22.33% THC, .16% CBD, 23.56% total cannabinoids]
French Cookies [Girl Scout Cookie x Chemdawg] [21.44% THC, .06% CBD, 26% total cannabinoids]
Bubba Hash [34.32% THC, .16% cbd, 35.68% total cannabinoids]
Dank You [26.57% THC, .06% CBD, 31.86% total cannabinoids]
Sugar Plum [27.87% THC, .23% CBD, 28.64% total cannabinoids]
Mazar Kush [36.86% THC, .16% CBD, 38.25% total cannabinoids]
Blackberry Hashplant [26.09% THC, .06% CBD, 31.19% total cannabinoids]
Kali Mist [26.24% THC, .08% CBD, 31.47% total cannabinoids]
Gumball No. 3 [29.73% THC, 35.73% total cannabinoids]
Gumball No. 4 [27.93% THC, 28.31% total cannabinoids]
Wedding Pie [28.13% THC, 32.72% total cannabinoids]
E85 [Jetfuel OG x Biscotti] [32.99% THC, 2.11% CBD, 2.56% terpenes, 35.1% total cannabinoids]
Super Lemon Cherry [31.4% THC, 36.6% total cannabinoids, 2.3% terpenes "white ash, no black ash, all organic, 14-day flush, slow cure"] Sour Jack [24.24% THC, .2% CBD, 25.23% total cannabinoids]
Sweet Diesel [34.3% THC, .06% CBD, 34.41% total cannabinoids]
Banana Dream [25.2% THC, .09% CBD, 30.5% total cannabinoids]
Banana Bread [Banana OG x Maui Bread] [34.98% THC, 42.2% total cannabinoids]
Kush Mountains [30.2% THC, .07% CBD, 35.19% total cannabinoids]
Hindu Kush [24.1% THC, .04% CBD, 28.79% active cannabinoids]
Hindu Kush [24.99% THC, .07% CBD, 29.92% total cannabinoids]
Biscotti Cookies [22% THC]
LA Pop Rocks [27% THC, 31% total cannabinoids]
OCC [17.87% THC, 20.38% total cannabinoids]
Sundae Driver [24% THC]
Flow White [22.14% THC, 0.056% CBD]
Slurricane [22.57% THC, 0.065% CBD]
Super Silver Haze [24% THC, 0.07% CBD, 1.30% total terpenes]
Super Silver Haze [27.87% THC, .16% CBD, 29.98% total cannabinoids]
Space Cakes [31.96% THC]
Gorilla Goo [23.24% THC]
King Louis [20.82% THC, 25.77% total cannabinoids]
Turquoise Jeep [23.6% THC]
OG Kush [22.0% THC]
Kush Mint Cookies [31.36% THC]
Willie's Kush [23.97% THC]
Chem Reserve [38.56% THC]
Petrol Kush [20.73% THC]
Mimosa [24.8% THC, .1% CBD]
Mimosa [27.05% THC, .14% CBD, 27.99% total cannabinoids]
Mimosa [28.49% THC, 0% CBD]
Clout Cake [26.14% THC, .06% CBD] ["Friends Don't Let Friends Smoke Mids"]
Cali Cherry Pie [20.60% THC, .08% CBD]
PR OG [16.51% THC]
Meat Breath [21.26% THC, 26.56% total cannabinoids]
Orange Cookies [19.90% THC]
White Fire [29.1% THC, .07% CBD, 34.5% total cannabinoids]
Motorbreath [15.42% THC]
805 Sour [20.72% THC]
Cherry Dosido [Cherry Cheesecake x Dosido] [29.98% THC]
Cherry Do-Si-Do [24% THC]
Super Chem [Sour 2.0 x Chem] [21.28% THC, 26.17% total cannabinoids]
Orange [20.08% THC]
Malawi Dream [20.4% THC, .19% CBD]
Purple Cake [18.34% THC]
Strawberry Banana [20.59% THC, .19% CBD]]
Peanut Butter Breath [18.18% THC]
Peanut Butter Breath [27.7% THC, .05% CBD, 32.8% total cannabinoids]
Alien OG [20.18% THC]
Garanimal Cookies [20.64% THC, .03% CBD]
Dark Karma [Dutch Treat x Strange Love] [25.71% THC, .04% CBD]
China White [26.42% THC]
Gushers [20.65% THC]
Gushers [36.08% THC]
Los Angeles Kush [23.05% THC]
Triple Scoop Gelato [27.7% THC]
Purple Punch [26.44% THC]
Trifi Cookies [21.99% THC]
Rollins [24.36% THC]
Wedding Chemz [24.2% THC] [from a cannabis company founded by Grateful Dead percussionist Mickey Hart]
Han Solo Burger [GMO Cookies x Larry F8] [More than 30% THC]
Cereal Milk [29% THC, 31.12% total cannabinoids] [A hybrid strain that is distributed in glass jars with VIVIDLY colorful reflective metallic labels containing 28 pre-rolled filter-tipped marijuana cigarettes. Each marijuana cigarette contains .5 gram "greenhouse hydroponic" cannabis.
One of the warnings on the label:
"Smoking cannabis increases your cancer risk and during pregnancy exposes your child to delta-9-THC and other chemicals that can affect your child's birth weight, behavior, and learning ability."]
Ice Cream Cake [22.2% THC] ["Honest Flower" brand "Indica" from Eden Enterprises. "Flower You Can Trust" 3.5 grams in a small child-resistant plastic container from Calyx Containers. "Made in USA"]
Humboldt OG ["17.76% THC" hybrid pre-roll. Cultivator: "Grouse Mountain Green" in Humboldt County, California. Distributor: "Emerald Family Farms" 2019]
Ghost OG ["22.49% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." pre-roll]
Wedding Cuvee ["21.60% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." "Time For Blast Off" (On package containing 3.5 grams) 2019]
Jungle Glue ["Krush Kingz" pre-roll by "Berkeley Pharmz" 2019]
Orange Mango ["19.8% THC" "Distributed by Black Oak Gallery" 2019]
Ziablo [Grown by IC Collective.] [2019] [The jars containing 3.5 grams feature one of my favorite labels, a very colorful skeleton-skull!]
Now and Laters ["20.51% THC" "Sativa" Grown in Shasta County, California, and distributed by Ember Valley, 2019.]
Ghost Mints ["23.31% THC, 0.9% CBD". "...may be habit forming." "This product may be unlawful outside of Washington State." from "Green Fire Production, Inc."]
Extreme Jack [16.49% THC "even hybrid" "greenhouse-grown" "Warning: This product can expose you to chemicals including arsenic, which is known to the state of California to cause cancer. For more information, go to www.p65warnings.ca.gov" from Foxworthy Farms, 2019.]
Blackout ["Inspire featuring limonene 7.84% THC, 8.05% CBD. From Abatin Farms, 2018]
Cherry Vortex [Sativa-dominant."17.46% THC". From Headwaters. Source: UPI Supply Systems, Inc. Origin: Carpenteria, CA. Packaged 12. 14. 2018. Expiration date: 12. 13. 2019. "WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive harm."]
Wedding Cake ["14.36% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt Growers". 2019] [Also: from Marley Natural, "grown in Trinity County, California." "16.3% THC" 2019] [Also: "from Sublime, in Oakland, California." "Fuzzies" brand pre-roll, "infused with cannabis concentrate, kief, and terpenes" "25% THC and 1% CBD" 2019] [Also: from Pacific Stone in Santa Barbara, California 2019]
Blueberry Muffin ["15.94% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt County Indoor". Harvested 12.1. 2018]
Unicorn Tears [indoor Sativa"blend"] "22.8% THC", 1 gram pre-roll from Sunset Connect in San Francisco, 2024.
Raspberry Diesel ["18.2% THC", grown by "Fleur d'elite"]
Banjo [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Banjo [2 gram bottle from "Coastal Sun Farm". Package date: 8.28. 2019. "26% THC. 30.9% total cannabinoids". "Consciously Grown." "Healthy Plants Heal Humans".]
Banjo ["16.49% THC "sativa" from Pacific Stone in Santa Barbara, California.
Wifi43 [pre-roll from State Flower Cannabis Company, San Francisco 2019 "19.63% THC"]
Dolato [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Miss U.S.A. [1 gram all flower Indica pre-roll from Lowell Smokes. 18% THC. In a glass tube. "Test: Cannasafe 01. 19. 19"]
Royal Blend ["Krush Kings" brand pre-roll from "Industry Standard Group, Inc." 18.74% THC "hybrid-indica" "Your Royal Highness"]
San Fernando Valley OG ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram."]
Shark Shock ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram." "grown by Caliber." "Harvested 4.20. 2019." "19.5% total cannabinoids"]
Gelato 45 [The Weed Brand preroll. Harvest date: 7.23. 2018. Packed: 9.24. 2018. "Best Buy": 7.23. 2019. 16.9% THC. 0.26% CBD.]
Banana Bubble [1 gram pre-roll. 160 mg THC. Manufactured by Marigold. Packaged in Santa Rosa, California. 9.28. 2018. "Cultivation with a conscience"]
Fire OG [1 gram pre-roll. 29.23% THC. "infused with oil and kief". From Jeeter.] Pure Kush [Indica. pre-roll. 133 mg THC. "Harvested 7.6. 2018. Best by 10.3. 2019."]
Grizzly Bones [Hybrid. 1 gram pre-roll. Indoor-grown. 155 mg THC. "Grown by Grizzly Peak Farms."]
"Lifted" brand .7 gm "House Cone Fortified with Hash Oil"]
"Cookies" brand "Triple Scoop Infused Blunt" [1 gram flower, .25 gram BADDER, and .25 gram THCA] [hemp wrap and glass tip.]
Super Silver Haze [infused pre-roll] [29.26% THC]
Chocolate Hashberry [Grown in downtown Los Angeles. "Manufactured by Purple Heart Compassionate, Inc."]
Orange Citron ["19.19% THC, 0.02% CBD" "Packaged 4.24. 2019" from "Molecular Farms" in California.]
El Fuego [from "Molecular Farms"]
Key Lime Pie ["Humboldt Farms" "Premium Flower-Hybrid" "15.2% THC, 0.00% CBD" "Harvested on July 2018, Packaged on July 2018" "One-Eighth Ounce" in a clear glass jar with a stopper made of wood. The label has a 1" x 2" colorful detailed image of tall trees and small flowers and a small white Volkswagen van. Printed with metallic ink. After smoking some Key Lime Pie I decided that, in my opinion, this extremely appealing image is the best illustration I have seen on a cannabis label.]
Taffie [This medical cannabis strain is sold in cork-lined light-proof well-labeled tins, each containing 5 joints. The tins come sealed in a bag that contains a Boveda 2-way humidity control packet. This product is distributed by Humboldt Legends, and is labeled Steelhead Sativa. Organically grown in sunlight and harvested by hand. The label has the name (and a copy of the handwritten signature) of the person who grew the marijuana (Scott Davies). Also the batch number and the percentages of THC (19.5%) and CBD (0.0%). The label on the back of the tin states that the group of cultivators who call themselves "Humboldt Legends" have been growing marijuana for "forty years". A warning note states that marijuana is a “Schedule 1 controlled substance”. And that “Smoking this product will expose you and those in your immediate vicinity to marijuana smoke...known to the State of California to cause cancer.” “Keep out of reach of children and animals.” "This product may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery." Obtained in the San Francisco bay area, 2017. (After I smoked some of this marijuana in a dark room, I closed my eyes and saw beautiful hallucinations that were extremely complex, with uniquely vivid colors. When I opened my eyes I had a VERY strong urge to write poetry.)]
Juicee Fruit ["bud-only pre-roll. 1 gram. Cultivated 7.28.18. Packaged 7.16.18. Batch ID 6-15-18-JF.] THC 21.14%. 211.4 mg/serving. 0mg CBD/serving V.H.H.C. Juicy Fruit $9.99+Tax" Seven Leaves brand, packaged in black plastic child-proof tube]
"Top Shelf Rainbow Diesel Minis [Sativa]" [small joints]
"Top Shelf Hell OG Minis [Indica]" [small joints]
"Maui Wowie" [infused flowers] 25.20% Delta-9 THC, 41.75% total cannabinoids [from Baby Jeeter]
"Blue Poison" indoor-grown ground Sativa flower infused with solventless cannabis oil [45.1% THC, 47.8% total cannabinoids]
"Pineapple Express" hybrid indoor cannabis-infused 51.17% THC prerolls, live resin-infused, kief-coated, and terp-enhanced. Five prerolls in a glass jar from Stiiizy. Each pre-roll weighs .5 gram.
"Mericanna" hybrid [small joint] "16.79% THC" [2018]
"Pacific Remedy Shatter joint, hand-rolled in California" "Blue Russian flower, Kosher Kush, BHO Snake" "Indica-dominant" [2017]
"Heshies" brand pre-rolls "Selfies" [small joints] [2019]
"Sour Diesel X Sherbet" [Hybrid pre-roll. 19.97% THC.] [2019] [From Pacific Sunset.]
"Sublime King Fuzzies", pre-roll terpene-enhanced "top shelf bud, CO2 wax/kief", "Indica OG Kush" "THC 253 mg". [2017]
"Watermelon" ["Fuzzies" infused pre-roll, 54.72% THC]
"Trix Bubble" [concentrate]
"Fire Walker" [Raw Garden brand .5 gram pre-roll infused with "Crushed Diamonds" from fresh frozen whole flower. 42.4%
cannabinoids]
ZAZA flower pre-rolls [65% THC, .84% CBD "infused with dual refined distillate, rolled in golden kief"]
"Shiva Crystals" [hashish]
"Pineapple Fruz" [52.56% THC] "Diamond-infused select flowers" in a glass jar containing 2.5 grams of flowers, plus one gram "diamond". [Pineapple Fruz flowers are totally covered with THC "diamond" that looks like dense confectioner's powdered sugar.]
Bombed Buzz [36.46% THC, 36.30% total cannabinoids] ["ingredients: cannabis flwers, THCa, terpene blend"] The packaging features a colorful and vivid cartoon of a bee wearing aviator goggles, smoking a joint while kicked-back on a red bomb falling through the clouds, with these words: "Our mission is to achieve federal legalization for veterans. Your purchase helps fund our lobbying efforts to pressure Congress and the White House to make it happen ASAP. Thank YOU for YOUR support. Let's Roll!" [From the "American Weed Company"]
"Biscotti" [Indica] [Half gram THC pods, for vaping.] [88.24% THC.] [2019] [From STIIIZY. Made by Ironworks Collective.]
"Juicy Melon" [Half gram pods, for vaping.] [41.05% THC, 1:1 CBD] [2020] [From STIIIZY] "This product can expose you to chemicals including Beta-myrcene, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
"Sky Diver" ["Refined raw resin. 84.68% THC .29% CBD" ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" "100% fresh frozen whole flower terpenes and cannabis oil" 2019]
Jack Herer brand 1 ml cannabis oil cartridge 83.98% THC, .16% CBD, 89.49% total cannabinoids
"Yogi Berries"["Refined raw resin. 81.99% THC."] ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Skydoggie" ["Refined raw resin. 83.33% THC 0.2% CBD"] ["Indica" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Chemberry" ["Refined raw resin. 81.65% THC .35% CBD"] ["Indica" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Chem Walker" ["Refined raw resin. 81.82% THC" ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Lemon Haze" [Distilled CO2 extract.] ["90.63% THC 1.64% CBD".] [Made by "Clear Day". 2019]
"Mendo Breath" [CO2- extracted cannabis oil. 78.2% THC.] [From by Marley Natural.] [2019]
"Mango Kush" [Cannabinoid extract plus terpene blend cartridge] [2019] [Made by "Pure Extracts".]
"Select" brand "Mimosa" "cannabis oil vape cartridge" [125 doses per cartridge] 3.5 mg THC per dose. [from the "Select" brand label: "Curating the Science of Feeling" [2018]
Cali Gold H20 [extracted cannabis resin]
"Emerald Dream" ["Single Origin"] [Trinity County, CA] [58% THC] cannabis oil extracted with CO2 [cartridge for use with "Highlighter" vapor pen]
Garlic Cookies [Raw Zen solvent-less cannabis extract. 72.45% THC. One gram in a small glass jar.] [2019]
"Chemdawg" ["terpene rich distillate" by Bakked. 81% THC. 1.14% CBD.]
"XJ-13" [distillate. 88.08% THC. ]
"Granddaddy Purple" ["Flavored Cannabis Extract" cartridge, for vaping, by "Naked Extracts"] ["Indica] ["Ingredients: Cannabis Extract, Non-Cannabis Terpene Blend, Natural Flavors"] [2019]
"Granddaddy Purple" "cured resin" [79.6% THC, 82.1% total cannabinoids]
"Green Crack" [distillate. 88.13% THC.]
[Concentrates:
Banana Kush 95.25% THC
Banana OG 79% THC
Skywalker OG 91.62% THC
Alien OG 87.76% THC
Sour Cookies 89.53% THC
King Louis XIII 85.85% THC
King Louis XIII 90.76% THC
King Louis XIII 92.28% THC
Blue Valley 77.54% THC, .23% CBD
Acapulco Gold 87% THC, .18% CBD, 92% total active cannabinoids
Lemon Tree 90% THC
OG Kush 91.68% THC
Purple Punch 91.7% THC
Super Silver Haze 79.46% THC [live resin]
Electric Blue 78.69% THC [live resin]
Dutch Treat Haze 84% THC, .20% CBD
Blackberry Kush 82.4% THC
SFV OG (San Fernando Valley OG) 78% THC
Crunch Berries Crumble 88.96% THC, 89.09% total cannabinoids
Apple Jack 88% THC
Strawberry Shortcake 91% THC
Dream Queen 87% THC
Star Chaser 89.42% THC
Berry Blast 88.13% THC
Jack Herer 90.83% THC
Blackberry Diesel 91.1% THC
Beach Party 2 83.07% THC
God's Gift 90.8% THC
Mango Dream 86% THC
Strawnana 92.25% THC
Stawberry Shortcake 91% THC
Melonade 91% THC
Incredible Hulk [Green Crack x Jack Herer] 88.93% THC
Strawberry Cough 85.47% THC
Mendo Clouds 83.77% THC
Golden Kiwi 82.84% THC
Do-Si-Dos 91.35% THC
Cookies 84% THC
Blue Beary 83.91% THC
Birthday Cake 83.15% THC
Birthday Cake 87.72% THC
Watermelon Z 71.45% THC
Watermelon OG 91% THC
Cannis Major x Milky Way 65.6% THC, 67.9% total cannabinoids
Double Platinum Cookies 73.27% THC
Gorilla Cookies 77.65% THC
Orange Cookies #12 83.89% THC
Yoda OG 90.43% THC
Blueberry Cookies 85.0% THC
Grapefruit Romulan 92.2% THC
Limeade 83.20% THC
Premium Jack 90.5% THC
Dosi Lemonade 81.62% THC
White Fire 93% THC
Fruity Pebble OG 92.0% THC
Slurmberry 82.71% THC
Pineapple Express 92.82% THC
Georgia Peach 90.63% THC, .23% CBD
"Raw Garden" brand "Forbidden Fruit" "liquified diamonds and botanical terpenes" [87.98% THC, 92.81 total cannabinoids] ***Ocean Beach .5 gram "dry flower" vape cartridge from Cookies (November 2021): 35.3% delta-9 THC, 59.3% total THC, THCA 27.3%. Total terpenes: 7.53%, 1.8% Limonene, 1.08% Linalool, 1.54% Betacaryophyllene***
"hybrid cannabis" from Space Monkey Meds.
Chemdawg + Gelato "Sativa cannabis flowers" distributed in 2019 by "Papa's Herb", 3.5 grams in a lightproof ziplock bag.
"Green Crack" cannabis flowers bought at High Fidelity, a marijuana store next to Amoeba Music on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, several blocks from the University of California campus. "Grown by: Blue Nose. Harvested: 10.18. 2018. THC: 16.42%." High Fidelity motto: "Your supreme source for herbal inspiration and higher education."
(After smoking this marijuana, I ate a bag of HIPPEAS brand Bohemian Barbecue Flavor organic chickpea puffs. "Store in a dry and, like, totally cool place.")
("UC Berkeley synthetic biologists have engineered brewer's yeast to produce marijuana's main ingredients--mind-altering THC and non-psychoactive CBD--as well as novel cannabinoids not found in the plant itself. Feeding only on sugar, the yeast are an easy and cheap way to produce pure cannabinoids that today are costly to extract from the buds of the marijuana plant..."
---Robert Sanders, "Yeast Produce Low-Cost High-Quality Cannabinoids", news.berkeley.edu, 2.27. 2019).
"THC-Indica" transdermal patch 18.4 mg THC per patch. By Mary's Medicinals. [Made: 2.4. 2019. Expires: 2.4. 2021.] I have also tried the CBD version.
"Releaf Patch" Transdermal patch by Papa & Barkley. "18.56 mg THC plus 18.61 mg CBD" Mfg. date: 7.15. 2019 Best by date: 8.5. 2020
Oh, Yes! [cannabis extract + aloe vera] [for vaginal use] [from Quim]
[A few times I have gone for months without smoking marijuana, and then smoked a potent joint. On more than one such occasion I have experienced intense fearful disorientation, acute paranoia, and horrible physical distress including nausea and a sudden loss of consciousness. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!]
I have eaten a variety of cannabis preparations sold at marijuana stores in Berkeley, including:
"Emerald Bay Extracts" ["a women owned company"] brand 25 mg THC tablets. [Each of these tablets is said to contain 25 mg of THC from RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a very potent strain of Cannabis Indica called "Afgoo". (The strain is so-named because it is very resinous and is genetically related to marijuana from Afghanistan.) RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil is named for a Canadian, Rick Simpson, who claimed in 2003 that "full spectrum" marijuana oil can cure a variety of ailments. RSO is VERY easily made by soaking dried and cured marijuana flowers in ethyl alcohol, then filtering out the flowers by pouring the alcohol/marijuana oil mixture through a coffee filter, then removing the alcohol from the alcohol/marijuana oil mixture by heating, leaving the "full spectrum" marijuana oil in the bottom of the container.
"Full spectrum" marijuana oil can be made from any strain of marijuana. I first made "full spectrum" marijuana oil more than 51 years ago. Over the decades I made and smoked quite a bit of it. I remain convinced that "full spectrum" marijuana oil made using pure food-grade ethyl alcohol as a solvent yields a product that gets me higher when I smoke it than any other marijuana oil I have tried that was made by any other method.
I never ate any of the "full spectrum" marijuana oil I made because I thought it was too difficult to accurately measure the dosage.
I find these easily dividable tablets to be EXTREMELY potent.
["Emerald Bay Extracts" also produces 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a very potent and, to me, very mind-active strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Blue Dream". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a powerful and, to me, dreamy strain of Cannabis Indica, "Grand Daddy Purple". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from what to me is a wonderfully sensual strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Super Sour Diesel". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a mysterious and exotic strain of Cannabis Sativa known as "Blackberry Sour". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of Cannabis Indica, "Ice Cream Cake". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a (what I often find to be trippy) strain of indica-dominant hybrid cannabis, "Trifi Cookies". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of hybrid cannabis, "Banana Kush". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Lemon Zest". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a thrillingly tasty strain of indica-dominant hybrid cannabis called "Dosilato" that seems to make art come alive. Also 25 mg tablets containing tasty RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a hybrid strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Lemon Cherry Gelato" ("Sunset Sherbet" x "Girl Scout Cookies"). Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a hybrid strain, "Runtz". The indescribable mental effects I experience after taking "Banana Kush" tablets are INTENSE.]
["Emerald Bay Extracts" gave me a free tin of small tablets. The rainbow-colored tin contained 20 tablets made in a variety of colors. Each 5 mg THC tablet contained RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of marijuana called "XXX". "Pride Pack", April 2021.]
["Emerald Bay Extracts" also produces stronger 50 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a fascinatingly dreamy strain of Cannabis Indica, "Biscotti". I was given a free 20-tablet tin of these stronger doses at a cannabis store on 4.20. 2023..."WARNING! SUPER POTENT!"]
"Plus" brand vegan "10:1 Calm Mango" gummies, each containing 1 mg THC, 10 mg CBD, and a blend of terpenes. [20 gummies per container]
"Froot" brand orange tangie-flavored cannabis-infused "chews", each containing 10mg of THC. "sativa" [10 "chews" per package]
"Froot" brand blue razz dream-flavored cannabis-infused "chews", each containing 10mg of THC. "hybrid" [10 "chews" per package]
"Pax" brand wild strawberry-flavored cannabis-infused live rosin gummies containing 10mg THC. [10 gummies per package]
"Park Jams" brand coconut-flavored cannabis-infused gummies containing 10 mg THC. [10 gummies per package]
"Kiva" brand peppermint pattie-flavored dark chocolate-coated cannabis-infused "bites" containing 5 mg THC from "solventless cold water hash". [20 "bites" per container]
"Yummi Karma" brand "Wicked Apple Drops". Each bottle contains 30 milliliters of fractionated coconut oil, "whole plant cannabis extract" said to contain 1000 mg THC, flavors and sweetener. Each one milliliter dose is said to contain 32.89 mg THC, .08 mg CBD, .89 mg CBG, and .42 mg CBC. [San Francisco bay area in California, 2022]
"Uncle Arnie's" brand "Blueberry Night Cap" cannabis-infused beverage. Each 59 ml bottle contains cannabis oil containing 100 mg THC and 25 mg CBN.
"High Power" brand "Watermelon "cannabis-infused THC tincture", 250 mg THC per bottle.
"Korova" brand "Cannabis-Infused Tincture", said to contain 1000 milligrams of [what I experience as VERY POTENT] "THC distillate" per bottle. With "Midnight Guava" flavoring, water, etc. ["DRINK ME. MIX ME. MICRODOSE. MACRODOSE."]
"Butter Brothers" brand Brownies, Phat Mints, Blackberry Streusel, Ginger Snaps, Vegan Chocolate Chip Cookies, and Peanut Butter Cookies.
"Absolute Extracts" brand Sleepy Time blueberry lavender cannabis-infused gummies containing "Ice Water Cannabis Extract, CBN, terpenes", etc. [5 mg THC plus 2.5 mg CBN per gummy] [2023]
"Dr. Norm's" brand SleepWell gummies containing "nanotized THC, nanotized CBN & long acting THC" [10 mg nano THC blend, 5 mg nano CBN, and 1 mg CBD per gummy] [2023]
"Chill" brand chocolate bar with finely crushed espresso coffee beans and 100 mg THC.
"Pura Vida" brand Ocean Spray, Happy Trails, Chocolate Jubilee, and Chocolate Chip Protein Bar.
"Ganja Candy" brand Caramel, Blackberry, and Dr. Pepper.
"Tainted" brand Thin Mints
"Dank" candy
"420 Grand" candy
HealTHCare "Private Reserve OG" [cannabis tincture in vegetable glycerin base]
"Double-Strength Medi Pills" [cannabis oil capsules]
"Shiva Candy" [hashish candy]
"Auntie Dolore's Medical Cannabis Glazed Pecans"
"Hashey's 200 mg Indica Bar" [made with dark chocolate In Santa Cruz]
"Rhino Pellet" [tiny cookie]
"Potlava" [vegan cannabis baklava]
"Enjoyable Edibles" brand cannabis-infused Snickerdoodle cookies. ["10.8 mg THC" per cookie. Each package contains 10 cookies. Made with "full-spectrum cannabis extract" by Ironworks Collective. 2019]
"Habit" brand "Sparkling Pineapple Cooler". 10 doses of THC in each 12.6 fl. oz. bottle. Made in Los Angeles by Canna Healthcare, Inc.
"Orange Zest Awakening Mints" [sublingual 10 mg THC tablets]
"Drivn" brand watermelon-flavored cannabis-infused gummies, 10 mg THC per gummy.
"Breez" brand mints [sublingual 5 mg THC tablets]
"Kiva" brand Blackberry Dark Chocolate [cannabis oil candy]
"Black Cherry Gummi" [cannabis oil candy]
"Wyld" brand Elderberry gummies [10 mg THC and 5 mg CBN per piece] For sleeping. "It's a little like watching sheep count you."
"Absolute Extracts" brand Blueberry Lavender gummies [5 mg THC and 2 mg CBN per piece] For sleeping.
"Original PLUS Super Potent Hybrid Cannabis-Infused Gummies" ["20 mg THC"]
"PureCure Sativa Strips" [preparation for oral use] [from the label: "EXTREMELY STRONG!"]
"Dr. Norm's Extra Strength medical cannabis cookie" "Chocolate Chip Therapy" 25 mg THC per cookie. hybrid.
"Full Extract Cannabis Oil" [Indica-dominant strain, for oral use. Full-plant extracted with ethyl alcohol. Dated 12.1. 2015 and provided in a 3 milliliter oral syringe marked for 0.1 milliliter doses. "THC 37.05%"]
"Stokes" brand "Mint Micros" [Sativa-strain] [small tablets, each containing 5 mg of cannabis extract] [I have used 2 different flavors: Mint and Watermelon]
OMedibles brand "Tree Hugger Medical Cannabis Cinnamon Maple" [high CBD extract mixed with nuts and spices]
Utopia Farms brand "Medical Cannabis Raspberry Macaroons"
"Cafe Attitude THCoffee" 40 mg THC per 8 oz. bottle ["70% Sativa, 30% Indica"]
"Evil Aunt Emily's Seriously Psychotic Suckers" [cannabis oil candy] ["79 mg cannabis oil" per sucker])
("'Remember when Abigail got her prescription for medical marijuana and we all went to the top of Doheny and sucked on those marijuana lollipops and watched the sun set?'
'That was a perfect day', Cheryl says definitely."
---A.M. Homes, portraying some young people in Los Angeles in a short story in her book DAYS OF AWE.)
"Sprig" brand citrus soda containing 45 mg THC per can. Made in California. [2017]
Petra "Moroccan mint"-flavored medical cannabis tablets, each containing 2.5 mg THC plus matcha tea. Produced in 2017 by Kiva, a not-for-profit collective. Lab tested by CW Analytical. "A micro-dosed blend." Packaged in tins containing 42 tablets.
Kiva "Lost Farm" cannabis-infused fruit chews, 10mg THC from "live resin" per piece. These fruit chews are strain-specific. My favorite so far is BLUEBERRY.
["CW uses its best efforts to deliver high-quality results and to verify that the data contained therein are based on sound scientific judgement. However, CW makes no warranties or claims to that effect and further shall not be liable for any damage or misrepresentation that may result from the use or misuse of this data in any way."
---from a disclaimer issued by CW Analytical. (found outside of a warehouse in Berkeley in 2019.)]
"KushyPunch" brand plum flavor Cannabis Indica gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC + 0.1 mg CBD + 0.8 gm sugar. "Feel the power of the punch"
"Korova" brand Peanut Butter Dip cookie, containing 100 mg THC.
"OmEdibles" brand Sour Apple flavor cannabis gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC. Distributed in plastic boxes containing 6 gummies each.
"OmEdibles" brand Lychee Blossom flavor cannabis gummies, packaged the same as the above.
"CuriouslyCannabis" brand "Rayne Drops" berry, orange, and lemon flavor cannabis pastilles. Each pastille contains 5 mg THC. Distributed in tins containing 20 pastilles each.
"Emerald Sky" brand Alpine Strawberry cannabis-infused licorice. 10 mg THC per piece [Cannabis Sativa]. 10 pieces per container.
"Emerald Sky" brand Creme Filled Chocolate cannabis infused cookies. 10 mg THC per cookie [hybrid cannabis]. 10 cookies per box.
Kanha "Enhanced Nanomolecular Gummies" made from hybrid cannabis 10 mg THC in each "Blueberry Blast"-flavored dose. 2019.
"Cannabis-Infused" organic microwave popcorn, 44.5 gram pop-up bag containing 10 mg THC and less than 2 mg CBD. Made in Berkeley in 2019 by "Type 7 Manufacturing, Inc". "Movie Night's New Best Friend".
"Somatik" brand "Sparks" cannabis-infused chocolate coffee beans. 3 mg THC per bean. 25 beans per container. '"Lovingly made by A Tribe of Us Collective". "Turn Your Magic On".
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Watermelon Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Peach Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Green Apple Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
Kaneh Co. brand Mango Chile fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving. Manufactured by Xtracta.
Distribution, Inc. Made and packaged 3.6. 2019. Best by 7.6. 2019. Tested 3.15. 2019 by Infinite Chemical Analysis.
Kaneh Co. brand Raspbery Lime fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving.
"Edible Cannabis Oil" batch 030119-MUT-5-01 [4.30. 2019] by CalVape Collective.
"Chew & Chill" Blueberry Dream + Sky Og Indica "LIVE RESIN" gummies, 10 mg THC per gummy
"MC Farma" brand "Full Spectrum Oil" capsules "THC 90 + THCV" ["THC 80.11 mg + CBD 20.35 mg + THCV 29.09 mg + CBG 2.98 mg" per capsule. Cannabinoids, lipids, fats, and terpenes remain in full spectrum extraction, which "enhances efficacy and is known as the 'entourage' effect." Each package contains 10 capsules. Manufactured in 2020 in Marin County, California.
Also: "MC Farma" brand "Full Spectrum Oil" capsules "THC 60" [" THC 62.86 mg + CBD .38 mg + THCV 2.92 mg +CBN 1.66 mg + CBG 3.63 mg" per capsule.]
Glowing Buddha brand grape flavor cannabis candy, 10 mg THC per piece. Made in Santa Rosa, California. 2020
[It is not uncommon for people to have EXTREMELY negative experiences after they have eaten too much of a product containing cannabis. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!])
(The cannabinoid cannabidiol [CBD], along with the cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], is produced by many marijuana [cannabis] plants. Bottled water containing CBD is currently [2021] being sold over-the-counter ["AN EXTREMELY EXTREME VALUE"] at my local grocery store, where it apparently is frequently purchased by schoolkids. [From the "CBD Living Water" label: "Consult your physician before use if you are pregnant, lactating, have a medical condition or are taking any medication. CANNABIDIOL USE MAY BE HARMFUL. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. These staements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."] Last night I saw an ad for "Harrelson's Own CBD" on national TV: "When Life Gets Crazy...It Just Makes Everything About My Day Better")
("...the dudebros continue to pile into pot. Perhaps their worst public showing was when a bunch of them traversed the convention floor during MJ Bizcon wearing t-shirts that read 'Buy Weed From Rich White Men'. This was supposedly a response to the Buy Weed From Women movement, which has popular t-shirts of its own."
---Dan Mitchell, in his article "Low Times-2022: the year of stunts and desperation", East Bay Express, 12.28. 2022.)
("...marijuana is not legal."
---Ed Rosenthal, interviewed by Paul Kilduff, The Monthly, December 2014.)
("Indeed, positive hits for pathogenic mold are already changing grower operations. 'You smoke ten random samples of cannabis and you've most likely smoked aspergillus [mold],' said Dave, one of the lab's two founders. 'It's in there, often at unacceptable levels. Now it's up to the industry to respond. We also are not in a position where we want to make enemies and piss people off. We want to see it happen in the best way for the movement and the industry to kind of just naturally evolve.'
While the distributed nature of California's cannabis supply network obviously benefits mom-and-pop growers, it doesn't encourage quality assurance. Consequently, Dave and his peers believe that some pot consumers are in danger.
'It's expensive to test every single thing that comes through the door — that's the price you pay with a decentralized supply system,' Dave said. 'But that's what you've got. You've got five pounds coming from here and two from there and one individual. I mean, a dog walks in the grow room, and wags its tail — anything can be coming off that dog's tail. It's gross. Fertilizers with E. coli. Compost teas that they don't make right, anaerobic tea that has elevated levels of E. coli and salmonella...There's no way that this is sustainable. All it takes is one story of immune-compromised people dying from aspergillus infection. The myth that cannabis hasn't killed a single person in 3,000 years is allowed to go on. Well, it's not cannabis that kills people, it's all the shit that's in it.'
[From "The Manhattan Project of Marijuana", David Downs, the East Bay Express, 3.4. 2009.])
(Steep Hill Lab says eighty-five percent of the medical marijuana samples it tests "show traces of mold".
---Peter Hecht, "Pot Lab Fills Need for Oversight", the Sacramento Bee, 4.6. 2010. The owners of Steep Hill Lab in Oakland California [which is NOT a federally-certified laboratory] are extremely in favor of medical marijuana...)
("We find e.coli in hash. We're seeing pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacteria that's found in filth."
---Robert Martin, of the Association of California Cannabis Labs. Martin was quoted by David Downs in the East Bay Express, 4.11. 2012.)
("It's a nasty little secret in the medical marijuana world that many growers spray their plants liberally with pesticides..."
---Robert Gammon, the East Bay Express, 7.28. 2010.)
(In places like Berkeley in 2018, where cannabis production is encouraged, much cannabis waste is generated. Some of the waste is toxic if consumed. Moldy marijuana, marijuana contaminated with chemicals, contaminated hashish, and contaminated cannabis concentrates do not seem to be rare. Some homeless people, alcohol addicts, and methamphetamine addicts find these sometimes poisonous contaminated cannabis products in garbage containers and sell them on the streets...)
("A 2015 study published in The Journal of Toxicological Sciences found that more than 80 percent of the concentrate samples were contaminated by residual solvents."
"In the same 2015 study, pesticides were detected in one-third of the concentrate samples."
---Kathleen Richards, The East Bay Express, 3.21. 2018, in an article about vaping cannabis.)
("...the true danger in untested cannabis comes from the potential pathogens--pseudomonas, aspergillis, and E. coli are routinely found by our laboratory [CW Analytical]."
---David Egerton, in a letter to the editor of the East Bay Express, 7.18. 2012.)
("...Anresco Laboratories conducted tests on all of the cannabis featured at the HempCon Festival held in San Francisco in August 2017. The San Francisco-based laboratory discovered that 80 percent of the cannabis at the festival was contaminated with unhealthy levels of solvents, pesticides, molds, fungus, or various bacteria."
---John Geluardi, East Bay Express, 9.20. 2017.)
(Over the decades, I have seen MANY careless and ignorant people with hands contaminated by perfume, cologne, cosmetics, grease, oils [and a number of other toxic substances] use their fingers to prepare marijuana for smoking. I am dismayed by the amount of marijuana I have had to throw away because of toxic substances that stupid and/or careless people have allowed marijuana to come into contact with!)
("Illegal Vapes are Killing People. Blame the 'Legal Market'"
---title of an article by Dan Mitchell, 9.11. 2019, East Bay Express. This San Francisco bay area newspaper is extremely pro-marijuana.
"Legal cannabis has created a market for manufactured products like vapes and gummies. If not for that legal market, there would likely be far fewer pirates out there making what look like legal vapes--complete with legit-looking packaging--but were actually made half-assedly by random cretins. When it comes to vapes, half-assed production can mean illness and death."
There is a full color ad for the Magnolia dispensary in Oakland on the same page as the article. "Dab Bar and Vape Lounge Open 7 Days 9AM--9PM".)
("People like to make poison. If you don't understand this, you will never understand anything."
---Margaret Atwood, in a short story, quoted by Jia Tolentino in her review of Atwood's 2019 novel THE TESTAMENTS, a sequel to THE HANDMAID'S TALE. The review was in the 9.16. 2019 issue of The New Yorker.)
("Mycobutanil...was found in a product recently recalled by Mettrum Ltd., a Toronto-based medical marijuana company."
Mycobutanil, used to control mildew, is said to emit hydrogen cyanide gas when heated.
"The Mettrum discovery was made recently, when a random screening of the company's products by Health Canada turned up the unauthorized use of pyrethrin, a pesticide...that is also not approved for medical cannabis..."
---Grant Robertson, The Globe and Mail, 3.10. 2017.)
("While I am grateful for access to the pot clubs...I am at a bit of a loss to understand why, given the virtual absence of risk in producing and distributing pot, it is still so expensive."
"What we have...are facilities charging the high end of street prices to people who are already ostensibly facing hardship."
["An ounce for $300 to $400..."]
"...besides basic capitalist greed, why does it still cost so much? Most of the truly disabled and terminally ill are on a fixed income, rendering the cost of pot not at all that compassionate."
--- Quotes from a letter written by Steve Stevens to the editor of the San Francisco Weekly, 1.20. 2010.)
("...in the Wild West of recreational marijuana consumption roamed by pandemic-stressed adults."
---Valeriya Safronova, The New York Times, 5.23. 2021. Article title: "Big Candy Is Angry". Some cannabis companies make drug-infused candy that is packaged to look similar to popular brand-name mainstream candy.)
("Each one-gram of flower is packaged in a wine bottle-shaped tin, topped with a version of Coppola's signature label and an embossed pot leaf. Each tin will retail for $99 and comes with a branded pipe and rolling papers."
---Katie Shapiro, Forbes.com, 11.2. 2018, describing marijuana grown in California's Humboldt County that will be sold by Francis Ford Coppola, who directed the 1972 film The Godfather.)
("According to Rand Corporation estimates...legalized...high-grade pot would cost just $20 per pound to produce. And low-grade weed would cost only $5 per pound."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 10.9. 2013.)
(Since May 2011, four marijuana stores in Richmond, California [near Berkeley and Oakland] "...have paid $486,390 in police fees."
"To some, the situation evokes...the protection racket."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 8.28. 2013)
(Daniel Rush, the former chair of Berkeley's Medical Cannabis Commission, was charged with 15 criminal counts, including extortion, fraud, and money-laundering. He later pleaded guilty to three felony counts.
["...federal authorities charged him for offering special treatment to one of the applicants for Berkeley's fourth dispensary spot."
---Frances Dinkelspiel, Berkeleyside, 6.23. 2017.])
Please note: DEPICTION IS NOT ADVOCACY!
(Color pencils on paper) (From a photo I made in 1969 in Berkeley, California)
("For the first time, the General Social Survey--a large, national survey conducted every two years and widely considered to represent the gold standard for public opinion research--shows a majority of Americans favoring the legalization of marijuana."
---Christopher Ingraham, the Washington Post, 3.4. 2015.)
(I subscribe to a free official California state website run by the Department of Cannabis Control, which can be found here:
cannabis.ca.gov/resources/cannabis-recalls-and-safety-notices/
I think their testing of cannabis products is far, far too limited, in that there are many toxic and possibly toxic substances that they are not testing for. Still, there is value in receiving their email warnings, because I am not seeing these warnings about specific products being widely posted anywhere by the online media, and I do not see such warnings being publicly posted at cannabis stores. Below is a warning I received today.
"Notification of Mandatory Product Recall
June 25, 2024
The Department of Cannabis Control (DCC) is issuing this consumer advisory for a single CUREpen PREMIUM THC OIL Vape Cartridge product due to the presence of the pesticide chlorfenapyr.
Consumers who purchased this product are urged to check their packaging for the UID and batch number listed below."
The notification also mentions that the recalled product was "Packaged by: Alkhemist DM LLC".)
(The website of the large cannabis dispensary Harborside in Oakland, California has a "Seizure-Safe" setting that "clears flashes and reduces color".)
(In May 2011, "DistantEchoes" commented on reddit dot com that viewing my art "may cause seizures and brain damage.")
("...video games with rapidly changing images or highly regular patterns can produce seizures, and video games have increased in importance as triggers as they have become more common."
---from the Wikipedia page "Photosensitive Epilepsy".)
("...in November 2017, two months before legal sales were to begin...the California Department of Food and Agriculture released rules that shocked the farming community: The state would allow legal pot farms to grow as large as they want."
"Glass House Farms, one of the state’s biggest cultivators, grows cannabis in a 2 million-square-foot greenhouse facility that was financed by a $100 million loan."
---Lester Black, 11.17. 2024, SFGATE.
["Glass House reported its cost of production at $139 per pound. The company also stated that it sold the equivalent of over 90,000 pounds of dried biomass in the second quarter of 2023 at an average price of $340 per pound."
---cannabis benchmarks dot com, 8.22. 2023.]
["...we’re the largest cannabis flower brand in the largest market in the world."
---glass house brands dot com, 11.19. 2024. The site also says that Glass House has a six million square-foot "state of the art greenhouse footprint".]
[On their website, Glass House tells people how to buy stock in Glass House Brands, even providing links to brokers like Charles Schwab.])
"'Criminal records for marijuana use and possession have imposed needless barriers to employment, housing, and educational opportunities,' Biden said in December. 'Too many lives have been upended because of our failed approach to marijuana. It's time that we right these wrongs.'"
---from a 4.30. 2024 CBS News article "Justice Dept will move to reclassify marijuana in a historic shift, sources say". ("Robert Legare and Willie James Inman contributed to this report.") "The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration will move to reclassify marijuana as a less dangerous drug, a historic shift to generations of American drug policy that could have wide ripple effects across the country."
(During the course of my career in non-profit quality control, I smoked marijuana every day for 29 of the past 42 years. I found that it often inspired me.
***Burning plants and then inhaling the smoke very, very obviously seems like an unhealthy thing to do since there are so many, many possibly toxic substances in the smoke!***
[“'On Jan. 1, 2014 in Denver, 1/8 ounce of Bubba Kush was the USA’s first legal sale of this for recreational purposes,' the host said."
"One of the $2,000 challenges on a recent episode was to identify the first part of the name of a 'well-known hallucinogen' that ends 'acid diethylamide.' The contestant said 'lysergic,' as in LSD."
---Kyle Jaeger, 5.12. 2019, marijuanamoment dot net, writing about the mainstream television game show "Jeopardy".]
As of early 2022, there are said to be 779 different strains of marijuana being sold.
My favorite imported kinds of marijuana were Punta Roja Colombian, "Thai sticks", and Mexican from Oaxaca. Some of the Cannabis Sativa grown in Hawaii that I smoked was not only potently psychedelic, but also WONDERFULLY TASTY.
I also enjoyed some of the hashish that came from Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Nepal. The hashoil I smoked that came from Morocco greatly lifted my spirits and provided unique insight. "Bubble Hash" made in Berkeley gave me colorful visions.
I even quaffed Hi-Brew Beer [early 1980s marijuana/alcohol beverage].
To celebrate my 70th birthday I smoked a potent "sativa hybrid" strain of marijuana called "Runtz". [29.1% THC, .05% CBD, 33.8% total cannabinoids. Total terpenes: 1.5%. Top 3 terpenes: caryophyllene, limonene, and myrcene. Packaged 9.6. 2021. Tested by Belcosta Labs. Distributed by a company in North Hollywood, California.]
[In the 1970s I trimmed MANY pounds of marijuana. One of my associates, a taxi driver who claimed that he had “rolled so many joints I don’t have any fingerprints left” was so impressed that he borrowed my scissors and had them plated with gold.]
['Miron had stolen a big pile of wedding invitations... and we would use them to make filters for joints."
---Etgar Keret, translated from the Hebrew by Miriam Shlesinger and Sondra Silverston, in his 2002 collection of short stories THE NIMROD FLIPOUT. When I was arrested in 1985 the police seized a small box of filters from me that I had made by cutting some of my business cards into strips. I called them "jay-spacers" and had labeled the box. In 1986 when I went in front of the parole board, they (not knowing what a "jay-spacer" is) made a big deal out of the filters. "You had almost a hundred jay-spacers!" they said very accusingly...]
["I was able to access memories I didn't even know I had in extreme detail!!"
---Idefe, describing "Peanut Butter Breath", a hybrid strain of marijuana. Leafly dot com, 2019. Idefe gave "Peanut Butter Breath" the highest possible rating. I AGREE!]
[And yet:
In late April 2021, Facebook warned me that when it comes to illegal drugs, on my Facebook page I am NOT allowed to admit "personal use" without acknowledgment of or reference to recovery, treatment, or other assistance to combat usage...]
Surfing on a toke--and when the bowl of the pipe looks like the Grand Canyon, I know I've almost had enough...
[Stoner humor: Photo of a marijuana cigarette. Over the first four-fifths of the marijuana cigarette is written "I love nature so much...what a beautiful day." Over the last fifth is written "The raccoons work for the CIA."]
[Willie Nelson won 10 Grammy awards, and has appeared in 37 movies and TV shows. More than 40 million copies of his more than 100 albums have been sold. He has smoked marijuana for MANY years. Nelson is an outspoken advocate for the drug and has been arrested several times for possession of marijuana. He was arrested in 2006 for possessing marijuana and hallucinogenic mushrooms. His latest song is titled "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die".
---from an Associated Press news report, 4.21. 2012.]
["I smoke two joints in the morning
I smoke two joints at night
I smoke two joints in the afternoon
It makes me feel all right"
"I smoke two joints in time of peace
And two in time of war
I smoke two joints before I smoke two joints
And then I smoke two more"
---Chris Kay and Michael Kay, in their 1983 song "Smoke Two Joints", which was recorded by The Toyes.]
["Things Get Grounded When There's Chemistry"
"Cannabis Connects"
"Life In Color" (over a rainbow of colors)
---from a billboard advertisement for cannabis oil cartridges, edibles, and tinctures made by a company named Chemistry. I saw the billboard, which has a lavender background and depicts two women on a rug smiling at each other, on Telegraph Avenue at 63rd street in Oakland, California in June 2019.]
[The first cannabis label that I remember seeing (printed in black ink on blue paper) was "STONY RIDGE" brand marijuana. It was on a one-pound bag of American-grown product that I obtained from Richard Krech in 1972.]
["One toke over the line sweet Jesus
One toke over the line"
"Waitin' for the train that goes home sweet Mary
Hopin' that the train is on time
Sittin' downtown in a railway station
One toke over the line"
---Mike Brewer and Tom Shipley, in their 1970 song "One Toke Over The Line". Vice President Spiro Agnew did not like the song and called it "subversive". After being investigated on suspicion of conspiracy, bribery, extortion, and tax fraud, Agnew was convicted of felony tax evasion and forced to resign.]
["California's cannabis-growing nuns pray for profits"
---BBC News headline, late October 2022.]
["He said 'drugs make you too pleased with everything.'"
---Sarah Seiter, associate curator of Natural Sciences at the Oakland Museum of California, quoting David Hockney on the connection between drugs and creativity. Seiter was quoted by Paul Kilduff in an interview about a current show, "Altered State: Marijuana in California". The East Bay Monthly, July 2016 issue.
I think I somewhat understand what Hockney said, and I think there is truth in his statement. I also think that I often find great value and much joy in seeing beauty in both the wheat AND the chaff!]
[After many years of refusing to go to marijuana stores, I made my first purchase at one in 2020. (I now must purchase my cannabis at a store since, because of my extreme poverty, it is not [and has never been] possible for me to grow marijuana, and since it is no longer safe for me to continue, as I did for decades, to purchase black market marijuana. I enjoy interacting with the many helpful and kind people working at the local cannabis store. It makes me very happy to see them working there!)]
Here is a list of some of the cannabis products I have used [and a few that I have not used, or do not remember the effects of using] that were obtained from marijuana stores in the San Francisco bay area. [From labels I saved]:
"Jeeter" brand "Mai Tai" [sativa] pre-roll one gram joint of indoor-grown marijuana "infused" with THCA "diamonds" and kief. "MFG/PKG date: June 23RD, 2023" "Total THC: 42.5%, delta-9 THC: 1.69%, THCA: 46.5%"
["...a class action lawsuit against DreamFields Inc., and Med for America Inc., on behalf of California consumers who purchased cannabis products with inaccurate THC content labels.
The lawsuit alleges that defendants, who make, sell, and market 'Jeeter' brand cannabis products, overcharged consumers by illegally selling products whose THC content was substantially lower than the amounts listed on the label."
---from a October 2022 press release.]
Blueberry
Tsunami
Outdoor Rom
Trainwreck
Orange Hill Special
Red Widow
Smoothelove
Dutch Passionkush
Northern Green
Spice
Nor Kali Black Spice
Sensi Star
Organic Main Wreck
Sour Diesel ["22.73% THC" (2019)]
Sour Diesel [26.22% THC, .8% CBD, 27.72% total cannabinoids (2021)]
Ice Ice
Fruity Bliss
Organic Remedy
NYC Diesel
S1-5
Organic Super Silver Haze
Morning Star
Sun Grown Purple OG
Jedi
Sweet Nightmare
Kosher Strawberries
Dirty Little Pig
Durbin Poison
Oracle
Space Cowboy
Bubble Haze
White Widow
Mountain Kick
Snow White
Sun Grown Diesel
Yumbolt
Co-op
Organic Flo
Candyland
Silvercratic
Sun Grown Chocolope
Pineapple Kush
Goo-5
Nor Kali Kaui Kola
Dynomite
Nor Kali Buddha's Haze
Old Grand Huck
Grape Ape
Sour Diesel Lemon
Buddha's Sister
Super Jack
Organic Rom Thai
Third Eye
Pink Champagne
World Wide Widow
Afgootiva
Greased Lightning
Outdoor Organic Humboldt
Herijuana
Cherry Pie
Peak 19
Organic Mazar
Outdoor Train Crossing
Organic Shaman
Super Star
Rhino
Burmese
Double Dream
Jelly
Caramel
Kahuna
Shiva's Tears
Organic A-10
Purple Burmese
Lemon Skunk x Royal Orange
Mendo Blendo
The Sativa
Organic Hawaiian Snow
Purple Kush Domina
Organic Ultra Skunk
Sage 'n' Sour
Outdoor Organic Kam
Tree-W
Da Kind
Jack Frost
Pot O' Gold
Shiva Afghani
Gorilla's Mist
Strawberry Cough
Sativa 2
Organic Jane
Organic Purple Way
Outdoor Organic Bonkers
Organic Purps
Outdoor Organic Goo
Juicy Fruit
Mind Eraser
Pearly Baker
Lavender Goo
Titan OG
White Russian
Sonoma Coma
Organic Sticky Nurple
MK Ultra
Outdoor Organic Trainwreck x White Widow
Organic Sweetleaf
Organic Purple Ice
Jack Herer
Zlushie Kush
God's Gift
Outdoor Organic Purple Mendo
Organic Ogre
Organic Trance
William's Wonder x Northern Lights
Blue Ogre
Organic Lamb's Bread
Champagne
Black Bunanna
Super Chunk
Organic Rom Cross
Sun Grown Goji Jack
Rom Hottie
Organic Slider
Animal Cookies
Sunshine Grown Green Dragon
El Bueno
Jakki
Organic Time Warp
Durban Dream
Organic Mist
Cookie Pie
Mantanuska TF
Pineapple Trainwreck
Organic Mantanuska Mist
Organic Mothership
Traincrash
Swazi Haze
Grape Pop
Golden Goo
Organic Trance
Jack'l Berry
Outdoor Mysty
Purple Peak 19
AK-47
Sage
Motor City
Purple Erkel
Crazy Hazy
Bright Star
Green Crack
Power Plant
Organic Cindy 99
Skunk #2
Organic Bonana
Outdoor Organic Hash Plant
Baby Blues
Cat Piss
Mr. Nice (G 13 x Hash Plant)
Girl Scout Cookie
Outdoor Organic Blue Dot
Sour Daze
Thin Mint
Grand Daddy Purple
Spicy Jack
Outdoor Organic Pure Rezin
Old Mother Sativa
Master Yoda Kush
Mountain Girl
Green Ribbon
Ice Cream Cake #5
Super Wreck
Sapphire Star
Grenadine
Bombshell
Also Known As
Pea Soup
Razzlez
Pirate's Kush
Purple Tangie
Leda Una
Cloud Berry
Northern Lights x Big Bud
All Star Organic Oaktown Wreck
Animal Punch
805 Glue
Sunset Sherbet
Forbidden Fruit
Cookie Monster
Blue Dream [Blueberry x Santa Cruz Haze] [26.64% THC, .1% CBD] ["AlphaPinene: 0.51%, BetaCaryophyllene: 0.25%, BetaMyrcene: 0.95%, BetaPinene: 0.23%, Bisabolol: 0.03%, CBC: 0.06%, CBD: 1.08mg/g, CBDa: 1.23mg/g, CBG: 0.07%, CBGA: 0.26%, CBN: 0.02%, Humulene: 0.1%, Limonene: 0.1%, Linalool: 0.06%, THC: 266.45mg/g, THC9: 19.57mg/g, THCA: 281.51mg/g" (Information posted by the Harborside cannabis store in San Leandro, California on 10.23. 2024 about "Dime Bag" brand Blue Dream marijuana flowers.)]
Berry Haze [26.8% THC, .1% CBD, 28.51% total cannabinoids] ["AlphaPinene: 0.03%, BetaCaryophyllene: 0.49%, BetaMyrcene: 0.05%, BetaPinene: 0.06, CBD: 1.02mg/g , CBDa: 1.17mg/g, CBG: 0.06%, CBGA: 1.31%, CBN: 0.02%, Humulene: 0.16%, Limonene: 0.35%, Linalool: 0.1%, THC: 267.97mg/g, THC9: 5.87mg/g, THCA: 298.85mg/g" (Information posted by the Harborside cannabis store in San Leandro, California on 10.23. 2024 about "Dime Bag" brand Berry Haze marijuana flowers.)]
Jelly Cake [27.4% THC, .14% CBD]
Cherry Popperz [28.85% THC]
Blue Face [Face Off OG x Animal Mints (Blue Pheno)] [32.90% THC, .05% CBD]
Orange Tree [27.08% THC, .06% CBD, 28.84% total cannabinoids]
Bubblegum Runtz [32.5% THC]
Starberry Cough [21.51% THC, 21.62% total cannabinoids]
Apple Fritter [37.1% THC]
Girl Scout Cookies [36.58% THC]
Organic Purple Haze
Purple Haze [34.5% THC, .043% CBD, 35.2% total cannabinoids]
Z x Georgia Pie [27.8% THC, 29.1% total cannabinoids]
Space Lollipops [31.42% THC, .12% CBD, 32.1% total cannabinoids]
Snow Runtz [37.34% THC]
Sour Tangie [25.05% THC, 25.29% total cannabinoids]
Rainbow Smacks [indoor shake] [23.37% THC, .01% CBD, 34.64% total cannabinoids (15.4% delta-9 THC)]
Platinum Gelato [18.17% THC, .07% CBD]
Blueberry Space Cake [31.98% THC, 33.6% total cannabinoids] [Said to be a 90% indica-10% sativa hybrid. Packaged on 8.31. 2023.]
[I am thinking of legally changing my name to Blueberry Space Cake...]
Gooberry [30.43% THC, .1% CBD, 31.75% total cannabinoids]
Lemonwreck [34% THC]
Balance [31% THC]
Chill [34% THC]
Platinum Scout [26.90% THC, .07% CBD, 27.60% total cannabinoids]
Cadillac Cookies [38.79% THC, 39.11% total cannabinoids] [infused with THCA "diamonds"] [With the image of an American flag:"Veteran owned and operated since 2017."]
Woah-Si-Woah [41.7% THC, 42.07% total cannabinoids] [infused with THCA "diamonds"]
Grapes N Cream [27.05% THC, .05% CBD]
Space Mamba [32.14% THC, .14% CBD, 32.71% total cannabinoids]
Blue Horchata Mintz [30.44% THC, .08% CBD, 35.78% total cannabinoids]
Triangle Cookies [19.49% THC, .07% CBD (21.22% total cannabinoids: 14.93% THCA, 6.40% delta-9 THC) (1.32% terpenes, including .69% b-caryophyllene and .21% humulene)]
GMO Fuel [Girl Scout Cookies x Chemdawg] [33.1 % THC, .06% CBD, 35.4% total cannabinoids] [A mostly indica strain that has a strong taste and smell reminding some people of things like "garlic, mushrooms, and onions" aka "GMO". (NOT genetically-modified, at least not in the conventional meaning of the term...)] I smoked GMO Fuel to celebrate becoming 72 years old in 2023.
Obama Runtz [30.61% THC, .09% CBD, 31.02% total cannabinoids]
Headband [OG Kush x Sour Diesel] [37% THC]
Jetfuel [31% THC]
GMO [28.7% THC]
Rainbow Belts [Moonbow x Zkittlez] [32% THC}
Wet Dream [Blue Dream x Ocean Beach Haze] [28.65% THC, 28.94% total cannabinoids]
Animal Mints [Thin Mint GSC x Fire OG] [25.03% THC, .03% CBD, 26.62% total cannabinoids]
Mixed Berry Runtz [30.6% THC, .07% CBD, 32.7% total cannabinoids]
Gello [21.4% THC, .04% CBD, 22.15% total cannabinoids] ["Indoor Sugar-Trim"]
Bernie Hana Butter [24.65% THC]
Prism [25.17% THC, 30.06% total cannabinoids]
Delirium [29% THC, 35% total cannabinoids]
Pave [29.9% THC, 30.9% total cannabinoids]
Astro Funk [21.2% THC] [Pre-ground indoor-grown flower shake] [Limited amounts of this surprisingly potent marijuana were being legally sold in California cannabis stores in May 2023 for fifty cents per gram as marijuana "extender"...]
Lemonchello Gelato [33.205% THC] ["Main Terpenes: limonene, caryophyllene, humulene"] A FAVORTE!
Gush Mints [27.32% THC]
Gush Mints [18.6% THC] ["indoor sugar-trim"]
OG Legend Littles [23.11% THC, .06% CBD]
Cherry Chem [21.16% THC, .04% CBD]
Dosilato [27.32% THC]
Cereal Milk [24.5% THC]
Fuji Ice [Apple Fritter x Ice Bx2] [31.44% THC]
White Cherry Gelato [25.07% THC]
Peanut Butter Gelato [Do-Si-Dos x Mendo Breath] [28% THC]
Toffee [26.6% THC]
Maui Cheesecake [24% THC]
Wedding Cake "Sugar Shake" [30.31% THC]
Kush Mints "Sugar Shake" [24.32% THC, 26.46% total cannabinoids]
Apple Sauce [33.84% THC, 37.91% total cannabinoids]
Early Bird [34.71% THC, 38.16% total cannabinoids]
Purple Cake Batter [25.82% THC, .06% CBD, 31.21% total cannabinoids]
True OG [26.4% THC, 27.2% total cannabinoids]
Magic City Mango [Platinum Cookies x GDP x Blue Power x Gelatti] [26.4% THC, .07% CBD, 31.3% total cannabinoids]
Cookie Dawg [26.89% THC, .07% CBD, 31.79% total cannabinoids]
Lemon Jack [25.86% THC, .06% CBD, 30.90% total cannabinoids]
Hawaiian Haze [25.56% THC, .07% CBD, 30.65% total cannabinoids]
Marshmallow OG [24.99% THC (22.49% THCA, 5.25% THCD9), 1.06% CBD, 29.16% total cannabinoids, 4.6% terpenes (1.72% Limonene, .82% B-Caryophyllene, .47% Myrcene, .35% B-Pinene, .30% Linalool, .25% a-Humulene, .24% a-Pinene, .23% Nerolidol) (indoor-grown)]
GMO Crasher [Wedding Crasher x GMO] [24.7% THC, .062% CBD, 26.46% total cannabinoids]
Black Diamond [28.26% THC, .08% CBD, 34.51% total cannabinoids]
Bubba Berry [36.57% THC, .11% CBD, 44.47% total cannabinoids]
Cookies and Cream [26.6% THC, .08% CBD, 32.7% "total active cannabinoids"]
Blue Cookies [38.25% THC, .15% CBD, 46.77% total cannabinoids]
Snowcap [38.96% THC, 41.35% total cannabinoids] [Packaged in May 2022 with an image of people dancing and the words "a Party in every Bag!"]
Hawaiian Dream [26.71% THC, .8% CBD, 31.97% total cannabinoids]
Cookies Kush [27.66% THC, .08% CBD, 32.72% total cannabinoids]
White Kush [26.06% THC, .07% CBD, 34.60% total cannabinoids]
Papaya Punch [28.10% THC, .07% CBD, 33.02% total cannabinoids]
Royal Kush [24.47% THC, .07% CBD, 29.31% total cannabinoids]
Platinum Cake [31.63% THC, .11% CBD, 38.23% total cannabinoids]
Gorilla Breath [22.33% THC, .16% CBD, 23.56% total cannabinoids]
French Cookies [Girl Scout Cookie x Chemdawg] [21.44% THC, .06% CBD, 26% total cannabinoids]
Bubba Hash [34.32% THC, .16% cbd, 35.68% total cannabinoids]
Dank You [26.57% THC, .06% CBD, 31.86% total cannabinoids]
Sugar Plum [27.87% THC, .23% CBD, 28.64% total cannabinoids]
Mazar Kush [36.86% THC, .16% CBD, 38.25% total cannabinoids]
Blackberry Hashplant [26.09% THC, .06% CBD, 31.19% total cannabinoids]
Kali Mist [26.24% THC, .08% CBD, 31.47% total cannabinoids]
Gumball No. 3 [29.73% THC, 35.73% total cannabinoids]
Gumball No. 4 [27.93% THC, 28.31% total cannabinoids]
Wedding Pie [28.13% THC, 32.72% total cannabinoids]
E85 [Jetfuel OG x Biscotti] [32.99% THC, 2.11% CBD, 2.56% terpenes, 35.1% total cannabinoids]
Super Lemon Cherry [31.4% THC, 36.6% total cannabinoids, 2.3% terpenes "white ash, no black ash, all organic, 14-day flush, slow cure"] Sour Jack [24.24% THC, .2% CBD, 25.23% total cannabinoids]
Sweet Diesel [34.3% THC, .06% CBD, 34.41% total cannabinoids]
Banana Dream [25.2% THC, .09% CBD, 30.5% total cannabinoids]
Banana Bread [Banana OG x Maui Bread] [34.98% THC, 42.2% total cannabinoids]
Kush Mountains [30.2% THC, .07% CBD, 35.19% total cannabinoids]
Hindu Kush [24.1% THC, .04% CBD, 28.79% active cannabinoids]
Hindu Kush [24.99% THC, .07% CBD, 29.92% total cannabinoids]
Biscotti Cookies [22% THC]
LA Pop Rocks [27% THC, 31% total cannabinoids]
OCC [17.87% THC, 20.38% total cannabinoids]
Sundae Driver [24% THC]
Flow White [22.14% THC, 0.056% CBD]
Slurricane [22.57% THC, 0.065% CBD]
Super Silver Haze [24% THC, 0.07% CBD, 1.30% total terpenes]
Super Silver Haze [27.87% THC, .16% CBD, 29.98% total cannabinoids]
Space Cakes [31.96% THC]
Gorilla Goo [23.24% THC]
King Louis [20.82% THC, 25.77% total cannabinoids]
Turquoise Jeep [23.6% THC]
OG Kush [22.0% THC]
Kush Mint Cookies [31.36% THC]
Willie's Kush [23.97% THC]
Chem Reserve [38.56% THC]
Petrol Kush [20.73% THC]
Mimosa [24.8% THC, .1% CBD]
Mimosa [27.05% THC, .14% CBD, 27.99% total cannabinoids]
Mimosa [28.49% THC, 0% CBD]
Clout Cake [26.14% THC, .06% CBD] ["Friends Don't Let Friends Smoke Mids"]
Cali Cherry Pie [20.60% THC, .08% CBD]
PR OG [16.51% THC]
Meat Breath [21.26% THC, 26.56% total cannabinoids]
Orange Cookies [19.90% THC]
White Fire [29.1% THC, .07% CBD, 34.5% total cannabinoids]
Motorbreath [15.42% THC]
805 Sour [20.72% THC]
Cherry Dosido [Cherry Cheesecake x Dosido] [29.98% THC]
Cherry Do-Si-Do [24% THC]
Super Chem [Sour 2.0 x Chem] [21.28% THC, 26.17% total cannabinoids]
Orange [20.08% THC]
Malawi Dream [20.4% THC, .19% CBD]
Purple Cake [18.34% THC]
Strawberry Banana [20.59% THC, .19% CBD]]
Peanut Butter Breath [18.18% THC]
Peanut Butter Breath [27.7% THC, .05% CBD, 32.8% total cannabinoids]
Alien OG [20.18% THC]
Garanimal Cookies [20.64% THC, .03% CBD]
Dark Karma [Dutch Treat x Strange Love] [25.71% THC, .04% CBD]
China White [26.42% THC]
Gushers [20.65% THC]
Gushers [36.08% THC]
Los Angeles Kush [23.05% THC]
Triple Scoop Gelato [27.7% THC]
Purple Punch [26.44% THC]
Trifi Cookies [21.99% THC]
Rollins [24.36% THC]
Wedding Chemz [24.2% THC] [from a cannabis company founded by Grateful Dead percussionist Mickey Hart]
Han Solo Burger [GMO Cookies x Larry F8] [More than 30% THC]
Cereal Milk [29% THC, 31.12% total cannabinoids] [A hybrid strain that is distributed in glass jars with VIVIDLY colorful reflective metallic labels containing 28 pre-rolled filter-tipped marijuana cigarettes. Each marijuana cigarette contains .5 gram "greenhouse hydroponic" cannabis.
One of the warnings on the label:
"Smoking cannabis increases your cancer risk and during pregnancy exposes your child to delta-9-THC and other chemicals that can affect your child's birth weight, behavior, and learning ability."]
Ice Cream Cake [22.2% THC] ["Honest Flower" brand "Indica" from Eden Enterprises. "Flower You Can Trust" 3.5 grams in a small child-resistant plastic container from Calyx Containers. "Made in USA"]
Humboldt OG ["17.76% THC" hybrid pre-roll. Cultivator: "Grouse Mountain Green" in Humboldt County, California. Distributor: "Emerald Family Farms" 2019]
Ghost OG ["22.49% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." pre-roll]
Wedding Cuvee ["21.60% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." "Time For Blast Off" (On package containing 3.5 grams) 2019]
Jungle Glue ["Krush Kingz" pre-roll by "Berkeley Pharmz" 2019]
Orange Mango ["19.8% THC" "Distributed by Black Oak Gallery" 2019]
Ziablo [Grown by IC Collective.] [2019] [The jars containing 3.5 grams feature one of my favorite labels, a very colorful skeleton-skull!]
Now and Laters ["20.51% THC" "Sativa" Grown in Shasta County, California, and distributed by Ember Valley, 2019.]
Ghost Mints ["23.31% THC, 0.9% CBD". "...may be habit forming." "This product may be unlawful outside of Washington State." from "Green Fire Production, Inc."]
Extreme Jack [16.49% THC "even hybrid" "greenhouse-grown" "Warning: This product can expose you to chemicals including arsenic, which is known to the state of California to cause cancer. For more information, go to www.p65warnings.ca.gov" from Foxworthy Farms, 2019.]
Blackout ["Inspire featuring limonene 7.84% THC, 8.05% CBD. From Abatin Farms, 2018]
Cherry Vortex [Sativa-dominant."17.46% THC". From Headwaters. Source: UPI Supply Systems, Inc. Origin: Carpenteria, CA. Packaged 12. 14. 2018. Expiration date: 12. 13. 2019. "WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive harm."]
Wedding Cake ["14.36% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt Growers". 2019] [Also: from Marley Natural, "grown in Trinity County, California." "16.3% THC" 2019] [Also: "from Sublime, in Oakland, California." "Fuzzies" brand pre-roll, "infused with cannabis concentrate, kief, and terpenes" "25% THC and 1% CBD" 2019] [Also: from Pacific Stone in Santa Barbara, California 2019]
Blueberry Muffin ["15.94% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt County Indoor". Harvested 12.1. 2018]
Unicorn Tears [indoor Sativa"blend"] "22.8% THC", 1 gram pre-roll from Sunset Connect in San Francisco, 2024.
Raspberry Diesel ["18.2% THC", grown by "Fleur d'elite"]
Banjo [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Banjo [2 gram bottle from "Coastal Sun Farm". Package date: 8.28. 2019. "26% THC. 30.9% total cannabinoids". "Consciously Grown." "Healthy Plants Heal Humans".]
Banjo ["16.49% THC "sativa" from Pacific Stone in Santa Barbara, California.
Wifi43 [pre-roll from State Flower Cannabis Company, San Francisco 2019 "19.63% THC"]
Dolato [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Miss U.S.A. [1 gram all flower Indica pre-roll from Lowell Smokes. 18% THC. In a glass tube. "Test: Cannasafe 01. 19. 19"]
Royal Blend ["Krush Kings" brand pre-roll from "Industry Standard Group, Inc." 18.74% THC "hybrid-indica" "Your Royal Highness"]
San Fernando Valley OG ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram."]
Shark Shock ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram." "grown by Caliber." "Harvested 4.20. 2019." "19.5% total cannabinoids"]
Gelato 45 [The Weed Brand preroll. Harvest date: 7.23. 2018. Packed: 9.24. 2018. "Best Buy": 7.23. 2019. 16.9% THC. 0.26% CBD.]
Banana Bubble [1 gram pre-roll. 160 mg THC. Manufactured by Marigold. Packaged in Santa Rosa, California. 9.28. 2018. "Cultivation with a conscience"]
Fire OG [1 gram pre-roll. 29.23% THC. "infused with oil and kief". From Jeeter.] Pure Kush [Indica. pre-roll. 133 mg THC. "Harvested 7.6. 2018. Best by 10.3. 2019."]
Grizzly Bones [Hybrid. 1 gram pre-roll. Indoor-grown. 155 mg THC. "Grown by Grizzly Peak Farms."]
"Lifted" brand .7 gm "House Cone Fortified with Hash Oil"]
"Cookies" brand "Triple Scoop Infused Blunt" [1 gram flower, .25 gram BADDER, and .25 gram THCA] [hemp wrap and glass tip.]
Super Silver Haze [infused pre-roll] [29.26% THC]
Chocolate Hashberry [Grown in downtown Los Angeles. "Manufactured by Purple Heart Compassionate, Inc."]
Orange Citron ["19.19% THC, 0.02% CBD" "Packaged 4.24. 2019" from "Molecular Farms" in California.]
El Fuego [from "Molecular Farms"]
Key Lime Pie ["Humboldt Farms" "Premium Flower-Hybrid" "15.2% THC, 0.00% CBD" "Harvested on July 2018, Packaged on July 2018" "One-Eighth Ounce" in a clear glass jar with a stopper made of wood. The label has a 1" x 2" colorful detailed image of tall trees and small flowers and a small white Volkswagen van. Printed with metallic ink. After smoking some Key Lime Pie I decided that, in my opinion, this extremely appealing image is the best illustration I have seen on a cannabis label.]
Taffie [This medical cannabis strain is sold in cork-lined light-proof well-labeled tins, each containing 5 joints. The tins come sealed in a bag that contains a Boveda 2-way humidity control packet. This product is distributed by Humboldt Legends, and is labeled Steelhead Sativa. Organically grown in sunlight and harvested by hand. The label has the name (and a copy of the handwritten signature) of the person who grew the marijuana (Scott Davies). Also the batch number and the percentages of THC (19.5%) and CBD (0.0%). The label on the back of the tin states that the group of cultivators who call themselves "Humboldt Legends" have been growing marijuana for "forty years". A warning note states that marijuana is a “Schedule 1 controlled substance”. And that “Smoking this product will expose you and those in your immediate vicinity to marijuana smoke...known to the State of California to cause cancer.” “Keep out of reach of children and animals.” "This product may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery." Obtained in the San Francisco bay area, 2017. (After I smoked some of this marijuana in a dark room, I closed my eyes and saw beautiful hallucinations that were extremely complex, with uniquely vivid colors. When I opened my eyes I had a VERY strong urge to write poetry.)]
Juicee Fruit ["bud-only pre-roll. 1 gram. Cultivated 7.28.18. Packaged 7.16.18. Batch ID 6-15-18-JF.] THC 21.14%. 211.4 mg/serving. 0mg CBD/serving V.H.H.C. Juicy Fruit $9.99+Tax" Seven Leaves brand, packaged in black plastic child-proof tube]
"Top Shelf Rainbow Diesel Minis [Sativa]" [small joints]
"Top Shelf Hell OG Minis [Indica]" [small joints]
"Maui Wowie" [infused flowers] 25.20% Delta-9 THC, 41.75% total cannabinoids [from Baby Jeeter]
"Blue Poison" indoor-grown ground Sativa flower infused with solventless cannabis oil [45.1% THC, 47.8% total cannabinoids]
"Pineapple Express" hybrid indoor cannabis-infused 51.17% THC prerolls, live resin-infused, kief-coated, and terp-enhanced. Five prerolls in a glass jar from Stiiizy. Each pre-roll weighs .5 gram.
"Mericanna" hybrid [small joint] "16.79% THC" [2018]
"Pacific Remedy Shatter joint, hand-rolled in California" "Blue Russian flower, Kosher Kush, BHO Snake" "Indica-dominant" [2017]
"Heshies" brand pre-rolls "Selfies" [small joints] [2019]
"Sour Diesel X Sherbet" [Hybrid pre-roll. 19.97% THC.] [2019] [From Pacific Sunset.]
"Sublime King Fuzzies", pre-roll terpene-enhanced "top shelf bud, CO2 wax/kief", "Indica OG Kush" "THC 253 mg". [2017]
"Watermelon" ["Fuzzies" infused pre-roll, 54.72% THC]
"Trix Bubble" [concentrate]
"Fire Walker" [Raw Garden brand .5 gram pre-roll infused with "Crushed Diamonds" from fresh frozen whole flower. 42.4%
cannabinoids]
ZAZA flower pre-rolls [65% THC, .84% CBD "infused with dual refined distillate, rolled in golden kief"]
"Shiva Crystals" [hashish]
"Pineapple Fruz" [52.56% THC] "Diamond-infused select flowers" in a glass jar containing 2.5 grams of flowers, plus one gram "diamond". [Pineapple Fruz flowers are totally covered with THC "diamond" that looks like dense confectioner's powdered sugar.]
Bombed Buzz [36.46% THC, 36.30% total cannabinoids] ["ingredients: cannabis flwers, THCa, terpene blend"] The packaging features a colorful and vivid cartoon of a bee wearing aviator goggles, smoking a joint while kicked-back on a red bomb falling through the clouds, with these words: "Our mission is to achieve federal legalization for veterans. Your purchase helps fund our lobbying efforts to pressure Congress and the White House to make it happen ASAP. Thank YOU for YOUR support. Let's Roll!" [From the "American Weed Company"]
"Biscotti" [Indica] [Half gram THC pods, for vaping.] [88.24% THC.] [2019] [From STIIIZY. Made by Ironworks Collective.]
"Juicy Melon" [Half gram pods, for vaping.] [41.05% THC, 1:1 CBD] [2020] [From STIIIZY] "This product can expose you to chemicals including Beta-myrcene, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
"Sky Diver" ["Refined raw resin. 84.68% THC .29% CBD" ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" "100% fresh frozen whole flower terpenes and cannabis oil" 2019]
Jack Herer brand 1 ml cannabis oil cartridge 83.98% THC, .16% CBD, 89.49% total cannabinoids
"Yogi Berries"["Refined raw resin. 81.99% THC."] ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Skydoggie" ["Refined raw resin. 83.33% THC 0.2% CBD"] ["Indica" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Chemberry" ["Refined raw resin. 81.65% THC .35% CBD"] ["Indica" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Chem Walker" ["Refined raw resin. 81.82% THC" ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Lemon Haze" [Distilled CO2 extract.] ["90.63% THC 1.64% CBD".] [Made by "Clear Day". 2019]
"Mendo Breath" [CO2- extracted cannabis oil. 78.2% THC.] [From by Marley Natural.] [2019]
"Mango Kush" [Cannabinoid extract plus terpene blend cartridge] [2019] [Made by "Pure Extracts".]
"Select" brand "Mimosa" "cannabis oil vape cartridge" [125 doses per cartridge] 3.5 mg THC per dose. [from the "Select" brand label: "Curating the Science of Feeling" [2018]
Cali Gold H20 [extracted cannabis resin]
"Emerald Dream" ["Single Origin"] [Trinity County, CA] [58% THC] cannabis oil extracted with CO2 [cartridge for use with "Highlighter" vapor pen]
Garlic Cookies [Raw Zen solvent-less cannabis extract. 72.45% THC. One gram in a small glass jar.] [2019]
"Chemdawg" ["terpene rich distillate" by Bakked. 81% THC. 1.14% CBD.]
"XJ-13" [distillate. 88.08% THC. ]
"Granddaddy Purple" ["Flavored Cannabis Extract" cartridge, for vaping, by "Naked Extracts"] ["Indica] ["Ingredients: Cannabis Extract, Non-Cannabis Terpene Blend, Natural Flavors"] [2019]
"Granddaddy Purple" "cured resin" [79.6% THC, 82.1% total cannabinoids]
"Green Crack" [distillate. 88.13% THC.]
[Concentrates:
Banana Kush 95.25% THC
Banana OG 79% THC
Skywalker OG 91.62% THC
Alien OG 87.76% THC
Sour Cookies 89.53% THC
King Louis XIII 85.85% THC
King Louis XIII 90.76% THC
King Louis XIII 92.28% THC
Blue Valley 77.54% THC, .23% CBD
Acapulco Gold 87% THC, .18% CBD, 92% total active cannabinoids
Lemon Tree 90% THC
OG Kush 91.68% THC
Purple Punch 91.7% THC
Super Silver Haze 79.46% THC [live resin]
Electric Blue 78.69% THC [live resin]
Dutch Treat Haze 84% THC, .20% CBD
Blackberry Kush 82.4% THC
SFV OG (San Fernando Valley OG) 78% THC
Crunch Berries Crumble 88.96% THC, 89.09% total cannabinoids
Apple Jack 88% THC
Strawberry Shortcake 91% THC
Dream Queen 87% THC
Star Chaser 89.42% THC
Berry Blast 88.13% THC
Jack Herer 90.83% THC
Blackberry Diesel 91.1% THC
Beach Party 2 83.07% THC
God's Gift 90.8% THC
Mango Dream 86% THC
Strawnana 92.25% THC
Stawberry Shortcake 91% THC
Melonade 91% THC
Incredible Hulk [Green Crack x Jack Herer] 88.93% THC
Strawberry Cough 85.47% THC
Mendo Clouds 83.77% THC
Golden Kiwi 82.84% THC
Do-Si-Dos 91.35% THC
Cookies 84% THC
Blue Beary 83.91% THC
Birthday Cake 83.15% THC
Birthday Cake 87.72% THC
Watermelon Z 71.45% THC
Watermelon OG 91% THC
Cannis Major x Milky Way 65.6% THC, 67.9% total cannabinoids
Double Platinum Cookies 73.27% THC
Gorilla Cookies 77.65% THC
Orange Cookies #12 83.89% THC
Yoda OG 90.43% THC
Blueberry Cookies 85.0% THC
Grapefruit Romulan 92.2% THC
Limeade 83.20% THC
Premium Jack 90.5% THC
Dosi Lemonade 81.62% THC
White Fire 93% THC
Fruity Pebble OG 92.0% THC
Slurmberry 82.71% THC
Pineapple Express 92.82% THC
Georgia Peach 90.63% THC, .23% CBD
"Raw Garden" brand "Forbidden Fruit" "liquified diamonds and botanical terpenes" [87.98% THC, 92.81 total cannabinoids] ***Ocean Beach .5 gram "dry flower" vape cartridge from Cookies (November 2021): 35.3% delta-9 THC, 59.3% total THC, THCA 27.3%. Total terpenes: 7.53%, 1.8% Limonene, 1.08% Linalool, 1.54% Betacaryophyllene***
"hybrid cannabis" from Space Monkey Meds.
Chemdawg + Gelato "Sativa cannabis flowers" distributed in 2019 by "Papa's Herb", 3.5 grams in a lightproof ziplock bag.
"Green Crack" cannabis flowers bought at High Fidelity, a marijuana store next to Amoeba Music on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, several blocks from the University of California campus. "Grown by: Blue Nose. Harvested: 10.18. 2018. THC: 16.42%." High Fidelity motto: "Your supreme source for herbal inspiration and higher education."
(After smoking this marijuana, I ate a bag of HIPPEAS brand Bohemian Barbecue Flavor organic chickpea puffs. "Store in a dry and, like, totally cool place.")
("UC Berkeley synthetic biologists have engineered brewer's yeast to produce marijuana's main ingredients--mind-altering THC and non-psychoactive CBD--as well as novel cannabinoids not found in the plant itself. Feeding only on sugar, the yeast are an easy and cheap way to produce pure cannabinoids that today are costly to extract from the buds of the marijuana plant..."
---Robert Sanders, "Yeast Produce Low-Cost High-Quality Cannabinoids", news.berkeley.edu, 2.27. 2019).
"THC-Indica" transdermal patch 18.4 mg THC per patch. By Mary's Medicinals. [Made: 2.4. 2019. Expires: 2.4. 2021.] I have also tried the CBD version.
"Releaf Patch" Transdermal patch by Papa & Barkley. "18.56 mg THC plus 18.61 mg CBD" Mfg. date: 7.15. 2019 Best by date: 8.5. 2020
Oh, Yes! [cannabis extract + aloe vera] [for vaginal use] [from Quim]
[A few times I have gone for months without smoking marijuana, and then smoked a potent joint. On more than one such occasion I have experienced intense fearful disorientation, acute paranoia, and horrible physical distress including nausea and a sudden loss of consciousness. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!]
I have eaten a variety of cannabis preparations sold at marijuana stores in Berkeley, including:
"Emerald Bay Extracts" ["a women owned company"] brand 25 mg THC tablets. [Each of these tablets is said to contain 25 mg of THC from RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a very potent strain of Cannabis Indica called "Afgoo". (The strain is so-named because it is very resinous and is genetically related to marijuana from Afghanistan.) RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil is named for a Canadian, Rick Simpson, who claimed in 2003 that "full spectrum" marijuana oil can cure a variety of ailments. RSO is VERY easily made by soaking dried and cured marijuana flowers in ethyl alcohol, then filtering out the flowers by pouring the alcohol/marijuana oil mixture through a coffee filter, then removing the alcohol from the alcohol/marijuana oil mixture by heating, leaving the "full spectrum" marijuana oil in the bottom of the container.
"Full spectrum" marijuana oil can be made from any strain of marijuana. I first made "full spectrum" marijuana oil more than 51 years ago. Over the decades I made and smoked quite a bit of it. I remain convinced that "full spectrum" marijuana oil made using pure food-grade ethyl alcohol as a solvent yields a product that gets me higher when I smoke it than any other marijuana oil I have tried that was made by any other method.
I never ate any of the "full spectrum" marijuana oil I made because I thought it was too difficult to accurately measure the dosage.
I find these easily dividable tablets to be EXTREMELY potent.
["Emerald Bay Extracts" also produces 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a very potent and, to me, very mind-active strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Blue Dream". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a powerful and, to me, dreamy strain of Cannabis Indica, "Grand Daddy Purple". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from what to me is a wonderfully sensual strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Super Sour Diesel". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a mysterious and exotic strain of Cannabis Sativa known as "Blackberry Sour". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of Cannabis Indica, "Ice Cream Cake". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a (what I often find to be trippy) strain of indica-dominant hybrid cannabis, "Trifi Cookies". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of hybrid cannabis, "Banana Kush". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Lemon Zest". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a thrillingly tasty strain of indica-dominant hybrid cannabis called "Dosilato" that seems to make art come alive. Also 25 mg tablets containing tasty RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a hybrid strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Lemon Cherry Gelato" ("Sunset Sherbet" x "Girl Scout Cookies"). Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a hybrid strain, "Runtz". The indescribable mental effects I experience after taking "Banana Kush" tablets are INTENSE.]
["Emerald Bay Extracts" gave me a free tin of small tablets. The rainbow-colored tin contained 20 tablets made in a variety of colors. Each 5 mg THC tablet contained RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of marijuana called "XXX". "Pride Pack", April 2021.]
["Emerald Bay Extracts" also produces stronger 50 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a fascinatingly dreamy strain of Cannabis Indica, "Biscotti". I was given a free 20-tablet tin of these stronger doses at a cannabis store on 4.20. 2023..."WARNING! SUPER POTENT!"]
"Plus" brand vegan "10:1 Calm Mango" gummies, each containing 1 mg THC, 10 mg CBD, and a blend of terpenes. [20 gummies per container]
"Froot" brand orange tangie-flavored cannabis-infused "chews", each containing 10mg of THC. "sativa" [10 "chews" per package]
"Froot" brand blue razz dream-flavored cannabis-infused "chews", each containing 10mg of THC. "hybrid" [10 "chews" per package]
"Pax" brand wild strawberry-flavored cannabis-infused live rosin gummies containing 10mg THC. [10 gummies per package]
"Park Jams" brand coconut-flavored cannabis-infused gummies containing 10 mg THC. [10 gummies per package]
"Kiva" brand peppermint pattie-flavored dark chocolate-coated cannabis-infused "bites" containing 5 mg THC from "solventless cold water hash". [20 "bites" per container]
"Yummi Karma" brand "Wicked Apple Drops". Each bottle contains 30 milliliters of fractionated coconut oil, "whole plant cannabis extract" said to contain 1000 mg THC, flavors and sweetener. Each one milliliter dose is said to contain 32.89 mg THC, .08 mg CBD, .89 mg CBG, and .42 mg CBC. [San Francisco bay area in California, 2022]
"Uncle Arnie's" brand "Blueberry Night Cap" cannabis-infused beverage. Each 59 ml bottle contains cannabis oil containing 100 mg THC and 25 mg CBN.
"High Power" brand "Watermelon "cannabis-infused THC tincture", 250 mg THC per bottle.
"Korova" brand "Cannabis-Infused Tincture", said to contain 1000 milligrams of [what I experience as VERY POTENT] "THC distillate" per bottle. With "Midnight Guava" flavoring, water, etc. ["DRINK ME. MIX ME. MICRODOSE. MACRODOSE."]
"Butter Brothers" brand Brownies, Phat Mints, Blackberry Streusel, Ginger Snaps, Vegan Chocolate Chip Cookies, and Peanut Butter Cookies.
"Absolute Extracts" brand Sleepy Time blueberry lavender cannabis-infused gummies containing "Ice Water Cannabis Extract, CBN, terpenes", etc. [5 mg THC plus 2.5 mg CBN per gummy] [2023]
"Dr. Norm's" brand SleepWell gummies containing "nanotized THC, nanotized CBN & long acting THC" [10 mg nano THC blend, 5 mg nano CBN, and 1 mg CBD per gummy] [2023]
"Chill" brand chocolate bar with finely crushed espresso coffee beans and 100 mg THC.
"Pura Vida" brand Ocean Spray, Happy Trails, Chocolate Jubilee, and Chocolate Chip Protein Bar.
"Ganja Candy" brand Caramel, Blackberry, and Dr. Pepper.
"Tainted" brand Thin Mints
"Dank" candy
"420 Grand" candy
HealTHCare "Private Reserve OG" [cannabis tincture in vegetable glycerin base]
"Double-Strength Medi Pills" [cannabis oil capsules]
"Shiva Candy" [hashish candy]
"Auntie Dolore's Medical Cannabis Glazed Pecans"
"Hashey's 200 mg Indica Bar" [made with dark chocolate In Santa Cruz]
"Rhino Pellet" [tiny cookie]
"Potlava" [vegan cannabis baklava]
"Enjoyable Edibles" brand cannabis-infused Snickerdoodle cookies. ["10.8 mg THC" per cookie. Each package contains 10 cookies. Made with "full-spectrum cannabis extract" by Ironworks Collective. 2019]
"Habit" brand "Sparkling Pineapple Cooler". 10 doses of THC in each 12.6 fl. oz. bottle. Made in Los Angeles by Canna Healthcare, Inc.
"Orange Zest Awakening Mints" [sublingual 10 mg THC tablets]
"Drivn" brand watermelon-flavored cannabis-infused gummies, 10 mg THC per gummy.
"Breez" brand mints [sublingual 5 mg THC tablets]
"Kiva" brand Blackberry Dark Chocolate [cannabis oil candy]
"Black Cherry Gummi" [cannabis oil candy]
"Wyld" brand Elderberry gummies [10 mg THC and 5 mg CBN per piece] For sleeping. "It's a little like watching sheep count you."
"Absolute Extracts" brand Blueberry Lavender gummies [5 mg THC and 2 mg CBN per piece] For sleeping.
"Original PLUS Super Potent Hybrid Cannabis-Infused Gummies" ["20 mg THC"]
"PureCure Sativa Strips" [preparation for oral use] [from the label: "EXTREMELY STRONG!"]
"Dr. Norm's Extra Strength medical cannabis cookie" "Chocolate Chip Therapy" 25 mg THC per cookie. hybrid.
"Full Extract Cannabis Oil" [Indica-dominant strain, for oral use. Full-plant extracted with ethyl alcohol. Dated 12.1. 2015 and provided in a 3 milliliter oral syringe marked for 0.1 milliliter doses. "THC 37.05%"]
"Stokes" brand "Mint Micros" [Sativa-strain] [small tablets, each containing 5 mg of cannabis extract] [I have used 2 different flavors: Mint and Watermelon]
OMedibles brand "Tree Hugger Medical Cannabis Cinnamon Maple" [high CBD extract mixed with nuts and spices]
Utopia Farms brand "Medical Cannabis Raspberry Macaroons"
"Cafe Attitude THCoffee" 40 mg THC per 8 oz. bottle ["70% Sativa, 30% Indica"]
"Evil Aunt Emily's Seriously Psychotic Suckers" [cannabis oil candy] ["79 mg cannabis oil" per sucker])
("'Remember when Abigail got her prescription for medical marijuana and we all went to the top of Doheny and sucked on those marijuana lollipops and watched the sun set?'
'That was a perfect day', Cheryl says definitely."
---A.M. Homes, portraying some young people in Los Angeles in a short story in her book DAYS OF AWE.)
"Sprig" brand citrus soda containing 45 mg THC per can. Made in California. [2017]
Petra "Moroccan mint"-flavored medical cannabis tablets, each containing 2.5 mg THC plus matcha tea. Produced in 2017 by Kiva, a not-for-profit collective. Lab tested by CW Analytical. "A micro-dosed blend." Packaged in tins containing 42 tablets.
Kiva "Lost Farm" cannabis-infused fruit chews, 10mg THC from "live resin" per piece. These fruit chews are strain-specific. My favorite so far is BLUEBERRY.
["CW uses its best efforts to deliver high-quality results and to verify that the data contained therein are based on sound scientific judgement. However, CW makes no warranties or claims to that effect and further shall not be liable for any damage or misrepresentation that may result from the use or misuse of this data in any way."
---from a disclaimer issued by CW Analytical. (found outside of a warehouse in Berkeley in 2019.)]
"KushyPunch" brand plum flavor Cannabis Indica gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC + 0.1 mg CBD + 0.8 gm sugar. "Feel the power of the punch"
"Korova" brand Peanut Butter Dip cookie, containing 100 mg THC.
"OmEdibles" brand Sour Apple flavor cannabis gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC. Distributed in plastic boxes containing 6 gummies each.
"OmEdibles" brand Lychee Blossom flavor cannabis gummies, packaged the same as the above.
"CuriouslyCannabis" brand "Rayne Drops" berry, orange, and lemon flavor cannabis pastilles. Each pastille contains 5 mg THC. Distributed in tins containing 20 pastilles each.
"Emerald Sky" brand Alpine Strawberry cannabis-infused licorice. 10 mg THC per piece [Cannabis Sativa]. 10 pieces per container.
"Emerald Sky" brand Creme Filled Chocolate cannabis infused cookies. 10 mg THC per cookie [hybrid cannabis]. 10 cookies per box.
Kanha "Enhanced Nanomolecular Gummies" made from hybrid cannabis 10 mg THC in each "Blueberry Blast"-flavored dose. 2019.
"Cannabis-Infused" organic microwave popcorn, 44.5 gram pop-up bag containing 10 mg THC and less than 2 mg CBD. Made in Berkeley in 2019 by "Type 7 Manufacturing, Inc". "Movie Night's New Best Friend".
"Somatik" brand "Sparks" cannabis-infused chocolate coffee beans. 3 mg THC per bean. 25 beans per container. '"Lovingly made by A Tribe of Us Collective". "Turn Your Magic On".
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Watermelon Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Peach Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Green Apple Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
Kaneh Co. brand Mango Chile fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving. Manufactured by Xtracta.
Distribution, Inc. Made and packaged 3.6. 2019. Best by 7.6. 2019. Tested 3.15. 2019 by Infinite Chemical Analysis.
Kaneh Co. brand Raspbery Lime fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving.
"Edible Cannabis Oil" batch 030119-MUT-5-01 [4.30. 2019] by CalVape Collective.
"Chew & Chill" Blueberry Dream + Sky Og Indica "LIVE RESIN" gummies, 10 mg THC per gummy
"MC Farma" brand "Full Spectrum Oil" capsules "THC 90 + THCV" ["THC 80.11 mg + CBD 20.35 mg + THCV 29.09 mg + CBG 2.98 mg" per capsule. Cannabinoids, lipids, fats, and terpenes remain in full spectrum extraction, which "enhances efficacy and is known as the 'entourage' effect." Each package contains 10 capsules. Manufactured in 2020 in Marin County, California.
Also: "MC Farma" brand "Full Spectrum Oil" capsules "THC 60" [" THC 62.86 mg + CBD .38 mg + THCV 2.92 mg +CBN 1.66 mg + CBG 3.63 mg" per capsule.]
Glowing Buddha brand grape flavor cannabis candy, 10 mg THC per piece. Made in Santa Rosa, California. 2020
[It is not uncommon for people to have EXTREMELY negative experiences after they have eaten too much of a product containing cannabis. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!])
(The cannabinoid cannabidiol [CBD], along with the cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], is produced by many marijuana [cannabis] plants. Bottled water containing CBD is currently [2021] being sold over-the-counter ["AN EXTREMELY EXTREME VALUE"] at my local grocery store, where it apparently is frequently purchased by schoolkids. [From the "CBD Living Water" label: "Consult your physician before use if you are pregnant, lactating, have a medical condition or are taking any medication. CANNABIDIOL USE MAY BE HARMFUL. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. These staements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."] Last night I saw an ad for "Harrelson's Own CBD" on national TV: "When Life Gets Crazy...It Just Makes Everything About My Day Better")
("...the dudebros continue to pile into pot. Perhaps their worst public showing was when a bunch of them traversed the convention floor during MJ Bizcon wearing t-shirts that read 'Buy Weed From Rich White Men'. This was supposedly a response to the Buy Weed From Women movement, which has popular t-shirts of its own."
---Dan Mitchell, in his article "Low Times-2022: the year of stunts and desperation", East Bay Express, 12.28. 2022.)
("...marijuana is not legal."
---Ed Rosenthal, interviewed by Paul Kilduff, The Monthly, December 2014.)
("Indeed, positive hits for pathogenic mold are already changing grower operations. 'You smoke ten random samples of cannabis and you've most likely smoked aspergillus [mold],' said Dave, one of the lab's two founders. 'It's in there, often at unacceptable levels. Now it's up to the industry to respond. We also are not in a position where we want to make enemies and piss people off. We want to see it happen in the best way for the movement and the industry to kind of just naturally evolve.'
While the distributed nature of California's cannabis supply network obviously benefits mom-and-pop growers, it doesn't encourage quality assurance. Consequently, Dave and his peers believe that some pot consumers are in danger.
'It's expensive to test every single thing that comes through the door — that's the price you pay with a decentralized supply system,' Dave said. 'But that's what you've got. You've got five pounds coming from here and two from there and one individual. I mean, a dog walks in the grow room, and wags its tail — anything can be coming off that dog's tail. It's gross. Fertilizers with E. coli. Compost teas that they don't make right, anaerobic tea that has elevated levels of E. coli and salmonella...There's no way that this is sustainable. All it takes is one story of immune-compromised people dying from aspergillus infection. The myth that cannabis hasn't killed a single person in 3,000 years is allowed to go on. Well, it's not cannabis that kills people, it's all the shit that's in it.'
[From "The Manhattan Project of Marijuana", David Downs, the East Bay Express, 3.4. 2009.])
(Steep Hill Lab says eighty-five percent of the medical marijuana samples it tests "show traces of mold".
---Peter Hecht, "Pot Lab Fills Need for Oversight", the Sacramento Bee, 4.6. 2010. The owners of Steep Hill Lab in Oakland California [which is NOT a federally-certified laboratory] are extremely in favor of medical marijuana...)
("We find e.coli in hash. We're seeing pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacteria that's found in filth."
---Robert Martin, of the Association of California Cannabis Labs. Martin was quoted by David Downs in the East Bay Express, 4.11. 2012.)
("It's a nasty little secret in the medical marijuana world that many growers spray their plants liberally with pesticides..."
---Robert Gammon, the East Bay Express, 7.28. 2010.)
(In places like Berkeley in 2018, where cannabis production is encouraged, much cannabis waste is generated. Some of the waste is toxic if consumed. Moldy marijuana, marijuana contaminated with chemicals, contaminated hashish, and contaminated cannabis concentrates do not seem to be rare. Some homeless people, alcohol addicts, and methamphetamine addicts find these sometimes poisonous contaminated cannabis products in garbage containers and sell them on the streets...)
("A 2015 study published in The Journal of Toxicological Sciences found that more than 80 percent of the concentrate samples were contaminated by residual solvents."
"In the same 2015 study, pesticides were detected in one-third of the concentrate samples."
---Kathleen Richards, The East Bay Express, 3.21. 2018, in an article about vaping cannabis.)
("...the true danger in untested cannabis comes from the potential pathogens--pseudomonas, aspergillis, and E. coli are routinely found by our laboratory [CW Analytical]."
---David Egerton, in a letter to the editor of the East Bay Express, 7.18. 2012.)
("...Anresco Laboratories conducted tests on all of the cannabis featured at the HempCon Festival held in San Francisco in August 2017. The San Francisco-based laboratory discovered that 80 percent of the cannabis at the festival was contaminated with unhealthy levels of solvents, pesticides, molds, fungus, or various bacteria."
---John Geluardi, East Bay Express, 9.20. 2017.)
(Over the decades, I have seen MANY careless and ignorant people with hands contaminated by perfume, cologne, cosmetics, grease, oils [and a number of other toxic substances] use their fingers to prepare marijuana for smoking. I am dismayed by the amount of marijuana I have had to throw away because of toxic substances that stupid and/or careless people have allowed marijuana to come into contact with!)
("Illegal Vapes are Killing People. Blame the 'Legal Market'"
---title of an article by Dan Mitchell, 9.11. 2019, East Bay Express. This San Francisco bay area newspaper is extremely pro-marijuana.
"Legal cannabis has created a market for manufactured products like vapes and gummies. If not for that legal market, there would likely be far fewer pirates out there making what look like legal vapes--complete with legit-looking packaging--but were actually made half-assedly by random cretins. When it comes to vapes, half-assed production can mean illness and death."
There is a full color ad for the Magnolia dispensary in Oakland on the same page as the article. "Dab Bar and Vape Lounge Open 7 Days 9AM--9PM".)
("People like to make poison. If you don't understand this, you will never understand anything."
---Margaret Atwood, in a short story, quoted by Jia Tolentino in her review of Atwood's 2019 novel THE TESTAMENTS, a sequel to THE HANDMAID'S TALE. The review was in the 9.16. 2019 issue of The New Yorker.)
("Mycobutanil...was found in a product recently recalled by Mettrum Ltd., a Toronto-based medical marijuana company."
Mycobutanil, used to control mildew, is said to emit hydrogen cyanide gas when heated.
"The Mettrum discovery was made recently, when a random screening of the company's products by Health Canada turned up the unauthorized use of pyrethrin, a pesticide...that is also not approved for medical cannabis..."
---Grant Robertson, The Globe and Mail, 3.10. 2017.)
("While I am grateful for access to the pot clubs...I am at a bit of a loss to understand why, given the virtual absence of risk in producing and distributing pot, it is still so expensive."
"What we have...are facilities charging the high end of street prices to people who are already ostensibly facing hardship."
["An ounce for $300 to $400..."]
"...besides basic capitalist greed, why does it still cost so much? Most of the truly disabled and terminally ill are on a fixed income, rendering the cost of pot not at all that compassionate."
--- Quotes from a letter written by Steve Stevens to the editor of the San Francisco Weekly, 1.20. 2010.)
("...in the Wild West of recreational marijuana consumption roamed by pandemic-stressed adults."
---Valeriya Safronova, The New York Times, 5.23. 2021. Article title: "Big Candy Is Angry". Some cannabis companies make drug-infused candy that is packaged to look similar to popular brand-name mainstream candy.)
("Each one-gram of flower is packaged in a wine bottle-shaped tin, topped with a version of Coppola's signature label and an embossed pot leaf. Each tin will retail for $99 and comes with a branded pipe and rolling papers."
---Katie Shapiro, Forbes.com, 11.2. 2018, describing marijuana grown in California's Humboldt County that will be sold by Francis Ford Coppola, who directed the 1972 film The Godfather.)
("According to Rand Corporation estimates...legalized...high-grade pot would cost just $20 per pound to produce. And low-grade weed would cost only $5 per pound."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 10.9. 2013.)
(Since May 2011, four marijuana stores in Richmond, California [near Berkeley and Oakland] "...have paid $486,390 in police fees."
"To some, the situation evokes...the protection racket."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 8.28. 2013)
(Daniel Rush, the former chair of Berkeley's Medical Cannabis Commission, was charged with 15 criminal counts, including extortion, fraud, and money-laundering. He later pleaded guilty to three felony counts.
["...federal authorities charged him for offering special treatment to one of the applicants for Berkeley's fourth dispensary spot."
---Frances Dinkelspiel, Berkeleyside, 6.23. 2017.])
Orden:Passeriformes
Familia:Corvidae
Género:Nucifraga
Nombres comunes: Cascanueces americano,Cascanueces de Clark
Nombre cientifico:Nucifraga columbiana
Nombre ingles: Clark's Nutcracker
Lugar de captura:
Por: Cimarron mayor Panta.
HOY VOY HABLAR DE LA INTELIGENCIA DE ESTA ESPECIE Y SU CAPACIDAD DE SOBREVIVIR A MENOS 45 GRADOS DE TEMPERATURA EN EL FRIO INVIERNO CANADIENSE!!
Así que voy hablar un poco sobre la INTELIGENCIA DE ESTA ESPECIE Y DE COMO LA CONOCI UN DÍA.
Yo enfermé y al parecer haría mi último viaje junto a Mayra( es lo que deduzco yo) en el 2,007 invitados por mi hermana Joalhi a ese lugar de sueños y que mi hermana adora, como son las Rocosas Canadienses desde Montana hasta Jasper.
Para esa epoca yo no tenía cámara ni soñaba tenerla, pero le hacía las fotos sociales a Yosyta con una cámara de bolsillo que ella tenía como extra.
Estando en el lago Peyto al cual subimos a pie y a una altura de 1,880 msnm contemplábamos aquella belleza del lago más perfecto de la rocosas. Mientras yosyta hacía sus paisajes yo miraba buscando alguna avecilla o algo de vida en aquellos pinos! De pronto vi ese pájaro blanco y sabía que era un córvido desde que lo vi pues tenía la actitud de estar escondiendo algo.
Miro hacia mi lado y veo un letrero que dice: No creas Usted que toda esta belleza que estas viendo ahora en verano podrás verla en otros tiempos. Esto no es un panorama my agradable en invierno. No existe lago más que nieve y ahora mismo donde esta pisando tampoco existirá.Si usted viene aqui en invierno llorarás pues no existe criatura viviente capaz de soportar -45 grados de temperatura sin contar el factor viento con el cual puede llegar a menos 60 grados.
Yo seguía mirando al cascanueces de Clark y me dije… ESTE ES EL UNICO CAPAZ DE SOBREVIVIR A ESTA BRUTAL INCLEMENCIA DE INVIERNO MAS DESPIADADO COMO LO ES EL DE CANADA.
Y tenía razón en mi deducción!! Las aves capaces de soportar frío se conocen a leguas.
Ahora bien, para sobrevivir en un clima como ese en invierno hay que ser muy inteligente y tomar muchas medidas de precaución.
La fuente más importante de alimentación de esta especie son los piñones, es decir, las semillas de los pinos, principalmente de las dos especies de clima frío (gran altitud) de pinos blancos (Pinus subgénero Strobus) con grandes semillas Pino de corteza blanca (P. albicaulis) y Pino huyoco (P. flexilis), pero también usa otras especies de gran altitud como el pino de Balfour (P. balfouriana), el pino longevo (P. longaeva) y el pino blanco occidental (P. monticola). Durante sus migraciones a altitudes menores, también usa ampliamente las semillas de pinos piñoneros. La población aislada de Cerro Potosí se asocia estrechamente con un endemismo local, Pinus culminicola. Todos los cascanueces americanos tienen un saco sublingual capaz de guardar alrededor de 90 semillas; el saco acrecienta grandemente la capacidad del pájaro de transportar y almacenar semillas.
PERO AHORA VIENE LO MEJOR. CUAL ES SU CAPACIDAD E INTELIGENCIA PARA ESCONDER TANTAS SEMILLAS DE PINOS???
Confiando casi únicamente en su increíble memoria, el Cascanueces de Clark, también llamado Cascanueces Americano (de la familia Corvidae), es capaz de localizar los lugares exactos, hasta 5.000 pequeños escondrijos en un área alrededor de 20 – 24 Km, en los que ha enterrado más de 30.000 piñones recolectadas durante varias semanas como fuente de alimento de la que dependerá casi exclusivamente, para sobrevivir durante el invierno.
Los escondrijos del Cascanueces quedarán cubiertos de nieve durante el invierno, ocultando muchas de las pequeñas características locales del paisaje, demostrando que el Cascanueces utiliza lo que se conoce como memoria espacial basada en señales y otras características del terreno, para la recuperación de sus escondrijos.
Una forma en la que los Cascanueces pueden solucionar el problema es desarrollando un mapa mental de las señales de su ambiente para usarlas como referencia.
NO SOLO ESCONDEN, TAMBIEN SABEN LO QUE ESCONDIERON EN CADA LUGAR:
No solo recuerdan miles de sitios diferentes, sino que tambien saben que es lo que escondieron en cada lugar y cuando lo hicieron. La zona del cerebro responsable de la memoria espacial es el "Hipocampo" y esta parte del cerebro es de mayor tamaño en los corvidos.
Los córvidos son calculadores, inteligentes y juiciosos, por lo tanto al que lo llamen cuervo en esta vida debe sentirse orgulloso de que lo comparen con el ave más inteligente.
Un gran fin de semana amigo. El mío comienza hoy
Cimarron mayor Panta.
Refer to photo below.
They used to say that the way to a man's heart was through his stomach, but not any more. Apparently it's through his Radial Artery. Many thanks to the staff of Ward 18 - CCU at Doncaster Royal Infirmary and to Chesterman 2 and the Cath Lab at Sheffield Northern General Hospital for the Angioplasty which you performed on Thursday 2nd July, 2015. Brilliant job
Berkeley, California (1991) Nikon FE, 35mm SLR. ("solarized" using ArcSoft PhotoImpression software) (BEST VIEWED LARGE!)
("For the first time, the General Social Survey--a large, national survey conducted every two years and widely considered to represent the gold standard for public opinion research--shows a majority of Americans favoring the legalization of marijuana."
---Christopher Ingraham, the Washington Post, 3.4. 2015.)
(I subscribe to a free official California state website run by the Department of Cannabis Control, which can be found here:
cannabis.ca.gov/resources/cannabis-recalls-and-safety-notices/
I think their testing of cannabis products is far, far too limited, in that there are many toxic and possibly toxic substances that they are not testing for. Still, there is value in receiving their email warnings, because I am not seeing these warnings about specific products being widely posted anywhere by the online media, and I do not see such warnings being publicly posted at cannabis stores. Below is a warning I received today.
"Notification of Mandatory Product Recall
June 25, 2024
The Department of Cannabis Control (DCC) is issuing this consumer advisory for a single CUREpen PREMIUM THC OIL Vape Cartridge product due to the presence of the pesticide chlorfenapyr.
Consumers who purchased this product are urged to check their packaging for the UID and batch number listed below."
The notification also mentions that the recalled product was "Packaged by: Alkhemist DM LLC".)
(The website of the large cannabis dispensary Harborside in Oakland, California has a "Seizure-Safe" setting that "clears flashes and reduces color".)
(In May 2011, "DistantEchoes" commented on reddit dot com that viewing my art "may cause seizures and brain damage.")
("...video games with rapidly changing images or highly regular patterns can produce seizures, and video games have increased in importance as triggers as they have become more common."
---from the Wikipedia page "Photosensitive Epilepsy".)
("...in November 2017, two months before legal sales were to begin...the California Department of Food and Agriculture released rules that shocked the farming community: The state would allow legal pot farms to grow as large as they want."
"Glass House Farms, one of the state’s biggest cultivators, grows cannabis in a 2 million-square-foot greenhouse facility that was financed by a $100 million loan."
---Lester Black, 11.17. 2024, SFGATE.
["Glass House reported its cost of production at $139 per pound. The company also stated that it sold the equivalent of over 90,000 pounds of dried biomass in the second quarter of 2023 at an average price of $340 per pound."
---cannabis benchmarks dot com, 8.22. 2023.]
["...we’re the largest cannabis flower brand in the largest market in the world."
---glass house brands dot com, 11.19. 2024. The site also says that Glass House has a six million square-foot "state of the art greenhouse footprint".]
[On their website, Glass House tells people how to buy stock in Glass House Brands, even providing links to brokers like Charles Schwab.])
"'Criminal records for marijuana use and possession have imposed needless barriers to employment, housing, and educational opportunities,' Biden said in December. 'Too many lives have been upended because of our failed approach to marijuana. It's time that we right these wrongs.'"
---from a 4.30. 2024 CBS News article "Justice Dept will move to reclassify marijuana in a historic shift, sources say". ("Robert Legare and Willie James Inman contributed to this report.") "The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration will move to reclassify marijuana as a less dangerous drug, a historic shift to generations of American drug policy that could have wide ripple effects across the country."
(During the course of my career in non-profit quality control, I smoked marijuana every day for 29 of the past 42 years. I found that it often inspired me.
***Burning plants and then inhaling the smoke very, very obviously seems like an unhealthy thing to do since there are so many, many possibly toxic substances in the smoke!***
[“'On Jan. 1, 2014 in Denver, 1/8 ounce of Bubba Kush was the USA’s first legal sale of this for recreational purposes,' the host said."
"One of the $2,000 challenges on a recent episode was to identify the first part of the name of a 'well-known hallucinogen' that ends 'acid diethylamide.' The contestant said 'lysergic,' as in LSD."
---Kyle Jaeger, 5.12. 2019, marijuanamoment dot net, writing about the mainstream television game show "Jeopardy".]
As of early 2022, there are said to be 779 different strains of marijuana being sold.
My favorite imported kinds of marijuana were Punta Roja Colombian, "Thai sticks", and Mexican from Oaxaca. Some of the Cannabis Sativa grown in Hawaii that I smoked was not only potently psychedelic, but also WONDERFULLY TASTY.
I also enjoyed some of the hashish that came from Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Nepal. The hashoil I smoked that came from Morocco greatly lifted my spirits and provided unique insight. "Bubble Hash" made in Berkeley gave me colorful visions.
I even quaffed Hi-Brew Beer [early 1980s marijuana/alcohol beverage].
To celebrate my 70th birthday I smoked a potent "sativa hybrid" strain of marijuana called "Runtz". [29.1% THC, .05% CBD, 33.8% total cannabinoids. Total terpenes: 1.5%. Top 3 terpenes: caryophyllene, limonene, and myrcene. Packaged 9.6. 2021. Tested by Belcosta Labs. Distributed by a company in North Hollywood, California.]
[In the 1970s I trimmed MANY pounds of marijuana. One of my associates, a taxi driver who claimed that he had “rolled so many joints I don’t have any fingerprints left” was so impressed that he borrowed my scissors and had them plated with gold.]
['Miron had stolen a big pile of wedding invitations... and we would use them to make filters for joints."
---Etgar Keret, translated from the Hebrew by Miriam Shlesinger and Sondra Silverston, in his 2002 collection of short stories THE NIMROD FLIPOUT. When I was arrested in 1985 the police seized a small box of filters from me that I had made by cutting some of my business cards into strips. I called them "jay-spacers" and had labeled the box. In 1986 when I went in front of the parole board, they (not knowing what a "jay-spacer" is) made a big deal out of the filters. "You had almost a hundred jay-spacers!" they said very accusingly...]
["I was able to access memories I didn't even know I had in extreme detail!!"
---Idefe, describing "Peanut Butter Breath", a hybrid strain of marijuana. Leafly dot com, 2019. Idefe gave "Peanut Butter Breath" the highest possible rating. I AGREE!]
[And yet:
In late April 2021, Facebook warned me that when it comes to illegal drugs, on my Facebook page I am NOT allowed to admit "personal use" without acknowledgment of or reference to recovery, treatment, or other assistance to combat usage...]
Surfing on a toke--and when the bowl of the pipe looks like the Grand Canyon, I know I've almost had enough...
[Stoner humor: Photo of a marijuana cigarette. Over the first four-fifths of the marijuana cigarette is written "I love nature so much...what a beautiful day." Over the last fifth is written "The raccoons work for the CIA."]
[Willie Nelson won 10 Grammy awards, and has appeared in 37 movies and TV shows. More than 40 million copies of his more than 100 albums have been sold. He has smoked marijuana for MANY years. Nelson is an outspoken advocate for the drug and has been arrested several times for possession of marijuana. He was arrested in 2006 for possessing marijuana and hallucinogenic mushrooms. His latest song is titled "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die".
---from an Associated Press news report, 4.21. 2012.]
["I smoke two joints in the morning
I smoke two joints at night
I smoke two joints in the afternoon
It makes me feel all right"
"I smoke two joints in time of peace
And two in time of war
I smoke two joints before I smoke two joints
And then I smoke two more"
---Chris Kay and Michael Kay, in their 1983 song "Smoke Two Joints", which was recorded by The Toyes.]
["Things Get Grounded When There's Chemistry"
"Cannabis Connects"
"Life In Color" (over a rainbow of colors)
---from a billboard advertisement for cannabis oil cartridges, edibles, and tinctures made by a company named Chemistry. I saw the billboard, which has a lavender background and depicts two women on a rug smiling at each other, on Telegraph Avenue at 63rd street in Oakland, California in June 2019.]
[The first cannabis label that I remember seeing (printed in black ink on blue paper) was "STONY RIDGE" brand marijuana. It was on a one-pound bag of American-grown product that I obtained from Richard Krech in 1972.]
["One toke over the line sweet Jesus
One toke over the line"
"Waitin' for the train that goes home sweet Mary
Hopin' that the train is on time
Sittin' downtown in a railway station
One toke over the line"
---Mike Brewer and Tom Shipley, in their 1970 song "One Toke Over The Line". Vice President Spiro Agnew did not like the song and called it "subversive". After being investigated on suspicion of conspiracy, bribery, extortion, and tax fraud, Agnew was convicted of felony tax evasion and forced to resign.]
["California's cannabis-growing nuns pray for profits"
---BBC News headline, late October 2022.]
["He said 'drugs make you too pleased with everything.'"
---Sarah Seiter, associate curator of Natural Sciences at the Oakland Museum of California, quoting David Hockney on the connection between drugs and creativity. Seiter was quoted by Paul Kilduff in an interview about a current show, "Altered State: Marijuana in California". The East Bay Monthly, July 2016 issue.
I think I somewhat understand what Hockney said, and I think there is truth in his statement. I also think that I often find great value and much joy in seeing beauty in both the wheat AND the chaff!]
[After many years of refusing to go to marijuana stores, I made my first purchase at one in 2020. (I now must purchase my cannabis at a store since, because of my extreme poverty, it is not [and has never been] possible for me to grow marijuana, and since it is no longer safe for me to continue, as I did for decades, to purchase black market marijuana. I enjoy interacting with the many helpful and kind people working at the local cannabis store. It makes me very happy to see them working there!)]
Here is a list of some of the cannabis products I have used [and a few that I have not used, or do not remember the effects of using] that were obtained from marijuana stores in the San Francisco bay area. [From labels I saved]:
"Jeeter" brand "Mai Tai" [sativa] pre-roll one gram joint of indoor-grown marijuana "infused" with THCA "diamonds" and kief. "MFG/PKG date: June 23RD, 2023" "Total THC: 42.5%, delta-9 THC: 1.69%, THCA: 46.5%"
["...a class action lawsuit against DreamFields Inc., and Med for America Inc., on behalf of California consumers who purchased cannabis products with inaccurate THC content labels.
The lawsuit alleges that defendants, who make, sell, and market 'Jeeter' brand cannabis products, overcharged consumers by illegally selling products whose THC content was substantially lower than the amounts listed on the label."
---from a October 2022 press release.]
Blueberry
Tsunami
Outdoor Rom
Trainwreck
Orange Hill Special
Red Widow
Smoothelove
Dutch Passionkush
Northern Green
Spice
Nor Kali Black Spice
Sensi Star
Organic Main Wreck
Sour Diesel ["22.73% THC" (2019)]
Sour Diesel [26.22% THC, .8% CBD, 27.72% total cannabinoids (2021)]
Ice Ice
Fruity Bliss
Organic Remedy
NYC Diesel
S1-5
Organic Super Silver Haze
Morning Star
Sun Grown Purple OG
Jedi
Sweet Nightmare
Kosher Strawberries
Dirty Little Pig
Durbin Poison
Oracle
Space Cowboy
Bubble Haze
White Widow
Mountain Kick
Snow White
Sun Grown Diesel
Yumbolt
Co-op
Organic Flo
Candyland
Silvercratic
Sun Grown Chocolope
Pineapple Kush
Goo-5
Nor Kali Kaui Kola
Dynomite
Nor Kali Buddha's Haze
Old Grand Huck
Grape Ape
Sour Diesel Lemon
Buddha's Sister
Super Jack
Organic Rom Thai
Third Eye
Pink Champagne
World Wide Widow
Afgootiva
Greased Lightning
Outdoor Organic Humboldt
Herijuana
Cherry Pie
Peak 19
Organic Mazar
Outdoor Train Crossing
Organic Shaman
Super Star
Rhino
Burmese
Double Dream
Jelly
Caramel
Kahuna
Shiva's Tears
Organic A-10
Purple Burmese
Lemon Skunk x Royal Orange
Mendo Blendo
The Sativa
Organic Hawaiian Snow
Purple Kush Domina
Organic Ultra Skunk
Sage 'n' Sour
Outdoor Organic Kam
Tree-W
Da Kind
Jack Frost
Pot O' Gold
Shiva Afghani
Gorilla's Mist
Strawberry Cough
Sativa 2
Organic Jane
Organic Purple Way
Outdoor Organic Bonkers
Organic Purps
Outdoor Organic Goo
Juicy Fruit
Mind Eraser
Pearly Baker
Lavender Goo
Titan OG
White Russian
Sonoma Coma
Organic Sticky Nurple
MK Ultra
Outdoor Organic Trainwreck x White Widow
Organic Sweetleaf
Organic Purple Ice
Jack Herer
Zlushie Kush
God's Gift
Outdoor Organic Purple Mendo
Organic Ogre
Organic Trance
William's Wonder x Northern Lights
Blue Ogre
Organic Lamb's Bread
Champagne
Black Bunanna
Super Chunk
Organic Rom Cross
Sun Grown Goji Jack
Rom Hottie
Organic Slider
Animal Cookies
Sunshine Grown Green Dragon
El Bueno
Jakki
Organic Time Warp
Durban Dream
Organic Mist
Cookie Pie
Mantanuska TF
Pineapple Trainwreck
Organic Mantanuska Mist
Organic Mothership
Traincrash
Swazi Haze
Grape Pop
Golden Goo
Organic Trance
Jack'l Berry
Outdoor Mysty
Purple Peak 19
AK-47
Sage
Motor City
Purple Erkel
Crazy Hazy
Bright Star
Green Crack
Power Plant
Organic Cindy 99
Skunk #2
Organic Bonana
Outdoor Organic Hash Plant
Baby Blues
Cat Piss
Mr. Nice (G 13 x Hash Plant)
Girl Scout Cookie
Outdoor Organic Blue Dot
Sour Daze
Thin Mint
Grand Daddy Purple
Spicy Jack
Outdoor Organic Pure Rezin
Old Mother Sativa
Master Yoda Kush
Mountain Girl
Green Ribbon
Ice Cream Cake #5
Super Wreck
Sapphire Star
Grenadine
Bombshell
Also Known As
Pea Soup
Razzlez
Pirate's Kush
Purple Tangie
Leda Una
Cloud Berry
Northern Lights x Big Bud
All Star Organic Oaktown Wreck
Animal Punch
805 Glue
Sunset Sherbet
Forbidden Fruit
Cookie Monster
Blue Dream [Blueberry x Santa Cruz Haze] [26.64% THC, .1% CBD] ["AlphaPinene: 0.51%, BetaCaryophyllene: 0.25%, BetaMyrcene: 0.95%, BetaPinene: 0.23%, Bisabolol: 0.03%, CBC: 0.06%, CBD: 1.08mg/g, CBDa: 1.23mg/g, CBG: 0.07%, CBGA: 0.26%, CBN: 0.02%, Humulene: 0.1%, Limonene: 0.1%, Linalool: 0.06%, THC: 266.45mg/g, THC9: 19.57mg/g, THCA: 281.51mg/g" (Information posted by the Harborside cannabis store in San Leandro, California on 10.23. 2024 about "Dime Bag" brand Blue Dream marijuana flowers.)]
Berry Haze [26.8% THC, .1% CBD, 28.51% total cannabinoids] ["AlphaPinene: 0.03%, BetaCaryophyllene: 0.49%, BetaMyrcene: 0.05%, BetaPinene: 0.06, CBD: 1.02mg/g , CBDa: 1.17mg/g, CBG: 0.06%, CBGA: 1.31%, CBN: 0.02%, Humulene: 0.16%, Limonene: 0.35%, Linalool: 0.1%, THC: 267.97mg/g, THC9: 5.87mg/g, THCA: 298.85mg/g" (Information posted by the Harborside cannabis store in San Leandro, California on 10.23. 2024 about "Dime Bag" brand Berry Haze marijuana flowers.)]
Jelly Cake [27.4% THC, .14% CBD]
Cherry Popperz [28.85% THC]
Blue Face [Face Off OG x Animal Mints (Blue Pheno)] [32.90% THC, .05% CBD]
Orange Tree [27.08% THC, .06% CBD, 28.84% total cannabinoids]
Bubblegum Runtz [32.5% THC]
Starberry Cough [21.51% THC, 21.62% total cannabinoids]
Apple Fritter [37.1% THC]
Girl Scout Cookies [36.58% THC]
Organic Purple Haze
Purple Haze [34.5% THC, .043% CBD, 35.2% total cannabinoids]
Z x Georgia Pie [27.8% THC, 29.1% total cannabinoids]
Space Lollipops [31.42% THC, .12% CBD, 32.1% total cannabinoids]
Snow Runtz [37.34% THC]
Sour Tangie [25.05% THC, 25.29% total cannabinoids]
Rainbow Smacks [indoor shake] [23.37% THC, .01% CBD, 34.64% total cannabinoids (15.4% delta-9 THC)]
Platinum Gelato [18.17% THC, .07% CBD]
Blueberry Space Cake [31.98% THC, 33.6% total cannabinoids] [Said to be a 90% indica-10% sativa hybrid. Packaged on 8.31. 2023.]
[I am thinking of legally changing my name to Blueberry Space Cake...]
Gooberry [30.43% THC, .1% CBD, 31.75% total cannabinoids]
Lemonwreck [34% THC]
Balance [31% THC]
Chill [34% THC]
Platinum Scout [26.90% THC, .07% CBD, 27.60% total cannabinoids]
Cadillac Cookies [38.79% THC, 39.11% total cannabinoids] [infused with THCA "diamonds"] [With the image of an American flag:"Veteran owned and operated since 2017."]
Woah-Si-Woah [41.7% THC, 42.07% total cannabinoids] [infused with THCA "diamonds"]
Grapes N Cream [27.05% THC, .05% CBD]
Space Mamba [32.14% THC, .14% CBD, 32.71% total cannabinoids]
Blue Horchata Mintz [30.44% THC, .08% CBD, 35.78% total cannabinoids]
Triangle Cookies [19.49% THC, .07% CBD (21.22% total cannabinoids: 14.93% THCA, 6.40% delta-9 THC) (1.32% terpenes, including .69% b-caryophyllene and .21% humulene)]
GMO Fuel [Girl Scout Cookies x Chemdawg] [33.1 % THC, .06% CBD, 35.4% total cannabinoids] [A mostly indica strain that has a strong taste and smell reminding some people of things like "garlic, mushrooms, and onions" aka "GMO". (NOT genetically-modified, at least not in the conventional meaning of the term...)] I smoked GMO Fuel to celebrate becoming 72 years old in 2023.
Obama Runtz [30.61% THC, .09% CBD, 31.02% total cannabinoids]
Headband [OG Kush x Sour Diesel] [37% THC]
Jetfuel [31% THC]
GMO [28.7% THC]
Rainbow Belts [Moonbow x Zkittlez] [32% THC}
Wet Dream [Blue Dream x Ocean Beach Haze] [28.65% THC, 28.94% total cannabinoids]
Animal Mints [Thin Mint GSC x Fire OG] [25.03% THC, .03% CBD, 26.62% total cannabinoids]
Mixed Berry Runtz [30.6% THC, .07% CBD, 32.7% total cannabinoids]
Gello [21.4% THC, .04% CBD, 22.15% total cannabinoids] ["Indoor Sugar-Trim"]
Bernie Hana Butter [24.65% THC]
Prism [25.17% THC, 30.06% total cannabinoids]
Delirium [29% THC, 35% total cannabinoids]
Pave [29.9% THC, 30.9% total cannabinoids]
Astro Funk [21.2% THC] [Pre-ground indoor-grown flower shake] [Limited amounts of this surprisingly potent marijuana were being legally sold in California cannabis stores in May 2023 for fifty cents per gram as marijuana "extender"...]
Lemonchello Gelato [33.205% THC] ["Main Terpenes: limonene, caryophyllene, humulene"] A FAVORTE!
Gush Mints [27.32% THC]
Gush Mints [18.6% THC] ["indoor sugar-trim"]
OG Legend Littles [23.11% THC, .06% CBD]
Cherry Chem [21.16% THC, .04% CBD]
Dosilato [27.32% THC]
Cereal Milk [24.5% THC]
Fuji Ice [Apple Fritter x Ice Bx2] [31.44% THC]
White Cherry Gelato [25.07% THC]
Peanut Butter Gelato [Do-Si-Dos x Mendo Breath] [28% THC]
Toffee [26.6% THC]
Maui Cheesecake [24% THC]
Wedding Cake "Sugar Shake" [30.31% THC]
Kush Mints "Sugar Shake" [24.32% THC, 26.46% total cannabinoids]
Apple Sauce [33.84% THC, 37.91% total cannabinoids]
Early Bird [34.71% THC, 38.16% total cannabinoids]
Purple Cake Batter [25.82% THC, .06% CBD, 31.21% total cannabinoids]
True OG [26.4% THC, 27.2% total cannabinoids]
Magic City Mango [Platinum Cookies x GDP x Blue Power x Gelatti] [26.4% THC, .07% CBD, 31.3% total cannabinoids]
Cookie Dawg [26.89% THC, .07% CBD, 31.79% total cannabinoids]
Lemon Jack [25.86% THC, .06% CBD, 30.90% total cannabinoids]
Hawaiian Haze [25.56% THC, .07% CBD, 30.65% total cannabinoids]
Marshmallow OG [24.99% THC (22.49% THCA, 5.25% THCD9), 1.06% CBD, 29.16% total cannabinoids, 4.6% terpenes (1.72% Limonene, .82% B-Caryophyllene, .47% Myrcene, .35% B-Pinene, .30% Linalool, .25% a-Humulene, .24% a-Pinene, .23% Nerolidol) (indoor-grown)]
GMO Crasher [Wedding Crasher x GMO] [24.7% THC, .062% CBD, 26.46% total cannabinoids]
Black Diamond [28.26% THC, .08% CBD, 34.51% total cannabinoids]
Bubba Berry [36.57% THC, .11% CBD, 44.47% total cannabinoids]
Cookies and Cream [26.6% THC, .08% CBD, 32.7% "total active cannabinoids"]
Blue Cookies [38.25% THC, .15% CBD, 46.77% total cannabinoids]
Snowcap [38.96% THC, 41.35% total cannabinoids] [Packaged in May 2022 with an image of people dancing and the words "a Party in every Bag!"]
Hawaiian Dream [26.71% THC, .8% CBD, 31.97% total cannabinoids]
Cookies Kush [27.66% THC, .08% CBD, 32.72% total cannabinoids]
White Kush [26.06% THC, .07% CBD, 34.60% total cannabinoids]
Papaya Punch [28.10% THC, .07% CBD, 33.02% total cannabinoids]
Royal Kush [24.47% THC, .07% CBD, 29.31% total cannabinoids]
Platinum Cake [31.63% THC, .11% CBD, 38.23% total cannabinoids]
Gorilla Breath [22.33% THC, .16% CBD, 23.56% total cannabinoids]
French Cookies [Girl Scout Cookie x Chemdawg] [21.44% THC, .06% CBD, 26% total cannabinoids]
Bubba Hash [34.32% THC, .16% cbd, 35.68% total cannabinoids]
Dank You [26.57% THC, .06% CBD, 31.86% total cannabinoids]
Sugar Plum [27.87% THC, .23% CBD, 28.64% total cannabinoids]
Mazar Kush [36.86% THC, .16% CBD, 38.25% total cannabinoids]
Blackberry Hashplant [26.09% THC, .06% CBD, 31.19% total cannabinoids]
Kali Mist [26.24% THC, .08% CBD, 31.47% total cannabinoids]
Gumball No. 3 [29.73% THC, 35.73% total cannabinoids]
Gumball No. 4 [27.93% THC, 28.31% total cannabinoids]
Wedding Pie [28.13% THC, 32.72% total cannabinoids]
E85 [Jetfuel OG x Biscotti] [32.99% THC, 2.11% CBD, 2.56% terpenes, 35.1% total cannabinoids]
Super Lemon Cherry [31.4% THC, 36.6% total cannabinoids, 2.3% terpenes "white ash, no black ash, all organic, 14-day flush, slow cure"] Sour Jack [24.24% THC, .2% CBD, 25.23% total cannabinoids]
Sweet Diesel [34.3% THC, .06% CBD, 34.41% total cannabinoids]
Banana Dream [25.2% THC, .09% CBD, 30.5% total cannabinoids]
Banana Bread [Banana OG x Maui Bread] [34.98% THC, 42.2% total cannabinoids]
Kush Mountains [30.2% THC, .07% CBD, 35.19% total cannabinoids]
Hindu Kush [24.1% THC, .04% CBD, 28.79% active cannabinoids]
Hindu Kush [24.99% THC, .07% CBD, 29.92% total cannabinoids]
Biscotti Cookies [22% THC]
LA Pop Rocks [27% THC, 31% total cannabinoids]
OCC [17.87% THC, 20.38% total cannabinoids]
Sundae Driver [24% THC]
Flow White [22.14% THC, 0.056% CBD]
Slurricane [22.57% THC, 0.065% CBD]
Super Silver Haze [24% THC, 0.07% CBD, 1.30% total terpenes]
Super Silver Haze [27.87% THC, .16% CBD, 29.98% total cannabinoids]
Space Cakes [31.96% THC]
Gorilla Goo [23.24% THC]
King Louis [20.82% THC, 25.77% total cannabinoids]
Turquoise Jeep [23.6% THC]
OG Kush [22.0% THC]
Kush Mint Cookies [31.36% THC]
Willie's Kush [23.97% THC]
Chem Reserve [38.56% THC]
Petrol Kush [20.73% THC]
Mimosa [24.8% THC, .1% CBD]
Mimosa [27.05% THC, .14% CBD, 27.99% total cannabinoids]
Mimosa [28.49% THC, 0% CBD]
Clout Cake [26.14% THC, .06% CBD] ["Friends Don't Let Friends Smoke Mids"]
Cali Cherry Pie [20.60% THC, .08% CBD]
PR OG [16.51% THC]
Meat Breath [21.26% THC, 26.56% total cannabinoids]
Orange Cookies [19.90% THC]
White Fire [29.1% THC, .07% CBD, 34.5% total cannabinoids]
Motorbreath [15.42% THC]
805 Sour [20.72% THC]
Cherry Dosido [Cherry Cheesecake x Dosido] [29.98% THC]
Cherry Do-Si-Do [24% THC]
Super Chem [Sour 2.0 x Chem] [21.28% THC, 26.17% total cannabinoids]
Orange [20.08% THC]
Malawi Dream [20.4% THC, .19% CBD]
Purple Cake [18.34% THC]
Strawberry Banana [20.59% THC, .19% CBD]]
Peanut Butter Breath [18.18% THC]
Peanut Butter Breath [27.7% THC, .05% CBD, 32.8% total cannabinoids]
Alien OG [20.18% THC]
Garanimal Cookies [20.64% THC, .03% CBD]
Dark Karma [Dutch Treat x Strange Love] [25.71% THC, .04% CBD]
China White [26.42% THC]
Gushers [20.65% THC]
Gushers [36.08% THC]
Los Angeles Kush [23.05% THC]
Triple Scoop Gelato [27.7% THC]
Purple Punch [26.44% THC]
Trifi Cookies [21.99% THC]
Rollins [24.36% THC]
Wedding Chemz [24.2% THC] [from a cannabis company founded by Grateful Dead percussionist Mickey Hart]
Han Solo Burger [GMO Cookies x Larry F8] [More than 30% THC]
Cereal Milk [29% THC, 31.12% total cannabinoids] [A hybrid strain that is distributed in glass jars with VIVIDLY colorful reflective metallic labels containing 28 pre-rolled filter-tipped marijuana cigarettes. Each marijuana cigarette contains .5 gram "greenhouse hydroponic" cannabis.
One of the warnings on the label:
"Smoking cannabis increases your cancer risk and during pregnancy exposes your child to delta-9-THC and other chemicals that can affect your child's birth weight, behavior, and learning ability."]
Ice Cream Cake [22.2% THC] ["Honest Flower" brand "Indica" from Eden Enterprises. "Flower You Can Trust" 3.5 grams in a small child-resistant plastic container from Calyx Containers. "Made in USA"]
Humboldt OG ["17.76% THC" hybrid pre-roll. Cultivator: "Grouse Mountain Green" in Humboldt County, California. Distributor: "Emerald Family Farms" 2019]
Ghost OG ["22.49% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." pre-roll]
Wedding Cuvee ["21.60% THC .05% CBD" hybrid "Manufactured and distributed by Flora California" from "Sessions Supply Co." "Time For Blast Off" (On package containing 3.5 grams) 2019]
Jungle Glue ["Krush Kingz" pre-roll by "Berkeley Pharmz" 2019]
Orange Mango ["19.8% THC" "Distributed by Black Oak Gallery" 2019]
Ziablo [Grown by IC Collective.] [2019] [The jars containing 3.5 grams feature one of my favorite labels, a very colorful skeleton-skull!]
Now and Laters ["20.51% THC" "Sativa" Grown in Shasta County, California, and distributed by Ember Valley, 2019.]
Ghost Mints ["23.31% THC, 0.9% CBD". "...may be habit forming." "This product may be unlawful outside of Washington State." from "Green Fire Production, Inc."]
Extreme Jack [16.49% THC "even hybrid" "greenhouse-grown" "Warning: This product can expose you to chemicals including arsenic, which is known to the state of California to cause cancer. For more information, go to www.p65warnings.ca.gov" from Foxworthy Farms, 2019.]
Blackout ["Inspire featuring limonene 7.84% THC, 8.05% CBD. From Abatin Farms, 2018]
Cherry Vortex [Sativa-dominant."17.46% THC". From Headwaters. Source: UPI Supply Systems, Inc. Origin: Carpenteria, CA. Packaged 12. 14. 2018. Expiration date: 12. 13. 2019. "WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive harm."]
Wedding Cake ["14.36% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt Growers". 2019] [Also: from Marley Natural, "grown in Trinity County, California." "16.3% THC" 2019] [Also: "from Sublime, in Oakland, California." "Fuzzies" brand pre-roll, "infused with cannabis concentrate, kief, and terpenes" "25% THC and 1% CBD" 2019] [Also: from Pacific Stone in Santa Barbara, California 2019]
Blueberry Muffin ["15.94% THC" pre-roll from "Humboldt County Indoor". Harvested 12.1. 2018]
Unicorn Tears [indoor Sativa"blend"] "22.8% THC", 1 gram pre-roll from Sunset Connect in San Francisco, 2024.
Raspberry Diesel ["18.2% THC", grown by "Fleur d'elite"]
Banjo [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Banjo [2 gram bottle from "Coastal Sun Farm". Package date: 8.28. 2019. "26% THC. 30.9% total cannabinoids". "Consciously Grown." "Healthy Plants Heal Humans".]
Banjo ["16.49% THC "sativa" from Pacific Stone in Santa Barbara, California.
Wifi43 [pre-roll from State Flower Cannabis Company, San Francisco 2019 "19.63% THC"]
Dolato [hybrid pre-roll from "Just Chief"]
Miss U.S.A. [1 gram all flower Indica pre-roll from Lowell Smokes. 18% THC. In a glass tube. "Test: Cannasafe 01. 19. 19"]
Royal Blend ["Krush Kings" brand pre-roll from "Industry Standard Group, Inc." 18.74% THC "hybrid-indica" "Your Royal Highness"]
San Fernando Valley OG ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram."]
Shark Shock ["The Weed Brand pre-roll. 1 gram." "grown by Caliber." "Harvested 4.20. 2019." "19.5% total cannabinoids"]
Gelato 45 [The Weed Brand preroll. Harvest date: 7.23. 2018. Packed: 9.24. 2018. "Best Buy": 7.23. 2019. 16.9% THC. 0.26% CBD.]
Banana Bubble [1 gram pre-roll. 160 mg THC. Manufactured by Marigold. Packaged in Santa Rosa, California. 9.28. 2018. "Cultivation with a conscience"]
Fire OG [1 gram pre-roll. 29.23% THC. "infused with oil and kief". From Jeeter.] Pure Kush [Indica. pre-roll. 133 mg THC. "Harvested 7.6. 2018. Best by 10.3. 2019."]
Grizzly Bones [Hybrid. 1 gram pre-roll. Indoor-grown. 155 mg THC. "Grown by Grizzly Peak Farms."]
"Lifted" brand .7 gm "House Cone Fortified with Hash Oil"]
"Cookies" brand "Triple Scoop Infused Blunt" [1 gram flower, .25 gram BADDER, and .25 gram THCA] [hemp wrap and glass tip.]
Super Silver Haze [infused pre-roll] [29.26% THC]
Chocolate Hashberry [Grown in downtown Los Angeles. "Manufactured by Purple Heart Compassionate, Inc."]
Orange Citron ["19.19% THC, 0.02% CBD" "Packaged 4.24. 2019" from "Molecular Farms" in California.]
El Fuego [from "Molecular Farms"]
Key Lime Pie ["Humboldt Farms" "Premium Flower-Hybrid" "15.2% THC, 0.00% CBD" "Harvested on July 2018, Packaged on July 2018" "One-Eighth Ounce" in a clear glass jar with a stopper made of wood. The label has a 1" x 2" colorful detailed image of tall trees and small flowers and a small white Volkswagen van. Printed with metallic ink. After smoking some Key Lime Pie I decided that, in my opinion, this extremely appealing image is the best illustration I have seen on a cannabis label.]
Taffie [This medical cannabis strain is sold in cork-lined light-proof well-labeled tins, each containing 5 joints. The tins come sealed in a bag that contains a Boveda 2-way humidity control packet. This product is distributed by Humboldt Legends, and is labeled Steelhead Sativa. Organically grown in sunlight and harvested by hand. The label has the name (and a copy of the handwritten signature) of the person who grew the marijuana (Scott Davies). Also the batch number and the percentages of THC (19.5%) and CBD (0.0%). The label on the back of the tin states that the group of cultivators who call themselves "Humboldt Legends" have been growing marijuana for "forty years". A warning note states that marijuana is a “Schedule 1 controlled substance”. And that “Smoking this product will expose you and those in your immediate vicinity to marijuana smoke...known to the State of California to cause cancer.” “Keep out of reach of children and animals.” "This product may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery." Obtained in the San Francisco bay area, 2017. (After I smoked some of this marijuana in a dark room, I closed my eyes and saw beautiful hallucinations that were extremely complex, with uniquely vivid colors. When I opened my eyes I had a VERY strong urge to write poetry.)]
Juicee Fruit ["bud-only pre-roll. 1 gram. Cultivated 7.28.18. Packaged 7.16.18. Batch ID 6-15-18-JF.] THC 21.14%. 211.4 mg/serving. 0mg CBD/serving V.H.H.C. Juicy Fruit $9.99+Tax" Seven Leaves brand, packaged in black plastic child-proof tube]
"Top Shelf Rainbow Diesel Minis [Sativa]" [small joints]
"Top Shelf Hell OG Minis [Indica]" [small joints]
"Maui Wowie" [infused flowers] 25.20% Delta-9 THC, 41.75% total cannabinoids [from Baby Jeeter]
"Blue Poison" indoor-grown ground Sativa flower infused with solventless cannabis oil [45.1% THC, 47.8% total cannabinoids]
"Pineapple Express" hybrid indoor cannabis-infused 51.17% THC prerolls, live resin-infused, kief-coated, and terp-enhanced. Five prerolls in a glass jar from Stiiizy. Each pre-roll weighs .5 gram.
"Mericanna" hybrid [small joint] "16.79% THC" [2018]
"Pacific Remedy Shatter joint, hand-rolled in California" "Blue Russian flower, Kosher Kush, BHO Snake" "Indica-dominant" [2017]
"Heshies" brand pre-rolls "Selfies" [small joints] [2019]
"Sour Diesel X Sherbet" [Hybrid pre-roll. 19.97% THC.] [2019] [From Pacific Sunset.]
"Sublime King Fuzzies", pre-roll terpene-enhanced "top shelf bud, CO2 wax/kief", "Indica OG Kush" "THC 253 mg". [2017]
"Watermelon" ["Fuzzies" infused pre-roll, 54.72% THC]
"Trix Bubble" [concentrate]
"Fire Walker" [Raw Garden brand .5 gram pre-roll infused with "Crushed Diamonds" from fresh frozen whole flower. 42.4%
cannabinoids]
ZAZA flower pre-rolls [65% THC, .84% CBD "infused with dual refined distillate, rolled in golden kief"]
"Shiva Crystals" [hashish]
"Pineapple Fruz" [52.56% THC] "Diamond-infused select flowers" in a glass jar containing 2.5 grams of flowers, plus one gram "diamond". [Pineapple Fruz flowers are totally covered with THC "diamond" that looks like dense confectioner's powdered sugar.]
Bombed Buzz [36.46% THC, 36.30% total cannabinoids] ["ingredients: cannabis flwers, THCa, terpene blend"] The packaging features a colorful and vivid cartoon of a bee wearing aviator goggles, smoking a joint while kicked-back on a red bomb falling through the clouds, with these words: "Our mission is to achieve federal legalization for veterans. Your purchase helps fund our lobbying efforts to pressure Congress and the White House to make it happen ASAP. Thank YOU for YOUR support. Let's Roll!" [From the "American Weed Company"]
"Biscotti" [Indica] [Half gram THC pods, for vaping.] [88.24% THC.] [2019] [From STIIIZY. Made by Ironworks Collective.]
"Juicy Melon" [Half gram pods, for vaping.] [41.05% THC, 1:1 CBD] [2020] [From STIIIZY] "This product can expose you to chemicals including Beta-myrcene, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
"Sky Diver" ["Refined raw resin. 84.68% THC .29% CBD" ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" "100% fresh frozen whole flower terpenes and cannabis oil" 2019]
Jack Herer brand 1 ml cannabis oil cartridge 83.98% THC, .16% CBD, 89.49% total cannabinoids
"Yogi Berries"["Refined raw resin. 81.99% THC."] ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Skydoggie" ["Refined raw resin. 83.33% THC 0.2% CBD"] ["Indica" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Chemberry" ["Refined raw resin. 81.65% THC .35% CBD"] ["Indica" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Chem Walker" ["Refined raw resin. 81.82% THC" ["Indica hybrid" cartridge made by "Raw Garden" 2019]
"Lemon Haze" [Distilled CO2 extract.] ["90.63% THC 1.64% CBD".] [Made by "Clear Day". 2019]
"Mendo Breath" [CO2- extracted cannabis oil. 78.2% THC.] [From by Marley Natural.] [2019]
"Mango Kush" [Cannabinoid extract plus terpene blend cartridge] [2019] [Made by "Pure Extracts".]
"Select" brand "Mimosa" "cannabis oil vape cartridge" [125 doses per cartridge] 3.5 mg THC per dose. [from the "Select" brand label: "Curating the Science of Feeling" [2018]
Cali Gold H20 [extracted cannabis resin]
"Emerald Dream" ["Single Origin"] [Trinity County, CA] [58% THC] cannabis oil extracted with CO2 [cartridge for use with "Highlighter" vapor pen]
Garlic Cookies [Raw Zen solvent-less cannabis extract. 72.45% THC. One gram in a small glass jar.] [2019]
"Chemdawg" ["terpene rich distillate" by Bakked. 81% THC. 1.14% CBD.]
"XJ-13" [distillate. 88.08% THC. ]
"Granddaddy Purple" ["Flavored Cannabis Extract" cartridge, for vaping, by "Naked Extracts"] ["Indica] ["Ingredients: Cannabis Extract, Non-Cannabis Terpene Blend, Natural Flavors"] [2019]
"Granddaddy Purple" "cured resin" [79.6% THC, 82.1% total cannabinoids]
"Green Crack" [distillate. 88.13% THC.]
[Concentrates:
Banana Kush 95.25% THC
Banana OG 79% THC
Skywalker OG 91.62% THC
Alien OG 87.76% THC
Sour Cookies 89.53% THC
King Louis XIII 85.85% THC
King Louis XIII 90.76% THC
King Louis XIII 92.28% THC
Blue Valley 77.54% THC, .23% CBD
Acapulco Gold 87% THC, .18% CBD, 92% total active cannabinoids
Lemon Tree 90% THC
OG Kush 91.68% THC
Purple Punch 91.7% THC
Super Silver Haze 79.46% THC [live resin]
Electric Blue 78.69% THC [live resin]
Dutch Treat Haze 84% THC, .20% CBD
Blackberry Kush 82.4% THC
SFV OG (San Fernando Valley OG) 78% THC
Crunch Berries Crumble 88.96% THC, 89.09% total cannabinoids
Apple Jack 88% THC
Strawberry Shortcake 91% THC
Dream Queen 87% THC
Star Chaser 89.42% THC
Berry Blast 88.13% THC
Jack Herer 90.83% THC
Blackberry Diesel 91.1% THC
Beach Party 2 83.07% THC
God's Gift 90.8% THC
Mango Dream 86% THC
Strawnana 92.25% THC
Stawberry Shortcake 91% THC
Melonade 91% THC
Incredible Hulk [Green Crack x Jack Herer] 88.93% THC
Strawberry Cough 85.47% THC
Mendo Clouds 83.77% THC
Golden Kiwi 82.84% THC
Do-Si-Dos 91.35% THC
Cookies 84% THC
Blue Beary 83.91% THC
Birthday Cake 83.15% THC
Birthday Cake 87.72% THC
Watermelon Z 71.45% THC
Watermelon OG 91% THC
Cannis Major x Milky Way 65.6% THC, 67.9% total cannabinoids
Double Platinum Cookies 73.27% THC
Gorilla Cookies 77.65% THC
Orange Cookies #12 83.89% THC
Yoda OG 90.43% THC
Blueberry Cookies 85.0% THC
Grapefruit Romulan 92.2% THC
Limeade 83.20% THC
Premium Jack 90.5% THC
Dosi Lemonade 81.62% THC
White Fire 93% THC
Fruity Pebble OG 92.0% THC
Slurmberry 82.71% THC
Pineapple Express 92.82% THC
Georgia Peach 90.63% THC, .23% CBD
"Raw Garden" brand "Forbidden Fruit" "liquified diamonds and botanical terpenes" [87.98% THC, 92.81 total cannabinoids] ***Ocean Beach .5 gram "dry flower" vape cartridge from Cookies (November 2021): 35.3% delta-9 THC, 59.3% total THC, THCA 27.3%. Total terpenes: 7.53%, 1.8% Limonene, 1.08% Linalool, 1.54% Betacaryophyllene***
"hybrid cannabis" from Space Monkey Meds.
Chemdawg + Gelato "Sativa cannabis flowers" distributed in 2019 by "Papa's Herb", 3.5 grams in a lightproof ziplock bag.
"Green Crack" cannabis flowers bought at High Fidelity, a marijuana store next to Amoeba Music on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, several blocks from the University of California campus. "Grown by: Blue Nose. Harvested: 10.18. 2018. THC: 16.42%." High Fidelity motto: "Your supreme source for herbal inspiration and higher education."
(After smoking this marijuana, I ate a bag of HIPPEAS brand Bohemian Barbecue Flavor organic chickpea puffs. "Store in a dry and, like, totally cool place.")
("UC Berkeley synthetic biologists have engineered brewer's yeast to produce marijuana's main ingredients--mind-altering THC and non-psychoactive CBD--as well as novel cannabinoids not found in the plant itself. Feeding only on sugar, the yeast are an easy and cheap way to produce pure cannabinoids that today are costly to extract from the buds of the marijuana plant..."
---Robert Sanders, "Yeast Produce Low-Cost High-Quality Cannabinoids", news.berkeley.edu, 2.27. 2019).
"THC-Indica" transdermal patch 18.4 mg THC per patch. By Mary's Medicinals. [Made: 2.4. 2019. Expires: 2.4. 2021.] I have also tried the CBD version.
"Releaf Patch" Transdermal patch by Papa & Barkley. "18.56 mg THC plus 18.61 mg CBD" Mfg. date: 7.15. 2019 Best by date: 8.5. 2020
Oh, Yes! [cannabis extract + aloe vera] [for vaginal use] [from Quim]
[A few times I have gone for months without smoking marijuana, and then smoked a potent joint. On more than one such occasion I have experienced intense fearful disorientation, acute paranoia, and horrible physical distress including nausea and a sudden loss of consciousness. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!]
I have eaten a variety of cannabis preparations sold at marijuana stores in Berkeley, including:
"Emerald Bay Extracts" ["a women owned company"] brand 25 mg THC tablets. [Each of these tablets is said to contain 25 mg of THC from RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a very potent strain of Cannabis Indica called "Afgoo". (The strain is so-named because it is very resinous and is genetically related to marijuana from Afghanistan.) RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil is named for a Canadian, Rick Simpson, who claimed in 2003 that "full spectrum" marijuana oil can cure a variety of ailments. RSO is VERY easily made by soaking dried and cured marijuana flowers in ethyl alcohol, then filtering out the flowers by pouring the alcohol/marijuana oil mixture through a coffee filter, then removing the alcohol from the alcohol/marijuana oil mixture by heating, leaving the "full spectrum" marijuana oil in the bottom of the container.
"Full spectrum" marijuana oil can be made from any strain of marijuana. I first made "full spectrum" marijuana oil more than 51 years ago. Over the decades I made and smoked quite a bit of it. I remain convinced that "full spectrum" marijuana oil made using pure food-grade ethyl alcohol as a solvent yields a product that gets me higher when I smoke it than any other marijuana oil I have tried that was made by any other method.
I never ate any of the "full spectrum" marijuana oil I made because I thought it was too difficult to accurately measure the dosage.
I find these easily dividable tablets to be EXTREMELY potent.
["Emerald Bay Extracts" also produces 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a very potent and, to me, very mind-active strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Blue Dream". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a powerful and, to me, dreamy strain of Cannabis Indica, "Grand Daddy Purple". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from what to me is a wonderfully sensual strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Super Sour Diesel". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a mysterious and exotic strain of Cannabis Sativa known as "Blackberry Sour". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of Cannabis Indica, "Ice Cream Cake". Also 25 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a (what I often find to be trippy) strain of indica-dominant hybrid cannabis, "Trifi Cookies". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of hybrid cannabis, "Banana Kush". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Lemon Zest". Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a thrillingly tasty strain of indica-dominant hybrid cannabis called "Dosilato" that seems to make art come alive. Also 25 mg tablets containing tasty RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a hybrid strain of Cannabis Sativa, "Lemon Cherry Gelato" ("Sunset Sherbet" x "Girl Scout Cookies"). Also 25 mg tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a hybrid strain, "Runtz". The indescribable mental effects I experience after taking "Banana Kush" tablets are INTENSE.]
["Emerald Bay Extracts" gave me a free tin of small tablets. The rainbow-colored tin contained 20 tablets made in a variety of colors. Each 5 mg THC tablet contained RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a strain of marijuana called "XXX". "Pride Pack", April 2021.]
["Emerald Bay Extracts" also produces stronger 50 mg THC tablets containing RSO "full spectrum" marijuana oil extracted from a fascinatingly dreamy strain of Cannabis Indica, "Biscotti". I was given a free 20-tablet tin of these stronger doses at a cannabis store on 4.20. 2023..."WARNING! SUPER POTENT!"]
"Plus" brand vegan "10:1 Calm Mango" gummies, each containing 1 mg THC, 10 mg CBD, and a blend of terpenes. [20 gummies per container]
"Froot" brand orange tangie-flavored cannabis-infused "chews", each containing 10mg of THC. "sativa" [10 "chews" per package]
"Froot" brand blue razz dream-flavored cannabis-infused "chews", each containing 10mg of THC. "hybrid" [10 "chews" per package]
"Pax" brand wild strawberry-flavored cannabis-infused live rosin gummies containing 10mg THC. [10 gummies per package]
"Park Jams" brand coconut-flavored cannabis-infused gummies containing 10 mg THC. [10 gummies per package]
"Kiva" brand peppermint pattie-flavored dark chocolate-coated cannabis-infused "bites" containing 5 mg THC from "solventless cold water hash". [20 "bites" per container]
"Yummi Karma" brand "Wicked Apple Drops". Each bottle contains 30 milliliters of fractionated coconut oil, "whole plant cannabis extract" said to contain 1000 mg THC, flavors and sweetener. Each one milliliter dose is said to contain 32.89 mg THC, .08 mg CBD, .89 mg CBG, and .42 mg CBC. [San Francisco bay area in California, 2022]
"Uncle Arnie's" brand "Blueberry Night Cap" cannabis-infused beverage. Each 59 ml bottle contains cannabis oil containing 100 mg THC and 25 mg CBN.
"High Power" brand "Watermelon "cannabis-infused THC tincture", 250 mg THC per bottle.
"Korova" brand "Cannabis-Infused Tincture", said to contain 1000 milligrams of [what I experience as VERY POTENT] "THC distillate" per bottle. With "Midnight Guava" flavoring, water, etc. ["DRINK ME. MIX ME. MICRODOSE. MACRODOSE."]
"Butter Brothers" brand Brownies, Phat Mints, Blackberry Streusel, Ginger Snaps, Vegan Chocolate Chip Cookies, and Peanut Butter Cookies.
"Absolute Extracts" brand Sleepy Time blueberry lavender cannabis-infused gummies containing "Ice Water Cannabis Extract, CBN, terpenes", etc. [5 mg THC plus 2.5 mg CBN per gummy] [2023]
"Dr. Norm's" brand SleepWell gummies containing "nanotized THC, nanotized CBN & long acting THC" [10 mg nano THC blend, 5 mg nano CBN, and 1 mg CBD per gummy] [2023]
"Chill" brand chocolate bar with finely crushed espresso coffee beans and 100 mg THC.
"Pura Vida" brand Ocean Spray, Happy Trails, Chocolate Jubilee, and Chocolate Chip Protein Bar.
"Ganja Candy" brand Caramel, Blackberry, and Dr. Pepper.
"Tainted" brand Thin Mints
"Dank" candy
"420 Grand" candy
HealTHCare "Private Reserve OG" [cannabis tincture in vegetable glycerin base]
"Double-Strength Medi Pills" [cannabis oil capsules]
"Shiva Candy" [hashish candy]
"Auntie Dolore's Medical Cannabis Glazed Pecans"
"Hashey's 200 mg Indica Bar" [made with dark chocolate In Santa Cruz]
"Rhino Pellet" [tiny cookie]
"Potlava" [vegan cannabis baklava]
"Enjoyable Edibles" brand cannabis-infused Snickerdoodle cookies. ["10.8 mg THC" per cookie. Each package contains 10 cookies. Made with "full-spectrum cannabis extract" by Ironworks Collective. 2019]
"Habit" brand "Sparkling Pineapple Cooler". 10 doses of THC in each 12.6 fl. oz. bottle. Made in Los Angeles by Canna Healthcare, Inc.
"Orange Zest Awakening Mints" [sublingual 10 mg THC tablets]
"Drivn" brand watermelon-flavored cannabis-infused gummies, 10 mg THC per gummy.
"Breez" brand mints [sublingual 5 mg THC tablets]
"Kiva" brand Blackberry Dark Chocolate [cannabis oil candy]
"Black Cherry Gummi" [cannabis oil candy]
"Wyld" brand Elderberry gummies [10 mg THC and 5 mg CBN per piece] For sleeping. "It's a little like watching sheep count you."
"Absolute Extracts" brand Blueberry Lavender gummies [5 mg THC and 2 mg CBN per piece] For sleeping.
"Original PLUS Super Potent Hybrid Cannabis-Infused Gummies" ["20 mg THC"]
"PureCure Sativa Strips" [preparation for oral use] [from the label: "EXTREMELY STRONG!"]
"Dr. Norm's Extra Strength medical cannabis cookie" "Chocolate Chip Therapy" 25 mg THC per cookie. hybrid.
"Full Extract Cannabis Oil" [Indica-dominant strain, for oral use. Full-plant extracted with ethyl alcohol. Dated 12.1. 2015 and provided in a 3 milliliter oral syringe marked for 0.1 milliliter doses. "THC 37.05%"]
"Stokes" brand "Mint Micros" [Sativa-strain] [small tablets, each containing 5 mg of cannabis extract] [I have used 2 different flavors: Mint and Watermelon]
OMedibles brand "Tree Hugger Medical Cannabis Cinnamon Maple" [high CBD extract mixed with nuts and spices]
Utopia Farms brand "Medical Cannabis Raspberry Macaroons"
"Cafe Attitude THCoffee" 40 mg THC per 8 oz. bottle ["70% Sativa, 30% Indica"]
"Evil Aunt Emily's Seriously Psychotic Suckers" [cannabis oil candy] ["79 mg cannabis oil" per sucker])
("'Remember when Abigail got her prescription for medical marijuana and we all went to the top of Doheny and sucked on those marijuana lollipops and watched the sun set?'
'That was a perfect day', Cheryl says definitely."
---A.M. Homes, portraying some young people in Los Angeles in a short story in her book DAYS OF AWE.)
"Sprig" brand citrus soda containing 45 mg THC per can. Made in California. [2017]
Petra "Moroccan mint"-flavored medical cannabis tablets, each containing 2.5 mg THC plus matcha tea. Produced in 2017 by Kiva, a not-for-profit collective. Lab tested by CW Analytical. "A micro-dosed blend." Packaged in tins containing 42 tablets.
Kiva "Lost Farm" cannabis-infused fruit chews, 10mg THC from "live resin" per piece. These fruit chews are strain-specific. My favorite so far is BLUEBERRY.
["CW uses its best efforts to deliver high-quality results and to verify that the data contained therein are based on sound scientific judgement. However, CW makes no warranties or claims to that effect and further shall not be liable for any damage or misrepresentation that may result from the use or misuse of this data in any way."
---from a disclaimer issued by CW Analytical. (found outside of a warehouse in Berkeley in 2019.)]
"KushyPunch" brand plum flavor Cannabis Indica gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC + 0.1 mg CBD + 0.8 gm sugar. "Feel the power of the punch"
"Korova" brand Peanut Butter Dip cookie, containing 100 mg THC.
"OmEdibles" brand Sour Apple flavor cannabis gummies. Each gummy contains 10 mg THC. Distributed in plastic boxes containing 6 gummies each.
"OmEdibles" brand Lychee Blossom flavor cannabis gummies, packaged the same as the above.
"CuriouslyCannabis" brand "Rayne Drops" berry, orange, and lemon flavor cannabis pastilles. Each pastille contains 5 mg THC. Distributed in tins containing 20 pastilles each.
"Emerald Sky" brand Alpine Strawberry cannabis-infused licorice. 10 mg THC per piece [Cannabis Sativa]. 10 pieces per container.
"Emerald Sky" brand Creme Filled Chocolate cannabis infused cookies. 10 mg THC per cookie [hybrid cannabis]. 10 cookies per box.
Kanha "Enhanced Nanomolecular Gummies" made from hybrid cannabis 10 mg THC in each "Blueberry Blast"-flavored dose. 2019.
"Cannabis-Infused" organic microwave popcorn, 44.5 gram pop-up bag containing 10 mg THC and less than 2 mg CBD. Made in Berkeley in 2019 by "Type 7 Manufacturing, Inc". "Movie Night's New Best Friend".
"Somatik" brand "Sparks" cannabis-infused chocolate coffee beans. 3 mg THC per bean. 25 beans per container. '"Lovingly made by A Tribe of Us Collective". "Turn Your Magic On".
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Watermelon Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Peach Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
"Smokiez Edibles" brand Cannabis Infused Green Apple Fruit Chews. 10 mg THC per piece.
Kaneh Co. brand Mango Chile fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving. Manufactured by Xtracta.
Distribution, Inc. Made and packaged 3.6. 2019. Best by 7.6. 2019. Tested 3.15. 2019 by Infinite Chemical Analysis.
Kaneh Co. brand Raspbery Lime fruit jellies. 5 mg THC per serving.
"Edible Cannabis Oil" batch 030119-MUT-5-01 [4.30. 2019] by CalVape Collective.
"Chew & Chill" Blueberry Dream + Sky Og Indica "LIVE RESIN" gummies, 10 mg THC per gummy
"MC Farma" brand "Full Spectrum Oil" capsules "THC 90 + THCV" ["THC 80.11 mg + CBD 20.35 mg + THCV 29.09 mg + CBG 2.98 mg" per capsule. Cannabinoids, lipids, fats, and terpenes remain in full spectrum extraction, which "enhances efficacy and is known as the 'entourage' effect." Each package contains 10 capsules. Manufactured in 2020 in Marin County, California.
Also: "MC Farma" brand "Full Spectrum Oil" capsules "THC 60" [" THC 62.86 mg + CBD .38 mg + THCV 2.92 mg +CBN 1.66 mg + CBG 3.63 mg" per capsule.]
Glowing Buddha brand grape flavor cannabis candy, 10 mg THC per piece. Made in Santa Rosa, California. 2020
[It is not uncommon for people to have EXTREMELY negative experiences after they have eaten too much of a product containing cannabis. CAUTION IS ESSENTIAL!])
(The cannabinoid cannabidiol [CBD], along with the cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], is produced by many marijuana [cannabis] plants. Bottled water containing CBD is currently [2021] being sold over-the-counter ["AN EXTREMELY EXTREME VALUE"] at my local grocery store, where it apparently is frequently purchased by schoolkids. [From the "CBD Living Water" label: "Consult your physician before use if you are pregnant, lactating, have a medical condition or are taking any medication. CANNABIDIOL USE MAY BE HARMFUL. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. These staements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."] Last night I saw an ad for "Harrelson's Own CBD" on national TV: "When Life Gets Crazy...It Just Makes Everything About My Day Better")
("...the dudebros continue to pile into pot. Perhaps their worst public showing was when a bunch of them traversed the convention floor during MJ Bizcon wearing t-shirts that read 'Buy Weed From Rich White Men'. This was supposedly a response to the Buy Weed From Women movement, which has popular t-shirts of its own."
---Dan Mitchell, in his article "Low Times-2022: the year of stunts and desperation", East Bay Express, 12.28. 2022.)
("...marijuana is not legal."
---Ed Rosenthal, interviewed by Paul Kilduff, The Monthly, December 2014.)
("Indeed, positive hits for pathogenic mold are already changing grower operations. 'You smoke ten random samples of cannabis and you've most likely smoked aspergillus [mold],' said Dave, one of the lab's two founders. 'It's in there, often at unacceptable levels. Now it's up to the industry to respond. We also are not in a position where we want to make enemies and piss people off. We want to see it happen in the best way for the movement and the industry to kind of just naturally evolve.'
While the distributed nature of California's cannabis supply network obviously benefits mom-and-pop growers, it doesn't encourage quality assurance. Consequently, Dave and his peers believe that some pot consumers are in danger.
'It's expensive to test every single thing that comes through the door — that's the price you pay with a decentralized supply system,' Dave said. 'But that's what you've got. You've got five pounds coming from here and two from there and one individual. I mean, a dog walks in the grow room, and wags its tail — anything can be coming off that dog's tail. It's gross. Fertilizers with E. coli. Compost teas that they don't make right, anaerobic tea that has elevated levels of E. coli and salmonella...There's no way that this is sustainable. All it takes is one story of immune-compromised people dying from aspergillus infection. The myth that cannabis hasn't killed a single person in 3,000 years is allowed to go on. Well, it's not cannabis that kills people, it's all the shit that's in it.'
[From "The Manhattan Project of Marijuana", David Downs, the East Bay Express, 3.4. 2009.])
(Steep Hill Lab says eighty-five percent of the medical marijuana samples it tests "show traces of mold".
---Peter Hecht, "Pot Lab Fills Need for Oversight", the Sacramento Bee, 4.6. 2010. The owners of Steep Hill Lab in Oakland California [which is NOT a federally-certified laboratory] are extremely in favor of medical marijuana...)
("We find e.coli in hash. We're seeing pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacteria that's found in filth."
---Robert Martin, of the Association of California Cannabis Labs. Martin was quoted by David Downs in the East Bay Express, 4.11. 2012.)
("It's a nasty little secret in the medical marijuana world that many growers spray their plants liberally with pesticides..."
---Robert Gammon, the East Bay Express, 7.28. 2010.)
(In places like Berkeley in 2018, where cannabis production is encouraged, much cannabis waste is generated. Some of the waste is toxic if consumed. Moldy marijuana, marijuana contaminated with chemicals, contaminated hashish, and contaminated cannabis concentrates do not seem to be rare. Some homeless people, alcohol addicts, and methamphetamine addicts find these sometimes poisonous contaminated cannabis products in garbage containers and sell them on the streets...)
("A 2015 study published in The Journal of Toxicological Sciences found that more than 80 percent of the concentrate samples were contaminated by residual solvents."
"In the same 2015 study, pesticides were detected in one-third of the concentrate samples."
---Kathleen Richards, The East Bay Express, 3.21. 2018, in an article about vaping cannabis.)
("...the true danger in untested cannabis comes from the potential pathogens--pseudomonas, aspergillis, and E. coli are routinely found by our laboratory [CW Analytical]."
---David Egerton, in a letter to the editor of the East Bay Express, 7.18. 2012.)
("...Anresco Laboratories conducted tests on all of the cannabis featured at the HempCon Festival held in San Francisco in August 2017. The San Francisco-based laboratory discovered that 80 percent of the cannabis at the festival was contaminated with unhealthy levels of solvents, pesticides, molds, fungus, or various bacteria."
---John Geluardi, East Bay Express, 9.20. 2017.)
(Over the decades, I have seen MANY careless and ignorant people with hands contaminated by perfume, cologne, cosmetics, grease, oils [and a number of other toxic substances] use their fingers to prepare marijuana for smoking. I am dismayed by the amount of marijuana I have had to throw away because of toxic substances that stupid and/or careless people have allowed marijuana to come into contact with!)
("Illegal Vapes are Killing People. Blame the 'Legal Market'"
---title of an article by Dan Mitchell, 9.11. 2019, East Bay Express. This San Francisco bay area newspaper is extremely pro-marijuana.
"Legal cannabis has created a market for manufactured products like vapes and gummies. If not for that legal market, there would likely be far fewer pirates out there making what look like legal vapes--complete with legit-looking packaging--but were actually made half-assedly by random cretins. When it comes to vapes, half-assed production can mean illness and death."
There is a full color ad for the Magnolia dispensary in Oakland on the same page as the article. "Dab Bar and Vape Lounge Open 7 Days 9AM--9PM".)
("People like to make poison. If you don't understand this, you will never understand anything."
---Margaret Atwood, in a short story, quoted by Jia Tolentino in her review of Atwood's 2019 novel THE TESTAMENTS, a sequel to THE HANDMAID'S TALE. The review was in the 9.16. 2019 issue of The New Yorker.)
("Mycobutanil...was found in a product recently recalled by Mettrum Ltd., a Toronto-based medical marijuana company."
Mycobutanil, used to control mildew, is said to emit hydrogen cyanide gas when heated.
"The Mettrum discovery was made recently, when a random screening of the company's products by Health Canada turned up the unauthorized use of pyrethrin, a pesticide...that is also not approved for medical cannabis..."
---Grant Robertson, The Globe and Mail, 3.10. 2017.)
("While I am grateful for access to the pot clubs...I am at a bit of a loss to understand why, given the virtual absence of risk in producing and distributing pot, it is still so expensive."
"What we have...are facilities charging the high end of street prices to people who are already ostensibly facing hardship."
["An ounce for $300 to $400..."]
"...besides basic capitalist greed, why does it still cost so much? Most of the truly disabled and terminally ill are on a fixed income, rendering the cost of pot not at all that compassionate."
--- Quotes from a letter written by Steve Stevens to the editor of the San Francisco Weekly, 1.20. 2010.)
("...in the Wild West of recreational marijuana consumption roamed by pandemic-stressed adults."
---Valeriya Safronova, The New York Times, 5.23. 2021. Article title: "Big Candy Is Angry". Some cannabis companies make drug-infused candy that is packaged to look similar to popular brand-name mainstream candy.)
("Each one-gram of flower is packaged in a wine bottle-shaped tin, topped with a version of Coppola's signature label and an embossed pot leaf. Each tin will retail for $99 and comes with a branded pipe and rolling papers."
---Katie Shapiro, Forbes.com, 11.2. 2018, describing marijuana grown in California's Humboldt County that will be sold by Francis Ford Coppola, who directed the 1972 film The Godfather.)
("According to Rand Corporation estimates...legalized...high-grade pot would cost just $20 per pound to produce. And low-grade weed would cost only $5 per pound."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 10.9. 2013.)
(Since May 2011, four marijuana stores in Richmond, California [near Berkeley and Oakland] "...have paid $486,390 in police fees."
"To some, the situation evokes...the protection racket."
---David Downs, East Bay Express, 8.28. 2013)
(Daniel Rush, the former chair of Berkeley's Medical Cannabis Commission, was charged with 15 criminal counts, including extortion, fraud, and money-laundering. He later pleaded guilty to three felony counts.
["...federal authorities charged him for offering special treatment to one of the applicants for Berkeley's fourth dispensary spot."
---Frances Dinkelspiel, Berkeleyside, 6.23. 2017.])
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1/76 scale (OO Gauge) model replicas, a mixture of Oxford production models and Code 3 adaptions by me.
Strathclyde Police are represented with their recognisable Divisional resource, a VW Transporter cell van, with a Jaguar representing their Roads Policing/Traffic Unit.
SFRS - Strathclyde fire appliance joined by Scottish Fire and Rescue Service Aerial Rescue Pump.
Scottish Ambulance Service are represented by the Oxford released Mercedes Sprinter, bearing the registration SH62 XDY which was a Springburn (Glasgow Central Ambulance Station) vehicle. Alongside is a code 3 adaption of a Lomond Mountain Rescue ambulance into a SAS “Urgent Tier” vehicle.
Urgent Tier vehicles are regularly staffed by an Ambulance Technician (EMT, AAP) and a “D1” (blue light trained & authorised) Ambulance Care Assistant. They are used to attend Interhospital transfers and GP urgent admissions (1-4 hour, non blue light response).
As such, older urgent tier vehicles carried most but not all the equipment of a standard A&E ambulance, but could also be used as a first response to ILT (Immediately Life Threatening) calls such as; Cardiac Arrest, Unconscious, Active Seizure (treated as anoxic seizure or status epilepticus until proven otherwise), and severe Breathing Difficulties), as the Technician has intermediate life support training, including airway management (iGel, LMA, N/OPA), manual defibrillation, 4 & 12 lead ECG with interpretation skills for a restricted number of rhythms including STEMI (with telemetry to Cardiac Care Unit (CCU) facility), VT, VF, Asystole, Sinus Tach, Sinus Brady and NSR, authority to recognise life extinct in prescribed circumstances, as well as a range of medications via oral, buccal, sublingual, Inhaled, IPPV and intramuscular routes etc, and the ACA has Basic Life Support skills as well as expert manual handling and patient care and support skills, in addition to standard Advanced and Emergency Response driving skills.
Nowadays, Urgent Tier vehicles are indistinguishable from standard A&E ambulances, with fully kitted Mercedes Sprinters being the norm. With the standardisation of uniforms, an Urgent Tier crew can normally only be identified by the crew’s epaulettes. With rising call numbers, a huge proportion of which are GP requests and many more being inappropriate public requests, Urgent Tier vehicles are more and more being used for standard emergency calls. Exceptions perhaps being the dedicated PCI vehicles based at specialist heart attack centres to transfer patients for angiography, stenting etc and to repatriate post emergency PPCI patients to their local hospital for ongoing care. These vehicles are however usually funded directly by the PCI capable facility, and as such directly receive their workload from a Hospital co-ordinator, usually having little daily contact with the Ambulance Control Centres (ACC) in Cardonald, Queensferry and Inverness.
Clark's Nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana, gathering Whitebark Pine, Pinus albicaulis, seeds from cones in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada
Least Auklets are tiny sparrow-sized cousins of Puffins. They are abundant breeding birds on the Aleutians and islands in the Bering Sea, wandering south in winter when the sea freezes, but they are very rare in North America outside of Alaska. They have a tiny horn on the bill like a mini Rhinoceros Auklet in breeding plumage, but this isn't mentioned in many field guides, but is visible clearly on the left bird. They are also extremely variable in summer plumage ranging from almost white below, to solid dark with the odd pale fleck (like these two). They dive deeply for copepod crustaceans and other zooplankton, which they gather in their sublingual pouch. I photographed these near the island of Verkhoturova, just north of the Commander Islands.
Serous (watery saliva) secreting cells between mucous secreting cells. The shape of the cell like a crescent moon gives it's name.
The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is a medium- to larger-sized strepsirrhine (wet-nosed) primate, and the most internationally-recognized lemur species, owing to its long, black-and-white, ringed tail. It belongs to Lemuridae, one of five lemur families, and is the only member of the Lemur genus. Like all lemurs, it is endemic to the island of Madagascar, where it is endangered. Known locally in Malagasy as maky ([makʲ] ⓘ, spelled maki in French) or hira, it ranges from gallery forests to spiny scrub in the southern regions of the island. It is omnivorous, as well as the most adapted to living terrestrially of the extant lemurs.
The ring-tailed lemur is highly social, living in groups of up to 30 individuals. It is also a female-dominant species, a commonality among lemurs. To keep warm and reaffirm social bonds, groups will huddle together. Mutual grooming is another vital aspect of lemur socialization (as with all primates), reaffirming social and familial connections, while also helping rid each other of any potential insects. Ring-tailed lemurs are strictly diurnal, being active exclusively during daylight hours. Due to this lifestyle, they also sunbathe; the lemurs can be observed sitting upright on their tails, exposing their soft, white belly fur towards the sun. They will often also have their palms open and eyes gently closed. Like other lemurs, this species relies strongly on their sense of smell, and territorial marking, with scent glands, provides communication signals throughout a group’s home range. The glands are located near the eyes, as well as near the anus. The males perform a unique scent-marking behavior called spur-marking, and will participate in stink fights by dousing their tails with their pheromones and “wafting” it at opponents. Additionally, lemurs of both sexes will scent-mark trees, logs, rocks or other objects by simply rubbing their faces and bodies onto it, not unlike a domestic cat.
As one of the most vocal primates, the ring-tailed lemur uses numerous vocalizations, including calling for group cohesion and predator alarm calls. Experiments have shown that the ring-tailed lemur, despite the lack of a large brain (relative to simiiform primates), can organize sequences, understand basic arithmetic operations, and preferentially select tools based on functional qualities.
Despite adapting to and breeding easily under captive care (and being the most popular species of lemur in zoos worldwide, with more than 2,000 captive-raised individuals), the wild population of ring-tailed lemur is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List, due to habitat destruction, local hunting for bushmeat and the exotic pet trade. As of early 2017, the population in the wild is believed to have crashed to as low as 2,000 individuals due to these reasons, making them far more critically endangered. Local Malagasy farmers and logging industries frequently make use of slash and burn deforestation techniques, with smoke being visible on the horizon on most days in Madagascar, in an effort to accommodate livestock and to cultivate larger fields of crops.
Etymology
Although the term "lemur" was first intended for slender lorises, it was soon limited to the endemic Malagasy primates, which have been known as "lemurs" ever since. The name derives from the Latin term lemures, which refers to specters or ghosts that were exorcised during the Lemuria festival of ancient Rome. According to Carl Linnaeus's own explanation, the name was selected because of the nocturnal activity and slow movements of the slender loris. Being familiar with the works of Virgil and Ovid and seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme, Linnaeus adapted the term "lemur" for these nocturnal primates. However, it has been commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the ghost-like appearance, reflective eyes, and ghostly cries of lemurs. It has also been speculated that Linnaeus may also have known that some Malagasy people have held legends that lemurs are the souls of their ancestors, but this is unlikely given that the name was selected for slender lorises from India. The species name, catta, refers to the ring-tailed lemur's cat-like appearance. Its purring vocalization is similar to that of the domestic cat.
Following Linnaeus's species description, the common name "ring-tailed maucauco" was first penned in 1771 by Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant, who made note of its characteristic long, banded tail. (The term "maucauco" was a very common term for lemurs at this time.) The now universal English name "ring-tailed lemur" was first used by George Shaw in his illustrated scientific publication covering the Leverian collection, which was published between 1792 and 1796.
Evolutionary history
All mammalian fossils from Madagascar come from recent times.[11] Thus, little is known about the evolution of the ring-tailed lemur, let alone the rest of the lemur clade, which comprises the entire endemic primate population of the island. However, chromosomal and molecular evidence suggest that lemurs are more closely related to each other than to other strepsirrhine primates. For this to have happened, it is thought that a very small ancestral population came to Madagascar via a single rafting event between 50 and 80 million years ago. Subsequent evolutionary radiation and speciation has created the diversity of Malagasy lemurs seen today.
According to analysis of amino acid sequences, the branching of the family Lemuridae has been dated to 26.1 ±3.3 mya while rRNA sequences of mtDNA place the split at 24.9 ±3.6 mya. The ruffed lemurs are the first genus to split away (most basal) in the family, a view that is further supported by analysis of DNA sequences and karyotypes. Additionally, Molecular data suggests a deep genetic divergence and sister group relationship between the true lemurs (Eulemur) and the other two genera: Lemur and Hapalemur.
The ring-tailed lemur is thought to share closer affinities to the bamboo lemurs of the genus Hapalemur than to the other two genera in its family. This has been supported by comparisons in communication, chromosomes, genetics, and several morphological traits, such as scent gland similarities. However, other data concerning immunology and other morphological traits fail to support this close relationship. For example, Hapalemur species have short snouts, while the ring-tailed lemur and the rest of Lemuridae have long snouts. However, differences in the relationship between the orbit (eye socket) and the muzzle suggest that the ring-tailed lemur and the true lemurs evolved their elongated faces independently.
The relationship between the ring-tailed lemur and bamboo lemurs is the least understood. Molecular analysis suggests that either the bamboo lemurs diverged from the ring-tailed lemur, making the group monophyletic and supporting the current two-genera taxonomy, or that the ring-tailed lemur is nested in with the bamboo lemurs, requiring Hapalemur simus to be split off into its own genus, Prolemur.
The karyotype of the ring-tailed lemur has 56 chromosomes, of which four are metacentric (arms of nearly equal length), four are submetacentric (arms of unequal length), and 46 are acrocentric (the short arm is hardly observable). The X chromosome is metacentric and the Y chromosome is acrocentric.
Taxonomic classification
Linnaeus first used the genus name Lemur to describe "Lemur tardigradus" (the red slender loris, now known as Loris tardigradus) in his 1754 catalog of the Museum of King Adolf Frederick. In 1758, his 10th edition of Systema Naturae listed the genus Lemur with three included species, only one of which is still considered to be a lemur while another is no longer considered to be a primate. These species include: Lemur tardigradus, Lemur catta (the ring-tailed lemur), and Lemur volans (the Philippine colugo, now known as Cynocephalus volans). In 1911, Oldfield Thomas made Lemur catta the type species for the genus, despite the term initially being used to describe lorises. On January 10, 1929, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) formalized this decision in its publication of Opinion 122.
The ring-tailed lemur shares many similarities with ruffed lemurs (genus Varecia) and true lemurs (genus Eulemur), and its skeleton is nearly indistinguishable from that of the true lemurs. Consequently, the three genera were once grouped together in the genus Lemur and more recently are sometimes referred to as subfamily Lemurinae (within family Lemuridae). However, ruffed lemurs were reassigned to the genus Varecia in 1962, and due to similarities between the ring-tailed lemur and the bamboo lemurs, particularly in regards to molecular evidence and scent glands similarities, the true lemurs were moved to the genus Eulemur by Yves Rumpler and Elwyn L. Simons (1988) as well as Colin Groves and Robert H. Eaglen (1988). In 1991, Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey H. Schwartz reviewed the evidence and came to a different conclusion, instead favoring to return the members of Eulemur and Varecia to the genus Lemur. However, this view was not widely accepted and the genus Lemur remained monotypic, containing only the ring-tailed lemur. Because the differences in molecular data are so minute between the ring-tailed lemur and both genera of bamboo lemurs, it has been suggested that all three genera be merged.
Because of the difficulty in discerning the relationships within family Lemuridae, not all authorities agree on the taxonomy, although the majority of the primatological community favors the current classification.
Taxonomy of family LemuridaePhylogeny of family Lemuridae
Family Lemuridae
Genus Lemur: the ring-tailed lemur
Genus Eulemur: brown lemurs
Genus Varecia: ruffed lemurs
Genus Hapalemur: lesser gentle or bamboo lemurs
Genus Prolemur: the greater bamboo lemur
Lemuridae
Varecia (ruffed lemurs)
Lemur (ring-tailed lemur)
Hapalemur (lesser bamboo lemurs)
Eulemur (true lemurs)
In 1996, researchers Steven Goodman and Olivier Langrand suggested that the ring-tailed lemur may demonstrate regional variations, particularly a high mountain population at Andringitra Massif that has a thicker coat, lighter coloration, and variations in its tail rings. In 2001, primatologist Colin Groves concluded that this does not represent a locally occurring subspecies. This decision was later supported by further fieldwork that showed that the differences fell within the normal range of variation for the species. The thicker coat was considered a local adaptation to extreme low temperatures in the region, and the fading of the fur was attributed to increased exposure to solar radiation. Additional genetic studies in 2000 further supported the conclusion that population did not vary significantly from the other ring-tailed lemur populations on the island.
Anatomy and physiology
The ring-tailed lemur is a strepsirrhine primate, with a protruding muzzle and a wet nose. Top is the skull.
The ring-tailed lemur is a relatively large lemur. Its average weight is 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb). Its head–body length ranges between 39 and 46 cm (15 and 18 in), its tail length is 56 and 63 cm (22 and 25 in), and its total length is 95 and 110 cm (37 and 43 in). Other measurements include a hind foot length of 102 and 113 mm (4.0 and 4.4 in), ear length of 40 and 48 mm (1.6 and 1.9 in), and cranium length of 78 and 88 mm (3.1 and 3.5 in).
The species has a slender frame and narrow face, fox-like muzzle. The ring-tailed lemur's trademark—a long, bushy tail—is ringed in alternating black and white transverse bands, numbering 12 or 13 white rings and 13 or 14 black rings, and always ending in a black tip. The total number of rings nearly matches the approximate number of caudal vertebrae Its tail is longer than its body and is not prehensile. Instead, it is only used for balance, communication, and group cohesion.
The pelage (fur) is so dense that it can clog electric clippers. The ventral (chest) coat and throat are white or cream. The dorsal (back) coat varies from gray to rosy-brown, sometimes with a brown pygal patch around the tail region, where the fur grades to pale gray or grayish brown. The dorsal coloration is slightly darker around the neck and crown. The hair on the throat, cheeks, and ears is white or off-white and also less dense, allowing the dark skin underneath to show through. The muzzle is dark grayish and the nose is black, and the eyes are encompassed by black triangular patches. Facial vibrissae (whiskers) are developed and found above the lips (mystacal), on the cheeks (genal), and on the eyebrow (superciliary). Vibrissae are also found slightly above the wrist on the underside of the forearm. The ears are relatively large compared to other lemurs and are covered in hair, which has only small tufts if any. Although slight pattern variations in the facial region may be seen between individuals, there are no obvious differences between the sexes.
Unlike most diurnal primates, but like all strepsirrhine primates, the ring-tailed lemur has a tapetum lucidum, or reflective layer behind the retina of the eye, that enhances night vision. The tapetum is highly visible in this species because the pigmentation of the ocular fundus (back surface of the eye), which is present in—but varies between—all lemurs, is very spotty. The ring-tailed lemur also has a rudimentary foveal depression on the retina. Another shared characteristic with the other strepsirrhine primates is the rhinarium, a moist, naked, glandular nose supported by the upper jaw and protruding beyond the chin. The rhinarium continues down where it divides the upper lip. The upper lip is attached to the premaxilla, preventing the lip from protruding and thus requiring the lemur to lap water rather than using suction.
The skin of the ring-tailed lemur is dark gray or black in color, even in places where the fur is white. It is exposed on the nose, palms, soles, eyelids, lips, and genitalia. The skin is smooth, but the leathery texture of the hands and feet facilitate terrestrial movement. The anus, located at the joint of the tail, is covered when the tail is lowered. The area around the anus (circumanal area) and the perineum are covered in fur. In males, the scrotum lacks fur, is covered in small, horny spines, and the two sacs of the scrotum are divided. The penis is nearly cylindrical in shape and is covered in small spines, as well as having two pairs of larger spines on both sides. Males have a relatively small baculum (penis bone) compared to their size. The scrotum, penis, and prepuce are usually coated with a foul-smelling secretion. Females have a thick, elongated clitoris that protrudes from the labia of the vulva. The opening of the urethra is closer to the clitoris than the vagina, forming a "drip tip".
Females have two pairs of mammary glands (four nipples), but only one pair is functional. The anterior pair (closest to the head) are very close to the axillae (armpit). Furless scent glands are present on both males and females. Both sexes have small, dark antebrachial (forearm) glands measuring 1 cm long and located on the inner surface of the forearm nearly 25 cm (9.8 in) above the wrist joint. (This trait is shared between the Lemur and Hapalemur genera.) The gland is soft and compressible, bears fine dermal ridges (like fingerprints), and is connected to the palm by a fine, 2 mm–high, hairless strip. However, only the male has a horny spur that overlays this scent gland. The spur develops with age through the accumulation of secretions from an underlying gland that may connect through the skin through as many as a thousand minuscule ducts. The males also have brachial (arm) glands on the axillary surface of their shoulders (near the armpit). The brachial gland is larger than the antebrachial gland, covered in short hair around the periphery, and has a naked crescent-shaped orifice near the center. The gland secretes a foul-smelling, brown, sticky substance. The brachial gland is barely developed if present at all in females. Both sexes also have apocrine and sebaceous glands in their genital or perianal regions, which are covered in fur.
Its fingers are slender, padded, mostly lacking webbing, and semi-dexterous with flat, human-like nails. The thumb is both short and widely separated from the other fingers. Despite being set at a right angle to the palm, the thumb is not opposable since the ball of the joint is fixed in place. As with all strepsirrhines, the hand is ectaxonic (the axis passes through the fourth digit) rather than mesaxonic (the axis passing through the third digit) as seen in monkeys and apes. The fourth digit is the longest, and only slightly longer than the second digit. Likewise, the fifth digit is only slightly longer than the second. The palms are long and leathery, and like other primates, they have dermal ridges to improve grip. The feet are semi-digitigrade and more specialized than the hands. The big toe is opposable and is smaller than the big toe of other lemurs, which are more arboreal. The second toe is short, has a small terminal pad, and has a toilet-claw (sometimes referred to as a grooming claw) specialized for personal grooming, specifically to rake through fur that is unreachable by the mouth. The toilet-claw is a trait shared among nearly all living strepsirrhine primates. Unlike other lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur's heel is not covered by fur.
Close-up of a ring-tailed lemur's toes, showing a claw-like nail on the second toe (compared to the nail on the third toe next to it)
Close-up of a ring-tailed lemur's hands, showing black skin and dermal ridges
Close-up of a ring-tailed lemur's foot, showing black skin and a lack of fur on the heel
Like other lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur has a claw-like nail (toilet-claw) on its second toe (left) and dermal ridges on its hands to improve its grip (center). Unlike other lemurs, it lacks fur on its heel (right).
Dentition
Close-up of the front, bottom teeth of a ring-tailed lemur, showing the first six teeth pointing directly forward instead of up-and-down like the canine-like premolar behind them.
The front, lower dentition includes a toothcomb (4 incisors and 2 canine teeth), while the first premolars resemble canines.
The ring-tailed lemur has a dentition of
2.1.3.3
2.1.3.3
× 2 = 36, meaning that on each side of the jaw it has two incisors, one canine tooth, three premolars, and three molar teeth.[3] Its deciduous dentition is
2.1.3
2.1.3
× 2 = 24. The permanent teeth erupt in the following order: m 1/1 (first molars), i 2/2 (first incisors), i 3/3 (second incisors), C1 (upper canines), m 2/2 (second molars), c1 (lower canines), m 3/3 (third molars), p 4/4 (third premolars), p 3/3 (second premolars), p 2/2 (first premolars).
Its lower incisors (i1 and i2) are long, narrow, and finely spaced while pointing almost straight forward in the mouth (procumbent). Together with the incisor-shaped (incisiform) lower canines (c1), which are slightly larger and also procumbent, form a structure called a toothcomb, a trait unique to nearly all strepsirrhine primates. The toothcomb is used during oral grooming, which involves licking and tooth-scraping. It may also be used for grasping small fruits, removing leaves from the stem when eating, and possibly scraping sap and gum from tree bark. The toothcomb is kept clean using a sublingual organ—a thin, flat, fibrous plate that covers a large part of the base of the tongue. The first lower premolar (p2) following the toothcomb is shaped like a canine (caniniform) and occludes the upper canine, essentially filling the role of the incisiform lower canine. There is also a diastema (gap) between the second and third premolars.
The upper incisors are small, with the first incisors space widely from each other, yet closely to the second incisors . Both are compressed buccolingually (between the cheek and the tongue). The upper canines (C1) are long, have a broad base, and curve down and back (recurved). The upper canines exhibit slight sexual dimorphism, with males exhibiting slightly larger canines than females. Both sexes use them in combat by slashing with them. There is a small diastema between the upper canine and the first premolar (P2), which is smaller and more caniniform than the other premolars. Unlike other lemurs, the first two upper molars (M1 and M2) have prominent lingual cingulae, yet do not have a protostyle.
Ecology
The ring-tailed lemur is diurnal and semi-terrestrial. It is the most terrestrial of lemur species, spending as much as 33% of its time on the ground. However it is still considerably arboreal, spending 23% of its time in the mid-level canopy, 25% in the upper-level canopy, 6% in the emergent layer and 13% in small bushes. Troop travel is 70% terrestrial.
Troop size, home range, and population density vary by region and food availability. Troops typically range in size from 6 to 25, although troops with over 30 individuals have been recorded. The average troop contains 13 to 15 individuals. Home range size varies between 6 and 35 hectares (15 and 86 acres). Troops of the ring-tailed lemur will maintain a territory, but overlap is often high. When encounters occur, they are agonistic, or hostile in nature. A troop will usually occupy the same part of its range for three or four days before moving. When it does move, the average traveling distance is 1 km (0.62 mi). Population density ranges from 100 individuals per 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) in dry forests to 250–600 individuals per km2 in gallery and secondary forests.
The ring-tailed lemur has both native and introduced predators. Native predators include the fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), the Madagascar harrier-hawk (Polyboroides radiatus), the Madagascar buzzard (Buteo brachypterus) and the Madagascar ground boa (Acrantophis madagascariensis). Introduced predators include the small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), the domestic cat and the domestic dog.
Geographic range and habitat
Endemic to southern and southwestern Madagascar, the ring-tailed lemur ranges further into highland areas than other lemurs. It inhabits deciduous forests, dry scrub, montane humid forests, and gallery forests (forests along riverbanks). It strongly favors gallery forests, but such forests have now been cleared from much of Madagascar in order to create pasture for livestock. Depending on location, temperatures within its geographic range can vary from −12 °C (10 °F) at Andringitra Massif to 48 °C (118 °F) in the spiny forests of Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve.
This species is found as far east as Tôlanaro, inland towards the mountains of Andringitra on the southeastern plateau, among the spiny forests of the southern part of the island, and north along the west coast to the town of Belo sur Mer. Historically, the northern limits of its range in the west extended to the Morondava River near Morondava. It can still be found in Kirindy Mitea National Park, just south of Morondava, though at very low densities. It does not occur in Kirindy Forest Reserve, north of Morondava. Its distribution throughout the rest of its range is very spotty, with population densities varying widely.
The ring-tailed lemur can be easily seen in five national parks in Madagascar: Andohahela National Park, Andringitra National Park, Isalo National Park, Tsimanampetsotse National Park, and Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park. It can also be found in Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve, Kalambatritra Special Reserve, Pic d'Ivohibe Special Reserve, Amboasary Sud, Berenty Private Reserve, Anja Community Reserve, and marginally at Kirindy Mitea National Park. Unprotected forests that the species has been reported in include Ankoba, Ankodida, Anjatsikolo, Anbatotsilongolongo, Mahazoarivo, Masiabiby, and Mikea.
Within the protected regions it is known to inhabit, the ring-tailed lemur is sympatric (shares its range) with as many as 24 species of lemur, covering every living genus except Allocebus, Indri, and Varecia. Historically, the species used to be sympatric with the critically endangered southern black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata editorum), which was once found at Andringitra National Park; however, no sightings of the ruffed lemur have been reported in recent years.
List of species sympatric with the ring-tailed lemur[38]
Verreaux's sifaka
(Propithecus verreauxi)
Milne-Edwards' sifaka
(Propithecus edwardsi)
Peyrieras' woolly lemur
(Avahi peyrierasi)
Gray mouse lemur
(Microcebus murinus)
Brown mouse lemur
(Microcebus rufus)
Reddish-gray mouse lemur
(Microcebus griseorufus)
Aye-aye
(Daubentonia madagascariensis)
Fat-tailed dwarf lemur
(Cheirogaleus medius)
Greater dwarf lemur
(Cheirogaleus major)
White-footed sportive lemur
(Lepilemur leucopus)
Small-toothed sportive lemur
(Lepilemur microdon)
Petter's sportive lemur
(Lepilemur petteri)
Red-tailed sportive lemur
(Lepilemur ruficaudatus)
Wright's sportive lemur
(Lepilemur wrightae)
Hubbard's sportive lemur
(Lepilemur hubbardorum)
Golden bamboo lemur
(Hapalemur aureus)
Southern lesser bamboo lemur
(Hapalemur meridionalis)
Greater bamboo lemur
(Prolemur simus)
Common brown lemur
(Eulemur fulvus)
Red-fronted lemur
(Eulemur rufifrons)
Red-bellied lemur
(Eulemur rubriventer)
Collared brown lemur
(Eulemur collaris)
Coquerel's giant mouse lemur
(Mirza coquereli)
Pale fork-marked lemur
(Phaner pallescens)[N 6]
In western Madagascar, sympatric ring-tailed lemurs and red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons) have been studied together. Little interaction takes place between the two species. While the diets of the two species overlap, they eat in different proportions since the ring-tailed lemur has a more varied diet and spends more time on the ground.
Diet
The ring-tailed lemur is an opportunistic omnivore primarily eating fruits and leaves, particularly those of the tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica), known natively as kily. When available, tamarind makes up as much as 50% of the diet, especially during the dry, winter season. The ring-tailed lemur eats from as many as three dozen different plant species, and its diet includes flowers, herbs, bark and sap. It has been observed eating decayed wood, earth, spider webs, insect cocoons, arthropods (spiders, caterpillars, cicadas and grasshoppers) and small vertebrates (birds and chameleons). During the dry season it becomes increasingly opportunistic.
Behavior
Social systems
Troops are classified as multi-male groups, with a matriline as the core group. As with most lemurs, females socially dominate males in all circumstances, including feeding priority. Dominance is enforced by lunging, chasing, cuffing, grabbing and biting. Young females do not always inherit their mother's rank and young males leave the troop between three and five years of age. Both sexes have separate dominance hierarchies; females have a distinct hierarchy while male rank is correlated with age. Each troop has one to three central, high-ranking adult males who interact with females more than other group males and lead the troop procession with high-ranking females. Recently transferred males, old males or young adult males that have not yet left their natal group are often lower ranking. Staying at the periphery of the group they tend to be marginalized from group activity.
A group of three ring-tailed lemurs rest in the sun, with two sitting upright, facing the sun, with their arms to their sides.
The ring-tailed lemur will sit facing the sun to warm itself in the mornings.
For males, social structure changes can be seasonal. During the six-month period between December and May a few males migrate between groups. Established males transfer on average every 3.5 years, although young males may transfer approximately every 1.4 years. Group fission occurs when groups get too large and resources become scarce.
In the mornings the ring-tailed lemur sunbathes to warm itself. It faces the sun sitting in what is frequently described as a "sun-worshipping" posture or lotus position. However, it sits with its legs extended outward, not cross-legged, and will often support itself on nearby branches. Sunning is often a group activity, particularly during the cold mornings. At night, troops will split into sleeping parties huddling closely together to keep warm.
Despite being quadrupedal the ring-tailed lemur can rear up and balance on its hind legs, usually for aggressive displays. When threatened the ring-tailed lemur may jump in the air and strike out with its short nails and sharp upper canine teeth in a behaviour termed jump fighting. This is extremely rare outside of the breeding season when tensions are high and competition for mates is intense. Other aggressive behaviours include a threat-stare, used to intimidate or start a fight, and a submissive gesture known as pulled-back lips.
Border disputes with rival troops occur occasionally and it is the dominant female's responsibility to defend the troop's home range. Agonistic encounters include staring, lunging approaches and occasional physical aggression, and conclude with troop members retreating toward the center of the home range.
Olfactory communication
Olfactory communication is critically important for strepsirrhines like the ring-tailed lemur. Males and females scent mark both vertical and horizontal surfaces at the overlaps in their home ranges using their anogenital scent glands. The ring-tailed lemur will perform a handstand to mark vertical surfaces, grasping the highest point with its feet while it applies its scent. Use of scent marking varies by age, sex and social status. Male lemurs use their antebrachial and brachial glands to demarcate territories and maintain intragroup dominance hierarchies. The thorny spur that overlays the antebrachial gland on each wrist is scraped against tree trunks to create grooves anointed with their scent. This is known as spur-marking.
In displays of aggression, males engage in a social display behaviour called stink fighting, which involves impregnating their tails with secretions from the antebrachial and brachial glands and waving the scented tail at male rivals.
Ring-tailed lemurs have also been shown to mark using urine. Behaviorally, there is a difference between regular urination, where the tail is slightly raised and a stream of urine is produced, and the urine marking behavior, where the tail is held up in display and only a few drops of urine are used. The urine-marking behavior is typically used by females to mark territory, and has been observed primarily at the edges of the troop's territory and in areas where other troops may frequent. The urine marking behavior also is most frequent during the mating season, and may play a role in reproductive communication between groups.
Breeding and reproduction
The ring-tailed lemur is polygynandrous, although the dominant male in the troop typically breeds with more females than other males. Fighting is most common during the breeding season. A receptive female may initiate mating by presenting her backside, lifting her tail and looking at the desired male over her shoulder. Males may inspect the female's genitals to determine receptiveness. Females typically mate within their troop, but may seek outside males.
The breeding season runs from mid-April to mid-May. Estrus lasts 4 to 6 hours, and females mate with multiple males during this period. Within a troop, females stagger their receptivity so that each female comes into season on a different day during the breeding season, reducing competition for male attention. Females lactate during the wet season, from December through April, when resources are readily available. Females gestate during the dry season, from May through September, when resources are low. Females give birth during seasons where resources, such as flowers, are in peak. Gestation lasts for about 135 days, and parturition occurs in September or occasionally October. In the wild, one offspring is the norm, although twins may occur. Ring-tailed lemur infants have a birth weight of 70 g (2.5 oz) and are carried ventrally (on the chest) for the first 1 to 2 weeks, then dorsally (on the back).
The young lemurs begin to eat solid food after two months and are fully weaned after five months. Sexual maturity is reached between 2.5 and 3 years. Male involvement in infant rearing is limited, although the entire troop, regardless of age or sex, can be seen caring for the young. Alloparenting between troop females has been reported. Kidnapping by females and infanticide by males also occur occasionally. Due to harsh environmental conditions, predation and accidents such as falls, infant mortality can be as high as 50% within the first year and as few as 30% may reach adulthood. The longest-lived ring-tailed lemur in the wild was a female at the Berenty Reserve who lived for 20 years. In the wild, females rarely live past the age of 16, whereas the life expectancy of males is not known due to their social structure. The longest-lived male was reported to be 15 years old. The maximum lifespan reported in captivity was 27 years.
Cognitive abilities and tool use
Historically, the studies of learning and cognition in non-human primates have focused on simians (monkeys and apes), while strepsirrhine primates, such as the ring-tailed lemur and its allies, have been overlooked and popularly dismissed as unintelligent. A couple of factors stemming from early experiments have played a role in the development of this assumption. First, the experimental design of older tests may have favored the natural behavior and ecology of simians over that of strepsirrhines, making the experimental tasks inappropriate for lemurs. For example, simians are known for their manipulative play with non-food objects, whereas lemurs are only known to manipulate non-food objects in captivity. This behaviour is usually connected with food association. Also, lemurs are known to displace objects with their nose or mouth more so than with their hands. Therefore, an experiment requiring a lemur to manipulate an object without prior training would favor simians over strepsirrhines. Second, individual ring-tailed lemurs accustomed to living in a troop may not respond well to isolation for laboratory testing. Past studies have reported hysterical behaviour in such scenarios.
The notion that lemurs are unintelligent has been perpetuated by the view that the neocortex ratio (as a measure of brain size) indicates intelligence. In fact, primatologist Alison Jolly noted early in her academic career that some lemur species, such as the ring-tailed lemur, have evolved a social complexity similar to that of cercopithecine monkeys, but not the corresponding intelligence. After years of observations of wild ring-tailed lemur populations at the Berenty Reserve in Madagascar and as well as baboons in Africa, she more recently concluded that this highly social lemur species does not demonstrate the equivalent social complexity of cercopithecine monkeys, despite general appearances.
Regardless, research has continued to illuminate the complexity of the lemur mind, with emphasis on the cognitive abilities of the ring-tailed lemur. As early as the mid-1970s, studies had demonstrated that they could be trained through operant conditioning using standard schedules of reinforcement. The species has been shown to be capable of learning pattern, brightness, and object discrimination, skills common among vertebrates. The ring-tailed lemur has also been shown to learn a variety of complex tasks often equaling, if not exceeding, the performance of simians.
More recently, research at the Duke Lemur Center has shown that the ring-tailed lemur can organize sequences in memory and retrieve ordered sequences without language. The experimental design demonstrated that the lemurs were using internal representation of the sequence to guide their responses and not simply following a trained sequence, where one item in the sequence cues the selection of the next. But this is not the limit of the ring-tailed lemur's reasoning skills. Another study, performed at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve, suggests that this species along with several other closely related lemur species understand simple arithmetic operations.
Since tool use is considered to be a key feature of primate intelligence, the apparent lack of this behavior in wild lemurs, as well as the lack of non-food object play, has helped reinforce the perception that lemurs are less intelligent than their simian cousins. However, another study at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve examined the representation of tool functionality in both the ring-tailed lemur and the common brown lemur and discovered that, like monkeys, they used tools with functional properties (e.g., tool orientation or ease of use) instead of tools with nonfunctional features (e.g., color or texture). Although the ring-tailed lemur may not use tools in the wild, it can not only be trained to use a tool, but will preferentially select tools based on their functional qualities. Therefore, the conceptual competence to use a tool may have been present in the common primate ancestor, even though the use of tools may not have appeared until much later.
Conservation status
In addition to being listed as endangered in 2014 by the IUCN, the ring-tailed lemur has been listed since 1977 by CITES under Appendix I, which makes trade of wild-caught specimens illegal. Although there are more endangered species of lemur, the ring-tailed lemur is considered a flagship species due to its recognizability. As of 2017, only about 2,000 ring-tailed lemurs are estimated to be left in the wild, making the threat of extinction far more serious for them than previously believed.
hree factors threaten ring-tailed lemurs. First and foremost is habitat destruction. Starting nearly 2,000 years ago with the introduction of humans to the island, forests have been cleared to produce pasture and agricultural land. Extraction of hardwoods for fuel and lumber, as well mining and overgrazing, have also taken their toll. Today, it is estimated that 90% of Madagascar's original forest cover has been lost.[61] Rising populations have created even greater demand in the southwest portion of the island for fuel wood, charcoal, and lumber. Fires from the clearing of grasslands, as well as slash-and-burn agriculture destroy forests. Another threat to the species is harvesting either for food (bushmeat), fur clothing or pets. Finally, periodic drought common to southern Madagascar can impact populations already in decline. In 1991 and 1992, for example, a severe drought caused an abnormally high mortality rate among infants and females at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve. Two years later, the population had declined by 31% and took nearly four years to start to recover.
The ring-tailed lemur resides in several protected areas within its range, each offering varying levels of protection. At the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, a holistic approach to in-situ conservation has been taken. Not only does field research and resource management involve international students and local people (including school children), livestock management is used at the peripheral zones of the reserve and ecotourism benefits the local people.
Outside of its diminishing habitat and other threats, the ring-tailed lemur reproduces readily and has fared well in captivity. For this reason, along with its popularity, it has become the most populous lemur in zoos worldwide, with more than 2500 in captivity as of 2009. It is also the most common of all captive primates. Ex situ facilities actively involved in the conservation of the ring-tailed lemur include the Duke Lemur Center in Durham, North Carolina, the Lemur Conservation Foundation in Myakka City, Florida, and the Madagascar Fauna Group headquartered at the Saint Louis Zoo. Due to the high success of captive breeding, reintroduction is a possibility if wild populations were to crash. Although experimental releases have met success on St. Catherines Island in Georgia, demonstrating that captive lemurs can readily adapt to their environment and exhibit a full range of natural behaviors, captive release is not currently being considered.
Ring-tailed lemur populations can also benefit from drought intervention, due to the availability of watering troughs and introduced fruit trees, as seen at the Berenty Private Reserve in southern Madagascar. However, these interventions are not always seen favorably, since natural population fluctuations are not permitted. The species is thought to have evolved its high fecundity due to its harsh environment.
Cultural references
The ring-tailed lemur is known locally in Malagasy as maky (pronounced [ˈmakʲi̥], and spelled maki in French) or hira (pronounced [ˈhirə] or colloquially [ˈir]). Being the most widely recognized endemic primate on the island, it has been selected as the symbol for Madagascar National Parks (formerly known as ANGAP). The Maki brand, which started by selling T-shirts in Madagascar and now sells clothing across the Indian Ocean islands, is named after this lemur due to its popularity, even though the company's logo portrays the face of a sifaka and its name uses the French spelling.
The first mention of the ring-tailed lemur in Western literature came in 1625 when English traveller and writer Samuel Purchas described them as being comparable in size to a monkey and having a fox-like long tail with black and white rings. Charles Catton included the species in his 1788 book Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta, calling it the "Maucauco" and regarding it as a type of monkey.
A Ring-tailed lemur named Dotty regularly appeared with Jonny Morris on the BBC television programme Animal Magic.
The species was further popularized by the Animal Planet television series Lemur Street, as well as by the character King Julien in the animated Madagascar film and TV franchise.[69] The ring-tailed lemur was also the focus of the 1996 Nature documentary A Lemur's Tale, which was filmed at the Berenty Reserve and followed a troop of lemurs. The troop included a special infant named Sapphire, who was nearly albino, with white fur, bright blue eyes, and the characteristic ringed tail.
A Ring-tailed lemur played a role in the 1997 comedy film Fierce Creatures, starring John Cleese, who has a passion for lemurs. Cleese later hosted the 1998 BBC documentary In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese, which tracked the progress of a reintroduction of black-and-white ruffed lemurs back into the Betampona Reserve in Madagascar. The project had been partly funded by Cleese's donation of the proceeds from the London premier of Fierce Creatures.
The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is a medium- to larger-sized strepsirrhine (wet-nosed) primate, and the most internationally-recognized lemur species, owing to its long, black-and-white, ringed tail. It belongs to Lemuridae, one of five lemur families, and is the only member of the Lemur genus. Like all lemurs, it is endemic to the island of Madagascar, where it is endangered. Known locally in Malagasy as maky ([makʲ] ⓘ, spelled maki in French) or hira, it ranges from gallery forests to spiny scrub in the southern regions of the island. It is omnivorous, as well as the most adapted to living terrestrially of the extant lemurs.
The ring-tailed lemur is highly social, living in groups of up to 30 individuals. It is also a female-dominant species, a commonality among lemurs. To keep warm and reaffirm social bonds, groups will huddle together. Mutual grooming is another vital aspect of lemur socialization (as with all primates), reaffirming social and familial connections, while also helping rid each other of any potential insects. Ring-tailed lemurs are strictly diurnal, being active exclusively during daylight hours. Due to this lifestyle, they also sunbathe; the lemurs can be observed sitting upright on their tails, exposing their soft, white belly fur towards the sun. They will often also have their palms open and eyes gently closed. Like other lemurs, this species relies strongly on their sense of smell, and territorial marking, with scent glands, provides communication signals throughout a group’s home range. The glands are located near the eyes, as well as near the anus. The males perform a unique scent-marking behavior called spur-marking, and will participate in stink fights by dousing their tails with their pheromones and “wafting” it at opponents. Additionally, lemurs of both sexes will scent-mark trees, logs, rocks or other objects by simply rubbing their faces and bodies onto it, not unlike a domestic cat.
As one of the most vocal primates, the ring-tailed lemur uses numerous vocalizations, including calling for group cohesion and predator alarm calls. Experiments have shown that the ring-tailed lemur, despite the lack of a large brain (relative to simiiform primates), can organize sequences, understand basic arithmetic operations, and preferentially select tools based on functional qualities.
Despite adapting to and breeding easily under captive care (and being the most popular species of lemur in zoos worldwide, with more than 2,000 captive-raised individuals), the wild population of ring-tailed lemur is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List, due to habitat destruction, local hunting for bushmeat and the exotic pet trade. As of early 2017, the population in the wild is believed to have crashed to as low as 2,000 individuals due to these reasons, making them far more critically endangered. Local Malagasy farmers and logging industries frequently make use of slash and burn deforestation techniques, with smoke being visible on the horizon on most days in Madagascar, in an effort to accommodate livestock and to cultivate larger fields of crops.
Etymology
Although the term "lemur" was first intended for slender lorises, it was soon limited to the endemic Malagasy primates, which have been known as "lemurs" ever since. The name derives from the Latin term lemures, which refers to specters or ghosts that were exorcised during the Lemuria festival of ancient Rome. According to Carl Linnaeus's own explanation, the name was selected because of the nocturnal activity and slow movements of the slender loris. Being familiar with the works of Virgil and Ovid and seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme, Linnaeus adapted the term "lemur" for these nocturnal primates. However, it has been commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the ghost-like appearance, reflective eyes, and ghostly cries of lemurs. It has also been speculated that Linnaeus may also have known that some Malagasy people have held legends that lemurs are the souls of their ancestors, but this is unlikely given that the name was selected for slender lorises from India. The species name, catta, refers to the ring-tailed lemur's cat-like appearance. Its purring vocalization is similar to that of the domestic cat.
Following Linnaeus's species description, the common name "ring-tailed maucauco" was first penned in 1771 by Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant, who made note of its characteristic long, banded tail. (The term "maucauco" was a very common term for lemurs at this time.) The now universal English name "ring-tailed lemur" was first used by George Shaw in his illustrated scientific publication covering the Leverian collection, which was published between 1792 and 1796.
Evolutionary history
All mammalian fossils from Madagascar come from recent times.[11] Thus, little is known about the evolution of the ring-tailed lemur, let alone the rest of the lemur clade, which comprises the entire endemic primate population of the island. However, chromosomal and molecular evidence suggest that lemurs are more closely related to each other than to other strepsirrhine primates. For this to have happened, it is thought that a very small ancestral population came to Madagascar via a single rafting event between 50 and 80 million years ago. Subsequent evolutionary radiation and speciation has created the diversity of Malagasy lemurs seen today.
According to analysis of amino acid sequences, the branching of the family Lemuridae has been dated to 26.1 ±3.3 mya while rRNA sequences of mtDNA place the split at 24.9 ±3.6 mya. The ruffed lemurs are the first genus to split away (most basal) in the family, a view that is further supported by analysis of DNA sequences and karyotypes. Additionally, Molecular data suggests a deep genetic divergence and sister group relationship between the true lemurs (Eulemur) and the other two genera: Lemur and Hapalemur.
The ring-tailed lemur is thought to share closer affinities to the bamboo lemurs of the genus Hapalemur than to the other two genera in its family. This has been supported by comparisons in communication, chromosomes, genetics, and several morphological traits, such as scent gland similarities. However, other data concerning immunology and other morphological traits fail to support this close relationship. For example, Hapalemur species have short snouts, while the ring-tailed lemur and the rest of Lemuridae have long snouts. However, differences in the relationship between the orbit (eye socket) and the muzzle suggest that the ring-tailed lemur and the true lemurs evolved their elongated faces independently.
The relationship between the ring-tailed lemur and bamboo lemurs is the least understood. Molecular analysis suggests that either the bamboo lemurs diverged from the ring-tailed lemur, making the group monophyletic and supporting the current two-genera taxonomy, or that the ring-tailed lemur is nested in with the bamboo lemurs, requiring Hapalemur simus to be split off into its own genus, Prolemur.
The karyotype of the ring-tailed lemur has 56 chromosomes, of which four are metacentric (arms of nearly equal length), four are submetacentric (arms of unequal length), and 46 are acrocentric (the short arm is hardly observable). The X chromosome is metacentric and the Y chromosome is acrocentric.
Taxonomic classification
Linnaeus first used the genus name Lemur to describe "Lemur tardigradus" (the red slender loris, now known as Loris tardigradus) in his 1754 catalog of the Museum of King Adolf Frederick. In 1758, his 10th edition of Systema Naturae listed the genus Lemur with three included species, only one of which is still considered to be a lemur while another is no longer considered to be a primate. These species include: Lemur tardigradus, Lemur catta (the ring-tailed lemur), and Lemur volans (the Philippine colugo, now known as Cynocephalus volans). In 1911, Oldfield Thomas made Lemur catta the type species for the genus, despite the term initially being used to describe lorises. On January 10, 1929, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) formalized this decision in its publication of Opinion 122.
The ring-tailed lemur shares many similarities with ruffed lemurs (genus Varecia) and true lemurs (genus Eulemur), and its skeleton is nearly indistinguishable from that of the true lemurs. Consequently, the three genera were once grouped together in the genus Lemur and more recently are sometimes referred to as subfamily Lemurinae (within family Lemuridae). However, ruffed lemurs were reassigned to the genus Varecia in 1962, and due to similarities between the ring-tailed lemur and the bamboo lemurs, particularly in regards to molecular evidence and scent glands similarities, the true lemurs were moved to the genus Eulemur by Yves Rumpler and Elwyn L. Simons (1988) as well as Colin Groves and Robert H. Eaglen (1988). In 1991, Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey H. Schwartz reviewed the evidence and came to a different conclusion, instead favoring to return the members of Eulemur and Varecia to the genus Lemur. However, this view was not widely accepted and the genus Lemur remained monotypic, containing only the ring-tailed lemur. Because the differences in molecular data are so minute between the ring-tailed lemur and both genera of bamboo lemurs, it has been suggested that all three genera be merged.
Because of the difficulty in discerning the relationships within family Lemuridae, not all authorities agree on the taxonomy, although the majority of the primatological community favors the current classification.
Taxonomy of family LemuridaePhylogeny of family Lemuridae
Family Lemuridae
Genus Lemur: the ring-tailed lemur
Genus Eulemur: brown lemurs
Genus Varecia: ruffed lemurs
Genus Hapalemur: lesser gentle or bamboo lemurs
Genus Prolemur: the greater bamboo lemur
Lemuridae
Varecia (ruffed lemurs)
Lemur (ring-tailed lemur)
Hapalemur (lesser bamboo lemurs)
Eulemur (true lemurs)
In 1996, researchers Steven Goodman and Olivier Langrand suggested that the ring-tailed lemur may demonstrate regional variations, particularly a high mountain population at Andringitra Massif that has a thicker coat, lighter coloration, and variations in its tail rings. In 2001, primatologist Colin Groves concluded that this does not represent a locally occurring subspecies. This decision was later supported by further fieldwork that showed that the differences fell within the normal range of variation for the species. The thicker coat was considered a local adaptation to extreme low temperatures in the region, and the fading of the fur was attributed to increased exposure to solar radiation. Additional genetic studies in 2000 further supported the conclusion that population did not vary significantly from the other ring-tailed lemur populations on the island.
Anatomy and physiology
The ring-tailed lemur is a strepsirrhine primate, with a protruding muzzle and a wet nose. Top is the skull.
The ring-tailed lemur is a relatively large lemur. Its average weight is 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb). Its head–body length ranges between 39 and 46 cm (15 and 18 in), its tail length is 56 and 63 cm (22 and 25 in), and its total length is 95 and 110 cm (37 and 43 in). Other measurements include a hind foot length of 102 and 113 mm (4.0 and 4.4 in), ear length of 40 and 48 mm (1.6 and 1.9 in), and cranium length of 78 and 88 mm (3.1 and 3.5 in).
The species has a slender frame and narrow face, fox-like muzzle. The ring-tailed lemur's trademark—a long, bushy tail—is ringed in alternating black and white transverse bands, numbering 12 or 13 white rings and 13 or 14 black rings, and always ending in a black tip. The total number of rings nearly matches the approximate number of caudal vertebrae Its tail is longer than its body and is not prehensile. Instead, it is only used for balance, communication, and group cohesion.
The pelage (fur) is so dense that it can clog electric clippers. The ventral (chest) coat and throat are white or cream. The dorsal (back) coat varies from gray to rosy-brown, sometimes with a brown pygal patch around the tail region, where the fur grades to pale gray or grayish brown. The dorsal coloration is slightly darker around the neck and crown. The hair on the throat, cheeks, and ears is white or off-white and also less dense, allowing the dark skin underneath to show through. The muzzle is dark grayish and the nose is black, and the eyes are encompassed by black triangular patches. Facial vibrissae (whiskers) are developed and found above the lips (mystacal), on the cheeks (genal), and on the eyebrow (superciliary). Vibrissae are also found slightly above the wrist on the underside of the forearm. The ears are relatively large compared to other lemurs and are covered in hair, which has only small tufts if any. Although slight pattern variations in the facial region may be seen between individuals, there are no obvious differences between the sexes.
Unlike most diurnal primates, but like all strepsirrhine primates, the ring-tailed lemur has a tapetum lucidum, or reflective layer behind the retina of the eye, that enhances night vision. The tapetum is highly visible in this species because the pigmentation of the ocular fundus (back surface of the eye), which is present in—but varies between—all lemurs, is very spotty. The ring-tailed lemur also has a rudimentary foveal depression on the retina. Another shared characteristic with the other strepsirrhine primates is the rhinarium, a moist, naked, glandular nose supported by the upper jaw and protruding beyond the chin. The rhinarium continues down where it divides the upper lip. The upper lip is attached to the premaxilla, preventing the lip from protruding and thus requiring the lemur to lap water rather than using suction.
The skin of the ring-tailed lemur is dark gray or black in color, even in places where the fur is white. It is exposed on the nose, palms, soles, eyelids, lips, and genitalia. The skin is smooth, but the leathery texture of the hands and feet facilitate terrestrial movement. The anus, located at the joint of the tail, is covered when the tail is lowered. The area around the anus (circumanal area) and the perineum are covered in fur. In males, the scrotum lacks fur, is covered in small, horny spines, and the two sacs of the scrotum are divided. The penis is nearly cylindrical in shape and is covered in small spines, as well as having two pairs of larger spines on both sides. Males have a relatively small baculum (penis bone) compared to their size. The scrotum, penis, and prepuce are usually coated with a foul-smelling secretion. Females have a thick, elongated clitoris that protrudes from the labia of the vulva. The opening of the urethra is closer to the clitoris than the vagina, forming a "drip tip".
Females have two pairs of mammary glands (four nipples), but only one pair is functional. The anterior pair (closest to the head) are very close to the axillae (armpit). Furless scent glands are present on both males and females. Both sexes have small, dark antebrachial (forearm) glands measuring 1 cm long and located on the inner surface of the forearm nearly 25 cm (9.8 in) above the wrist joint. (This trait is shared between the Lemur and Hapalemur genera.) The gland is soft and compressible, bears fine dermal ridges (like fingerprints), and is connected to the palm by a fine, 2 mm–high, hairless strip. However, only the male has a horny spur that overlays this scent gland. The spur develops with age through the accumulation of secretions from an underlying gland that may connect through the skin through as many as a thousand minuscule ducts. The males also have brachial (arm) glands on the axillary surface of their shoulders (near the armpit). The brachial gland is larger than the antebrachial gland, covered in short hair around the periphery, and has a naked crescent-shaped orifice near the center. The gland secretes a foul-smelling, brown, sticky substance. The brachial gland is barely developed if present at all in females. Both sexes also have apocrine and sebaceous glands in their genital or perianal regions, which are covered in fur.
Its fingers are slender, padded, mostly lacking webbing, and semi-dexterous with flat, human-like nails. The thumb is both short and widely separated from the other fingers. Despite being set at a right angle to the palm, the thumb is not opposable since the ball of the joint is fixed in place. As with all strepsirrhines, the hand is ectaxonic (the axis passes through the fourth digit) rather than mesaxonic (the axis passing through the third digit) as seen in monkeys and apes. The fourth digit is the longest, and only slightly longer than the second digit. Likewise, the fifth digit is only slightly longer than the second. The palms are long and leathery, and like other primates, they have dermal ridges to improve grip. The feet are semi-digitigrade and more specialized than the hands. The big toe is opposable and is smaller than the big toe of other lemurs, which are more arboreal. The second toe is short, has a small terminal pad, and has a toilet-claw (sometimes referred to as a grooming claw) specialized for personal grooming, specifically to rake through fur that is unreachable by the mouth. The toilet-claw is a trait shared among nearly all living strepsirrhine primates. Unlike other lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur's heel is not covered by fur.
Close-up of a ring-tailed lemur's toes, showing a claw-like nail on the second toe (compared to the nail on the third toe next to it)
Close-up of a ring-tailed lemur's hands, showing black skin and dermal ridges
Close-up of a ring-tailed lemur's foot, showing black skin and a lack of fur on the heel
Like other lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur has a claw-like nail (toilet-claw) on its second toe (left) and dermal ridges on its hands to improve its grip (center). Unlike other lemurs, it lacks fur on its heel (right).
Dentition
Close-up of the front, bottom teeth of a ring-tailed lemur, showing the first six teeth pointing directly forward instead of up-and-down like the canine-like premolar behind them.
The front, lower dentition includes a toothcomb (4 incisors and 2 canine teeth), while the first premolars resemble canines.
The ring-tailed lemur has a dentition of
2.1.3.3
2.1.3.3
× 2 = 36, meaning that on each side of the jaw it has two incisors, one canine tooth, three premolars, and three molar teeth.[3] Its deciduous dentition is
2.1.3
2.1.3
× 2 = 24. The permanent teeth erupt in the following order: m 1/1 (first molars), i 2/2 (first incisors), i 3/3 (second incisors), C1 (upper canines), m 2/2 (second molars), c1 (lower canines), m 3/3 (third molars), p 4/4 (third premolars), p 3/3 (second premolars), p 2/2 (first premolars).
Its lower incisors (i1 and i2) are long, narrow, and finely spaced while pointing almost straight forward in the mouth (procumbent). Together with the incisor-shaped (incisiform) lower canines (c1), which are slightly larger and also procumbent, form a structure called a toothcomb, a trait unique to nearly all strepsirrhine primates. The toothcomb is used during oral grooming, which involves licking and tooth-scraping. It may also be used for grasping small fruits, removing leaves from the stem when eating, and possibly scraping sap and gum from tree bark. The toothcomb is kept clean using a sublingual organ—a thin, flat, fibrous plate that covers a large part of the base of the tongue. The first lower premolar (p2) following the toothcomb is shaped like a canine (caniniform) and occludes the upper canine, essentially filling the role of the incisiform lower canine. There is also a diastema (gap) between the second and third premolars.
The upper incisors are small, with the first incisors space widely from each other, yet closely to the second incisors . Both are compressed buccolingually (between the cheek and the tongue). The upper canines (C1) are long, have a broad base, and curve down and back (recurved). The upper canines exhibit slight sexual dimorphism, with males exhibiting slightly larger canines than females. Both sexes use them in combat by slashing with them. There is a small diastema between the upper canine and the first premolar (P2), which is smaller and more caniniform than the other premolars. Unlike other lemurs, the first two upper molars (M1 and M2) have prominent lingual cingulae, yet do not have a protostyle.
Ecology
The ring-tailed lemur is diurnal and semi-terrestrial. It is the most terrestrial of lemur species, spending as much as 33% of its time on the ground. However it is still considerably arboreal, spending 23% of its time in the mid-level canopy, 25% in the upper-level canopy, 6% in the emergent layer and 13% in small bushes. Troop travel is 70% terrestrial.
Troop size, home range, and population density vary by region and food availability. Troops typically range in size from 6 to 25, although troops with over 30 individuals have been recorded. The average troop contains 13 to 15 individuals. Home range size varies between 6 and 35 hectares (15 and 86 acres). Troops of the ring-tailed lemur will maintain a territory, but overlap is often high. When encounters occur, they are agonistic, or hostile in nature. A troop will usually occupy the same part of its range for three or four days before moving. When it does move, the average traveling distance is 1 km (0.62 mi). Population density ranges from 100 individuals per 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) in dry forests to 250–600 individuals per km2 in gallery and secondary forests.
The ring-tailed lemur has both native and introduced predators. Native predators include the fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), the Madagascar harrier-hawk (Polyboroides radiatus), the Madagascar buzzard (Buteo brachypterus) and the Madagascar ground boa (Acrantophis madagascariensis). Introduced predators include the small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), the domestic cat and the domestic dog.
Geographic range and habitat
Endemic to southern and southwestern Madagascar, the ring-tailed lemur ranges further into highland areas than other lemurs. It inhabits deciduous forests, dry scrub, montane humid forests, and gallery forests (forests along riverbanks). It strongly favors gallery forests, but such forests have now been cleared from much of Madagascar in order to create pasture for livestock. Depending on location, temperatures within its geographic range can vary from −12 °C (10 °F) at Andringitra Massif to 48 °C (118 °F) in the spiny forests of Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve.
This species is found as far east as Tôlanaro, inland towards the mountains of Andringitra on the southeastern plateau, among the spiny forests of the southern part of the island, and north along the west coast to the town of Belo sur Mer. Historically, the northern limits of its range in the west extended to the Morondava River near Morondava. It can still be found in Kirindy Mitea National Park, just south of Morondava, though at very low densities. It does not occur in Kirindy Forest Reserve, north of Morondava. Its distribution throughout the rest of its range is very spotty, with population densities varying widely.
The ring-tailed lemur can be easily seen in five national parks in Madagascar: Andohahela National Park, Andringitra National Park, Isalo National Park, Tsimanampetsotse National Park, and Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park. It can also be found in Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve, Kalambatritra Special Reserve, Pic d'Ivohibe Special Reserve, Amboasary Sud, Berenty Private Reserve, Anja Community Reserve, and marginally at Kirindy Mitea National Park. Unprotected forests that the species has been reported in include Ankoba, Ankodida, Anjatsikolo, Anbatotsilongolongo, Mahazoarivo, Masiabiby, and Mikea.
Within the protected regions it is known to inhabit, the ring-tailed lemur is sympatric (shares its range) with as many as 24 species of lemur, covering every living genus except Allocebus, Indri, and Varecia. Historically, the species used to be sympatric with the critically endangered southern black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata editorum), which was once found at Andringitra National Park; however, no sightings of the ruffed lemur have been reported in recent years.
List of species sympatric with the ring-tailed lemur[38]
Verreaux's sifaka
(Propithecus verreauxi)
Milne-Edwards' sifaka
(Propithecus edwardsi)
Peyrieras' woolly lemur
(Avahi peyrierasi)
Gray mouse lemur
(Microcebus murinus)
Brown mouse lemur
(Microcebus rufus)
Reddish-gray mouse lemur
(Microcebus griseorufus)
Aye-aye
(Daubentonia madagascariensis)
Fat-tailed dwarf lemur
(Cheirogaleus medius)
Greater dwarf lemur
(Cheirogaleus major)
White-footed sportive lemur
(Lepilemur leucopus)
Small-toothed sportive lemur
(Lepilemur microdon)
Petter's sportive lemur
(Lepilemur petteri)
Red-tailed sportive lemur
(Lepilemur ruficaudatus)
Wright's sportive lemur
(Lepilemur wrightae)
Hubbard's sportive lemur
(Lepilemur hubbardorum)
Golden bamboo lemur
(Hapalemur aureus)
Southern lesser bamboo lemur
(Hapalemur meridionalis)
Greater bamboo lemur
(Prolemur simus)
Common brown lemur
(Eulemur fulvus)
Red-fronted lemur
(Eulemur rufifrons)
Red-bellied lemur
(Eulemur rubriventer)
Collared brown lemur
(Eulemur collaris)
Coquerel's giant mouse lemur
(Mirza coquereli)
Pale fork-marked lemur
(Phaner pallescens)[N 6]
In western Madagascar, sympatric ring-tailed lemurs and red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons) have been studied together. Little interaction takes place between the two species. While the diets of the two species overlap, they eat in different proportions since the ring-tailed lemur has a more varied diet and spends more time on the ground.
Diet
The ring-tailed lemur is an opportunistic omnivore primarily eating fruits and leaves, particularly those of the tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica), known natively as kily. When available, tamarind makes up as much as 50% of the diet, especially during the dry, winter season. The ring-tailed lemur eats from as many as three dozen different plant species, and its diet includes flowers, herbs, bark and sap. It has been observed eating decayed wood, earth, spider webs, insect cocoons, arthropods (spiders, caterpillars, cicadas and grasshoppers) and small vertebrates (birds and chameleons). During the dry season it becomes increasingly opportunistic.
Behavior
Social systems
Troops are classified as multi-male groups, with a matriline as the core group. As with most lemurs, females socially dominate males in all circumstances, including feeding priority. Dominance is enforced by lunging, chasing, cuffing, grabbing and biting. Young females do not always inherit their mother's rank and young males leave the troop between three and five years of age. Both sexes have separate dominance hierarchies; females have a distinct hierarchy while male rank is correlated with age. Each troop has one to three central, high-ranking adult males who interact with females more than other group males and lead the troop procession with high-ranking females. Recently transferred males, old males or young adult males that have not yet left their natal group are often lower ranking. Staying at the periphery of the group they tend to be marginalized from group activity.
A group of three ring-tailed lemurs rest in the sun, with two sitting upright, facing the sun, with their arms to their sides.
The ring-tailed lemur will sit facing the sun to warm itself in the mornings.
For males, social structure changes can be seasonal. During the six-month period between December and May a few males migrate between groups. Established males transfer on average every 3.5 years, although young males may transfer approximately every 1.4 years. Group fission occurs when groups get too large and resources become scarce.
In the mornings the ring-tailed lemur sunbathes to warm itself. It faces the sun sitting in what is frequently described as a "sun-worshipping" posture or lotus position. However, it sits with its legs extended outward, not cross-legged, and will often support itself on nearby branches. Sunning is often a group activity, particularly during the cold mornings. At night, troops will split into sleeping parties huddling closely together to keep warm.
Despite being quadrupedal the ring-tailed lemur can rear up and balance on its hind legs, usually for aggressive displays. When threatened the ring-tailed lemur may jump in the air and strike out with its short nails and sharp upper canine teeth in a behaviour termed jump fighting. This is extremely rare outside of the breeding season when tensions are high and competition for mates is intense. Other aggressive behaviours include a threat-stare, used to intimidate or start a fight, and a submissive gesture known as pulled-back lips.
Border disputes with rival troops occur occasionally and it is the dominant female's responsibility to defend the troop's home range. Agonistic encounters include staring, lunging approaches and occasional physical aggression, and conclude with troop members retreating toward the center of the home range.
Olfactory communication
Olfactory communication is critically important for strepsirrhines like the ring-tailed lemur. Males and females scent mark both vertical and horizontal surfaces at the overlaps in their home ranges using their anogenital scent glands. The ring-tailed lemur will perform a handstand to mark vertical surfaces, grasping the highest point with its feet while it applies its scent. Use of scent marking varies by age, sex and social status. Male lemurs use their antebrachial and brachial glands to demarcate territories and maintain intragroup dominance hierarchies. The thorny spur that overlays the antebrachial gland on each wrist is scraped against tree trunks to create grooves anointed with their scent. This is known as spur-marking.
In displays of aggression, males engage in a social display behaviour called stink fighting, which involves impregnating their tails with secretions from the antebrachial and brachial glands and waving the scented tail at male rivals.
Ring-tailed lemurs have also been shown to mark using urine. Behaviorally, there is a difference between regular urination, where the tail is slightly raised and a stream of urine is produced, and the urine marking behavior, where the tail is held up in display and only a few drops of urine are used. The urine-marking behavior is typically used by females to mark territory, and has been observed primarily at the edges of the troop's territory and in areas where other troops may frequent. The urine marking behavior also is most frequent during the mating season, and may play a role in reproductive communication between groups.
Breeding and reproduction
The ring-tailed lemur is polygynandrous, although the dominant male in the troop typically breeds with more females than other males. Fighting is most common during the breeding season. A receptive female may initiate mating by presenting her backside, lifting her tail and looking at the desired male over her shoulder. Males may inspect the female's genitals to determine receptiveness. Females typically mate within their troop, but may seek outside males.
The breeding season runs from mid-April to mid-May. Estrus lasts 4 to 6 hours, and females mate with multiple males during this period. Within a troop, females stagger their receptivity so that each female comes into season on a different day during the breeding season, reducing competition for male attention. Females lactate during the wet season, from December through April, when resources are readily available. Females gestate during the dry season, from May through September, when resources are low. Females give birth during seasons where resources, such as flowers, are in peak. Gestation lasts for about 135 days, and parturition occurs in September or occasionally October. In the wild, one offspring is the norm, although twins may occur. Ring-tailed lemur infants have a birth weight of 70 g (2.5 oz) and are carried ventrally (on the chest) for the first 1 to 2 weeks, then dorsally (on the back).
The young lemurs begin to eat solid food after two months and are fully weaned after five months. Sexual maturity is reached between 2.5 and 3 years. Male involvement in infant rearing is limited, although the entire troop, regardless of age or sex, can be seen caring for the young. Alloparenting between troop females has been reported. Kidnapping by females and infanticide by males also occur occasionally. Due to harsh environmental conditions, predation and accidents such as falls, infant mortality can be as high as 50% within the first year and as few as 30% may reach adulthood. The longest-lived ring-tailed lemur in the wild was a female at the Berenty Reserve who lived for 20 years. In the wild, females rarely live past the age of 16, whereas the life expectancy of males is not known due to their social structure. The longest-lived male was reported to be 15 years old. The maximum lifespan reported in captivity was 27 years.
Cognitive abilities and tool use
Historically, the studies of learning and cognition in non-human primates have focused on simians (monkeys and apes), while strepsirrhine primates, such as the ring-tailed lemur and its allies, have been overlooked and popularly dismissed as unintelligent. A couple of factors stemming from early experiments have played a role in the development of this assumption. First, the experimental design of older tests may have favored the natural behavior and ecology of simians over that of strepsirrhines, making the experimental tasks inappropriate for lemurs. For example, simians are known for their manipulative play with non-food objects, whereas lemurs are only known to manipulate non-food objects in captivity. This behaviour is usually connected with food association. Also, lemurs are known to displace objects with their nose or mouth more so than with their hands. Therefore, an experiment requiring a lemur to manipulate an object without prior training would favor simians over strepsirrhines. Second, individual ring-tailed lemurs accustomed to living in a troop may not respond well to isolation for laboratory testing. Past studies have reported hysterical behaviour in such scenarios.
The notion that lemurs are unintelligent has been perpetuated by the view that the neocortex ratio (as a measure of brain size) indicates intelligence. In fact, primatologist Alison Jolly noted early in her academic career that some lemur species, such as the ring-tailed lemur, have evolved a social complexity similar to that of cercopithecine monkeys, but not the corresponding intelligence. After years of observations of wild ring-tailed lemur populations at the Berenty Reserve in Madagascar and as well as baboons in Africa, she more recently concluded that this highly social lemur species does not demonstrate the equivalent social complexity of cercopithecine monkeys, despite general appearances.
Regardless, research has continued to illuminate the complexity of the lemur mind, with emphasis on the cognitive abilities of the ring-tailed lemur. As early as the mid-1970s, studies had demonstrated that they could be trained through operant conditioning using standard schedules of reinforcement. The species has been shown to be capable of learning pattern, brightness, and object discrimination, skills common among vertebrates. The ring-tailed lemur has also been shown to learn a variety of complex tasks often equaling, if not exceeding, the performance of simians.
More recently, research at the Duke Lemur Center has shown that the ring-tailed lemur can organize sequences in memory and retrieve ordered sequences without language. The experimental design demonstrated that the lemurs were using internal representation of the sequence to guide their responses and not simply following a trained sequence, where one item in the sequence cues the selection of the next. But this is not the limit of the ring-tailed lemur's reasoning skills. Another study, performed at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve, suggests that this species along with several other closely related lemur species understand simple arithmetic operations.
Since tool use is considered to be a key feature of primate intelligence, the apparent lack of this behavior in wild lemurs, as well as the lack of non-food object play, has helped reinforce the perception that lemurs are less intelligent than their simian cousins. However, another study at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve examined the representation of tool functionality in both the ring-tailed lemur and the common brown lemur and discovered that, like monkeys, they used tools with functional properties (e.g., tool orientation or ease of use) instead of tools with nonfunctional features (e.g., color or texture). Although the ring-tailed lemur may not use tools in the wild, it can not only be trained to use a tool, but will preferentially select tools based on their functional qualities. Therefore, the conceptual competence to use a tool may have been present in the common primate ancestor, even though the use of tools may not have appeared until much later.
Conservation status
In addition to being listed as endangered in 2014 by the IUCN, the ring-tailed lemur has been listed since 1977 by CITES under Appendix I, which makes trade of wild-caught specimens illegal. Although there are more endangered species of lemur, the ring-tailed lemur is considered a flagship species due to its recognizability. As of 2017, only about 2,000 ring-tailed lemurs are estimated to be left in the wild, making the threat of extinction far more serious for them than previously believed.
hree factors threaten ring-tailed lemurs. First and foremost is habitat destruction. Starting nearly 2,000 years ago with the introduction of humans to the island, forests have been cleared to produce pasture and agricultural land. Extraction of hardwoods for fuel and lumber, as well mining and overgrazing, have also taken their toll. Today, it is estimated that 90% of Madagascar's original forest cover has been lost.[61] Rising populations have created even greater demand in the southwest portion of the island for fuel wood, charcoal, and lumber. Fires from the clearing of grasslands, as well as slash-and-burn agriculture destroy forests. Another threat to the species is harvesting either for food (bushmeat), fur clothing or pets. Finally, periodic drought common to southern Madagascar can impact populations already in decline. In 1991 and 1992, for example, a severe drought caused an abnormally high mortality rate among infants and females at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve. Two years later, the population had declined by 31% and took nearly four years to start to recover.
The ring-tailed lemur resides in several protected areas within its range, each offering varying levels of protection. At the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, a holistic approach to in-situ conservation has been taken. Not only does field research and resource management involve international students and local people (including school children), livestock management is used at the peripheral zones of the reserve and ecotourism benefits the local people.
Outside of its diminishing habitat and other threats, the ring-tailed lemur reproduces readily and has fared well in captivity. For this reason, along with its popularity, it has become the most populous lemur in zoos worldwide, with more than 2500 in captivity as of 2009. It is also the most common of all captive primates. Ex situ facilities actively involved in the conservation of the ring-tailed lemur include the Duke Lemur Center in Durham, North Carolina, the Lemur Conservation Foundation in Myakka City, Florida, and the Madagascar Fauna Group headquartered at the Saint Louis Zoo. Due to the high success of captive breeding, reintroduction is a possibility if wild populations were to crash. Although experimental releases have met success on St. Catherines Island in Georgia, demonstrating that captive lemurs can readily adapt to their environment and exhibit a full range of natural behaviors, captive release is not currently being considered.
Ring-tailed lemur populations can also benefit from drought intervention, due to the availability of watering troughs and introduced fruit trees, as seen at the Berenty Private Reserve in southern Madagascar. However, these interventions are not always seen favorably, since natural population fluctuations are not permitted. The species is thought to have evolved its high fecundity due to its harsh environment.
Cultural references
The ring-tailed lemur is known locally in Malagasy as maky (pronounced [ˈmakʲi̥], and spelled maki in French) or hira (pronounced [ˈhirə] or colloquially [ˈir]). Being the most widely recognized endemic primate on the island, it has been selected as the symbol for Madagascar National Parks (formerly known as ANGAP). The Maki brand, which started by selling T-shirts in Madagascar and now sells clothing across the Indian Ocean islands, is named after this lemur due to its popularity, even though the company's logo portrays the face of a sifaka and its name uses the French spelling.
The first mention of the ring-tailed lemur in Western literature came in 1625 when English traveller and writer Samuel Purchas described them as being comparable in size to a monkey and having a fox-like long tail with black and white rings. Charles Catton included the species in his 1788 book Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta, calling it the "Maucauco" and regarding it as a type of monkey.
A Ring-tailed lemur named Dotty regularly appeared with Jonny Morris on the BBC television programme Animal Magic.
The species was further popularized by the Animal Planet television series Lemur Street, as well as by the character King Julien in the animated Madagascar film and TV franchise.[69] The ring-tailed lemur was also the focus of the 1996 Nature documentary A Lemur's Tale, which was filmed at the Berenty Reserve and followed a troop of lemurs. The troop included a special infant named Sapphire, who was nearly albino, with white fur, bright blue eyes, and the characteristic ringed tail.
A Ring-tailed lemur played a role in the 1997 comedy film Fierce Creatures, starring John Cleese, who has a passion for lemurs. Cleese later hosted the 1998 BBC documentary In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese, which tracked the progress of a reintroduction of black-and-white ruffed lemurs back into the Betampona Reserve in Madagascar. The project had been partly funded by Cleese's donation of the proceeds from the London premier of Fierce Creatures.
Orden:Passeriformes
Familia:Corvidae
Género:Nucifraga
Nombres comunes: Cascanueces americano,Cascanueces de Clark
Nombre cientifico:Nucifraga columbiana
Nombre ingles: Clark's Nutcracker
Lugar de captura: Banff , Calgary, Alberta, Canadá!
Por: Cimarron mayor Panta.
PARA LAS RATAMALAS CRIOLLAS EN ESPAÑOL
HOY VOY HABLAR DE LA INTELIGENCIA DE ESTA ESPECIE Y SU CAPACIDAD DE SOBREVIVIR A MENOS 45 GRADOS DE TEMPERATURA EN EL FRIO INVIERNO CANADIENSE!!
Así que voy hablar un poco sobre la INTELIGENCIA DE ESTA ESPECIE Y DE COMO LA CONOCI UN DÍA.
Yo enfermé y al parecer haría mi último viaje junto a Mayra( es lo que deduzco yo) en el 2,007 invitados por mi hermana Joalhi a ese lugar de sueños y que mi hermana adora, como son las Rocosas Canadienses desde Montana hasta Jasper.
Para esa epoca yo no tenía cámara ni soñaba tenerla, pero le hacía las fotos sociales a Yosyta con una cámara de bolsillo que ella tenía como extra.
Estando en el lago Peyto al cual subimos a pie y a una altura de 1,880 msnm contemplábamos aquella belleza del lago más perfecto de la rocosas. Mientras yosyta hacía sus paisajes yo miraba buscando alguna avecilla o algo de vida en aquellos pinos! De pronto vi ese pájaro blanco y sabía que era un córvido desde que lo vi pues tenía la actitud de estar escondiendo algo.
Miro hacia mi lado y veo un letrero que dice: No creas Usted que toda esta belleza que estas viendo ahora en verano podrás verla en otros tiempos. Esto no es un panorama my agradable en invierno. No existe lago más que nieve y ahora mismo donde esta pisando tampoco existirá.Si usted viene aqui en invierno llorarás pues no existe criatura viviente capaz de soportar -45 grados de temperatura sin contar el factor viento con el cual puede llegar a menos 60 grados.
Yo seguía mirando al cascanueces de Clark y me dije… ESTE ES EL UNICO CAPAZ DE SOBREVIVIR A ESTA BRUTAL INCLEMENCIA DE INVIERNO MAS DESPIADADO COMO LO ES EL DE CANADA.
Y tenía razón en mi deducción!! Las aves capaces de soportar frío se conocen a leguas.
Ahora bien, para sobrevivir en un clima como ese en invierno hay que ser muy inteligente y tomar muchas medidas de precaución.
La fuente más importante de alimentación de esta especie son los piñones, es decir, las semillas de los pinos, principalmente de las dos especies de clima frío (gran altitud) de pinos blancos (Pinus subgénero Strobus) con grandes semillas Pino de corteza blanca (P. albicaulis) y Pino huyoco (P. flexilis), pero también usa otras especies de gran altitud como el pino de Balfour (P. balfouriana), el pino longevo (P. longaeva) y el pino blanco occidental (P. monticola). Durante sus migraciones a altitudes menores, también usa ampliamente las semillas de pinos piñoneros. La población aislada de Cerro Potosí se asocia estrechamente con un endemismo local, Pinus culminicola. Todos los cascanueces americanos tienen un saco sublingual capaz de guardar alrededor de 90 semillas; el saco acrecienta grandemente la capacidad del pájaro de transportar y almacenar semillas.
PERO AHORA VIENE LO MEJOR. CUAL ES SU CAPACIDAD E INTELIGENCIA PARA ESCONDER TANTAS SEMILLAS DE PINOS???
Confiando casi únicamente en su increíble memoria, el Cascanueces de Clark, también llamado Cascanueces Americano (de la familia Corvidae), es capaz de localizar los lugares exactos, hasta 5.000 pequeños escondrijos en un área alrededor de 20 – 24 Km, en los que ha enterrado más de 30.000 piñones recolectadas durante varias semanas como fuente de alimento de la que dependerá casi exclusivamente, para sobrevivir durante el invierno.
Los escondrijos del Cascanueces quedarán cubiertos de nieve durante el invierno, ocultando muchas de las pequeñas características locales del paisaje, demostrando que el Cascanueces utiliza lo que se conoce como memoria espacial basada en señales y otras características del terreno, para la recuperación de sus escondrijos.
Una forma en la que los Cascanueces pueden solucionar el problema es desarrollando un mapa mental de las señales de su ambiente para usarlas como referencia.
NO SOLO ESCONDEN, TAMBIEN SABEN LO QUE ESCONDIERON EN CADA LUGAR:
No solo recuerdan miles de sitios diferentes, sino que tambien saben que es lo que escondieron en cada lugar y cuando lo hicieron. La zona del cerebro responsable de la memoria espacial es el "Hipocampo" y esta parte del cerebro es de mayor tamaño en los corvidos.
Los córvidos son calculadores, inteligentes y juiciosos, por lo tanto al que lo llamen cuervo en esta vida debe sentirse orgulloso de que lo comparen con el ave más inteligente.
Un gran fin de semana amigo. El mío comienza hoy
Cimarron mayor Panta.
VERSION INGLES
TODAY I TALK ABOUT THE INTELLIGENCE OF THIS SPECIES AND ITS ABILITY TO SURVIVE TO MINUS 45 DEGREES OF TEMPERATURE IN THE COLD CANADIAN WINTER!
So I'm going to talk a little about the intelligence of this species and as the met a day.
I got sick and apparently would do my last trip along with Mayra (what I gather) in the 2,007 invited by my sister Joalhi to that place of dreams and my sister loves, such as the Canadian Rockies from Montana to Jasper.
At the time I had no camera nor dreamed to have it, but it was social photos to Yosyta with a pocket camera that she had as an extra.
Being on the Peyto Lake which we climbed on foot and an altitude of 1,880 meters we contemplated that beauty of the more perfect the Rocky Lake. As yosyta did their landscapes I watched looking for any bird or something of life in those pines! Suddenly I saw that white bird and knew that it was a corvido since I saw it because I had the attitude to be hiding something.
Look to my side and see a sign that says: do not think you know all this beauty you're browsing now in summer will see it at other times. This is not a picture of my pleasant in winter. There is no Lake more than snow and right now where this treading will not exist.If you come here in the winter, you cry because there is no living creature capable of withstanding temperature - 45 degrees excluding the factor of wind that can reach minus 60 degrees.
I was looking at the Clark Nutcracker and told me... THIS IS THE ONLY ONE ABLE TO SURVIVE THIS BRUTAL INCLEMENT WINTER MORE RUTHLESS AS IS CANADA.
And I was right in my deduction! Able to withstand cold birds are known to leagues.
However, to survive in a climate like that in winter it must be very intelligent and take many precautionary measures.
The most important source of food for this species are pine nuts, i.e. the seeds of pine trees, mainly of the two cold-weather (high altitude) species of white pine (Pinus Subgenus Strobus) with large seeds from white bark pine (p. albicaulis) and pine huyoco (p. flexilis), but also uses other species of high altitude as Balfour pine (p. balfouriana), the bristlecone pine (P. longaeva) and Western white pine (p. monticola). During their migrations to lower altitudes, also used widely the seeds of pines. The isolated Cerro Potosí population is closely associated with a local endemic, Pinus culminicola. All American Nutcrackers have a sublingual bag capable of storing about 90 seeds; SAC greatly increases the capacity of the bird to carry and store seeds.
BUT NOW COMES THE BEST. WHICH IS ITS ABILITY AND INTELLIGENCE TO HIDE AS MANY SEEDS OF PINE TREES?
Relying almost exclusively on his amazing memory, Clark's Nutcracker, also called Nutcracker (family Corvidae) American is able to locate the exact locations, up to 5,000 small caches in an area around 20 - 24 Km, which has buried more than 30,000 pine nuts collected for several weeks as a food source which depends almost exclusively onto survive during the winter.
The hiding-places of the Nutcracker will be covered in snow during the winter, hiding many of the small local landscape features, demonstrating that the Nutcracker uses what is known as spatial memory based on signals and other features of the terrain for the recovery from their hiding places.
A form in which the Nutcracker can solve the problem is developing a mental map of the signals from their environment to be used as a reference.
NOT ONLY HIDE, ALSO KNOW WHAT THEY HID IN EACH PLACE:
Not only remember thousands of different sites, but they also know that it is what hidden in each place and when did. The area of the brain responsible for spatial memory is the "hippocampus" and this part of the brain is larger in the Crow.
The Crow are calculating, intelligent and judicious, therefore that it called cuervo in this life you must be proud of comparing it with the most intelligent bird.
A great weekend friend. Mine starts today
Cimarron greater Panta.
This unapproved product is sold with fraudulent claims to prevent, treat, mitigate, diagnose, or cure COVID-19. FDA warns consumers to avoid unproven and potentially unsafe products. See the Warning Letter for more information:
www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-crimin...
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This photo is free of all copyright restrictions and available for use and redistribution without permission. Credit to FDA's Office of Regulatory Affairs, Health Fraud Branch is appreciated but not required.
This unapproved product is sold with fraudulent claims to prevent, treat, mitigate, diagnose, or cure COVID-19. FDA warns consumers to avoid unproven and potentially unsafe products. See the Warning Letter for more information:
www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-crimin...
More information is available at www.fda.gov/consumers/health-fraud-scams/fraudulent-coron...
Photo by FDA's Office of Regulatory Affairs, Health Fraud Branch
This photo is free of all copyright restrictions and available for use and redistribution without permission. Credit to FDA's Office of Regulatory Affairs, Health Fraud Branch is appreciated but not required.
Highlighting the former Lomond Mountain Rescue ambulance, now a Scottish Ambulance Service Urgent Tier vehicle.
Scottish Ambulance Service are represented by the Oxford released Mercedes Sprinter, bearing the registration SH62 XDY which was a Springburn (Glasgow Central Ambulance Station) vehicle. Alongside is a code 3 adaption of a Lomond Mountain Rescue ambulance into a SAS “Urgent Tier” vehicle.
Urgent Tier vehicles are regularly staffed by an Ambulance Technician (EMT, AAP) and a “D1” (blue light trained & authorised) Ambulance Care Assistant. They are used to attend Interhospital transfers and GP urgent admissions (1-4 hour, non blue light response).
As such, older urgent tier vehicles carried most but not all the equipment of a standard A&E ambulance, but could also be used as a first response to ILT (Immediately Life Threatening) calls such as; Cardiac Arrest, Unconscious, Active Seizure (treated as anoxic seizure or status epilepticus until proven otherwise), and severe Breathing Difficulties), as the Technician has intermediate life support training, including airway management (iGel, LMA, N/OPA), manual defibrillation, 4 & 12 lead ECG with interpretation skills for a restricted number of rhythms including STEMI (with telemetry to Cardiac Care Unit (CCU) facility), VT, VF, Asystole, Sinus Tach, Sinus Brady and NSR, authority to recognise life extinct in prescribed circumstances, as well as a range of medications via oral, buccal, sublingual, Inhaled, IPPV and intramuscular routes etc, and the ACA has Basic Life Support skills as well as expert manual handling and patient care and support skills, in addition to standard Advanced and Emergency Response driving skills.
Nowadays, Urgent Tier vehicles are indistinguishable from standard A&E ambulances, with fully kitted Mercedes Sprinters being the norm. With the standardisation of uniforms, an Urgent Tier crew can normally only be identified by the crew’s epaulettes. With rising call numbers, a huge proportion of which are GP requests and many more being inappropriate public requests, Urgent Tier vehicles are more and more being used for standard emergency calls. Exceptions perhaps being the dedicated PCI vehicles based at specialist heart attack centres to transfer patients for angiography, stenting etc and to repatriate post emergency PPCI patients to their local hospital for ongoing care. These vehicles are however usually funded directly by the PCI capable facility, and as such directly receive their workload from a Hospital co-ordinator, usually having little daily contact with the Ambulance Control Centres (ACC) in Cardonald, Queensferry and Inverness.
the top one is the newest so the fistula hasn't grown out around it yet. the bottom one sits kind of lopsided because it's pierced through the sublingual caruncle. the middle one, of course, is just right.
and it didn't hurt; there aren't really any nerve endings here.
WATCH the video here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVBOTyyINeU <---WATCH!!
This is what I was diagnosed with when I went to the ER overnight. One of the causes is dehydration (see below) and I drank very little water on Friday because I forgot to bring my water jug with me to work. I'm usually very busy at work and the tap water has a chemical taste/smell to it, which is why I forgot to drink water and also why I didn't fill up a cup from the tap.
This is the most pain I have had in my life. It was the most excruciating and unbearable pain I have ever felt. I hate going to doctors and especially the ER, but I was unable to sleep, sit, stand or do anything.
Sialolithiasis refers to the formation of stones in the salivary glands. Stones are most commonly found in the submandibular gland, where stones can obstruct Wharton's duct. It is frequently associated with chronic infection (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans) of the glands, dehydration (phenothiazines), and/or increased local levels of calcium, but in many cases can arise idiopathically. Pain, when present, usually originates from the floor of the mouth, although in many cases the stones cause only intermittent swelling.
UPDATE: I followed the doctor's advice on how to dissolve the stones and it worked. A few weeks later I felt the pain starting again so I followed the doctor's advice and the pain went away. Basically, I get some sour candy and suck on it until the pain goes away. This might take a day or two.
Read more in my comments below.
(This photo was uploaded on November 22, 2009)
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Mingle Media TV and our Red Carpet Report team were invited to cover the Celebrity Connected Honoring The Emmys Luxury Gifting Suite at the Great Room of the W Hotel Hollywood.
What Celebs Found at this Awesome Gift Suite
From Little Tipsy (spiked) Cakes to sweet potato apple chips by Seneca, Shut Your Pie Hole pie in a jar and the vegan and gluten free Yoga.urt were a good place to start but then we stopped at The Curious Creamery and we learned how to make our own ice cream without a machine needed. Then there was the Blast Ice Cream, LA's first liquid nitrogen ice cream mobile food truck, can you say instant gratification?
There were more gourmet food products from Corine's Cuisine with some amazing sauces and recipes. And of course you need some kitchen accessories to make those amazing recipes, right? There were green friendly vendors, from reusable food wraps by Nil, reusable cake and loaf liners by Unstick which we love. Mora Wines poured their Cabernet Franc and Valpo, and gifted hand painted bottles.
Wearable items made a statement: ‘I care about Fair Trade and the planet.’ The Casery had protective gear for the Iphone 7. Japanese designer Akiko Shinto had their retro-chic and modern Asian edge Vivon eyewear collection. Uashmama, had a line of cross body bags and home accessories made from high-grade paper that looks and wears like leather.
Jafra was there with their unforgettable royal jelly lipsticks, along with other wellness products like Theramu’s restorative cream and sublingual pain remedies to Haiku Organics’ soaps, DeP’s two-month face mask treatments (with reusable chic leopard print mask), Elyptol hand sanitizers, the UK’s PureSkin by Vanessa Blake, French company Bioderma, and Washdolly’s reusable make-up remover towels.
There were also natural products from social good Toronto-based the Pink House, founded by sisters Tracy Olesen and Karen Sjöberg. Sjöberg had been diagnosed with breast cancer and realized there was a need for simple but luxurious beauty products crafted without hazardous chemicals.
Get the Story from the Red Carpet Report Team, follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:
• www.facebook.com/RedCarpetReportTV
• www.youtube.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork
About Celebrity Connected
Celebrity Connected helps create the best marketing strategy for your business by utilizing the power of celebrity to elevate the visibility and popularity of your brand. With a Celebrity Connected gifting lounge or gifting suite, attendees should expect an occasion where celebrities freely mingle with various brands, the spaces are large enough for elaborate displays, photographers and videographers capture a massive range of content, and about 50 brands from a variety of industries all around the world show their best. For more info please visit: www.celebrityconnected.net. www.facebook.com/celebrityconnected
For more of Mingle Media TV’s Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter and Facebook here:
www.facebook.com/minglemediatvnetwork
Mingle Media TV and our Red Carpet Report team were invited to cover the Celebrity Connected Honoring The Emmys Luxury Gifting Suite at the Great Room of the W Hotel Hollywood.
What Celebs Found at this Awesome Gift Suite
From Little Tipsy (spiked) Cakes to sweet potato apple chips by Seneca, Shut Your Pie Hole pie in a jar and the vegan and gluten free Yoga.urt were a good place to start but then we stopped at The Curious Creamery and we learned how to make our own ice cream without a machine needed. Then there was the Blast Ice Cream, LA's first liquid nitrogen ice cream mobile food truck, can you say instant gratification?
There were more gourmet food products from Corine's Cuisine with some amazing sauces and recipes. And of course you need some kitchen accessories to make those amazing recipes, right? There were green friendly vendors, from reusable food wraps by Nil, reusable cake and loaf liners by Unstick which we love. Mora Wines poured their Cabernet Franc and Valpo, and gifted hand painted bottles.
Wearable items made a statement: ‘I care about Fair Trade and the planet.’ The Casery had protective gear for the Iphone 7. Japanese designer Akiko Shinto had their retro-chic and modern Asian edge Vivon eyewear collection. Uashmama, had a line of cross body bags and home accessories made from high-grade paper that looks and wears like leather.
Jafra was there with their unforgettable royal jelly lipsticks, along with other wellness products like Theramu’s restorative cream and sublingual pain remedies to Haiku Organics’ soaps, DeP’s two-month face mask treatments (with reusable chic leopard print mask), Elyptol hand sanitizers, the UK’s PureSkin by Vanessa Blake, French company Bioderma, and Washdolly’s reusable make-up remover towels.
There were also natural products from social good Toronto-based the Pink House, founded by sisters Tracy Olesen and Karen Sjöberg. Sjöberg had been diagnosed with breast cancer and realized there was a need for simple but luxurious beauty products crafted without hazardous chemicals.
Get the Story from the Red Carpet Report Team, follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:
• www.facebook.com/RedCarpetReportTV
• www.youtube.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork
About Celebrity Connected
Celebrity Connected helps create the best marketing strategy for your business by utilizing the power of celebrity to elevate the visibility and popularity of your brand. With a Celebrity Connected gifting lounge or gifting suite, attendees should expect an occasion where celebrities freely mingle with various brands, the spaces are large enough for elaborate displays, photographers and videographers capture a massive range of content, and about 50 brands from a variety of industries all around the world show their best. For more info please visit: www.celebrityconnected.net. www.facebook.com/celebrityconnected
For more of Mingle Media TV’s Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter and Facebook here:
www.facebook.com/minglemediatvnetwork
Contraindication
Like full agonist opiates, buprenorphine can cause drowsiness, vomiting and respiratory depression. Taking buprenorphine in conjunction with central nervous system (CNS) depressants in people who are not tolerant to either agent can cause fatal respiratory depression. Sedatives, hypnotics, and tranquilizers can be dangerous if ingested with buprenorphine by a person who is tolerant to neither opioids nor benzodiazepines. Co-intoxication with ethanol carries the greatest risk for lethal overdose, with the lowest doses of a reported fatality in a 48kg teenage girl with 5mg of diazepam and the equivalent of 8 ounces of beer (1 unit of alcohol), plus around 2mg of buprenorphine. However, this female was tolerant to none of the three drugs she ingested that were the cause of the MDI. 2mg of buprenorphine is equal to roughly 80 milligrammes of morphine. 80 milligrammes of morphine itself is considered an extreme dose for an opioid-naive patient with doses starting around 5 to 10 milligrammes.[23]
[edit]Adverse effects
Common adverse drug reactions associated with the use of buprenorphine are similar to those of other opioids and include: nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, perspiration, itchiness, dry mouth, miosis, orthostatic hypotension, male ejaculatory difficulty, decreased libido, and urinary retention. Constipation and CNS effects are seen less frequently than with morphine.[24] Hepatic necrosis and hepatitis with jaundice have been reported with the use of buprenorphine, especially after intravenous injection of crushed tablets.
The most severe and serious adverse reaction associated with opioid use in general is respiratory depression, the mechanism behind fatal overdose. Buprenorphine behaves differently than other opioids in this respect, as it shows a ceiling effect for respiratory depression.[24] Moreover, former doubts on the antagonisation of the respiratory effects by naloxone have been disproved: Buprenorphine effects can be antagonised with a continuous infusion of naloxone.[25] Concurrent use of buprenorphine and CNS depressants (such as alcohol or benzodiazepines) is contraindicated as it may lead to fatal respiratory depression. Benzodiazepines, in prescribed doses, are not contraindicated in individuals who are tolerant to either opioids or benzodiazepines.
People on medium- to long-term maintenance with Suboxone or Subutex do not have a risk of overdose from buprenorphine alone, no matter what dosage is taken or route of administration it is taken by, due to the "ceiling effect" on respiratory depression. Overdoses occurring in maintenance patients are cases of multiple-drug intoxication, usually buprenorphine taken with excessive amounts of ethanol and/or benzodiazepine drugs. It is safe for a patient to take a prescribed dose of benzodiazepines with buprenorphine as long as the patient has a tolerance to either opioids or benzodiazepines. As a matter of course, all patients on buprenorphine maintenance are tolerant to opioids, and maintenance doses are always higher than the dose at which the "ceiling effect" on respiratory depression is reached (~3±1 milligrammes, depending on method of analysis).[citation needed]
People switching from other opiates should wait until mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms are encountered. Failure to do so can lead to the rapid onset of intense withdrawal symptoms, known as precipitated withdrawal.[26] For short acting opioids such as codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, pethidine, heroin, and morphine, 12–24 hours from the last dose is generally sufficient. For longer acting opioids such as methadone, 2–3 days from the last dose is needed to prevent precipitated withdrawal.
Conversely, switching from buprenorphine to other opioids is generally safe and can occur immediately. For users of Suboxone, it is advised to wait a few hours from the last dose before switching to other opioids to allow the naloxone in Suboxone to be eliminated from the body (it has a short half-life). Generally the new opioid will not be as strong or effective for several days until the remaining buprenorphine has been eliminated from the body. This is due to the blockade effect, where the buprenorphine is strongly bound to the opiate receptors in the brain and not allowing the new (full agonist) opioid to completely bind to and activate the receptors.
The "blockade effect" of buprenorphine further explains the phenomenon where Suboxone users trying to get high off of say oxycodone cannot until many (3 or more) days have passed since their last Suboxone dose. This discourages the patient using Suboxone properly for maintenance therapy from using other opioids recreationally to get high because either a) the "high" experienced by a typical recreational dosage of an opioid (say 30-75mg of oxycodone) is subjectively poor i.e. not euphoric and/or b) the amount of money needed to get "high" off of other opioids becomes so large that the patient may feel that recreational usage of other opioids is simply not worth it and that the calming and soothing feeling of using Suboxone properly under the care of an approved physician is simply a better way to live life.
[edit]Detection in biological fluids
Buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine, its major active metabolite, may be quantitated in blood or urine to monitor use or abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. There is a significant overlap of drug concentrations in body fluids within the possible spectrum of physiological reactions ranging from asymptomatic to comatose, and therefore it is important to have knowledge of the route of administration of the drug and the individual's tolerance to opioids when interpreting analytical results.[27]
[edit]Recreational use
Buprenorphine is also used recreationally, typically by opioid users, often by insufflation. Recreational users of Suboxone who crush the tablet and insufflate it report a euphoric rush similar to other opioids in addition to a slight "upper"-like effect. Those already using buprenorphine/Suboxone for opioid addiction therapy find that insufflation is only slightly, if any stronger than taking the pill sublingually, although it may have a quicker onset. Those taking it for addiction therapy also report that obtaining euphoria is virtually impossible after the first few doses. Many recreational users also report withdrawal symptoms. Due to the high potency of tablet forms of buprenorphine, only a small amount of the drug need be ingested to achieve the desired effects.
Although some people do use buprenorphine for purely recreational reasons, the majority of its illicit users use it for addiction therapy. Many people report it being effective in preventing withdrawals in-between doses of their opiate of choice. Illicit users who do not want it on record may also obtain it on the street to use as a less-painful method of quitting than "cold-turkey". Some report needing as little as one 8 mg tab which is broken up into gradually smaller doses which they take in order to effectively wean themselves off the opiate/opioid they're addicted to. The illegal and potentially dangerous self-dosing of Buprenorphine is deemed by many street users as a less risky alternative to what an addict may do on the streets to obtain money for their addiction (an 8mg tablet of either Suboxone or Subutex sells for as low as $10 in some areas, and as high as $20-25 a piece in Chicago, Illinois, with pharmacies charging generally around $14 for a single tablet and $6-8 per tablet in 30+ quantities under self-pay)[citation needed], and less dangerous than quitting cold turkey. Furthermore, most U.S. doctors authorized to prescribe Suboxone charge ~$300 for a first visit, plus several hundred more for follow-up visits, which makes going through official channels more expensive than simply maintaining the original opiate addiction, for some users.
Buprenorphine abuse is very common in Scandinavia, especially in Finland by Viimeinen Hidas and Sweden. In 2007, the authorities in Uppsala county in Sweden confiscated more buprenorphine than cocaine, ecstasy and GHB.[28] In Finland recreational use of buprenorphine is on the rise; in 2005, Finland's incidence of Subutex abuse (most often injected intravenously) surpassed the incidence of recreational usage of amphetamines. Intravenous administration of dissolved Subutex pills and insufflation of pulverized pills are the most common modes of recreational buprenorphine use.[29]
Mingle Media TV and our Red Carpet Report team were invited to cover the Celebrity Connected Honoring The Emmys Luxury Gifting Suite at the Great Room of the W Hotel Hollywood.
What Celebs Found at this Awesome Gift Suite
From Little Tipsy (spiked) Cakes to sweet potato apple chips by Seneca, Shut Your Pie Hole pie in a jar and the vegan and gluten free Yoga.urt were a good place to start but then we stopped at The Curious Creamery and we learned how to make our own ice cream without a machine needed. Then there was the Blast Ice Cream, LA's first liquid nitrogen ice cream mobile food truck, can you say instant gratification?
There were more gourmet food products from Corine's Cuisine with some amazing sauces and recipes. And of course you need some kitchen accessories to make those amazing recipes, right? There were green friendly vendors, from reusable food wraps by Nil, reusable cake and loaf liners by Unstick which we love. Mora Wines poured their Cabernet Franc and Valpo, and gifted hand painted bottles.
Wearable items made a statement: ‘I care about Fair Trade and the planet.’ The Casery had protective gear for the Iphone 7. Japanese designer Akiko Shinto had their retro-chic and modern Asian edge Vivon eyewear collection. Uashmama, had a line of cross body bags and home accessories made from high-grade paper that looks and wears like leather.
Jafra was there with their unforgettable royal jelly lipsticks, along with other wellness products like Theramu’s restorative cream and sublingual pain remedies to Haiku Organics’ soaps, DeP’s two-month face mask treatments (with reusable chic leopard print mask), Elyptol hand sanitizers, the UK’s PureSkin by Vanessa Blake, French company Bioderma, and Washdolly’s reusable make-up remover towels.
There were also natural products from social good Toronto-based the Pink House, founded by sisters Tracy Olesen and Karen Sjöberg. Sjöberg had been diagnosed with breast cancer and realized there was a need for simple but luxurious beauty products crafted without hazardous chemicals.
Get the Story from the Red Carpet Report Team, follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:
• www.facebook.com/RedCarpetReportTV
• www.youtube.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork
About Celebrity Connected
Celebrity Connected helps create the best marketing strategy for your business by utilizing the power of celebrity to elevate the visibility and popularity of your brand. With a Celebrity Connected gifting lounge or gifting suite, attendees should expect an occasion where celebrities freely mingle with various brands, the spaces are large enough for elaborate displays, photographers and videographers capture a massive range of content, and about 50 brands from a variety of industries all around the world show their best. For more info please visit: www.celebrityconnected.net. www.facebook.com/celebrityconnected
For more of Mingle Media TV’s Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter and Facebook here:
www.facebook.com/minglemediatvnetwork
Mingle Media TV and our Red Carpet Report team were invited to cover the Celebrity Connected Honoring The Emmys Luxury Gifting Suite at the Great Room of the W Hotel Hollywood.
What Celebs Found at this Awesome Gift Suite
From Little Tipsy (spiked) Cakes to sweet potato apple chips by Seneca, Shut Your Pie Hole pie in a jar and the vegan and gluten free Yoga.urt were a good place to start but then we stopped at The Curious Creamery and we learned how to make our own ice cream without a machine needed. Then there was the Blast Ice Cream, LA's first liquid nitrogen ice cream mobile food truck, can you say instant gratification?
There were more gourmet food products from Corine's Cuisine with some amazing sauces and recipes. And of course you need some kitchen accessories to make those amazing recipes, right? There were green friendly vendors, from reusable food wraps by Nil, reusable cake and loaf liners by Unstick which we love. Mora Wines poured their Cabernet Franc and Valpo, and gifted hand painted bottles.
Wearable items made a statement: ‘I care about Fair Trade and the planet.’ The Casery had protective gear for the Iphone 7. Japanese designer Akiko Shinto had their retro-chic and modern Asian edge Vivon eyewear collection. Uashmama, had a line of cross body bags and home accessories made from high-grade paper that looks and wears like leather.
Jafra was there with their unforgettable royal jelly lipsticks, along with other wellness products like Theramu’s restorative cream and sublingual pain remedies to Haiku Organics’ soaps, DeP’s two-month face mask treatments (with reusable chic leopard print mask), Elyptol hand sanitizers, the UK’s PureSkin by Vanessa Blake, French company Bioderma, and Washdolly’s reusable make-up remover towels.
There were also natural products from social good Toronto-based the Pink House, founded by sisters Tracy Olesen and Karen Sjöberg. Sjöberg had been diagnosed with breast cancer and realized there was a need for simple but luxurious beauty products crafted without hazardous chemicals.
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Celebrity Connected helps create the best marketing strategy for your business by utilizing the power of celebrity to elevate the visibility and popularity of your brand. With a Celebrity Connected gifting lounge or gifting suite, attendees should expect an occasion where celebrities freely mingle with various brands, the spaces are large enough for elaborate displays, photographers and videographers capture a massive range of content, and about 50 brands from a variety of industries all around the world show their best. For more info please visit: www.celebrityconnected.net. www.facebook.com/celebrityconnected
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Medicinal Rice Formulations of India popular among Senior Traditional Oryza Experts.
Septenary/Octonary/Quinary Ingredients of Important Traditional Herbal Formulations from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database
Related References
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Sterility . Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Stomach cancer. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Stomach ulcers. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Stomatodynia. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Stress headache. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Sublingual gland tumor. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Submandibular gland tumor. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Suspicious Breast Lumps. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Sweating (excessive) . Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Swine Flu. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
Oudhia, P. (2013). Medicinal Rice Bhejri with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Synovial sarcoma . Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2013) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com
This picture is a part of Compilation of Pankaj Oudhia’s Research Works at Indira Gandhi Agricultural University (IGKV), Raipur, India (1990-2001),
U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill, the top-ranking Democrat on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, today released the first product of her wide-ranging investigation into opioid manufacturers and distributors. “Fueling an Epidemic: Insys Therapeutics and the Systemic Manipulation of Prior Authorization” describes the emphasis Insys Therapeutics put on boosting approvals for its highly addictive fentanyl drug Subsys, even for inappropriate, off-label uses, and details an audio recording in which an Insys sales representative misidentifies herself and uses language designed to circumvent the prior authorization process.
Insurers often employ this process to prevent the overprescription and abuse of powerful and expensive drugs like Subsys. While the Food and Drug Administration has only approved Subsys for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain—cancer pain that persists despite attempted treatment with other opioid medications—an internal document obtained by McCaskill shows that Insys lacked measures to prevent its representatives from manipulating the prior authorization process and gaining approval for Subsys treatment of non-cancer conditions like back pain, fibromyalgia and migraine headaches.
“There is extensive evidence that Insys aggressively pressured its employees and the entire medical system to increase the use of a fentanyl product during a national epidemic that was taking the lives of tens of thousands of Americans a year in order to make more money—it’s hard to imagine anything more despicable,” McCaskill said. “Their attempts to manipulate the prescription approval process for this drug appear to have been systemic, and anyone responsible for this manipulation deserves to be prosecuted.”
As part of its investigation, the minority staff received an audio recording of conversations between an Insys employee and pharmacy benefit manager representatives related to a Subsys prescription for Sarah Fuller, who later died from an alleged fentanyl overdose. This recording suggests the Insys employee in question repeatedly misled Envision Pharmaceutical Services to obtain approval for Ms. Fuller’s Subsys treatment—heavily implying she was employed by the prescribing physician and misrepresenting the type of pain the patient was experiencing.
The call occurred during a period in which Insys was aggressively pressuring its employees to increase their ratio of approvals. Employees reportedly received significant financial incentives and management pressure—including quotas and group and individual bonuses—to boost the rate of Subsys authorizations. “In an internal presentation dated 2012 and entitled, “2013 SUBSYS Brand Plan,” Insys identified one of six “key strategic imperatives” as “Mitigate Prior Authorization barriers,” the report notes. “On a later slide, the company identified several tasks associated with this effort, including “Build internal [prior authorization] assistance infrastructure,” “Establish an internal 1-800 reimbursement assistance hotline,” and “Educate field force on [prior authorization] process and facilitation.”
Subsys—a fentanyl sublingual spray product approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2012 to treat breakthrough cancer pain—can cost over $20,000 per month, and proved incredibly successful financially after its introduction to the market. Insys had “the best-performing initial public offering in 2013,” and, over the next two years, revenues tripled and profits rose 45%. The value of company stock increased 296% between 2013 and 2016.
McCaskill has previously requested information related to sales and marketing materials, internal addiction studies, details on compliance with government settlements and donations to third party advocacy groups from major opioid manufacturers. She recently expanded her investigation, requesting documents and information from opioid manufacturers Mallinckrodt, Endo, Teva, and Allergan, while a request to McKesson Corporation, AmerisourceBergen Corporation, and Cardinal Health, Inc., focused on their distribution of opioid products.
When McCaskill was ranking member of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, she joined Subcommittee Chairman Rob Portman to launch an investigation into the role Medicare Part D entities, private insurers, and pharmacy benefit managers play in detecting, reporting, and addressing opioid abuse, resulting in the in-depth report, “Combatting the Opioid Epidemic: A Review of Anti-Abuse Efforts in Medicare and Private Health Insurance Systems.”
Visit www.mccaskill.senate.gov/opioid-investigation to learn more about McCaskill’s investigation.
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Why treat yourself with homeopathy?
the question has no univocal answer. If, in 2012, 32% of people in the world use homeopathic medicines1, their motivations are surely different. Some have always been treated by homeopathy, others, put off by the side effects of non-homeopathic medicines are turning almost exclusively towards homeopathy.
Some others use punctually drugs deemed not dangerous. Others, finally, are looking for a solution to chronic or repeated health problems for themselves or their children. At least, in more than thirty years of practice, what I could observe in my patients. This harmlessness of homeopathic medicine allows each of we (from the baby to the old man and the pregnant woman) to resort to self-registration.
But by respecting certain rules:
no self-prescription “blind” (that is, for all pathologies, whatever they are),
remain aware of the need to have a diagnosis made by a doctor if there is no favorable reaction to the treatment homeopathic, this book aims to:
to enable the reader to know whether his illness or symptoms may respond to self-prescription treatment homeopathic medicines or if they require consultation with a homeopathic doctor,
to know the main symptoms that indicate the different homeopathic medicines. Not for the purpose of checking the prescription of his homeopathic doctor but in that of better understand why they are indicated against these symptoms. There are many books of homeopathic self-prescription and many sites on the internet. It only considers pathologies “Current”, that is to say that it does not concern those which were in the past (19th and 20th centuries) and still found sometimes in current works.
He also tries to present the treatments indicated following the intellectual journey of any homeopathic doctor competent or any pharmacist interested in homeopathy. In a first part, they are presented, where possible, under the form of decision trees. This form perfectly respects the intellectual journey of any competent homeopath. Treatments proposals will be found by answering questions (presented in box) and each medicine is presented with its prescription and “associated symptoms” if they are necessary for the determination of the indicated drug (see below: Homeopathic consultation). They will be preceded, in order to better identify them, with a brief reminder of what the symptom or disease. Some symptoms or diseases that imperatively ask for a medical consultation will not be treated in this book. Others that require the combination of drugs non-homeopathic and homeopathic medicines will be reported by an insert.
In a second part, the reader will find all the medicines cited and presented not in the form of a description or a “history” but according to their main and most reliable symptoms (those depend neither on a particular era, nor on a particular culture). They are drawn from reliable and general references or written by specialists.
no systematic refusal of non-homeopathic medicines when they are indispensable. of revelation ex nihilo.
Homeopathy? We need to believe!
On the one hand, homeopathy is not a religion, but a therapeutic method! On the other hand and far from me the idea of underestimating the intellectual capacities, or even beliefs, of farmed turkeys that have participated in the study cited above, I can only remain at least dubious about their ability to voluntarily adhere to the drug homeopathic … About belief: granules and globules are recognized as kosher and halal by the competent religious authorities. Homeopathy works because the doctor takes time to talk with his patient! Which implies that non-homeopathic doctors would botch their consultation.
It seems to me that this is to outrage the virtues empathy and dialogue and the professional conscience of all doctors, whether they are homeopaths or not homeopaths! Homeopathy is so diluted. As much for a glass of wine in the Seine to Paris and drink a glass of Seine water in Rouen! The comparison, mathematically, is not unfounded. Especially when we think of a dilution in the decillion.
That said, the experiments prove physically that these dilutions, already, are energized and are far from empty. In addition, clinical experiments prove they are effective (see, among others, the famous turkeys … but also recent studies that have demonstrated the effectiveness of homeopathic treatments in rheumatological, ENT and psychic disorders). If dilutions in the decillion demonstrate therapeutic efficacy, it can be said that attempting the experiment in drinking a glass of water from the Seine (in Rouen or elsewhere), will inevitably lead the appearance of extremely unpleasant digestive disorders … that will have to be treated by homeopathy.
Homeopathy is a placebo, not expensive, but a placebo anyway! Note immediately that the homeopathic medicine responds perfectly to the needs of the French Social Security economy: the price of all medicines (homeopathic and non-homeopathic) is blocked and the price of a granule tube and a globules dose is ridiculously low. Then all the doctors’ homeopaths who prescribe the tubes granules and the doses globules register them under a generic name (Pulsatilla, Rhus Toxicodendron, Mercurius solubilis, etc. Are generic Latin names) and it is the pharmacist who will take care of the order from a homeopathic laboratory.
As for the placebo effect (first person of the future of the Latin verb placere (to please accredit) ; literally, I’ll like it) it implies an inefficiency of the substance but a cure, in spite of everything, of some patients she would have liked. There is strong a long time when I learned medicine, I was taught that the vast majority of tonsillitis was of viral origin but that, as a precautionary measure, it was better to antibiotic treatment to avoid any superinfection.
Many more years later, we realized that “antibiotics were not automatic! “. A few doctors continue to prescribe antibiotics for a viral disease less because they like to eradicate a very hypothetical bacterial superinfection, but because they like their patients to remain convinced that it is the antibiotic that has eradicated their viral disease; since they are healed. And the result is there: they are healed … The homeopathic medicine is not a real medicine, because a real drug inevitably causes side effects!
The mode of operation of the homeopathic medicine is not the same non-homeopathic medicine. It is not a question of imposing a reaction of the body by providing weighted doses as is done by administering non-homeopathic medicines. Non-homeopathic medicines of which no one can deny the usefulness, effectiveness and necessity in certain pathologies but which require the doctor to constantly assess the benefit ratio (more or less violent side effects). Some unfortunate episodes of in recent years have demonstrated this. How the drug works homeopathic medicine which, as we have said above, is not yet elucidated, does not determine by a quantitative but qualitative action; and therefore devoid of effects secondary in the non-homeopathic sense of the term.
It does not have a “little paper” as with other medicines (understand non-homeopathic medicines)! Certainly, nonhomeopathic drugs have a record. The discerning reader, when he has covered the subjects second part of this book, will have understood that the drug homeopathic may be indicated in different pathologies and against symptoms that are not limited to a single organ and can not be “Paper” of acceptable size.
The amount of granules is the same for a human and an elephant. All of this is not serious! The amount of granules is independent of age and weight. Having never personally had to deal with an elephant, I can not indicate the quantity of granules necessary and sufficient to treat a suffering pachyderm. During the famous experiment made on turkeys (still they!) Raised in a battery, the number of granules was greater than that administered to a human.
Consider the disorder in a battery turkey farm, he seemed more reasonable to increase the amount administered to ensure that each will have access to treatment. That said homeopathic veterinarians use the same amount of granules as for humans when it comes to treating an animal of company. It is enough to make react the organism concerned.
Homeopathic treatment is incompatible with nonhomeopathic treatment! Not at all! Take for example the case, fortunately rare, bacterial tonsillitis. There is a need for appropriate antibiotic therapy to eradicate the causative bacteria. But antibiotic treatment takes 3 days to act. The inflammatory phenomena generated by the bacteria, if we are satisfied with a only antibiotic therapy will take as long to disappear. Very often, by the way, the doctors associate with their antibiotherapy an anti-inflammatory treatment.
A well-managed homeopathic treatment will ensure this function and can be established, parallel but not simultaneously in the mouth (for the same reason as the wine, alcohol, tobacco, etc. ; see below). Another example of this association benefit between non-homeopathic and homeopathic treatments is that of treatments, so-called support, that two friends homeopathic doctors have demonstrated in partnership with cancer services Homeopaths do not prescribe vaccines! If some, more and more rare, refuse the evidence of vaccine activity, the majority of them recognize the value (just as Hahnemann did about the jenniferian vaccine).
Everything at do they refuse the “all vaccine” and give priority to vaccines that have really evidence of their effects on health (percentage of the high protection rate and protection based on all the bacteria or viruses responsible and not on a only strain) and not only for their economic efficiency (decrease in job…). Homeopathy is not preventive, it is only curative! If it is true that basic principle, even, of homeopathy (individualization) requires to know the patient’s symptoms before he can determine the necessary treatment, Homeopathy can be very preventive.
On the one hand the preventive catch and early drug that corresponds to a symptom or disease that occurs always presents the same way can be a prevention. On the other hand, as this is a chronic disease, the field treatment or Reaction Mode Individual that specifically reinforces the terrain, makes it less sensitive to attackers or the triggers of the disease. This is the optimal solution.
Homeopathy is dangerous for babies, they can inhale a granule! The inhalation of a granule is not problematic: it will melt in the secretions Bronchial. My child has swallowed the entire tube, should I call the emergency department of my city ? Useless! The action of homeopathic medicine, as we have seen more high, is not quantitative but qualitative. Absorption of a large amount of granules will be neither more effective nor more toxic than that of 5 granules.
Homeopathy is contraindicated in cases of lactose intolerance! The quantity of lactose is extremely weak and five granules can not cause a reaction lactose intolerance. Homeopathy is contraindicated in case of diabetes! The amount of sugar brought by granules and globules can not cause problems in case of diabetes: a granule tube of 75 to 80 granules corresponds to 4 g of sugar and a dose tube to 1 g. The granules sugar is cariogenic! Granules and globules are not cariogenic and can be administered, even in the middle of the night, in case of nightmare …
Homeopathy is long! Treatment of a chronic or old disease several years can not be as brief as desired. But the treatment of a disease or an acute symptom (which is the subject of this book) is fast. Let’s say that if the
treatment did not result in a favorable reaction (ie, the symptom or disease remains unchanged) after 3 days it is necessary to consult. We must stop tea, coffee, tobacco, alcohol, mint, infusions when we take a homeopathic treatment! The granules or the entire contents of tube-dose are poured into the mouth. They melt in saliva and are fully absorbed by the sublingual bloodstream and do not pass through the stomach. This absorption path is extremely fast. But it is diminished when the caliber vessels is diminished, as is the case, for example, after the absorption of mint (mint has a vasoconstrictor action).
As for other substances, everyone knows that abuse is dangerous. However, for the hardcore (nobody is perfect …), it is better to take the granules or globules before drinking coffee or smoking a cigarette. In case of forgetfulness, it is best, before taking the homeopathic medicine, to wait twenty minutes to allow time for the mucous membranes of the mouth to clean. As my friend likes to say, Céline Julienne-Chauvel, pharmacist and a great connoisseur of homeopathy, with whom I have often taught
homeopathy training for pharmacists: “the mouth must be clean! ” For toddlers, they can be diluted in the bottle of milk (the base of the granules is lactose) and as, usually, one does not heat the bottle beyon 37 ° C (the body temperature), this is not a problem. Otherwise, we can dilute them in a small bottle of water (which they will suck throughout the day) or crush the granules between two small spoons to turn the granules into a powder that will be poured between the gum and the lower lip.
Homeopathy can heal everything! No, homeopathy can not cure everything! All like non-homeopathic medicines, homeopathic medicines can not handle everything. As noted by the Italian ethnologist Ernesto de Martino, only magical medical practices do not experience failure20. The action of homeopathic medicines depends on the reaction abilities of the individual. For example, one can not claim to treat insulin-dependent diabetes by homeopathy alone: the pancreas is totally inactive and no stimulation can not pretend to make it work. We reach there, what Dr. Becker qualifies, very judiciously, as the limits of the possibilities of reaction of the individual.
There is, therefore, no homeopathic medicine of diabetes. Finally, as we As we have seen above, the healing properties of the drug substance homeopathic must be revealed by a pathogenesis. No pathogenesis has shown symptoms suggestive of certain diseases such as example, a cancer. It is necessary to repeat it: there is no treatment homeopathic cancer since no serious homeopathic experimentation could not reveal the same symptoms as cancer.
Homeopathic background treatment is essential! If we consider a patient who, in 10 years, has never been sick and consults for rhinitis, Acute treatment, as presented in this book, will be amply sufficient. By
Again, another patient with recurrent rhinitis presents a chronic disease. It is therefore essential to introduce a field treatment. Do not touch the granules with your fingers! More nowadays, since granules undergo a triple impregnation. The active product goes deep into the granule, no longer remains on the surface and is not likely to dissolve in perspiration.
The homeopathic medicine delivers a magnetic message, so do not store them near his keys, his cell and the pharmacist should not spend the “Shower”! The message carried by the homeopathic medicine is perhaps magnetic type. Let’s wait, however, for the physical confirmation before tell. However, today, drugs are no longer delivered by oxcart. Our modern trucks produce a respectable amount of magnetic couples.
All homeopathic medicines, with or without passage of the “hand shower” should be totally ineffective. This is, fortunately, not the case. A globule dose is faster than 5 granules! Homeopaths Germans and Britons do not use blood cell doses and get excellent and fast results. The globule dose is an excellent conditioning when it comes of a punctual treatment. It is an essentially practical conditioning.
A 30 CH is stronger than 5 CH! The reasoning mode is not mathematical. Each situation corresponds to a dilution that is particular to it. Some symptoms or illnesses will respond better to drugs diluted CH; others at 30 CH dilutions. I do not have a 15 CH, I can not take 5 pellets. Too bad, I only have to take 15 in 5 CH! Unfortunately, a simple mathematical calculation proves that 15 granules diluted to one-tenth of a billionth (10-10) can not be equivalent to 5 granules diluted at the five-fold (10-30) …
The post Why treat yourself with Homeopathy? appeared first on BIOPHYTOPHARM.
Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin, essential for proper red cell formation, neurological function and DNA synthesis. Its deficiency is very common affecting 1.5-15% of the general population, the cause being unknown. Its deficiency results in anemia, fatigue, weakness, constipation, weight loss, neurological problems like tingling and numbness in hands and feet, neuropathy, poor memory, confusion and sore mouth.
Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with the increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes like low birth weight babies, premature delivery and neural tube defects i.e. defects affecting the brain and spinal cord of the fetus. During infancy it could result in lack of weight gain, delayed development of milestones, poor mentation and megaloblastic anemia.
The natural sources of vitamin B12 are fish, meat, poultry, eggs and milk products, fish and red meat being excellent sources. Vegetarian diet is a poor source of the vitamin.
Maternal vitamin B12 levels gradually decline throughout the normal pregnancy, thus requiring its supplementation during the pregnancy. Exclusively breastfed infants depend on maternal reserves for their nutritional needs. A women who is on a vegetarian diet is not able to meet the neonatal requirements of vitamin B 12. As a result the baby may suffer from significant neurological damage. Thus such babies often require supplementation to prevent the effects of its deficiency.
The recommended daily allowance of vitamin B 12 for healthy adult is 2.4 mcg whereas that during pregnancy and lactation is 2.6 – 2.8 mcg.
The neurological symptoms of vitamin B 12 deficiency can occur without anemia, as a result early diagnosis and treatment is essential to prevent irreversible damage. There are various formulations available for vitamin B 12 supplementation like oral , sublingual or injectable, depending upon the individual case requirement. Appropriate consultation with the physician is advised for management of the problem.
For more detail contact us- +91 9819437957
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U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill, the top-ranking Democrat on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, today released the first product of her wide-ranging investigation into opioid manufacturers and distributors. “Fueling an Epidemic: Insys Therapeutics and the Systemic Manipulation of Prior Authorization” describes the emphasis Insys Therapeutics put on boosting approvals for its highly addictive fentanyl drug Subsys, even for inappropriate, off-label uses, and details an audio recording in which an Insys sales representative misidentifies herself and uses language designed to circumvent the prior authorization process.
Insurers often employ this process to prevent the overprescription and abuse of powerful and expensive drugs like Subsys. While the Food and Drug Administration has only approved Subsys for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain—cancer pain that persists despite attempted treatment with other opioid medications—an internal document obtained by McCaskill shows that Insys lacked measures to prevent its representatives from manipulating the prior authorization process and gaining approval for Subsys treatment of non-cancer conditions like back pain, fibromyalgia and migraine headaches.
“There is extensive evidence that Insys aggressively pressured its employees and the entire medical system to increase the use of a fentanyl product during a national epidemic that was taking the lives of tens of thousands of Americans a year in order to make more money—it’s hard to imagine anything more despicable,” McCaskill said. “Their attempts to manipulate the prescription approval process for this drug appear to have been systemic, and anyone responsible for this manipulation deserves to be prosecuted.”
As part of its investigation, the minority staff received an audio recording of conversations between an Insys employee and pharmacy benefit manager representatives related to a Subsys prescription for Sarah Fuller, who later died from an alleged fentanyl overdose. This recording suggests the Insys employee in question repeatedly misled Envision Pharmaceutical Services to obtain approval for Ms. Fuller’s Subsys treatment—heavily implying she was employed by the prescribing physician and misrepresenting the type of pain the patient was experiencing.
The call occurred during a period in which Insys was aggressively pressuring its employees to increase their ratio of approvals. Employees reportedly received significant financial incentives and management pressure—including quotas and group and individual bonuses—to boost the rate of Subsys authorizations. “In an internal presentation dated 2012 and entitled, “2013 SUBSYS Brand Plan,” Insys identified one of six “key strategic imperatives” as “Mitigate Prior Authorization barriers,” the report notes. “On a later slide, the company identified several tasks associated with this effort, including “Build internal [prior authorization] assistance infrastructure,” “Establish an internal 1-800 reimbursement assistance hotline,” and “Educate field force on [prior authorization] process and facilitation.”
Subsys—a fentanyl sublingual spray product approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2012 to treat breakthrough cancer pain—can cost over $20,000 per month, and proved incredibly successful financially after its introduction to the market. Insys had “the best-performing initial public offering in 2013,” and, over the next two years, revenues tripled and profits rose 45%. The value of company stock increased 296% between 2013 and 2016.
McCaskill has previously requested information related to sales and marketing materials, internal addiction studies, details on compliance with government settlements and donations to third party advocacy groups from major opioid manufacturers. She recently expanded her investigation, requesting documents and information from opioid manufacturers Mallinckrodt, Endo, Teva, and Allergan, while a request to McKesson Corporation, AmerisourceBergen Corporation, and Cardinal Health, Inc., focused on their distribution of opioid products.
When McCaskill was ranking member of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, she joined Subcommittee Chairman Rob Portman to launch an investigation into the role Medicare Part D entities, private insurers, and pharmacy benefit managers play in detecting, reporting, and addressing opioid abuse, resulting in the in-depth report, “Combatting the Opioid Epidemic: A Review of Anti-Abuse Efforts in Medicare and Private Health Insurance Systems.”
Visit www.mccaskill.senate.gov/opioid-investigation to learn more about McCaskill’s investigation.
What is the most abundant colour on the planet?
Green and more green, from the sea to land.
Check out my new leaf garden! Thanks to my wonderful husband Paul, we have a great leaf garden growing 6 different lettuces. The other day I caught my daughters and their friend plucking the leaves and eating them. Now that is fresh!
Different greens deliver different nutrients so it is best to incorporate a variety of greens from both land and sea.
Spirulina is one of my favorites. It can be purchased in powder form and put into a smoothie or taken as capsules. Why green foods from the ocean?
The future of nutrition is found in the ocean. – Jacques-Yves Cousteau
Spirulina contains many wonderful nutrients, including chlorophyll, protein, vitamins, macro and trace minerals, essential fatty acids, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), polysaccharides, and a vast spectrum of antioxidants. Did you know that spirulina contains as much iron as meat? Spirulina also contains several bio-available forms of the mineral sulfur. Sulfur is excellent for your liver and pancreas. (Stay tuned for my fall liver-gallbladder flush teachings!)
Others include different kinds of algae-like blue-green algae, marine phytoplankton, chlorella and kelp. They have their own unique profile of benefits.
Many of the ocean greens contain many trace minerals. Weston Price’s work in Nutrition and Physical Degeneration shows that those people who adopt a “civilized” diet, the faster mineral deficiencies symptoms appear. Mineral deficiencies have been associated with every degenerative and chronic condition known to humankind.
The ocean greens are considered to be super foods whereas the land greens are not BUT they can be valuable in their own way.
On land, the green foods are plenty from the beautiful avocado, to celery, then broccoli and last but not least the leafy greens which include bok choy, kale, romaine, red leaf lettuce, spinach, dandelion, herbs and much more. Others include spring onions, green string beans, sunflower shoots, alfalfa sprouts, etc. Two key reasons to consume vegetables are they contain water and fiber.
Many of the foods we consume today are only as rich in vital nutrients as what is found in the medium, they are grown in. Mineralizing the soil is a must.
Here is your desire outcome…a salad a day. Consider using only an organic cold-pressed olive oil in the dressing. Olive oil and lemon/lime…a simple salad dressing! (Check out the book 'All Guts All Glory' www.amazon.ca/dp/B089TT3SW6 for several salad recipes.)
Eat green -- Be happy - Feel joy
Every time you sit down to your plate, ask yourself or your host… where are the veggies! And if they remember the old phrase “where’s the beef” they might even chuckle which would be a healthy thing to do.
Make it a healthy day your way!
Cheryl
Read Cheryl's BLOG: cherylmillett.com/blog/
Visit Cheryl's Website: cherylmillett.com/