An old photograph of Bradford City Tramways (BCT) tram No. 58 taken outside a branch of the 'Bradford Coffee Tavern Co.' which had 20 (another source says 28) branches in Bradford alone. This company and other similar establishments were part of a very proactive and vocal temperance movement from the early C19th through to the early C20th. One source I found says that the Coffee Co. was wound up in 1903.

 

The photo reverse is stamped with J. A. Pitts who owned a large collection of late C19 and early C20 negatives and photographs (one collection is now held at the West Yorkshire Archive Service, Bradford). As this car has no Bellamy top the photo must have been taken 1901-1904.

 

No. 58 was built in 1901 by Brush as an open top extended balcony car seating 22/32 (another source says 22/28) and running on a 4 wheel Peckham Cantilever B9 truck. It received a 'Bellamy Top' in 1904, and was withdrawn from service in 1919. The parts of the Bradford tramways system that had not already been withdrawn or transferred to trolleybus/bus operation closed in May 1950.

  

📷 Any photograph I post on Flickr is an original in my possession, nothing is ever copied/downloaded from another location. 📷

 

-------------------------------------------------

 

If there are any errors in the above description please let me know. Thanks.

 

Any photograph, ephemera, etc I post on Flickr is in my possession, nothing is copied from another location. The original photographer may have taken copies from their original negative and passed them out (sold them?) so there may be other copies out there of your (and my) 'original' transport photo, although occasionally there may be 'holiday snaps' type photos where there are not any other photos exactly the same in existence.

 

If you wish to use this image (bearing in mind it may not be my copyright) or obtain a full size version (most of my uploads are small size) please contact me.

One of Grampian's blue light equipped unmarked Proactive Cars seen on patrol going past Central Fire Station during their open day.

10th September 2016.

  

©Calum's 999 & Transport Photography. All rights reserved.

Last year, before Tim found out he had cancer, I had a letter sent to me about a survey for Our Future Health. I read it carefully but then put it aside and I admit, I forgot about it. During the summer though, JJ asked me about it as he knew I'd expressed an interest in taking part. It was put on hold while Tim began his chemo but in December JJ and I decided to be proactive and sign up to the project, completing a survey online. Today, we've just come back from Boots the Chemist, where a young heath care professional measured our blood pressure, height, weight and took some blood for the survey. I am so proud of JJ for joining me (he was nervous as he's never given blood before) - hopefully it will go somewhere towards helping prevent and treat diseases in the future. (Sadly, my cholesterol test couldn't be used cos she couldn't get enough blood out of me!!)

 

Our Future Health is a British health research project which aims to recruit 5 million people "to develop new ways to prevent, detect and treat diseases". It is a registered charity in England and Wales and in Scotland, and a private limited company. The charity and company were originally known as Early Disease Detection Research Project UK (EDRP UK) and the project as Accelerating Detection of Disease (ADD).

 

The project aims to improve the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The project chair, Sir John Bell, said that the project aims "to try and create a sandbox for testing and evaluating these early diagnostic or prevention strategies across a large population of people ... And we'll be able to use that population to help us evaluate these new tools, diagnose disease early, prevent disease more effectively, and intervene at an earlier stage".

 

Participation in the project is open to anyone aged over 18 and living in the United Kingdom. Participants are asked to complete a questionnaire about their health and lifestyle, and to attend a clinic to give a blood sample and have physical measurements taken. Clinics to enrol people into the project and take the initial blood sample were set up at venues including university campuses and branches of Boots, and people taking part in NHS Blood and Transplant may also choose to enrol.

 

De-identified data and samples provided by participants are shared with approved researchers at universities and in industry. Part of each blood sample is used for DNA analysis, with the results stored in the participant's record; the project may also use SNP array and genomic sequencing methods. Specific genetic data, linked to the individual, may be shared with NHS Blood and Transplant.

 

Participation continues throughout the individual's lifetime and after their death but volunteers may withdraw from the project at any time. As well as providing samples and personal data from questionnaires, surveys and feedback, participants agree to allow the project to access their present and future records held by the NHS.

 

The project has the support of the government, the life sciences industry, the NHS, and charities such as Alzheimer's Society, British Heart Foundation, and Cancer Research UK. £79 million was provided by the UK government via the UK Research and Innovation body, and in early 2022 a further £100 million was expected from the life sciences industry.

 

Recruitment to the study began in late 2022. In November 2023, it was announced that Our Future Health had recruited 1 million volunteers.

Not classic, drastic, just ghetto proactive

You put me fronta' Car Toyz again

I'ma photograph it

My claim to fame is these pics insane

And if the photo's framed then I'ma smash it!

 

I'm back at Graceland on a rampage

Clickin' pics and stories onto a new page

Around the corner, I'm coming

Ain't no use in slumlords running

I'm pushin' on into a new (five year) age...

 

The flickr world is waiting for the

Waiting for the, waiting for the

 

King of the stereo, this parody's too dang stupid... XD

 

UPDATE (added parody lyrics for the middle/bridge, as a courtesy to Car Toyz+)

 

You can't catch me, (becuase I have)

remote start with Bluetooth

remote start with Bluetooth

remote start with Bluetooth

remote start with Bluetooth

remote start with Bluetooth

You can't kill me...

(and window tint too)

(and window tint too)

(and window tint too)

 

Real lyrics here: (link to the actual song at last verse), which *was* a good song by Memphis-based band Saliva, until I just butchered said lyrics!

 

Nothing much else to say about the quite unchanged Car Toyz+. and the place seemed to be just *begging* for a song reference (and a rap-metal song at that!), so there you go, haha(!)...

I called 911 for help. The fire/medic & ambulance service arrived very quickly. I hope she got the help she needed. We have to do better before these things happen so we don't have to react to them, proactive versus reactive.

This guy had a proactive strategy: He watched me shooting another market stand, then asked me to take a portrait of him and his dried peppers and eggplant.

 

Rolleiflex SL66 medium format camera

Carl Zeiss Rollei-HFT Planar 2.8/80 lens

Kodak Portra 160NC film

Scan from negative @4800dpi, downsized x0.5

 

View On Black

After reaaaalllyyy busy time (still busy enough...) after some twists and turns... I'm back... So, I'll try to see whats new on your streams folks asap and be active/proactive Flickr'ist as much as I can... Cheers! :)

  

The main environmental issues associated with the implementation of the 5G network come with the manufacturing of the many component parts of the 5G infrastructure. In addition, the proliferation of new devices that will use the 5G network that is tied to the acceleration of demand from consumers for new 5G-dependent devices will have serious environmental consequences. The 5G network will inevitably cause a large increase in energy usage among consumers, which is already one of the main contributors to climate change. Additionally, the manufacturing and maintenance of the new technologies associated with 5G creates waste and uses important resources that have detrimental consequences for the environment. 5G networks use technology that has harmful effects on birds, which in turn has cascading effects through entire ecosystems. And, while 5G developers are seeking to create a network that has fewer environmental impacts than past networks, there is still room for improvement and the consequences of 5G should be considered before it is widely rolled out. 5G stands for the fifth generation of wireless technology. It is the wave of wireless technology surpassing the 4G network that is used now. Previous generations brought the first cell phones (1G), text messaging (2G), online capabilities (3G), and faster speed (4G). The fifth generation aims to increase the speed of data movement, be more responsive, and allow for greater connectivity of devices simultaneously.[2] This means that 5G will allow for nearly instantaneous downloading of data that, with the current network, would take hours. For example, downloading a movie using 5G would take mere seconds. These new improvements will allow for self-driving cars, massive expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) device use, and acceleration of new technological advancements used in everyday activities by a much wider range of people. While 5G is not fully developed, it is expected to consist of at least five new technologies that allow it to perform much more complicated tasks at faster speeds. The new technologies 5G will use are hardware that works with much higher frequencies (millimeter wavelengths), small cells, massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output), beamforming, and full duplex.[3] Working together, these new technologies will expand the potential of many of the devices used today and devices being developed for the future. Millimeter waves are a higher frequency wavelength than the radio wavelength generally used in wireless transmission today.[4] The use of this portion of the spectrum corresponds to higher frequency and shorter wavelengths, in this case in the millimeter range (vs the lower radio frequencies where the wavelengths can be in the meters to hundreds of kilometers). Higher frequency waves allow for more devices to be connected to the same network at the same time, because there is more space available compared to the radio waves that are used today. The use of this portion of the spectrum has much longer wavelengths than of that anticipated for a portion of the 5G implementation. The waves in use now can measure up to tens of centimeters, while the new 5G waves would be no greater than ten millimeters.[5] The millimeter waves will create more transmission space for the ever-expanding number of people and devices crowding the current networks. The millimeter waves will create more space for devices to be used by consumers, which will increase energy usage, subsequently leading to increased global warming. Millimeter waves are very weak in their ability to connect two devices, which is why 5G needs something called “small cells” to give full, uninterrupted coverage. Small cells are essentially miniature cell towers that would be placed 250 meters apart throughout cities and other areas needing coverage.[6] The small cells are necessary as emissions [or signals] at this higher frequency/shorter wavelength have more difficulty passing through solid objects and are even easily intercepted by rain.[7] The small cells could be placed on anything from trees to street lights to the sides of businesses and homes to maximize connection and limit “dead zones” (areas where connections are lost). The next new piece of technology necessary for 5G is massive MIMO, which stands for multiple input multiple output. The MIMO describes the capacity of 5G’s base stations, because those base stations would be able to handle a much higher amount of data at any one moment of time. Currently, 4G base stations have around eight transmitters and four receivers which direct the flow of data between devices.[9] 5G will exceed this capacity with the use of massive MIMO that can handle 22 times more ports. Figure 1 shows how a massive MIMO tower would be able to direct a higher number of connections at once. However, massive MIMO causes signals to be crossed more easily. Crossed signals cause an interruption in the transmission of data from one device to the next due to a clashing of the wavelengths as they travel to their respective destinations. To overcome the cross signals problem, beamforming is needed. To maximize the efficiency of sending data another new technology called beamforming will be used in 5G. For data to be sent to the correct user, a way of directing the wavelengths without interference is necessary. This is done through a technique called beamforming. Beamforming directs where exactly data are being sent by using a variety of antennas to organize signals based on certain characteristics, such as the magnitude of the signal. By directly sending signals to where they need to go, beamforming decreases the chances that a signal is dropped due to the interference of a physical object.

One way that 5G will follow through on its promise of faster data transmission is through sending and receiving data simultaneously. The method that allows for simultaneous input and output of data is called full duplexing. While full duplex capabilities allow for faster transmission of data, there is an issue of signal interference, because of echoes. Full duplexing will cut transmission times in half, because it allows for a response to occur as soon as an input is delivered, eliminating the turnaround time that is seen in transmission today. Because these technologies are new and untested, it is hard to say how they will impact our environment. This raises another issue: there are impacts that can be anticipated and predicted, but there are also unanticipated impacts because much of the new technologies are untested. Nevertheless, it is possible to anticipate some of detrimental environmental consequences of the new technologies and the 5G network, because we know these technologies will increase exposure to harmful radiation, increase mining of rare minerals, increase waste, and increase energy usage. The main 5G environmental concerns have to do with two of the five new components: the millimeter waves and the small cells. The whole aim of the new 5G network is to allow for more devices to be used by the consumer at faster rates than ever before, because of this goal there will certainly be an increase in energy usage globally. Energy usage is one of the main contributors to climate change today and an increase in energy usage would cause climate change to increase drastically as well. 5G will operate on a higher frequency portion of the spectrum to open new space for more devices. The smaller size of the millimeter waves compared to radio frequency waves allows for more data to be shared more quickly and creates a wide bandwidth that can support much larger tasks.[15] While the idea of more space for devices to be used is great for consumers, this will lead to a spike in energy usage for two reasons – the technology itself is energy demanding and will increase demand for more electronic devices. The ability for more devices to be used on the same network creates more incentive for consumers to buy electronics and use them more often. This will have a harmful impact on the environment through increased energy use. Climate change has several underlying contributors; however, energy usage is gaining attention in its severity with regards to perpetuating climate change. Before 5G has even been released, about 2% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the ICT industry.[16] While 2% may not seem like a very large portion, it translates to around 860 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions.[17] Greenhouse gas emissions are the main contributors to natural disasters, such as flooding and drought, which are increasing severity and occurrence every year. Currently, roughly 85% of the energy used in the United States can be attributed to fossil fuel consumption.[18] The dwindling availability of fossil fuels and the environmental burden of releasing these fossil fuels into our atmosphere signal an immediate need to shift to other energy sources. Without a shift to other forms of energy production and the addition of technology allowed by the implementation of 5G, the strain on our environment will rise and the damage may never be repaired. With an increase in energy usage through technology and the implementation of 5G, it can be expected that the climate change issues faced today will only increase. The overall contribution of carbon dioxide emissions from the ICT industry has a huge impact on climate change and will continue to have even larger impacts without proper actions. In a European Union report, researchers estimated that in order to keep the increase in global temperature below 2° Celsius a decrease in carbon emissions of around 15-30% is necessary by 2020. Engineers claim that the small cells used to provide the 5G connection will be energy efficient and powered in a sustainable way; however the maintenance and production of these cells is more of an issue. Supporters of the 5G network advocate that the small cells will use solar or wind energy to stay sustainable and green.[20] These devices, labeled “fuel-cell energy servers” will work as clean energy-based generators for the small cells.[21] While implementing base stations that use sustainable energy to function would be a step in the right direction in environmental conservation, it is not the solution to the main issue caused by 5G, which is the impact that the massive amount of new devices in the hands of consumers will have on the amount of energy required to power these devices. The wasteful nature of manufacturing and maintenance of both individual devices and the devices used to deliver 5G connection could become a major contributor of climate change. The promise of 5G technology is to expand the number of devices functioning might be the most troubling aspect of the new technology. Cell phones, computers, and other everyday devices are manufactured in a way that puts stress on the environment. A report by the EPA estimated that in 2010, 25% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions comes from electricity and heat production making it the largest single source of emissions.[22] The main gas emitted by this sector is carbon dioxide, due to the burning of natural gas, such as coal, to fuel electricity sources.[23] Carbon dioxide is one of the most common greenhouse gases seen in our atmosphere, it traps heat in earth’s atmosphere trying to escape into space, which causes the atmosphere to warm generating climate change. Increased consumption of devices is taking a toll on the environment. As consumers gain access to more technologies the cycle of consumption only expands. As new devices are developed, the older devices are thrown out even if they are still functional. Often, big companies will purposefully change their products in ways that make certain partner devices (such as chargers or earphones) unusable–creating demand for new products. Economic incentives mean that companies will continue these practices in spite of the environmental impacts. One of the main issues with the 5G network and the resulting increase in consumption of technological devices is that the production required for these devices is not sustainable. In the case of making new devices, whether they be new smart-phones or the small cells needed for 5G, the use of nonrenewable metals is required. It is extremely difficult to use metals for manufacturing sustainably, because metals are not a renewable resource. Metals used in the manufacturing of the smart devices frequently used today often cannot be recycled in the same way many household items can be recycled. Because these technologies cannot be recycled, they create tons of waste when they are created and tons of waste when they are thrown away. There are around six billion mobile devices in use today, with this number expected to increase drastically as the global population increases and new devices enter the market. One estimate of the life-time carbon emissions of a single device–not including related accessories and network connection–is that a device produces a total of 45kg of carbon dioxide at a medium level of usage over three years. This amount of emission is comparable to that of driving the average European car for 300km. But, the most environmentally taxing stage of a mobile device life cycle is during the production stage, where around 68% of total carbon emissions is produced, equating to 30kg of carbon dioxide. To put this into perspective, an iPhone X weighs approximately 0.174kg, so in order to produce the actual device, 172 iPhone X’s worth of carbon dioxide is also created. These emissions vary from person to person and between different devices, but it’s possible to estimate the impact one device has on the environment. 5G grants the capacity for more devices to be used, significantly increase the existing carbon footprint of smart devices today. Energy usage for the ever-growing number of devices on the market and in homes is another environmental threat that would be greatly increased by the new capabilities brought by the 5G network. Often, energy forecasts overlook the amount of energy that will be consumed by new technologies, which leads to a skewed understanding of the actual amount of energy expected to be used.[30] One example of this is with IoT devices.[31] IoT is one of the main aspects of 5G people in the technology field are most excited about. 5G will allow for a larger expansion of IoT into the everyday household.[32] While some IoT devices promise lower energy usage abilities, the 50 billion new IoT devices expected to be produced and used by consumers will surpass the energy used by today’s electronics.

The small cells required for the 5G network to properly function causes another issue of waste with the new network. Because of the weak nature of the millimeter waves used in the 5G technology, small cells will need to be placed around 250 meters apart to insure continuous connection. The main issue with these small cells is that the manufacturing and maintenance of these cells will create a lot of waste. The manufacturing of technology takes a large toll on the environment, due to the consumption of non-renewable resources to produce devices, and technology ending up in landfills. Implementing these small cells into large cities where they must be placed at such a high density will have a drastic impact on technology waste. Technology is constantly changing and improving, which is one of the huge reasons it has such high economic value. But, when a technological advancement in small cells happens, the current small cells would have to be replaced. The short lifespan of devices created today makes waste predictable and inevitable. In New York City, where there would have to be at least 3,135,200 small cells, the waste created in just one city when a new advancement in small cells is implemented would have overwhelming consequences on the environment. 5G is just one of many examples of how important it is to look at the consequences of new advancements before their implementation. While it is exciting to see new technology that promises to improve everyday life, the consequences of additional waste and energy usage must be considered to preserve a sustainable environment in the future. There is some evidence that the new devices and technologies associated with 5G will be harmful to delicate ecosystems. The main component of the 5G network that will affect the earth’s ecosystems is the millimeter waves. The millimeter waves that are being used in developing the 5G network have never been used at such scale before. This makes it especially difficult to know how they will impact the environment and certain ecosystems. However, studies have found that there are some harms caused by these new technologies. The millimeter waves, specifically, have been linked to many disturbances in the ecosystems of birds. In a study by the Centre for Environment and Vocational Studies of Punjab University, researchers observed that after exposure to radiation from a cell tower for just 5-30 minutes, the eggs of sparrows were disfigured.[34] The disfiguration of birds exposed for such a short amount of time to these frequencies is significant considering that the new 5G network will have a much higher density of base stations (small cells) throughout areas needing connection. The potential dangers of having so many small cells all over areas where birds live could cause whole populations of birds to have mutations that threaten their population’s survival. Additionally, a study done in Spain showed breeding, nesting, and roosting was negatively affected by microwave radiation emitted by a cell tower. Again, the issue of the increase in the amount of connection conductors in the form of small cells to provide connection with the 5G network is seen to be harmful to species that live around humans. Additionally, Warnke found that cellular devices had a detrimental impact on bees.[36] In this study, beehives exposed for just ten minutes to 900MHz waves fell victim to colony collapse disorder.Colony collapse disorder is when many of the bees living in the hive abandon the hive leaving the queen, the eggs, and a few worker bees. The worker bees exposed to this radiation also had worsened navigational skills, causing them to stop returning to their original hive after about ten days. Bees are an incredibly important part of the earth’s ecosystem. Around one-third of the food produced today is dependent on bees for pollination, making bees are a vital part of the agricultural system. Bees not only provide pollination for the plant-based food we eat, but they are also important to maintaining the food livestock eats. Without bees, a vast majority of the food eaten today would be lost or at the very least highly limited. Climate change has already caused a large decline in the world’s bee population. The impact that the cell towers have on birds and bees is important to understand, because all ecosystems of the earth are interconnected. If one component of an ecosystem is disrupted the whole system will be affected. The disturbances of birds with the cell towers of today would only increase, because with 5G a larger number of small cell radio-tower-like devices would be necessary to ensure high quality connection for users. Having a larger number of high concentrations of these millimeter waves in the form of small cells would cause a wider exposure to bees and birds, and possibly other species that are equally important to our environment.As innovation continues, it is important that big mobile companies around the world consider the impact 5G will have on the environment before pushing to have it widely implemented. The companies pushing for the expansion of 5G may stand to make short term economic gains. While the new network will undoubtedly benefit consumers greatly, looking at 5G’s long-term environmental impacts is also very important so that the risks are clearly understood and articulated. The technology needed to power the new 5G network will inevitably change how mobile devices are used as well as their capabilities. This technological advancement will also change the way technology and the environment interact. The change from using radio waves to using millimeter waves and the new use of small cells in 5G will allow more devices to be used and manufactured, more energy to be used, and have detrimental consequences for important ecosystems. While it is unrealistic to call for 5G to not become the new network norm, companies, governments, and consumers should be proactive and understand the impact that this new technology will have on the environment. 5G developers should carry out Environmental Impact Assessments that fully estimate the impact that the new technology will have on the environment before rushing to widely implement it. Environmental Impact Assessments are intended to assess the impact new technologies have on the environment, while also maximizing potential benefits to the environment. This process mitigates, prevents, and identifies environmental harm, which is imperative to ensuring that the environment is sustainable and sound in the future. Additionally, the method of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of devices would also be extremely beneficial for understanding the impact that 5G will inevitably have on the environment. An LCA can be used to assess the impact that devices have on carbon emissions throughout their life span, from the manufacturing of the device to the energy required to power the device and ultimately the waste created when the device is discarded into a landfill or other disposal system. By having full awareness of the impact new technology will have on the environment ways to combat the negative impacts can be developed and implemented effectively.

 

jsis.washington.edu/news/what-will-5g-mean-for-the-enviro...

  

One of the blue light unmarked Focus' seen out and about in Aberdeen.

As a Soo Line nut, I made a proactive goal to shoot the remaining SOO units before they were sent in for rebuild. This summer I caught SOO SD60s galore. SOO trios, duos, and leaders ran across the CP system on a regular basis and I was there to photograph many of these movements. I even had the opportunity to catch three of the four SOO painted SD60Ms in the lead. The Hockey Stick and Candy Apple units kept me busy this summer. However I didn't just limit myself to SD60s. I also caught some other amazing consists such as this trio of GP38-2s on 581. However one of the best catches for this SOO fan was a pair of the last operating former SOO GP9s on the IC&E Nitrin Line. It was such a cool experience to see almost 60 year old SOO units running around relatively unchanged.

 

One day the SOO will be a thing of the past, but for the past 20 years it has been alive and well on the CP. While I won't be catching any White and Red units, I will be catching some Grey and Red units heading through campus. Not a bad trade off, but I will still miss my beloved SOO.

 

Sorry to those who have already view and or comment on these photos. An error had occurred and I was forced to reupload this set.

ISSB Complete Questions..Which are Asked From 2008-2011 (ISSB's)

Interview Complete Questions And Background

First Impressions

Most people make an initial opinion of a stranger within the first five minutes of meeting them. According to research candidiates' impressions are made up of the following:

Body Language and image (70%)

Tone of voice (20%)

What you say (10%)

As soon as you enter the building you need to be polite to everyone you meet. You need to remain calm and confident, give a firm handshake, and remember to make eye contact. You need to put both yourself and the interviewer at ease by being down-to-earth whilst remaining business-like, it is often quite a good idea to have a few conversation openers, especially if the interviewer takes you to the interview room, it helps break the silence..

Interview Techniques

The interview is not only a chance for the interviewer to assess if you are the right person for the job, but it is also an opportunity for you to see if the forces are suitable for you.

During the interview you need to look for opportunities to be proactive and ask your own questions or try to lead the discussion where appropriate. Questions should reflect your keenness to work for the Forces...

Keep your concentration levels up during the interview and make sure you listen to the responses the interviewer gives you. The worst mistakes happen when people end up asking questions about topics that have already been covered, or don't hear or understand what the interviewer has said.

Key points:

Make sure you give the interviewer your full attention

Wait for them to finish speaking, before you answer the question

Make sure you ask open questions, to ensure you get full answers

Check you understand everything that has been said

What are your biggest accomplishments? This should be job related, and is a chance to show your competency

Where do you see yourself in five years time?

Points you need to remember:

Smiling is a good positive signal, as it reaffirms your good nature

Maintain eye contact

Relax do not rush or fidget

Mirror the interviewers techniques, if they laugh, laugh with them

Maintain an alert position, sit up straight, don't slump, but be comfortable

Always have a confident and honest attitude.

QUESTIONS

Questions Related To Your Bio-Data From ISSB Form Which You Will Filled On First Day Of ISSB.

Your Name Meaning,

Your Father Qualification,

Your Rank Among Your siblings,

Your Qualification And Marks, Year

Your Age,

Your Height , Weight,

What do you do Now a days.?

Questions Related To Your Academic Qualification,

Questions Related To Your Hobbies,

Questions Related To Your Task And Performance,

Questions Related To Your Islamiat,

Surah Hudabia

Fateh Makka

Ghussal Ka Farahiz,

Wazu K Farahiz,

How many sons/Wives Of Prophet(P.B.U.H)

Biggest Surah Of Quran,

Shortest Surah Of Quran,

Total rukus, Sajde , etc

Ayat-ul-Kursi, Dua-Qanoot

Battles Jang -e Badar etc Remeber Strength of Muslims In All battles, And their Year.

*Ghusal & Wazu Ka Kitne Farahiz Hote Hain, Tell Briefly.....?

Ghusal 3 faraiz:

1. Kulli karna

2. Naak main paani dalna

3. Puray jism per es terah paani bahana k baal brabr hissa b khushk na ho.

Wuzu 4 fraiz:

1. Dono baazu kohniu smait dhona,

2. Chehray ka dhona

3. 4th part sir ka masah karna

4. Dono paon takhnoon smait dhona.

Questions Related To Forces,

group Captain is equal to which Rank Of Army,

Motive Of Army, PAF, Navy

Cheif Joint of Army Staff Name

How many People Got Nishan-e Haider And Last person mae who got this award?

Nishan E Haider holder Names!!!!!

Captain Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed 2/1st Punjab

Major Muhammad Tufail Shaheed / East Pakistan Rifles

Major Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed / 17 Punjab

Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed / 4 FF

Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas Shaheed /,

Major Shabbir Sharif Shaheed /, 6 FF

Sowar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed /, 20 Lancers

Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed / 15 Punjab

Captain Karnal Sher Khan Shaheed / 12 NLI

Havildar Lalak Jan Shaheed,

Question Related Your emotions, And Feelings,

If you didnt selected then what will you do..??

Questions Related To General Knowledge

Pakistan K North, east, West, South mai Konsa Country hah,

foreign Minister Of China, Japan, India, Pakistan, America

Nigeria, America, Japan, China, England, Srilanka Capital,

Pakistan Highest And Shortest Things, Like Highest Mountain, Shortest Dam, etc,

Cm names Of All 5 Provinces of Pakistan,

Cm name of kashmir,

What is GT Road And Who made it..

Questions Related To english,

Parts Of Speech,

Transalate into english,

woh tumhara kia lagta hah,

mai ne us se aek letter likhwaya,

kal raat se bht taez Barish horahe hah

Jiski Lathi uski Bhens

Woh Zaroor Yahan Ahna Chahta hah

Questions Related To Your Self Analysis,

BoyFriends,

Girlfriends,

Sex etc.....

50000 don to keya karo gay? ??

jhot bolty ho ??

Why Do you Want To Join PAF/Army/Navy..........???

Questions asked from the GTO'S and Presidents at the time of Interview ISSB :

1.capital of Qater?

2.Capital of Austrailia?

3.Prime minister of England?

4.secretaory General of United Nations?

5.Name 5 countries who got independence after1990?

6.Name 5 cities of Balochistan?

7.in which provinces Terbela and mangala Dams are located?

8.Physics:pascals law?dooplers effect?boyel's law?Charles law?Aeroplane flies on which principle?explain?

9.Maths:a)factorize:X2-3xy+2

b)an Aeroplane is going with speed of 2500Km/hr.how much distance will

it travel in 15 minutes?

c)if 12 eggs are of 14 Rs Then what is the Cost of 4 eggs?

10.Why Name NWFP has been changed to KPK?do u think it was right to change the name?

11.Motto of NAVY,ARMY AND AIRFORCE?

12.Name Of AIR CHIEF?

13.Name of Joint Chief?

14.Name of Naval Chief?

15.what is the length of table?

16.If U are Recomended for Navy,and we send u to PMA,Will u go?

17.Federal Minister of Law?

Name Five City Names Of Baluchistan & Pakhounkhawa..

*Balochistan

Ziarat, Quetta, Kalat, Muslim Baagh, Qilla Abdullah District,Nasirabad and Khanozai

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

Swabi, Dera Ismail Khan, Charsadda, Nowshera, Peshawar, Mardan, Mingora, Kohat, Mansehra, Haripur And Abbotabad..

• About Pakistani FLAG

* The white and dark green field represents Minorities & Muslim majority,respectively.

* The crescent on the Flag represents progress.

* The five-rayed star represents light and knowledge.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS.

1. What is 5% of 80?

2. What is 5% of 90?

3. What is 2.5% of 60?

4. What is 25% of 80?

5. IF you got 540 marks out of 1000 than tell me about ur %?

6. If you got 640 out of 1000 than tell me about ur%?

7. What is 60% of 400?

8. What is 2% of 90?

9. What is 90% of 2 rupees?

10. Which is greater? 6/7 or 5/6?

11. Which is greater? 1/7 or 8/7?

12. 1/2+3/6=?

13. which is greater? 5.5 or 6.6?

14. If your monthly income is 1200 what will ur yearly income?

15. If your earning 1100 rupees per week what will ur monthly salary?

16. What is 10% of 600?

17. 1 dozen egg price is 22 rupees what would 30 egg price?

If U got 200,000 Rupees what will u do for Those 200,000 Rupees.?

If a Shirt is of 50 and Your Shop is of Your Relative he gave u 15% discount then on what Price will u buy that After 15% discount..?

0.5/0.005

What is 35% of 450.?

What is 22% of 90.?

8+5/3=?

9-4*3/5=?

If 12 Eggs are of 9 Rupees then 5 Rupees k Kitne hounge..?

If Plane is going with 90km/hour Speed then in 35 Mint how mUch distance will it covered..?

** Height of pole.

Height of pole is 75 m .1/5 of pole is inside ground how much above the ground height of pole is 120 m .1/6 of pole is inside ground .how much above the ground

height of pole is 81 m .1/9 of pole is inside ground .how much above the ground height of pole is 99 m .1/3 of pole is inside ground .how much above the ground

height of pole is 150 m .1/2 of pole is inside ground .how much above the ground.........

***

**height of pole 36m.1/3 of ploe is inside ground.and 1/4 of pole is concrete(upper ).what is the remainning portion.

height of pole 30m.1/3 of ploe is inside ground.and 1/2 of pole is concrete(upper ).what is the remainning portiont.

height of pole 180m.1/3 of ploe is inside ground.and 1/4 of pole is concrete(upper ).what is the remainning portion.

height of pole 100m.1/4 of ploe is inside ground.and 1/5 of pole is concrete(upper ).what is the remainning portion.

height of pole 160m.1/4 of ploe is inside ground.and 1/8 of pole is concrete(upper ).what is the remainning portiont.

*if the height of a tree is 240m its 30% part is inside earth.. Its remaining part?168m.

*Agar team k all players first 10 balls pe out ho jain to kn sa player notout rahay ga.---8 nmbr.

* If a person purchased One shirt costly 350from his Friend Shop, And his Friend gave him Concession of 15% then How Much Rupees U will Bought that Shirt............??

--297.5

* Which is Bigger,

1/3 or 2/5.........simple.

2/3 or 4/5

cross multiply karein 5*2=10 And 3*4=12

So Left side value ziada hah so 4/5 bara hah,

* 4/5 or 6/5

9/8 or 2/3

5/4 or 12/11

**Distance :

the speed of air craft is 180 km/h.how much the aircraft travel in 20 min.

the speed of air craft is 300 km/h.how much the aircraft travel in 30 min.

the speed of air craft is 150 km/h.how much the aircraft travel in 60 min.

the speed of air craft is 200 km/h.how much the aircraft travel in 30 min.

the speed of air craft is 120 km/h.how much the aircraft travel in 20 min.........

Percent question:

what is the 80 % of 80.

what is the 20 % of 40.

what is the 10 % of 180.

what is the 80 % of 20.

what is the 20 % of 240.

Discounted Questions.

What Was the Rate of Discount If A Boat Which Cost 5000 Was Sold For 4800.???

Yes 100-96=4% discount

Pakistan National Flag

Green part of the Flag symbolizes?

White vertical bar in the Flag symbolizes?

National Anthem approved in ?

National Anthem's Verses Composed by

National Anthem's Tune Composed by

National Anthem's Duration

Abbreviation .

UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

SUPARCO,Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission

OIC,Organization of the Islamic Conference

FATA,Federally Administered Tribal Area

INTELSAT,International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

APTEC,All Pakistan Technology Engineers Council.

General Knowledge

Name Largest Dam.?--in pakistan its tarbela-----syncrude tailings dam of canada is largest in worlld

From Where Indus Highway Start & Where it Goes.........??its start 4rm karachi and ends at peshawar...it go tilll dera adm khaill

gdp and ndp

what is diff b/w zakat and tax

what type of fried u like?

if u got 10 million rupee than what will u do?

when you tell a lie?

percentages.....

what is kkh?

name the deputy speaker of national assembly

and others ministers names.......

indias president?

y to join airforce?

study in co-education?

Which Prophet Is Said to Be "Abu-al Bashar"........ADAM (A.S)

What Is GT Road & Who Made It...............?????? GRAND TRUNK ROAD. BY SHER SHAH SOOORI.......2500km long.... strtzz from bangladesh and goess to jalalabad kabul.

Name the Seven Wonders Of World..........?

1 Chichen Itza

2 Christ the Redeemer

3 Taj Mahal

4 Petra

5 Great Wall of China

6 Colosseum

7 Machu Picchu

Name The Capitals Of,

Haiti

Denmark--kopn haigan

Barbados

Cuba

Peru....

Poor-tau Prince

Copenhagen

Bridgetown

Havana

Common Knowledge

Bone: there are 206 bones in human body.

Flat: his feet are not flat.

Swift: commandos are swift defenders.

Flag: may the flag of our country always up!

Pretty: Pakistan is a very pretty piece of earth.

Tough: i won even the competition was very tough

what fraction come between 1/3 and 1/4 ?

**In mY views we will add the fractions and then divide by 2 you will get accurate answer

7/24

Suppose You are In Jungle, Unarmed, You have Come Across a Tiger, At That Time, what Will You Do...???---

Some info about pak

Area - Total 796,095 km2 (36th) 307,374 sq mi –

Ghawa e badar kb hua ? kitny muslim thy n kitny kufara??? ghaz wa e khyber?? haj kb frz hua ??? al ghazwat..........nimaz kb frz hoi ???? etc

forces ma kiun ana chahtay hain,,,,pakistan k sides pa kuan si countries hain...north east west etc....pochien gy k pakistan k irad gird kya h ya pochn gy East m kya h pakistan k....................dawred line kya h???? pakistan k indian sarhad k sth kitna fasla h????? bs b confident !!! koi masla ni hota chill maro :)

app ki merits n de merits kn kn c hain ???

Aim of lyf..?

Merits in the eys of Friends.??

name ??f/name. educational acievment...APP KE HEIGHT?

INCHES MAI KITNEY HAI?

CENTIMETER MAI KITNEY HAI APP KE HEIGHT?

APP KA WEIGHT POUND MAI KTNA HAI?

CENTIMETER MAI KITNEY HAI APP KE HEIGHT?

motto of army,navy n paf .......??

motto of army : ”Imaan, Taqwa, Jihad fi Sabilillah” or ”Faith, Piety, Holy War in the path of Allah”.

DEFINE CHARLES LAW,PASCAL LAW?

APWA=?

NASA=?

...OIC=? SAARC … Abbrivation batao……… headquter khn hn in k..?? kitny mumalik rokun hn in k…???

F.Sc=? kis ka abbrivation h ? MBBS ??

CSS= Central Superior Services.

PCS==

5% of 30?

The Senate has____ members

The National Assembly has ____ general seats, _____ women seats and _____ non-muslims seats?

Let's share some General Knowledge..

1. I.Q. = Intelligence Quotient

2. a.m = Ante Meridiem

3. p.m = Post Meridiem

...4. e.g. = Exempli Gratia

5. i.e. = Id Est (That is to say)

6. SIM = Subscriber Identity Module

7. OK = Objection Killed

8. NEWS= North East West South...

QUESTION RELATED TO SEX IN INTERVIEW.

1. kia aap ne kabi B.P deki hey?

2. Aap ne B.P ketni baar deki hey?

3. Aap k face se lagta hey k 200 ,300 bar deki hogi.

4. Aap ne B.P kaha or q deki?

5. B.P passand ayi?

6. Dekne k baad kia kiya?

7. Aap H.P karte hu?

8. H.P q nahi karte?

9. Any girlfriend/boyfriend?

10. How many girlfriend/boyfriend do u have?

11. DAT per kabi gaye hu?

12. Kabi apni girlfriend/boyfriend k sath sex kiya hey?

13. Kabi apni girlfriend/boyfriend ko touch kia hey?

14. Larki me kia cheez passand hey or q?

15. Agar me aap se aik raat k liye apki girlfriend mangoo tu muje doge kia?

16. SEXUAL URGE kaise pore karte hu?

Regards,

Admin kInG~~~

via Blogger ift.tt/1qBCKKv

UPDATE 5/13/08: Within an hour of filing a complaint with metro this morning about my photography incident the other night (concerning this photograph and described below), I received a call from Jeannie Greenbar with metro customer service. She apologized profusely for the incident, assured me that I can take all the pictures that I want in metro, and that they're going to figure out who the kiosk lady and the security guard were and give them some additional training. I am impressed with this metro representative's responsiveness to my complaint and her willingness to take action on my behalf to correct the situation, and I hope that is reflective of a broader corporate culture that is proactive in addressing known problems that they really can do something about. So metro gets a big kudos from me today, and hopefully this kind of thing won't happen to anyone again. But if it does, take a stand and let metro know what their employees are doing.

*****

Took this picture and another essentially identical one on Saturday May 10, 2008, a bit before 2am at the New York Avenue metro station. A woman came out of the station kiosk and asked me what I was taking a picture of, and I told her the turnstiles (on which they had placed these silly little smiley/frowny faces). She told me that I could not take photos in the metro system. To which I said no, that's not true, go look at your website (FYI www.wmata.com/about/parp_docs/UseRegulations.pdf specifically Section 100.8(2)). This woman insisted that photography in metro was illegal since September 11, 2001, and knowing that she was incorrect, I insisted that she go look at metro's website, which of course she did not do. Instead she called security. After consulting with someone for a bit, she came back and told me again that photography was not allowed in metro and that if I took any more pictures, she'd have my train stopped and I'd be pulled off and my camera confiscated. Whatever. I was with Patrick at the time and we went upstairs and continued to chat about how completely misinformed this woman was. I never turned my camera off or put it away, and I didn't take any more pix at the station, because even though I knew I was right, I didn't want to push my luck too far with the lady on an apparent power trip.

 

A few minutes later, the same metro employee comes up another escalator with a security guard. Great, bring it. So the security guard comes over and starts in and I again say that it is absolutely not illegal to take pictures in the metro system, go look at your website. He then asked me if I was calling him a liar, and I said no, but you are misinformed. He goes off about how he's had training yadda yadda but then changes his tune: you can take pix of the platform, and the Amtrak trains over there, and your friend here, but you can't take pix of security cameras and such (not exactly sure how turnstiles fit into that but whatever). Didn't bother to point out that that was not what kiosk lady said, because Pat's train had arrived and mine was about to, but the guy wouldn't let it drop until Pat had missed his train. Neither kiosk lady nor the security guard ever asked to see the photographs I had taken, nor did they ask me to delete them. Um, if it were actually illegal and my photos actually posed some sort of security threat, wouldn't that be the first thing you would do? If I had a brain, I would've taken photos of both the kiosk lady and the security guard so that I could send them to metro and refer these two employees for additional training.

 

When I did finally get on a train myself, the first thing I did was take pictures of a BEER BOTTLE on the floor of the train. Um, isn't drinking any sort of beverage forbidden by metro? Don't they make actual announcements about that sort of thing? Aren't there signs posted that say no eating or drinking? Shouldn't the security guard maybe be writing some tickets for 12 year olds eating french fries in the train? Has anyone ever made an announcement about taking photos or are there any signs about no photography in the metro? No.

 

Dear John Catoe and WMATA-

 

If you don't want me taking photos of your turnstiles, then don't put stupid frowny and smiley faces on them that would make me even think of taking the picture in the first place. Most people are smart enough to understand what the standard red and green designs mean without the little faces to make it abundantly clear. And please get all of your employees up to speed on your photography policy. I haven't heard of anyone getting harassed about it in a while, so I was rather surprised at this woman's ignorance of the policy. I have taken a gazillion photos in metro stations and trains, as have about half of the people in the washington metro area and tons of tourists too, and not once before this incident has anyone ever said boo to me about it.

 

And I'm still gonna take pictures in the metro, because I can.

 

Love, Me

Thanks to the proactive involvement of Joanne Drummond and the Nevada County Fire Safe Council, and Sam Gitchel of Firewise Communities, a stand of 120-foot tall beetle-killed pines threatening roads and homes on a hillside were felled by the BLM Folsom Lake Veterans’ Crew, a fire crew which trains returning military veterans to be firefighters. The downed trees were then cleaned up by the Fire Safe Council’s AmeriCorps crews, and then transported by Nevada County Roads over to Gold Country Community Services, who splits and delivers firewood to senior citizens. Projects like this are only possible when communities work together to take an active role in multiplying each other’s resources, to positively impact public lands in the direction desired by each community.

 

Video by Monte Kawahara, BLM Forester.

I need to quit complaining and be proactive.

Finished my first (technically second) roll of film from my uncle's old pentax k1000 today. I wanted to do double exposures, but i reeled too far.

Oh well.

 

The Pentax K1000 body is built like a tank. It's wonderful.

 

This is still film from my Holga 120 shooting 35mm w/ Kodak 400 color film.

 

Very mild contrast added which was lost due to the scanner I used.

  

Film suddenly looks so pretty compared to digital. I know not everyone thinks that. I used to think it was a waste, I just think theres more of an imprint of time.

  

Today was really nice.

 

This bright green McLaren 720S screams "drive me". The cool supercar was on display at the 2019 annual cahow show held at Church of the Resurrection in Leawood Kansas.

 

The contours of the 720S are distinctly McLaren, yet the details are boldly different. Our designers took inspiration from the Great White Shark, a beautifully sleek yet brutally efficient hunting machine. The resulting design for the 720S is exquisite form following ingenious function. The smooth flow of the exterior lines manipulates onrushing air to reduce drag and cool the engine. Slim pillars on the teardrop-shaped cabin allow for the extraordinary glass canopy that floods the interior with daylight and offers unrivalled visibility.

 

Power is instantaneous and seemingly endless. Always ready to give more, it devours road and track with a ravenous appetite. Combined with the world’s most advanced suspension system, the 720S gives you the ultimate balance of power with control.

 

The beating heart of the 720S is a new and fearsomely powerful M840T engine with 720PS. Press the start button The beating heart of the 720S is a new and fearsomely powerful M840T engine with 720PS. Press the start button and the twin-turbo V8 comes alive with a potent growl that ignites your senses and focuses your mind. Bathed in vibrant red light, every part of this 4.0-litre unit is refined to maximize power, sharpen responses, and increase fuel efficiency.

 

The immense power of the 720S requires an equally responsive chassis. Proactive Chassis Control II was born from the findings of a five-year PhD course at the University of Cambridge. It gives you enormous ability on all road and track surfaces. Data from an array of sensors enables the 720S to better read the road and select a set-up that maximizes grip. From a winding mountain pass to a challenging racetrack, you can push the limit with breathtaking control.

 

Source: McLaren

. . . . Here we see Joni "being a bit more proactive". . . . "Hey Buddy, wake up! You want to go out and party?"

 

Admittedly, this was truly a shameful moment! It just goes to show that even a classy gal like Joni can turn into a common tramp under the influence of demon alcohol. . . . As for Rip Van Winkle, the guy may have been dead, for all Joni knew. Instead of knocking on his window, Joni should have called for an ambulance. . . . "Oh well", Joni thought to herself, "I wonder if any of those drunk golfers upstairs are still awake and interested in trying for a hole in one?" . . . .

 

Oh! The shame of it all!

Happy Windmill Wednesday!

One of two wind farms near Douglas, WY. The company has worked to be proactive in saving migratory birds from death. They paid a fine and made restitution for 14 golden eagle deaths (among other migratory birds) on the two wind farms over three years. This amount totaled 1 million dollars. A radar system was installed to detect bird movement although it did not work well due to ground clutter. Now eagle watchers are positioned throughout the facility and they radio the control tower when blades need to be shut down. It takes two minutes to stop the blades and ten minutes to start them back up. Each shut down can cost the company 1/2 hour time.

 

River North

Varanasi, India...I was walking on the ghats and this 'sadhu' got suspicious of my camera and wanted to hide his face...I found it so 'proactively funny' that couldn't resist clicking this shot

Processed with VSCOcam with g3 preset

Kenworth is offering integrated battery monitoring with engine auto start and stop capability in a new option available on the company’s flagship T680 sleeper trucks. The new option is available with or without the Kenworth Idle Management System. Engine auto start monitors the starting batteries. It also monitors auxiliary batteries used with the battery-based Kenworth Idle Management System, or batteries used to power hotel loads through an inverter. When batteries get to a critical level, the Kenworth T680 automatically turns on the engine to begin battery charging.

All aging humans will develop some degree of decline in cognitive capacity, usually including the following symptoms:

 

forgetfulness,

decreased ability to maintain focus,

decreased problem solving capacity,

 

If left unchecked, symptoms oftentimes progress into more serious conditions, such as dementia and depression, or even Alzheimer’s disease.

 

Fortunately, proactive lifestyle changes, cognitive training, and nutritional interventions such as phosphatidylserine and glyceryl phosphoryl choline have been shown to decrease the rate of intellectual decay and potentially reverse age-related cognitive decline.

  

(Getting old is a ... ... ... damn I can't remember).

 

www.lifeextension.com/Protocols/Neurological/Age-Related-...

At the end of December, a team of officers from Greater Manchester Police’s (GMP) City of Manchester Division, were on duty patrolling the Cheetham Hill and Strangeways area, as part of a high visibility, proactive operation to disrupt the sale of counterfeit goods.

 

At the end of December, a team of officers from Greater Manchester Police’s (GMP) City of Manchester division, were on duty patrolling the Cheetham Hill and Strangeways area, as part of a high visibility, proactive operation to disrupt the sale of counterfeit goods.

 

Officers were on the streets providing a visible presence in order to deter those who sell counterfeit items from approaching potential customers, they were also engaging with members of the public in the area – handing out leaflets with information on how the sale of counterfeit goods is often associated with organised criminal gangs, as well as educating them on what the dangers can be when you buy these untested and unregulated items.

 

During the operation, one man was arrested and charged for possession of an offensive weapon and a breach of a court order and another was charged for failing to appear at court.

 

Inspector William Jennings-Wharton, of GMP’s City of Manchester division, said: “I understand that the low prices of counterfeit goods can lure members of the public into buying them, so part of our tactic in disrupting the sale of fake goods, is to educate the public on what the risks and consequences behind those low prices can be.

 

“Counterfeit goods can not only have a negative impact on communities as a whole, with their sale linked to funding organised criminal activity as well as attracting more criminality to the area – as our action today demonstrates, but it can also have a personal impact on those who have brought it as these items are often not safety tested and not in-line with industry standards which can have dangerous consequences. That is why this operation marks the start of our ‘#WhatsItReallyWorth?’ initiative which aims to shed light on the risks posed by this type of criminality. We will be continuing to work with partners as part of the initiative, to take action against those involved in the sale of counterfeit goods, as well as working with the community and engaging with those who visit the area.

 

“If any members of the public have information that may assist us, I urge you to report it online or by using the LiveChat facility at www.gmp.police.uk or by calling 101. Alternatively, contact Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111."

Yesterday (Monday 8 November) officers from GMP's Bury Neighbourhood Policing Team, alongside Bury community safety partners and other agencies launched Operation Saturn - a multi-agency proactive response aimed at tackling anti-social behaviour and other crimes across the district.

 

The launch follows a recent increase in anti-social behaviour and crime involving young people across the district, including a series of knife point robberies in Bury town centre and a violent disorder at Radcliffe Metrolink station last month, both of which resulted in arrests.

 

The high-visibility operation will see neighbourhood and specialist officers working closely alongside partners and community stakeholders including youth services and TFGM staff to target specific hotspot areas of ASB & crime across the district.

 

The operation launched yesterday on the Central Neighbourhood and focused on Bury town centre, Bury East, Redvales and Moorside areas including the Bury transport interchange.

 

Chief Superintendent Chris Hill of GMP's Bury District said: "Operation Saturn is about getting back to basics and working with partners and communities in the right place and the right time to really make a difference.

 

"This is about high visibility and getting officers out onto the streets to listen to what our communities have to say and to help provide that protective and reassuring presence. It's also about sending a message to offenders that GMP is here and we will take action wherever it's needed to bring this type of offending right down.

 

"Yesterday's launch was a really positive step in our commitment to protecting our community and I very much look forward to seeing how this develops and improves over time."

 

Chief Inspector Jamie Collins of GMP's Bury district said: "The feedback from the Bury communities is that they don’t see enough neighbourhood officers policing there areas."

 

"Operation Saturn is about putting high visibility uniformed officers into the areas of concern and is just one of the positive steps forward in our pledge to prevent and reduce crime, harm and ASB.

 

"This operation goes back to the basics of policing and focuses on the importance of high-visibility patrols on our streets and ensuring we are engaging with members of the community, to both understand their concerns for the area and also offer advice and tips of how best to stay keep safe from harm.

 

"Our communities expect to see us on foot across the district and in their neighbourhoods and we are committed to making this a normality and making our Borough a safe and welcoming place to live."

 

Bury Council’s cabinet member for communities Councillor Richard Gold said: "We know there have been increasing concerns from residents about anti-social behaviour and it's important that residents feel safe and secure when they're out and about in their own homes. This initiative is great because will help to target those hot spot locations, and with lots of visible officers, will help in the overall fight against anti-social behaviour.

 

"Seeing more police out on the streets is definitely the way forward and very much helps with community reassurance and I look forward to seeing regular repeat operations of this kind in the area."

  

India is replete with history, a sense of the glorious past that one hears and sees ever so often from the moribund and mundane present day generation that knows only of the immediate past of slavery under the British and the Moslem rulers.

 

India and its philosophy of not really being proactive and thinking ahead, let us say being fatalistic, has always spawned millennia of wars, battles, skirmishes and devious goings on for petty kingdoms and fiefdoms. A true ancient civilization that slowly has gone bankrupt, like all of them do, in the long run.

 

Belur is a small town today which has a temple structure with perhaps the most beautiful friezes and figurines sculpted out of a pliable soapstone. It is the zenith of figurative carving.

 

Hoysala is the dynasty that ruled this area around 1100 AD and king Vishnuvardhana commenced the construction of this temple. The sculpture depicted in the image is a routine one of a female dance performer. The stone work has seen a lot of weathering and is crusty with age. The dancer as in most Hindu sculpture preserved in the temple architecture is lithe and young and has an hour glass figure and is bare breasted - the epitome of the female form.

 

The Britishers and before that the Moslems saw to it that the women had to cover their breasts and how well have they succeeded in doing that. India is perhaps the most backward and prudish society now.

  

_DSC8500 nef ver 1

On Tuesday, October 13th, Governor Charlie Baker, Lieutenant Governor Karyn Polito and Energy and Environmental Affairs Secretary Matthew Beaton joined members of the legislature and community representatives today to announce over $10 million to assist communities in addressing deteriorating dams and refurbishing critical coastal infrastructure. These awards include five dam repair projects, one dam removal, three coastal protection reconstruction projects and one levee refurbishment.

 

“Storm-battered seawalls and aging dams present a real hazard to the residents and small businesses in communities across the state, especially under extreme weather events,” said Governor Charlie Baker. “It is important to proactively address these risks before disaster strikes, which is why this administration is focused on increasing the resiliency of the Commonwealth’s infrastructure.”

 

EEA’s Dam and Seawall Program will award $7.5 million to Gloucester, Hull, Scituate and Canton for dam projects and nearly $2.6 million to Attleboro, Gloucester, Millbury, Swansea, Walpole and Westfield for coastal protection projects. The awards are a combination of both grants and loans to help finalize the designs for and re-construct critical infrastructure.

 

(Photo Credit: Joanne DeCaro)

The process of finding Alanna and integrating her into her new family went surprisingly quickly, partly because Alanna was legally free and available for adoption, partly because there were competent case workers involved, and mainly because the family who were introduced to her were proactive, tenacious and ready to take on any problems that came up in order to adopt a little girl looking for the right family. Alanna’s actual adoption cannot begin until October, but her new family is committed to adopting her and they expect to be having a big celebration when Alanna’s adoption becomes official.

 

More information about fostering and foster adoption is available at these sites:

National Foster Parent Association: www.nfpainc.org/

Northwest Adoption Exchange: www.nwae.org

 

Neither of these sites were actually used in the search to find Alanna; the case workers within the system were the key people who brought together this child and the family waiting for her. The system is slow and flawed and the thousands of children being served are in need of loving and safe homes. The system makes it difficult to place children in permanent homes partly due to the policy of trying to return children to their birth parents, partly due to time delays and high turnover among staff within the system. Good case workers are essential in navigating the system successfully and Alisa and Luis were fortunate to work with several. Most potential adoptive families are not willing to take on the burden and risk of older children who have been abused and may act out aggressively, or have various levels of disabilities. Our society does not encourage people to risk, to give back, especially to reach out to children like these.

 

Alisa and Luis remain convinced that love is what all kids need. There are thousands of kids out there who need more love.

 

Officers tackling serious and organised crime in North Manchester have launched a dedicated multi-agency disruption hub in the district to crackdown on criminal activity in the area.

 

The hub was launched last month, in partnership with Manchester City Council, as part of ongoing Operation Haemus – formed in November 2019 following an increase in firearm discharges stemming from two main local criminal groups in CheethamHill.

 

As part of the Haemus hub, a team totalling 17 officers has been formed, consisting of experienced detectives, dedicated safeguarding officers, intelligence officers, and a team of proactive officers who are dedicated to the area in both plain and uniformed patrols.

 

The team will engage in a range of proactive activities to continue to reduce the prevalence of organised crime in the north of Manchester.

Today (Wednesday 16 December) a team of officers from the Op Haemus team were joined by GMPs Tactical Aid Unit & Tactical Dog Unit in performing an intelligence-led weapon sweep of the area of Mandley Park - on the Salford border.

 

Any discarded or hidden weapons, firearms or ammunition found in the area during the sweep will be recovered and examined potentially as evidence as part of the 12 ongoing investigations within Op Haemus.

 

In the first six weeks since the inception of the disruption hub, Op Haemus officers have made a total of 25 arrests, conducted 122 stop searches and have searched 15 houses.

 

During the same short period, the hub has already seized two viable firearms, large quantities of class A and class B drugs, and seized 13 vehicles.

 

In conjunction with Manchester City Council, the hub works closely with housing providers, social services, adult services and a number of other agencies in a multi-agency approach to tackle organised crime in North Manchester.

 

This includes working closely with partners in local authority to provide a range of safeguarding measures and care packages to protect and support vulnerable adults and children at risk of being targeted, coerced and victimised by criminal activity.

 

Superintendent Rebecca Boyce, of GMP’s North Manchester division, said: “The launch of the disruption hub as part of Operation Haemus is a very welcome introduction for the people of North Manchester, as it’s the latest in a series of proactive measures we’ve employed in recent months to tackle the blight of serious and organised crime in our community.

 

“It is important that we maximise the resources we have available to us, and we have ensured that we have a dedicated and skilful team working around the clock to disrupt the activity of criminal groups, while protecting the public that we serve.

 

“We have always been honest and open about the challenges that have presented themselves due to the complexities and developments during this operation, but we are confident that we are making a tangible difference on our streets which can be seen by the recent decrease in firearms activity.

 

“While disputes between local crime groups generally pose little wider risk to the general public, it is understandable that such incidents cause unease and distress in our communities and we hope that the innocent, honest, and decent people we serve feel reassured by this targeted and increased action we are taking in the district.

 

“As ever, we continue to urge members of the public to contact police with any information or concerns, knowing that it will be treated with the strictest confidence – we have high-visibility patrols that can be approached, or a dedicated phone number that can be contacted – and Crimestoppers is always available for those who wish to pass on information anonymously.”

 

Any information relating to Operation Haemus should be passed to police on 0161 8563548 or the independent charity Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.

 

You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.

 

Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.

 

You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.

 

You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk

 

Lots of young kids bringing farm animals to the fair. 4‑H is delivered by Cooperative Extension—a community of more than 100 public universities across the nation that provides experiences where young people learn by doing. Kids complete hands-on projects in areas like health, science, agriculture and citizenship, in a positive environment where they receive guidance from adult mentors and are encouraged to take on proactive leadership roles. Kids experience 4‑H in every county and parish in the country—through in-school and after-school programs, school and community clubs and 4‑H camps.

The Ministry of Health’s committee on Zika in Trinidad has determined that any pregnant woman that tests positive for Zika is to be referred to the Mount Hope Women’s Hospital, a hospital that dedicates itself to obstetrics. Mothers and babies are monitored on a weekly basis to detect any anomaly in the fetus that might have been caused by the virus. The Ministry of Health’s committee on Zika has been proactively informing the general population on how to prevent the spread of the virus and how to eradicate breeding sites, with a special emphasis on informing pregnant women or women planning to get pregnant. So far, only one case of Zika has been referred to this hospital.

Today in Ireland and in the US new regulations relating to drones has been introduced [effective from the 21st of December 2015]. There are many similarities in the regulations but there is one major differences in that here in Ireland they have not mention the penalties for failure to register but in the US the cost of failure to register appears to be rather extreme … “civil penalties up to $27,500, or criminal penalties up to 3 years in prison and $250,000.” According to the minister the aim here in Ireland is to encourage drone users to be responsible citizens.

  

I have included the press releases from both administrations, have a read and see what you think.

  

Thursday, 17th December 2015: The Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) today announced a new drone regulation which includes the mandatory registration of all drones weighing 1kg or more from Monday, 21st December 2015.

 

The use of drones worldwide is expanding rapidly and there are estimated to be between 4,000 – 5,000 drones already in use in Ireland. Ireland has taken a proactive role in this fast emerging area and is currently one of only a handful of EU Member states that has legislation governing the use of drones.

 

The new legislation is intended to further enhance safety within Ireland and specifically addresses the safety challenges posed by drones.

 

From 21st December 2015, all drones weighing 1kg or more must be registered with the IAA via www.iaa.ie/drones. Drone registration is a simple two-step process. To register a drone, the registrant must be 16 years of age or older (Drones operated by those under 16 years of age must be registered by a parent or legal guardian). A nominal fee will apply from February 2016 but this has been initially waived by the IAA in order to encourage early registration.

  

Mr Ralph James, IAA Director of Safety Regulation, said

 

“Ireland is already recognised worldwide as a centre of excellence for civil aviation and the drone sector presents another major opportunity for Ireland. We’re closely working with industry to facilitate its successful development here. At the same time, safety is our top priority and we must ensure that drones are used in a safe way and that they do not interfere with all other forms of aviation.

 

Mr James explained that drone registration has been made a mandatory requirement as this will help the IAA to monitor the sector in the years ahead. The IAA encourages all drone operators to take part in training courses which are available through a number of approved drone training organisations.

 

“We would strongly encourage drone operators to register with us as quickly as possible, to complete a training course and to become aware of their responsibilities. People operating drones must do so in safe and responsible manner and in full compliance with the new regulations”, he said.

 

Welcoming the introduction of drone regulation, Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, Paschal Donohoe TD highlighted the importance of the new legislation and commended the IAA for the efficient manner to have the new registration system in place so quickly.

 

“The core safety message promoted today advocates the safe use of drones in civilian airspace. The development of drone technology brings opportunities as well as challenges for businesses and services in Ireland. I expect hundreds if not thousands of drones to be bought as presents this Christmas so getting the message to ensure that new owners and operators are aware of their responsibilities and the requirement to register all drones over 1 kg from 21st December 2015 is key. Tremendous potential exists for this sector and Ireland is at the forefront of its development. The speedy response by the IAA to this fast developing aviation area will make sure that drones are properly regulated and registered for use. As a result, Ireland is well placed to exploit the drone sector and to ensure industry growth in this area,” he said.

  

The new legislation prohibits users from operating their drones in an unsafe manner. This includes never operating a drone:

 

• if it will be a hazard to another aircraft in flight

• over an assembly of people

• farther than 300m from the operator

• within 120m of any person, vessel or structure not under the operator’s control

• closer than 5km from an aerodrome

• in a negligent or reckless manner so as to endanger life or property of others

• over 400ft (120m) above ground level

• over urban areas

• in civil of military controlled airspace

• in restricted areas (e.g. military installations, prisons, etc.)

• unless the operator has permission from the landowner for takeoff and landing.

  

For further information please visit www.iaa.ie/drones and see the IAA’s detailed Q&A sheet.

  

The Federal Aviation Administration has officially launched the drone registration program first reported in October. Drone operators are required to register their UAVs with the Unmanned Aircraft System registry starting December 21. Failure to register could result in criminal and civil penalties.

 

Under the new system, all aircraft must be registered with the FAA including those 'operated by modelers and hobbyists.' Once registered, drone operators must carry the registration certificate during operation. This new system only applies to drones weighing more than 0.55lbs/250g and less than 55lbs/25kg. The only exception to the registration requirement is indoor drone flights.

 

Required registration information includes a mailing address and physical address, email address, and full names; however, no information on the drone's make, model, or serial number is required from recreational users. Non-recreational users will need to provide drone information, including serial number, when that particular registration system goes live.

 

Failure to register could result in civil penalties up to $27,500, or criminal penalties up to 3 years in prison and $250,000. A $5 registration charge is applied, but will be refunded to those who register before January 20. The registration certificate is sent in an email to be printed at home.

Today in Ireland and in the US new regulations relating to drones has been introduced [effective from the 21st of December 2015]. There are many similarities in the regulations but there is one major differences in that here in Ireland they have not mention the penalties for failure to register but in the US the cost of failure to register appears to be rather extreme … “civil penalties up to $27,500, or criminal penalties up to 3 years in prison and $250,000.” According to the minister the aim here in Ireland is to encourage drone users to be responsible citizens.

  

I have included the press releases from both administrations, have a read and see what you think.

  

Thursday, 17th December 2015: The Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) today announced a new drone regulation which includes the mandatory registration of all drones weighing 1kg or more from Monday, 21st December 2015.

 

The use of drones worldwide is expanding rapidly and there are estimated to be between 4,000 – 5,000 drones already in use in Ireland. Ireland has taken a proactive role in this fast emerging area and is currently one of only a handful of EU Member states that has legislation governing the use of drones.

 

The new legislation is intended to further enhance safety within Ireland and specifically addresses the safety challenges posed by drones.

 

From 21st December 2015, all drones weighing 1kg or more must be registered with the IAA via www.iaa.ie/drones. Drone registration is a simple two-step process. To register a drone, the registrant must be 16 years of age or older (Drones operated by those under 16 years of age must be registered by a parent or legal guardian). A nominal fee will apply from February 2016 but this has been initially waived by the IAA in order to encourage early registration.

  

Mr Ralph James, IAA Director of Safety Regulation, said

 

“Ireland is already recognised worldwide as a centre of excellence for civil aviation and the drone sector presents another major opportunity for Ireland. We’re closely working with industry to facilitate its successful development here. At the same time, safety is our top priority and we must ensure that drones are used in a safe way and that they do not interfere with all other forms of aviation.

 

Mr James explained that drone registration has been made a mandatory requirement as this will help the IAA to monitor the sector in the years ahead. The IAA encourages all drone operators to take part in training courses which are available through a number of approved drone training organisations.

 

“We would strongly encourage drone operators to register with us as quickly as possible, to complete a training course and to become aware of their responsibilities. People operating drones must do so in safe and responsible manner and in full compliance with the new regulations”, he said.

 

Welcoming the introduction of drone regulation, Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, Paschal Donohoe TD highlighted the importance of the new legislation and commended the IAA for the efficient manner to have the new registration system in place so quickly.

 

“The core safety message promoted today advocates the safe use of drones in civilian airspace. The development of drone technology brings opportunities as well as challenges for businesses and services in Ireland. I expect hundreds if not thousands of drones to be bought as presents this Christmas so getting the message to ensure that new owners and operators are aware of their responsibilities and the requirement to register all drones over 1 kg from 21st December 2015 is key. Tremendous potential exists for this sector and Ireland is at the forefront of its development. The speedy response by the IAA to this fast developing aviation area will make sure that drones are properly regulated and registered for use. As a result, Ireland is well placed to exploit the drone sector and to ensure industry growth in this area,” he said.

  

The new legislation prohibits users from operating their drones in an unsafe manner. This includes never operating a drone:

 

• if it will be a hazard to another aircraft in flight

• over an assembly of people

• farther than 300m from the operator

• within 120m of any person, vessel or structure not under the operator’s control

• closer than 5km from an aerodrome

• in a negligent or reckless manner so as to endanger life or property of others

• over 400ft (120m) above ground level

• over urban areas

• in civil of military controlled airspace

• in restricted areas (e.g. military installations, prisons, etc.)

• unless the operator has permission from the landowner for takeoff and landing.

  

For further information please visit www.iaa.ie/drones and see the IAA’s detailed Q&A sheet.

  

The Federal Aviation Administration has officially launched the drone registration program first reported in October. Drone operators are required to register their UAVs with the Unmanned Aircraft System registry starting December 21. Failure to register could result in criminal and civil penalties.

 

Under the new system, all aircraft must be registered with the FAA including those 'operated by modelers and hobbyists.' Once registered, drone operators must carry the registration certificate during operation. This new system only applies to drones weighing more than 0.55lbs/250g and less than 55lbs/25kg. The only exception to the registration requirement is indoor drone flights.

 

Required registration information includes a mailing address and physical address, email address, and full names; however, no information on the drone's make, model, or serial number is required from recreational users. Non-recreational users will need to provide drone information, including serial number, when that particular registration system goes live.

 

Failure to register could result in civil penalties up to $27,500, or criminal penalties up to 3 years in prison and $250,000. A $5 registration charge is applied, but will be refunded to those who register before January 20. The registration certificate is sent in an email to be printed at home.

Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).

 

Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions

 

"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".

 

The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.

 

The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.

 

Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.

 

Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:

 

Wet with cool dew drops

fragrant with perfume from the flowers

came the gentle breeze

jasmine and water lily

dance in the spring sunshine

side-long glances

of the golden-hued ladies

stab into my thoughts

heaven itself cannot take my mind

as it has been captivated by one lass

among the five hundred I have seen here.

 

Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.

 

Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.

 

There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.

 

Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.

 

The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.

 

In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:

 

During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".

 

Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.

 

While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’

 

Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.

 

An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.

 

Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983

 

Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture

Main article: Commercial graffiti

With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.

 

In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".

 

Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.

 

Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.

 

Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.

 

Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.

 

There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.

 

The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.

 

Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.

 

Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis

 

Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.

 

Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.

 

Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"

 

Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal

 

In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.

 

Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.

 

Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.

 

Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.

 

With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.

 

Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.

 

Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.

 

Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.

 

Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.

 

Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.

 

Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.

 

Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.

 

The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.

 

I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.

 

The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.

 

Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.

 

Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.

 

In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".

 

There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.

 

Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.

 

A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.

By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.

 

Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.

 

In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.

 

A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.

 

From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.

 

In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.

 

Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.

 

Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.

 

Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.

  

In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.

 

Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.

 

In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.

 

In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."

 

In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.

 

In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.

 

In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.

 

In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.

 

In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.

 

The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.

 

To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."

 

In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.

 

In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.

 

Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".

 

Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)

In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.

 

Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.

 

Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.

 

In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.

 

Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.

 

Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.

 

To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.

 

When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.

Proactive Cleaners is one of the best commercial cleaning services in Melbourne. It also provides house cleaning facility.

theotherborder.net

 

5th February - Was clearing up my work while "enjoying" a cup of coffee at McDonald's when I eyed this family bonding over their snacks in front of me. And out of the blue, I started to wonder, and reflect, on the past few years that has passed me by. I grew comfortable - to my existence, to my routines, to what easily happened for me with minimal effort. I grew lazy. And with that revelation, I'm making a promise to myself - be more proactive, skip the procrastinations, set goals, set targets, achieve them. That's what life should be about, that's what this journey should be about.

Dublin City - Official Policy For Removal of Trees - Trees are removed only when necessary as a last resort.

The criteria for tree removal are:

 

1 The tree is dead, dying or is considered hazardous due to its poor structural or biological condition,. Hazardous conditions may exist above and/or below ground and may include significant root, trunk or crown decay, split trunks and crotches, and large dead limbs.

2 The tree has declined beyond the point of recovery and is no longer meeting the functional or aesthetic requirements of a street tree. Typically, a tree with 30 percent or less of its foliage remaining would meet this criterion.

3 Fatally diseased trees (eg. Ash dieback, Fireblight Disease) may be removed before they reach the primary threshold in order to prevent the spread of disease to healthy trees.

4 To allow space for development of nearby trees that may be more desirable for retention

5 To allow space for new planting

6 To make way for any approved engineering or building works when unavoidable construction work will immediately compromise the stability or viability of the tree.

7 Tree proven to be causing significant structural damage that cannot be reasonably addressed by an alternative solution and proactive tree management has had no mitigating effect.

8 To abate actionable nuisance

9 The trunk of the tree is within 2m of a public lighting column and the long term viability of the tree if retained in its location would be compromised by a requirement for ongoing maintenance in order to maintain the effectiveness of the adjoining street light.

 

If a site where a tree was removed is suitable to support a new tree, the site may be replanted with a suitable tree species. Because the stump has to be placed on a stump removal list and sufficient time needs to elapse to allow breakdown of residual underground root material, the

process from removal to replanting may take up to 3-5 years. Replacement tree planting will only take place during the dormant season.

Nick Jonas

Nick Jonas partners with Bayer Diabetes Care in a press conference at W Hotel to encourage young people to proactively manage their diabetes

New York City, City, USA - 06.08.08

Credit: (Mandatory): PNP/ WENN

In the back part of the alleyway are back entrances into some of the shops. I really like how these people are so proactive in presenting their businesses. This shows me that they are invested in the message of their community.

Esther takes a proactive approach to people who creepily show up to photograph the World Naked Bike Ride

Nescau is one of Brazil’s market leaders in chocolate drinks. As a leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness company, Nestlé Brazil wanted to ensure that Nescau would be a tastier and healthier snack choice for children. So, we reformulated the recipe and as a result we were able to ensure that added sugars in a serving of Nescau contribute less than 3% of the energy requirements of moderately active children. Fat was also reduced by 45% and protein content increased by 26% (more milk added). The product launch was accompanied by proactive campaigns to explain the change in taste and benefits of the new recipe. Over 70% of healthcare professionals consider the drink as a good snack option and 63% of consumers say they will buy the product again.

via Synthetic Turf Pitch Maintenance syntheticturfpitchmaintenance.tumblr.com/post/145206130515

Grooming Synthetic Grass Pitches in Mount Tabor #Proactive #Grooming #Maintenance #Mount #Tabor t.co/fbts6alQQ7

Thanks to the proactive involvement of Joanne Drummond and the Nevada County Fire Safe Council, and Sam Gitchel of Firewise Communities, a stand of 120-foot tall beetle-killed pines threatening roads and homes on a hillside were felled by the BLM Folsom Lake Veterans’ Crew, a fire crew which trains returning military veterans to be firefighters. The downed trees were then cleaned up by the Fire Safe Council’s AmeriCorps crews, and then transported by Nevada County Roads over to Gold Country Community Services, who splits and delivers firewood to senior citizens. Projects like this are only possible when communities work together to take an active role in multiplying each other’s resources, to positively impact public lands in the direction desired by each community.

 

Video by Monte Kawahara, BLM Forester.