Gruene Hall, built in 1878, is Texas’ oldest continually operating and most famous dance hall. By design, not much has physically changed since the Hall was first built. The 6,000 square foot dance hall with a high pitched tin roof still has the original layout with side flaps for open air dancing, a bar in the front, a small lighted stage in the back and a huge outdoor garden. Advertisement signs from the 1930s and 40s still hang in the old hall and around the stage.

 

In the 1800s, Gruene Hall held weekly dances and played host to everything from traveling salesmen to high school graduations to badger fights. Today, the Hall has continued to be a center for the Gruene and Central Texas social and entertainment scene, and the activities are just as varied. In any given week, locals hold court in the front bar after work talking over their day’s activities, a friend’s passing, the weather or the state of the economy. Possibly at the same time, the filming of a movie or commercial or preparation for a festival, fundraiser or a major corporation’s private party may be taking place in the main hall or beer garden.

 

Gruene Hall, located in Gruene, Texas, is one of the oldest functioning dance halls in the state. Largely a tourist attraction today, Gruene (originally known as Goodwin) was settled in the mid-nineteenth century by German farming families. As the head of one of these families, Ernst Gruene moved with his wife and two sons to the area northeast of New Braunfels in 1872. The second of his two sons, Henry (Heinrich) D. Gruene, firmly established the family's presence in the area by acquiring enough cotton-producing land to support between twenty and thirty tenant-farm families. In 1878 he built the dance hall known today as Gruene Hall. Before his death in 1920 he built the town's first mercantile store, cotton gin, lumberyard, and bank. He also provided land for a school and served for a time as postmaster.

 

Henry Gruene's Dance Hall provided area residents a place for socializing and offered hard-working farm families a diversion from their difficult lives. A sign hanging over the bar proclaimed "Den feinsten Schnaps, das beste Bier, bekommt man bei dem Heinrich hier" ("The best liquor, the best beer, you get at Henry's here"). In addition to serving both "the best beer" and "dime-a-shot whiskey," and providing a venue for polka bands and square dancing, the hall often was used by traveling salesmen for displaying their wares. Gruene Hall also became a popular location for Saengerfests (German singing festivals), high school graduation ceremonies, political elections, and both dog and badger fights. During Prohibition, Henry Gruene hung a sign in the bar that read, "Only Near Beer is Sold Here. Real Beer is Sold Near Here."

 

In the early part of the twentieth century, weekend dances usually began early on Saturday evenings. Typically, there would be a break at midnight for sandwiches and coffee, followed by more dancing until 5 A.M. The late Oscar Haas, a long-time resident of New Braunfels, remembered "those wonderful all-night dances at Gruene Hall—the long bar and the beer—the midnight supper—the children sleeping in the side room, as the parents danced until 5 A.M….the polkas, schottisches, waltzes, and the happiest of all, the ring-arounds."

 

Despite such joyous occasions, the residents of Gruene faced difficult times as well. In 1925 a boll weevil infestation devastated area crops. The Great Depression and the attendant decline in cotton prices nearly wiped out what was left of the town, though Gruene Hall continued to stay open.

 

In the early 1970s developers planned to raze the town in order to build new homes. While visiting the dormant community in 1974, Cheryle Fuller began her own efforts to save the town through devising a development plan and conducting a historical survey. In 1975 Gruene was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Two years later, San Antonio residents Bill Gallagher and Pat Molak used a $20,000 loan to purchase a number of local buildings, including the hall, and Molak, along with Mary Jane Nalley, began the work of preservation and renovations of the buildings. Their plans for the 6,000-square-foot hall involved very little structural change. They insisted on maintaining the vintage signs, stage, dance floor and forty-eight-star United States flag.

 

Under the current ownership, Gruene Hall has become internationally recognized as a destination tourist attraction and major music venue for up-and-coming as well as established artists. Since 1975, the Hall has played host to hundreds of celebrities whose pictures adorn the walls.

 

An incomplete list includes: George Strait, Garth Brooks, Lyle Lovett, Albert Collins, Ernest Tubb, Loretta Lynn, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Arlo Guthrie, Texas Tornadoes, Merle Haggard, Joe Ely, Leon Russell, Kris Kristofferson, Townes Van Zandt,

Los Lobos, Buddy Guy, Willie Nelson, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, BB King, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, George Thorogood & The Destroyers, Dr. John, Reverend Horton Heat, Lucinda Williams and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, & Ziggy Marley.

 

Referenced: gruenehall.com/about & Texas State Historical Association

Barranco Alto, Southern Pantanal | Brazil

 

Physically similar to our own northern river otter, the Neotropic Otter is found in both Central and South America. Diet consists mainly of fish and crustaceans, although they will occasionally feed on small mammals. We encountered them a couple of times this year on the Rio Negro and on each occasion were able to get photographs of them catching fish. Strangely their conservation status is largely unknown as they are currently listed as ‘data deficient’ which could either imply that they are simply so plentiful that formal classification is not needed, or that they are in fact not that common but not yet researched.

22/365

 

Perhaps the most physically demanding shot I've done so far. To lie inches away from flames on our notorious grass with water attacking my face isn't the most pleasant experience. However, I guess it was worthwhile. I have burned our home's supply of newspaper, and I had to resort to paper bags.

And if i could, I would have lit a bon-fire like thing, but I couldn't risk burning down our garden :P

That would've beaten this paltry little fire

On a brighter note, no school tomorrow! :D

yay :)

Behind the gates is the lodge.

 

"Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. The college is the third-oldest college of the university and has over seven hundred students and fellows. Physically, it is one of the university's larger colleges, with buildings from almost every century since its founding, as well as extensive gardens. Its members are termed "Valencians".

 

Pembroke has a level of academic performance among the highest of all the Cambridge colleges; in 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2018 Pembroke was placed second in the Tompkins Table.

 

Pembroke is home to the first chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is one of the six Cambridge colleges to have educated a British prime minister, in Pembroke's case William Pitt the Younger. The college library, with a Victorian neo-gothic clock tower, is endowed with an original copy of the first encyclopaedia to contain printed diagrams.

 

The college's current master is Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury.

 

Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students. Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951.

 

The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209. The buildings of the university include King's College Chapel, Cavendish Laboratory, and the Cambridge University Library, one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world. The city's skyline is dominated by several college buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, and the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital. Anglia Ruskin University, which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, also has its main campus in the city.

 

Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university. Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average. The Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca, a hotel, and the relocated Papworth Hospital.

 

The first game of association football took place at Parker's Piece. The Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fair are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads. Cambridge station is less than an hour from London King's Cross railway station." - info from Wikipedia.

 

Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.

 

Now on Instagram.

The Pinwheel (Messier 101) is a large spiral galaxy that appears in the constellation Ursa Major (a.k.a. "The Big Dipper"). Physically, it is significantly larger than our own Milky Way galaxy while its apparent visual diameter is about the same size as the full moon. This wide-field image covers nearly four and one-half degrees on the diagonal and includes many smaller background galaxies (refer to the image notes, when viewed at full size there are at least one dozen recognizable galaxies of various types in this photo -- spirals, ellipticals, and irregulars).

 

Image capture was done on the morning of February 17, 2013 using an unmodified Sony NEX-5N digital camera (ISO 1600, 60 seconds x 110, producing a total exposure integration time of one hour and fifty minutes). The imaging telescope was an Astro-Tech AT72ED coupled to an ATR8 0.8X Focal Reducer producing an effective focal length of approximately 350mm at f/4.9. The setup also included the use of a light-pollution filter that causes about a two-thirds f-stop loss in broadband light transmission (a necessary "evil" given my significantly light-polluted skies).

 

Tracking for each of the exposures was performed by a Celestron CGEM mount (no auto-guiding). Image registration, integration, and adjustments done with PixInsight v01.07.06.0793 with final tweaks in Photoshop CS5 and Apple's Preview application.

 

This is the first deep-sky image that I've posted that uses my newly purchased Astro-Tech ATR8 focal reducer/field flattener. It works well as a reducer, with little apparent vignetting and an almost exact 0.8X reduction. However, with the high-resolution, 16-mega-pixel sensor in the Sony camera there is certainly some distortion in the star images that appear near to the edges and corners of the field. In any case, considering its relatively low price it seems to work quite well on the AT72ED telescope.

 

This photo is best viewed against a dark background and at full size (press the "L" key to enter the Flickr light box and to view the largest size click "View all sizes").

 

I've now posted a center crop from the above image that can be view at the following link: Pinwheel Galaxy (M101) Detail

 

All rights reserved.

WHILE THOSE WHO ARE PHYSICALLY FIT MUST THINK THIS IS THE "STAIRWAY TO HEAVEN" OTHERS OF US PREFER TO WALK UP THE SANDY SLOPE. I ADMIRE THEIR PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ABILITYTO RUN THE LENGTH OF THE SANDY BEACH AND THEN UP THE STAIRS !!

. . . seen from my house

__________________________

 

A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun.

 

Rainbows can be full circles. However, the average observer sees only an arc formed by illuminated droplets above the ground, and centred on a line from the sun to the observer's eye.

 

In a primary rainbow, the arc shows red on the outer part and violet on the inner side. This rainbow is caused by light being refracted when entering a droplet of water, then reflected inside on the back of the droplet and refracted again when leaving it.

 

In a double rainbow, a second arc is seen outside the primary arc, and has the order of its colours reversed, with red on the inner side of the arc.

 

OVERVIEW

A rainbow is not located at a specific distance from the observer, but comes from an optical illusion caused by any water droplets viewed from a certain angle relative to a light source. Thus, a rainbow is not an object and cannot be physically approached. Indeed, it is impossible for an observer to see a rainbow from water droplets at any angle other than the customary one of 42 degrees from the direction opposite the light source. Even if an observer sees another observer who seems "under" or "at the end of" a rainbow, the second observer will see a different rainbow - farther off - at the same angle as seen by the first observer.

 

Rainbows span a continuous spectrum of colours. Any distinct bands perceived are an artefact of human colour vision, and no banding of any type is seen in a black-and-white photo of a rainbow, only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maximum, then fading towards the other side. For colours seen by the human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, remembered by the mnemonic, Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain (ROYGBIV).

 

Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne dew.

 

VISIBILITY

Rainbows can be observed whenever there are water drops in the air and sunlight shining from behind the observer at a low altitude angle. Because of this, rainbows are usually seen in the western sky during the morning and in the eastern sky during the early evening. The most spectacular rainbow displays happen when half the sky is still dark with raining clouds and the observer is at a spot with clear sky in the direction of the sun. The result is a luminous rainbow that contrasts with the darkened background. During such good visibility conditions, the larger but fainter secondary rainbow is often visible. It appears about 10° outside of the primary rainbow, with inverse order of colours.

 

The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In addition, the effect can be artificially created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a moonbow, lunar rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on strongly moonlit nights. As human visual perception for colour is poor in low light, moonbows are often perceived to be white.

 

It is difficult to photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require an angle of view of 84°. For a 35 mm camera, a wide-angle lens with a focal length of 19 mm or less would be required. Now that software for stitching several images into a panorama is available, images of the entire arc and even secondary arcs can be created fairly easily from a series of overlapping frames.

 

From above the earth such as in an aeroplane, it is sometimes possible to see a rainbow as a full circle. This phenomenon can be confused with the glory phenomenon, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5–20°.

 

The sky inside a primary rainbow is brighter than the sky outside of the bow. This is because each raindrop is a sphere and it scatters light over an entire circular disc in the sky. The radius of the disc depends on the wavelength of light, with red light being scattered over a larger angle than blue light. Over most of the disc, scattered light at all wavelengths overlaps, resulting in white light which brightens the sky. At the edge, the wavelength dependence of the scattering gives rise to the rainbow.

 

Light of primary rainbow arc is 96% polarised tangential to the arch. Light of second arc is 90% polarised.

Number of colours in spectrum or rainbow

 

A spectrum obtained using a glass prism and a point source is a continuum of wavelengths without bands. The number of colours that the human eye is able to distinguish in a spectrum is in the order of 100. Accordingly, the Munsell colour system (a 20th-century system for numerically describing colours, based on equal steps for human visual perception) distinguishes 100 hues. The apparent discreteness of main colours is an artefact of human perception and the exact number of main colours is a somewhat arbitrary choice.

 

Newton, who admitted his eyes were not very critical in distinguishing colours, originally (1672) divided the spectrum into five main colours: red, yellow, green, blue and violet. Later he included orange and indigo, giving seven main colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical scale. Newton chose to divide the visible spectrum into seven colours out of a belief derived from the beliefs of the ancient Greek sophists, who thought there was a connection between the colours, the musical notes, the known objects in the Solar System, and the days of the week.

 

According to Isaac Asimov, "It is customary to list indigo as a color lying between blue and violet, but it has never seemed to me that indigo is worth the dignity of being considered a separate color. To my eyes it seems merely deep blue."

 

The colour pattern of a rainbow is different from a spectrum, and the colours are less saturated. There is spectral smearing in a rainbow owing to the fact that for any particular wavelength, there is a distribution of exit angles, rather than a single unvarying angle. In addition, a rainbow is a blurred version of the bow obtained from a point source, because the disk diameter of the sun (0.5°) cannot be neglected compared to the width of a rainbow (2°). The number of colour bands of a rainbow may therefore be different from the number of bands in a spectrum, especially if the droplets are particularly large or small. Therefore, the number of colours of a rainbow is variable. If, however, the word rainbow is used inaccurately to mean spectrum, it is the number of main colours in the spectrum.

 

The question of whether everyone sees seven colours in a rainbow is related to the idea of Linguistic relativity. Suggestions have been made that there is universality in the way that a rainbow is perceived. However, more recent research suggests that the number of distinct colours observed and what these are called depend on the language that one uses with people whose language has fewer colour words seeing fewer discrete colour bands.

 

EXPLANATION

When sunlight encounters a raindrop, part of the light is reflected and the rest enters the raindrop. The light is refracted at the surface of the raindrop. When this light hits the back of the raindrop, some of it is reflected off the back. When the internally reflected light reaches the surface again, once more some is internally reflected and some is refracted as it exits the drop. (The light that reflects off the drop, exits from the back, or continues to bounce around inside the drop after the second encounter with the surface, is not relevant to the formation of the primary rainbow.) The overall effect is that part of the incoming light is reflected back over the range of 0° to 42°, with the most intense light at 42°. This angle is independent of the size of the drop, but does depend on its refractive index. Seawater has a higher refractive index than rain water, so the radius of a "rainbow" in sea spray is smaller than a true rainbow. This is visible to the naked eye by a misalignment of these bows.

 

The reason the returning light is most intense at about 42° is that this is a turning point – light hitting the outermost ring of the drop gets returned at less than 42°, as does the light hitting the drop nearer to its centre. There is a circular band of light that all gets returned right around 42°. If the sun were a laser emitting parallel, monochromatic rays, then the luminance (brightness) of the bow would tend toward infinity at this angle (ignoring interference effects). (See Caustic (optics).) But since the sun's luminance is finite and its rays are not all parallel (it covers about half a degree of the sky) the luminance does not go to infinity. Furthermore, the amount by which light is refracted depends upon its wavelength, and hence its colour. This effect is called dispersion. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater angle than red light, but due to the reflection of light rays from the back of the droplet, the blue light emerges from the droplet at a smaller angle to the original incident white light ray than the red light. Due to this angle, blue is seen on the inside of the arc of the primary rainbow, and red on the outside. The result of this is not only to give different colours to different parts of the rainbow, but also to diminish the brightness. (A "rainbow" formed by droplets of a liquid with no dispersion would be white, but brighter than a normal rainbow.)

 

The light at the back of the raindrop does not undergo total internal reflection, and some light does emerge from the back. However, light coming out the back of the raindrop does not create a rainbow between the observer and the sun because spectra emitted from the back of the raindrop do not have a maximum of intensity, as the other visible rainbows do, and thus the colours blend together rather than forming a rainbow.

 

A rainbow does not exist at one particular location. Many rainbows exist; however, only one can be seen depending on the particular observer's viewpoint as droplets of light illuminated by the sun. All raindrops refract and reflect the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops reaches the observer's eye. This light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. The whole system composed by the sun's rays, the observer's head, and the (spherical) water drops has an axial symmetry around the axis through the observer's head and parallel to the sun's rays. The rainbow is curved because the set of all the raindrops that have the right angle between the observer, the drop, and the sun, lie on a cone pointing at the sun with the observer at the tip. The base of the cone forms a circle at an angle of 40–42° to the line between the observer's head and their shadow but 50% or more of the circle is below the horizon, unless the observer is sufficiently far above the earth's surface to see it all, for example in an aeroplane (see above). Alternatively, an observer with the right vantage point may see the full circle in a fountain or waterfall spray.

 

MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION

We can determine the perceived angle which the rainbow subtends as follows.

 

Given a spherical raindrop, and defining the perceived angle of the rainbow as 2φ, and the angle of the internal reflection as 2β, then the angle of incidence of the sun's rays with respect to the drop's surface normal is 2β − φ. Since the angle of refraction is β, Snell's law gives us

 

sin(2β − φ) = n sin β,

 

where n = 1.333 is the refractive index of water. Solving for φ, we get

 

φ = 2β − arcsin(n sin β).

 

The rainbow will occur where the angle φ is maximum with respect to the angle β. Therefore, from calculus, we can set dφ/dβ = 0, and solve for β.

 

Substituting back into the earlier equation for φ yields 2φmax ≈ 42° as the radius angle of the rainbow.

 

VARIATION

MULTIPLE RAINBOWS

Secondary rainbows are caused by a double reflection of sunlight inside the raindrops, and are centred on the sun itself. They are about 127° (violet) to 130° (red) wide. Since this is more than 90°, they are seen on the same side of the sky as the primary rainbow, about 10° above it at apparent angles of 50–53°. As a result of the "inside" of the secondary bow being "up" to the observer, the colours appear reversed compared to the primary bow. The secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary because more light escapes from two reflections compared to one and because the rainbow itself is spread over a greater area of the sky. Each rainbow reflects white light inside its coloured bands, but that is "down" for the primary and "up" for the secondary. The dark area of unlit sky lying between the primary and secondary bows is called Alexander's band, after Alexander of Aphrodisias who first described it.

 

TWINNED RAINBOW

Unlike a double rainbow that consists of two separate and concentric rainbow arcs, the very rare twinned rainbow appears as two rainbow arcs that split from a single base. The colours in the second bow, rather than reversing as in a secondary rainbow, appear in the same order as the primary rainbow. A "normal" secondary rainbow may be present as well. Twinned rainbows can look similar to, but should not be confused with supernumerary bands. The two phenomena may be told apart by their difference in colour profile: supernumerary bands consist of subdued pastel hues (mainly pink, purple and green), while the twinned rainbow shows the same spectrum as a regular rainbow. The cause of a twinned rainbow is the combination of different sizes of water drops falling from the sky. Due to air resistance, raindrops flatten as they fall, and flattening is more prominent in larger water drops. When two rain showers with different-sized raindrops combine, they each produce slightly different rainbows which may combine and form a twinned rainbow. A numerical ray tracing study showed that a twinned rainbow on a photo could be explained by a mixture of 0.40 and 0.45 mm

 

droplets. That small difference in droplet size resulted in a small difference in flattening of the droplet shape, and a large difference in flattening of the rainbow top.

 

Meanwhile, the even rarer case of a rainbow split into three branches was observed and photographed in nature.

 

FULL-CIRCLE RAINBOW

In theory, every rainbow is a circle, but from the ground, only its upper half can be seen. Since the rainbow's centre is diametrically opposed to the sun's position in the sky, more of the circle comes into view as the sun approaches the horizon, meaning that the largest section of the circle normally seen is about 50% during sunset or sunrise. Viewing the rainbow's lower half requires the presence of water droplets below the observer's horizon, as well as sunlight that is able to reach them. These requirements are not usually met when the viewer is at ground level, either because droplets are absent in the required position, or because the sunlight is obstructed by the landscape behind the observer. From a high viewpoint such as a high building or an aircraft, however, the requirements can be met and the full-circle rainbow can be seen. Like a partial rainbow, the circular rainbow can have a secondary bow or supernumerary bows as well. It is possible to produce the full circle when standing on the ground, for example by spraying a water mist from a garden hose while facing away from the sun.

 

A circular rainbow should not be confused with the glory, which is much smaller in diameter and is created by different optical processes. In the right circumstances, a glory and a (circular) rainbow or fog bow can occur together. Another atmospheric phenomenon that may be mistaken for a "circular rainbow" is the 22° halo, which is caused by ice crystals rather than liquid water droplets, and is located around the sun (or moon), not opposite it.

 

SUPERNUMERARY RAINBOWS

In certain circumstances, one or several narrow, faintly coloured bands can be seen bordering the violet edge of a rainbow; i.e., inside the primary bow or, much more rarely, outside the secondary. These extra bands are called supernumerary rainbows or supernumerary bands; together with the rainbow itself the phenomenon is also known as a stacker rainbow. The supernumerary bows are slightly detached from the main bow, become successively fainter along with their distance from it, and have pastel colours (consisting mainly of pink, purple and green hues) rather than the usual spectrum pattern. The effect becomes apparent when water droplets are involved that have a diameter of about 1mm or less; the smaller the droplets are, the broader the supernumerary bands become, and the less saturated their colours. Due to their origin in small droplets, supernumerary bands tend to be particularly prominent in fogbows.

 

Supernumerary rainbows cannot be explained using classical geometric optics. The alternating faint bands are caused by interference between rays of light following slightly different paths with slightly varying lengths within the raindrops. Some rays are in phase, reinforcing each other through constructive interference, creating a bright band; others are out of phase by up to half a wavelength, cancelling each other out through destructive interference, and creating a gap. Given the different angles of refraction for rays of different colours, the patterns of interference are slightly different for rays of different colours, so each bright band is differentiated in colour, creating a miniature rainbow. Supernumerary rainbows are clearest when raindrops are small and of uniform size. The very existence of supernumerary rainbows was historically a first indication of the wave nature of light, and the first explanation was provided by Thomas Young in 1804.

 

SCIENTIFIC HISTORY

The classical Greek scholar Aristotle (384–322 BC) was first to devote serious attention to the rainbow. According to Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser, "Despite its many flaws and its appeal to Pythagorean numerology, Aristotle's qualitative explanation showed an inventiveness and relative consistency that was unmatched for centuries. After Aristotle's death, much rainbow theory consisted of reaction to his work, although not all of this was uncritical."

 

In Book I of Naturales Quaestiones (c. 65 AD), the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger discusses various theories of the formation of rainbows extensively, including those of Aristotle. He notices that rainbows appear always opposite to the sun, that they appear in water sprayed by a rower, in the water spat by a fuller on clothes stretched on pegs or by water sprayed through a small hole in a burst pipe. He even speaks of rainbows produced by small rods (virgulae) of glass, anticipating Newton's experiences with prisms. He takes into account two theories: one, that the rainbow is produced by the sun reflecting in each water drop, the other, that it is produced by the sun reflected in a cloud shaped like a concave mirror; he favours the latter. He also discusses other phenomena related to rainbows: the mysterious "virgae" (rods), halos and parhelia.

 

According to Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, the Persian physicist and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen; 965–1039), attempted to provide a scientific explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. In his Maqala fi al-Hala wa Qaws Quzah (On the Rainbow and Halo), al-Haytham "explained the formation of rainbow as an image, which forms at a concave mirror. If the rays of light coming from a farther light source reflect to any point on axis of the concave mirror, they form concentric circles in that point. When it is supposed that the sun as a farther light source, the eye of viewer as a point on the axis of mirror and a cloud as a reflecting surface, then it can be observed the concentric circles are forming on the axis." He was not able to verify this because his theory that "light from the sun is reflected by a cloud before reaching the eye" did not allow for a possible experimental verification. This explanation was later repeated by Averroes, and, though incorrect, provided the groundwork for the correct explanations later given by Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1267–1319) and Theodoric of Freiberg (c.1250–1310).

 

Ibn al-Haytham's contemporary, the Persian philosopher and polymath Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna; 980–1037), provided an alternative explanation, writing "that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not only of the bow, but also of the colour formation, holding the iridescence to be merely a subjective sensation in the eye." This explanation, however, was also incorrect.[65] Ibn Sīnā's account accepts many of Aristotle's arguments on the rainbow.

 

In Song Dynasty China (960–1279), a polymath scholar-official named Shen Kuo (1031–1095) hypothesised—as a certain Sun Sikong (1015–1076) did before him—that rainbows were formed by a phenomenon of sunlight encountering droplets of rain in the air. Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of atmospheric refraction "is basically in accord with modern scientific principles."

 

According to Nader El-Bizri, the Persian astronomer, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311), gave a fairly accurate explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. This was elaborated on by his student, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1267–1319), who gave a more mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow. He "proposed a model where the ray of light from the sun was refracted twice by a water droplet, one or more reflections occurring between the two refractions." An experiment with a water-filled glass sphere was conducted and al-Farisi showed the additional refractions due to the glass could be ignored in his model. As he noted in his Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of the Optics), al-Farisi used a large clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with water, in order to have an experimental large-scale model of a rain drop. He then placed this model within a camera obscura that has a controlled aperture for the introduction of light. He projected light unto the sphere and ultimately deduced through several trials and detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the colours of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light.

 

In Europe, Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics was translated into Latin and studied by Robert Grosseteste. His work on light was continued by Roger Bacon, who wrote in his Opus Majus of 1268 about experiments with light shining through crystals and water droplets showing the colours of the rainbow. In addition, Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow. He stated that the rainbow summit can not appear higher than 42° above the horizon. Theodoric of Freiberg is known to have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and secondary rainbows in 1307. He explained the primary rainbow, noting that "when sunlight falls on individual drops of moisture, the rays undergo two refractions (upon ingress and egress) and one reflection (at the back of the drop) before transmission into the eye of the observer." He explained the secondary rainbow through a similar analysis involving two refractions and two reflections.

 

Descartes' 1637 treatise, Discourse on Method, further advanced this explanation. Knowing that the size of raindrops did not appear to affect the observed rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused by a single internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could be caused by two internal reflections. He supported this conclusion with a derivation of the law of refraction (subsequently to, but independently of, Snell) and correctly calculated the angles for both bows. His explanation of the colours, however, was based on a mechanical version of the traditional theory that colours were produced by a modification of white light.

 

Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light was composed of the light of all the colours of the rainbow, which a glass prism could separate into the full spectrum of colours, rejecting the theory that the colours were produced by a modification of white light. He also showed that red light is refracted less than blue light, which led to the first scientific explanation of the major features of the rainbow. Newton's corpuscular theory of light was unable to explain supernumerary rainbows, and a satisfactory explanation was not found until Thomas Young realised that light behaves as a wave under certain conditions, and can interfere with itself.

 

Young's work was refined in the 1820s by George Biddell Airy, who explained the dependence of the strength of the colours of the rainbow on the size of the water droplets. Modern physical descriptions of the rainbow are based on Mie scattering, work published by Gustav Mie in 1908. Advances in computational methods and optical theory continue to lead to a fuller understanding of rainbows. For example, Nussenzveig provides a modern overview.

 

EXPERIMENTS

Experiments on the rainbow phenomenon using artificial raindrops, i.e. water-filled spherical flasks, go back at least to Theodoric of Freiberg in the 14th century. Later, also Descartes studied the phenomenon using a Florence flask. A flask experiment known as Florence's rainbow is still today often-used as an imposing and intuitively accessible demonstration experiment of the rainbow phenomenon. It consists in illuminating (with parallel white light) a water-filled spherical flask through a hole in a screen. A rainbow will then appear thrown back / projected on the screen, provided the screen is large enough. Due to the finite wall thickness and the macroscopic character of the artificial raindrop, several subtle differences exist as compared to the natural phenomenon, including slightly changed rainbow angles and a splitting of the rainbow orders.

 

A very similar experiment consists in using a cylindrical glass vessel filled with water or a solid transparent cylinder and illuminated either parallel to the circular base (i.e. light rays remaining at a fixed hight while they transit the cylinder) or under an angle to the base. Under these latter conditions the rainbow angles change relative to the natural phenomenon since the effective index of refraction of water changes (Bravais' index of refraction for inclined rays applies).

 

Other experiments use small liquid drops, see text above.

 

CULTURE

Rainbows occur frequently in mythology, and have been used in the arts. One of the earliest literary occurrences of a rainbow is in Genesis 9, as part of the flood story of Noah, where it is a sign of God's covenant to never destroy all life on earth with a global flood again. In Norse mythology, the rainbow bridge Bifröst connects the world of men (Midgard) and the realm of the gods (Asgard). Cuchavira was the god of the rainbow for the Muisca people in present-day Colombia and when the regular rains on the Bogotá savanna were over, the people thanked him offering gold, snails and small emeralds. The Irish leprechaun's secret hiding place for his pot of gold is usually said to be at the end of the rainbow. This place is appropriately impossible to reach, because the rainbow is an optical effect which cannot be approached.

 

Rainbows sometimes appear in heraldry too, even if its characteristic of multiple colours doesn't really fit in to the usual heraldic style.

 

Rainbow flags have been used for centuries. It was a symbol of the Cooperative movement in the German Peasants' War in the 16th century, of peace in Italy, and of gay pride and LGBT social movements since the 1970s. In 1994, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and President Nelson Mandela described newly democratic post-apartheid South Africa as the rainbow nation. The rainbow has even been used in technology product logos including the Apple computer logo. Many political alliances have called themselves Rainbow Coalition.

 

WIKIPEDIA

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

...in Granada

This collage is for our family and friends - we are fine! Thankfully we are unaffected (physically) by the horrible brutality of last night, November 13. Psychologically and emotionally we are, of course, shaken to the core. I have no doubt that our lives will change because of what has happened last night in Paris. The sadness and pain are palpable in the city. We will need time to process, but we lived through the aftermath of 9/11 in San Francisco, nightly fighter jet over-flights and all...

 

What has happened last night, the lives lost, the shock, the horror of the unknown, we cannot change, and we will need to learn how to adapt to the new reality. However, I am certain that this tragedy will make us stronger. Am I naïve to think that we as the society will adjust and be able to prevent such senseless acts of barbarism from ever happening again in the future? Of course not. However, we will be more careful, more vigilant, we will be stronger, and we will assure that such carnage will be much, much harder to repeat. We have seen what has happened in New York, Madrid, London and we will learn. Will it change us as the people? It sure will. We will be stronger, smarter, we will invest even more into security; we will be more united (hopefully), however, we also will be less open, less tolerant, more xenophobic, and ready to box the "others" into comfortable stereotypes. This is the reality of à la guerre comme à la guerre.

 

However, what I hope is never going to happen is that fear will grip us by the throat, and will change our way of life. We will still believe in our values, we will enjoy our lives, and we will not bend down to carriers of pure evil.

 

This collage reflects the sentiment above. I tried to capture with the camera what I saw on my daily walk with our dog, Cody. The streets were emptier, there were less people in the park, and on the bridge; however otherwise life was unchanged: people were walking in the park and newlyweds were taking pictures on the bridge. I think it was a powerful message: we are not holed up with fear in our homes!

From the history of our parish

1.10.2008

Twenty-eighth October 1888 was for our ancestors, then living in the suburbs of Bratislava called New Town, solemn day, the day of consecration new temple. But this day is solemn and important for us and will be important also for future generations. Our grandfathers built and because church leaders dedicated the temple on that day not only for themselves and for their children, but for all future generations. Those who build Blumentál physically, but spiritually primarily through your prayers, we left a wonderful legacy: church dedicated to the Assumption, the church, which has one hundred and twenty years invites believers can confidently say that the whole city that it glorified God, bring the sacrifice of Christ, purify your soul and implore the gifts of the Spirit for themselves and for their loved ones.

Celebration of consecration

The parish priest Jozef Poeck completed his work, who has devoted many years of his life, as we wrote about in previous figures. For believers Bratislava Nové Mesto parish is 118 years after its establishment saw to it that the faithful have a decent temple, whose tall slender tower towered over the entire eastern part of the city. Blumental Church was until recent times the only dominating this site. As he writes in his book Pozdech pastor, consecration of a new church in Bratislava expected not only residents of suburban New City but the entire Bratislava. Dedication of the temple designated day for 28 October on the feast of St. Simon and Jude, which that year fell on the October last Sunday.

Building a new church was of great interest of the Cardinal John Simor and the highest church dignitary of the Archdiocese of Esztergom, to which at that time belonged Bratislava. He himself a considerable amount contributed to its construction and it is no wonder that himself this new tabernacle of God sanctified .

Bratislavans prepared Cardinal decent adoption. Cardinal-Primate arrived in Bratislava on 27 October At the main station hailed him a great multitude of believers who lined the streets along which he passed to the Primate's Palace. There he has always stayed when visiting Bratislava (the Town palace bought in 1903 for their needs), and even there that day to receive the representatives of the city, various offices, army officials, townspeople and professional groups. The whole city was decorated and lit.

Newly built temple consecration ceremonies began 28 morning at nine. Ceremony was attended by about 30,000 believers (Bratislava at that time had about 70 000 inhabitants). We can imagine where it is today around our church could gather such a large crowd? At that time, however, surrounding the church was not built like today. 9.00 h in the morning on day dedication Blumentálu rozozvučali the bells of all the churches in Bratislava and the Cardinal-Primate, accompanied by church officials came to the new temple. Assisted prelates Cardinal Dr. Francis Horecký and Charles Rimel, Bratislava canons. Accompanied were prelate Dr. Jozef Danko, honest deacons Anton Leek and Joseph Urge, canon Graeff, and other dignitaries, priests and religious. Ceremony was also attended by Dr. Julius Machovič, notary stool Archbishop of Esztergom and the archbishop's office director Dr. John Black, who later became Archbishop of Esztergom. Bishop became a member of another parade Dr. Rimley. Ceremony was attended by prominent city officials, representatives of various agencies and states, armies, and large numbers townspeople simple people of God.

The ceremonies began before the temple gate, then svätiteľ Cardinal Simor escorted entered the church, where the ceremonies continued sanctification anointing altars and the temple walls. To save the remains of the altar stone martyr Adalbert and Gerhard. First Mass in our church served Baltizár bishop and the first sermon delivered svätiteľ Cardinal Simor. The church preached three preachers: Jesuit P. Emil Volbert German, and two Franciscans, one Slovak and one Hungarian. The ceremonies lasted until one o'clock in the afternoon. After the solemn procession returned to the Primate's Palace, where Cardinal Simor for invited guests was given a formal dinner. It goes without saying that it is attended by a priest Poeck, without whose selfless work would not stand this temple.

In connection with the consecration of Blumentálu mentions the event, which was to become the pastor Poeck fatal. On the way to the Primate's Palace was stampeded horses pulled the carriage in which he sat, and as pastor writes Pozdech only by God's providence remained alive.

Celebrations dedication of the temple after years

Believers of this site for years to commemorate the big day solemn consecration of the temple worship, after which they were folk festivities. The annual celebration of the dedication of the temple waving their spiritual and secular. The spiritual part was solemn character, Mass serve senior dignitaries and preachers coming festive. Worship enriched various choirs and ensembles; secular part called. Forgive was associated with folk festivals and party. That day came not only parishioners, but people from all over the city from the nearer and wider surroundings. At that time, around the church still extremely suitable for such celebrations. Open space provide plenty of room for a variety of stalls, attractions, festivals roundabouts... spestrovala brass band from Záhorska Bystrica.

Pozdech pastor remembers that when he wrote his memories, older parishioners at these festivities still remember, as young as yourself to participate in them. Such spectacular folk festivals disappeared after the First World War.

Great was the celebration of consecration Blumentálu in the twenty-fifth anniversary. Although the history of the temple twenty-five years is not much, because the church is built on centuries, writes pastor Pozdech: every believer adhesions with its parish church, where baptism was received into the bosom of the Church, there is divested of their sins, receive the Savior, there is a double promises connects life inextricably to a man with a woman and introduces a new family, there priest begs for mercy for those who embarked on the path of eternity...

Spiritual program began a day before the big feast solemn litanies. In the anniversary Mass celebrated by the parish priest Evariast Czaykowski and preached prelate A. Gaibl. Ceremony was attended by celebrities Bratislava, led by mayor.

In 45 Blumentálu anniversary of the dedication of the restored organ.

In December r. Opened in 1941 Blumentálska fare lecture hall. On that occasion was solemn litany in our church Nuncio Msgr. Dr. Joseph Burzio, who repeatedly took part in the celebrations in Blumentáli. In Slovakia, had to r., 1945. Farewell to Mons. Burzio held on Blumentálska fare.

On the 60th year anniversaries were scheduled to work on the renovated church interior, upgraded lighting should be introduced electric heating, had to return the original painting, restore the altars, and an altar of Our Lady of Lourdes. Estimated costs were two to two and a half million dollars. A Committee made ​​the collections and 4 April 1948 launched the work. On how to fix Blumentálu continued, we have news.

The celebration of the centennial anniversary of the consecration and stodesiateho Blumentálu would know what to say - then- pastor VDP. John Frog and long-time parish administrator VDP. Stephen Herényi. Written reports we have .

www.blumental.sk/casopis-blumental/2008/10/z-historie-nas...

Adolf Wölfli (February 29, 1864 – November 6, 1930) (occasionally spelled Adolf Woelfli or Adolf Wolfli) was a Swiss artist who was one of the first artists to be associated with the Art Brut or outsider art label.

 

Wölfli was born in Bern. He was abused both physically and sexually as a child, and was orphaned at the age of 10. He thereafter grew up in a series of state-run foster homes. He worked as a Verdingbub (indentured child labourer) and briefly joined the army. He often attempted to perform sexual acts on young girls – often getting away unpunished[citation needed]. Eventually, he was caught in the act and institutionalized for his doings. After being freed, he was re-arrested for a similar offense and in 1895 was admitted to the Waldau Clinic, a psychiatric hospital in Bern where he spent the rest of his adult life. He was very disturbed and sometimes violent on admission, leading to him being kept in isolation for his early time at hospital. He suffered from psychosis, which led to intense hallucinations.

 

At some point after his admission Wölfli began to draw. His first surviving works (a series of 50 pencil drawings) are dated from between 1904 and 1906.

 

Walter Morgenthaler, a doctor at the Waldau Clinic, took a particular interest in Wölfli's art and his condition, later publishing Ein Geisteskranker als Künstler (A Psychiatric Patient as Artist) in 1921 which first brought Wölfli to the attention of the art world.

 

Morgenthaler's book detailed the works of a patient who seemed to have no previous interest in art and developed his talents and skills independently after being committed for a debilitating condition. In this respect, Wölfli was an iconoclast and influenced the development and acceptance of outsider art, Art Brut and its champion Jean Dubuffet.

 

Wölfli produced a huge number of works during his life, often working with the barest of materials and trading smaller works with visitors to the clinic to obtain pencils, paper or other essentials. Morgenthaler closely observed Wölfli's methods, writing in his influential book:

 

"Every Monday morning Wölfli is given a new pencil and two large sheets of unprinted newsprint. The pencil is used up in two days; then he has to make do with the stubs he has saved or with whatever he can beg off someone else. He often writes with pieces only five to seven millimetres long and even with the broken-off points of lead, which he handles deftly, holding them between his fingernails. He carefully collects packing paper and any other paper he can get from the guards and patients in his area; otherwise he would run out of paper before the next Sunday night. At Christmas the house gives him a box of coloured pencils, which lasts him two or three weeks at the most."

 

The images Wölfli produced were complex, intricate and intense. They worked to the very edges of the page with detailed borders. In a manifestation of Wölfli's "horror vacui", every empty space was filled with two small holes. Wölfli called the shapes around these holes his "birds".

 

His images also incorporated an idiosyncratic musical notation. This notation seemed to start as a purely decorative affair but later developed into real composition which Wölfli would play on a paper trumpet.

 

In 1908, he set about creating a semi-autobiographical epic which eventually stretched to 45 volumes, containing a total of over 25,000 pages and 1,600 illustrations. This work was a mix of elements of his own life blended with fantastical stories of his adventures from which he transformed himself from a child to 'Knight Adolf' to 'Emperor Adolf' and finally to 'St Adolf II'. Text and illustrations formed the narrative, sometimes combining multiple elements on kaleidoscopic pages of music, words and colour.

 

After Wölfli died at Waldau in 1930, his works were taken to the Museum of the Waldau Clinic in Bern. Later the Adolf Wölfli Foundation was formed to preserve his art for future generations. Its collection is now on display at the Museum of Fine Arts in Bern.

 

Wölfli's work has inspired many composers. Danish composer Per Nørgård, after viewing a Wölfli exhibition in 1979, embarked on a schizoid style lasting for several years; among the works of this time are an opera on the life of Wölfli called The Divine Circus. The chamber opera Wölfli Szenen (Wölfli Scenes), which premiered in Graz, Austria, in 1981, featured music by Georg Friedrich Haas, the Austrian composer of spectral music, Gösta Neuwirth, Anton Prestele and Wolfgang Rihm.

 

On their web site, The Adolph Wölfli Foundation poses the following question:

 

Naturally enough, the question whether Wölfli's music can be played is asked again and again. The answer is yes, with some difficulty. Parts of the musical manuscripts of 1913 were analyzed in 1976 by Kjell Keller and Peter Streif and were performed. These are dances – as Wölfli indicates – waltzes, mazurkas, and polkas similar in their melody to folk music. How Wölfli acquired his knowledge of music and its signs and terms is not clear. He heard singing in the village church. Perhaps he himself sang along. There he could see song books from the eighteenth century with six-line staffs (explaining, perhaps, his continuous use of six lines in his musical notations). At festivities he heard dance music, and on military occasions he heard the marches he loved so well. More important than the concrete evaluation of his music notations is Wölfli's concept of viewing and designing his whole oeuvre as a big musical composition. The basic element underlying his compositions and his whole oeuvre is rhythm. Rhythm pervades not only his music but his poems and prose, and there is also a distinctive rhythmic flow in his handwriting.

 

In 1978, "Adolf Wölfli: Gelesen Und Vertont", the first recording of Wölfli's work ever to be published, was released by the Adolf Wölfli Foundation, Museum of Fine Arts, Bern. Since that time, a number of German musicians have released adaptations of Wölfli's work. A comprehensive list of these artists can be found at The Adolph Wölfli Foundation's music page.

 

In 1987, musician and composer Graeme Revell released an LP entitled Necropolis, Amphibians & Reptiles: The Music of Adolf Wolfli. This was on his own Musique Brut label in London, UK in 1987. This audio compilation was based on the works of Wölfli and incorporated digital renditions of Wölfli's compositions, with additional sound effects and ambient soundscapes added to the songs, by Revell, based on the artwork surrounding Wölfli's musical notations. The LP was a collection of musical interpretations by Revell as well as DDAA, & Nurse With Wound. This LP came with a booklet with a biography and images of Wolfli's works. Tracks 8 and 9 are combined into one track. This record was later re-released as The Musique Brut Collection on CD by the Grey Area record label, a sub-label of UK-based Mute Records, under the parent label EMI UK. This audio compilation also includes the other Musique Brut LP release The Insect Musicians. The CD release also contains a small booklet containing pictures of Wölfli's artwork, information about his history, and a brief write-up on Revell's process of converting Wölfli's lithographs into songs.

 

In 1992, Terry Riley composed and performed a two-hour opera entitled The Saint Adolf Ring based on Wolfli's life.

 

In 2010, Baudouin De Jaer released a record entitled The Heavenly Ladder with compositions by Wolfi (Wikipedia).

(...) It is a place to discuss and debate. It should be open to all and it shouldn’t have a specific theme. It is not a room to book and close when it’s full but a space in between rooms. It is a main space informed by all the surrounding spaces and, mainly defined by the activity it allows. This is an athenaeum to share both intellectually and physically. It is based on trust; a self-governed space which only appears to exist when inhabited. In this sense, the project becomes about creating space, leaving some clues but not defining it too much. It’s not about forcing people to, but letting them in. Here, people will exchange books, toys, artifacts, ideas and words that they will leave and take with them, hopefully to create a collective memory. To this space, I like to call PLAYGROUND.

m.s.ascenso@gmail.com

Things have only gotten worse since I first posted this.... Next weekend there will be a peace rally in Kennebunkport I hope to see some of you there?

 

Molly Ivins 1944-2007

So keep fightin for freedom and justice, beloveds, but don't you forget to have fun doin' it. Lord, let your laughter ring forth. Be outrageous, ridicule the fraidy-cats, rejoice in all the oddities that freedom can produce. And when you get through kickin' ass and celebratin' the sheer joy of a good fight, be sure to tell those who come after how much fun it was.

 

1. What Is Truly Indecent?, 2. black vulture, 3. Snowy Slide Mountain - Last days of Febrary, 4. Rumsfeld, 5. Offer void if injured mentally or physically, requiring quality care, therapy, recuperation and/or disability income, 6. The Decider, 7. 1981 Lao, 8. Molly Ivins 1944-2007, 9. Contemplation, 10. CircumburstMedium_019, 11. DEATH_022, 12. Winds of Change are Blowing, 13. rabblerousers

 

Created with fd's Flickr Toys.

As we get older we are less able to defend ourselves physically.

 

The elderly are allowing themselves to become prisoners in their own homes because of a completely unrealistic fear of street crime, warns a leading charity.

 

Age Concern says a survey of 4,000 older people found almost half of those aged over 75 were too afraid to leave their homes after dark because they believed they would be subject to verbal abuse or mugging.

 

Two thirds said believed they would inevitably become victims of crime as they got older - while a fifth said this fear had contributed to a sense of loneliness and isolation.

 

The results mirror other research which suggests fear of crime is completely at odds with experience. But pensioners - especially older women - were found to be worried about crime and personal safety.

  

TELL THAT TO THE VICTIMS>

Birtley is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, in Tyne and Wear, England. It is situated to the south of Gateshead and is physically linked to Chester-le-Street across the county boundary. Until 1974, Birtley and the adjoining areas of Barley Mow, Vigo and Portobello were part of the old Chester-le-Street Rural District in County Durham. Since 1974, these neighbouring areas have been considered part of 'greater' Birtley. Birtley was a civil parish with a parish council (which also covered the adjoining neighbourhoods) until 1 April 2006, after a local referendum agreed to abolish it. The former parish had a population of 11,377 in 2001. The ward of Birtley in the Gateshead MBC had a population of 8,367 in the 2011 Census.

 

Birtley is the home of the Komatsu Heavy Engineering Company, which operates from the previous premises of Birtley Iron Works (opened in 1827, which became premises of the Caterpillar Company in the 1960s). A 'CarCraft Hypermarket' was built on the site of an old factory in southwest Birtley, reclaiming much wasted brownfield site. It is also the home of a Morrisons which opened in 2015.

 

For many years it was the home of the Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Birtley, which was a major target of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. Thanks to its reputation as a 'misty valley', Birtley and the factory survived many hits. The ROF factory, operated by BAE, was replaced in late 2011 by a new purpose-built 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) factory in nearby Washington, on the site of the old Dunlop Tyre factory. The entire Birtley workforce moved to this site

 

The Japanese heavy engineering firm Komatsu is now the town's main employer, with almost 400 staff.

 

Danish supermarket operator Netto had a premises in Birtley until October 2011, but it was bought out by rival supermarket The Co-operative Food, which opened soon after. Also in 2011, it was announced that the supermarket Morrisons was to build a 25,000 sq. ft. new supermarket development in the town, which would create hundreds of jobs. In July 2013, Watkin Jones, a Welsh firm, were appointed contractors. After lengthy delays, construction began in autumn of 2013. Following problems with laying foundations and other construction difficulties it opened in the summer of 2015.

 

Just near the site of the old station is the former well-known Birtley Brick Works. Once employing most of the town's workforce, it is a shadow of its former self.

 

Mining was a very important industry in Birtley. Birtley Iron Company had 10 pits in the area surrounding Birtley, employing 3,736 below ground and 960 people above ground. There was also a lot of coal mining in the area, with the earliest recorded instance was in 1351. This continued until the 1960s, when the trade declined.

 

Elisabethville was a sovereign Belgian area of Birtley housing Belgian refugees, who worked at the Royal Ordnance Factory during World War I. It was a community of 6000 residents who were accommodated in a mixture of hostels and cottages. When the war ended and the inhabitants were largely repatriated, it was occupied by people of British and other nationalities before its demolition and replacement with more permanent housing. Its history is told in the book The Birtley Belgians.

 

Antony Gormley's famous Angel of the North, completed in February 1998, is on high ground at the site of the baths of the old 'Betty Ann Pit' at Eighton Lodge, Gateshead, to the north of Birtley. Overlooking the area, it is seen by around 90,000 people per day by people on the A1 and on the East Coast Main Line. In summer 2011, a landscaped car park, near the Angel, was laid to accommodate the increased number of cars and coaches visiting the site.

  

A new month a new project.

 

The trouble with more involved sculptures is they take so much energy that I have little left to write anything to go along with it.

 

Two seven hour sessions in a row take their toll both physically and mentally and there probably is little chance of mustering humour or insights. So I'll just record what I need to about the new project and leave it at that.

 

But before I do that I want to tell you a story about a snail. I have several window boxes, outside the kitchen window, that I grow salad in. They are situated on top of a wooden table. A few months ago I found a big brown snail munching on my lettuce. So I picked him up and took him up to the top of the garden. A few days later another, or possibly the same snail, was back on the salad. This time I put a splodge of paint on his shell and took him back up the top of the garden.

 

Now my garden isn't large but in order for the snail to make it back to the salad he would need to negotiate three levels with 2.5 foot steps (our garden is on three tiers as it slopes), the bottom two being covered with pebbles. So he would need to get across 10 foot of grass, 20 feet of pebbles, 3 two and half foot steps and then finally up the wooden legs of the table. Well guess what? I found him again today munching my salad! It must be like crossing the Sahara or the South Pole for a snail! I am thoroughly impressed.

 

The new project is all about trees. I intend to learn all I can about them by making artworks that show their current state in certain places and then I will repeat the process at different times of the year with the same trees. Once I really get going I intend to chart the growing cycle of as many trees as I can around certain places so I can gain new insights into what they do throughout a year and how different trees of the same species in different places differ. I hope to come out of it with an even deeper love of trees and to pick up differences from year to year. It should be interesting.

 

I started at Middlewood in Roeburndale today and looked at half the species found at the water's edge in the clearing. The trees here are quite diseased in places and so my sculptures depict the conditions of those trees. I didn't search out prime examples of each tree as I normally might, instead I chose those right there and if their leaves were in a poor state then so be it. This is an art project researching real trees and as such depicts what I find. This first stage is being done in high summer when many leaves have already been ravaged by insects or diseases.

 

Tree Project - Session 1

 

Middlewood, Roeburndale, Lancashire. 1st August 2010 - High Summer.

 

Canvas: Sandstone river slabs platform and mud circle

 

Wych Elm: Four quadrants of the circle showing green leaves and three stages of decay. Whole leaves showing different hues both on the tree and fallen from it.

 

Sycamore: Paired sycamore seeds, two three pronged seeds and a six pronged mutant seed (I also found four and five pronged seeds). Growing leaf showed insect and disease, fallen leaf is very diseased. Leaf stalks showing green one side and red the other. No different coloured or faded leaves. No seeds or fruit.

 

Rowan: Leaves showing disease. Berries at varying ripenesses - red through to yellow. Some leaves yellow.

 

Oak: Leaves showing a little insect damage. Acorns beginning to grow, very tiny (perhaps 3-5mm across), placed in mud circle.

 

Ash: Ash seeds aplenty, leaves showing little damage. No different coloured leaves.

 

This might sound a little stuffy but this is all about setting myself this challenge so I can learn more about trees and leaves! I worked out that those are the plants I love working with the most and I really want to learn more about them hence the project. But don't worry I'll still be making cute little things on sticks and other stuff too!

  

From Wikipedia:

 

Letchworth Village was a residential institution located in Rockland County, New York, built for the physically and mentally disabled of all ages from the newborn to the elderly. Opened in 1911, Letchworth Village at its peak consisted of over 130 buildings spread out over many acres of land.

 

On February 27, 1950, the first trial case of the polio vaccine in the United States was administered to an 8-year-old patient. After the patient suffered no side effects, the vaccine was administered to 19 more of the institution's children.

 

In 1972, a New York affiliate of ABC News featured Letchworth Village and its appalling conditions in an episode called Willowbrook: The Last Great Disgrace which helped lead to reform of similar healthcare institutions throughout the United States. But prior media attention and national focus was not enough to save Letchworth Village, and by the mid-1980s, the institution was no longer being adequately funded nor properly managed and residents, including children, continued to be found unclothed, unbathed, and neglected. In addition to rampant abuse among the institution's residents, staff also suffered abuse at the hands of fellow co-workers which included incidents of rape.

 

In 1996 the institution was permanently closed down, and many of its abandoned structures have since fallen into serious disrepair.

 

In 2011, Letchworth was featured on the Travel Channel's Ghost Adventures cable-television series on Season 5, Episode 6 which originally aired on October 28, 2011.

 

Photo: Taken Nov. 2012. Rolleiflex 3.5f with TMax 400.

 

Note: We were never disrespectful to the grounds, buildings or the past while visiting.

Yugi Muto (武む藤とう 遊ゆう戯ぎ Mutō Yūgi), also romanized as Yugi Mutou, is the main protagonist of the original Yu-Gi-Oh! series, along with Yami Yugi. It was stated once that Yugi is the modern day version of Pharaoh Atem.

Together with the spirit of Pharaoh Atem, he holds the title "King of Games" (King of Duelists in Japanese version).

 

Yugi possessed the three thousand-year-old (five thousand in the dub) mystical Millennium Puzzle, which allowed his body to bear host to the spirit of the Puzzle, Yami Yugi. Yugi was initially unaware of his existence and control of Yugi's body, and would involuntarily shift to Yami Yugi at trying times.

 

He lives with his paternal grandfather, Solomon Muto, and his mother.

 

Yugi is part of a close-knit group of best friends: Joey Wheeler, Tristan Taylor, Téa Gardner and Bakura Ryou. Yugi's friends often cheer him on from the sidelines, and Joey has dueled at his side. Yugi has been friends with Téa since childhood and has a romantic crush on her. Téa has been shown to have romantic feelings for both Yugi and Yami Yugi.

 

Appearance

 

Yugi's character design was overseen by Kazuki Takahashi. His normal outfit consists of the standard male Domino Junior/Senior High uniform complete with a closed buckled collar. His extremely extravagant hair features multiple layers including long blond crooked, pointy locks for his fringe; the rest features a set of five large spikes and two smaller spikes colored black with a magenta sheen along the edges. So far, he is the only character in the franchise to have his hair divided into three colors. He wears the Millennium Puzzle on a lace around his neck. The lace is later replaced with a chain. He often wears a KaibaCorp Duel Disk on his left arm.

 

When he played Dungeon Dice Monsters against Duke Devlin, he wore a black long-sleeved shirt, a gray sleeveless vest, dark blue pants, and black shoes.

 

When he and Téa took a day together to find out about the Millennium Puzzle, he wore a black linen shirt and several pieces of wrist-chains, along with a pair of leather pants.

 

In Yu-Gi-Oh! Capsule Monsters, Yugi wore a different attire of a violet jacket and jeans. He also wore the Capsule Shooter on his left arm. In Episode 4, he gained a Duel armor that allowed him to become one with one of his capsule monsters.

 

In Yu-Gi-Oh! GX, Yugi went through noticeable development. While physically resembling Atem, he is much taller and has a lean-built frame. During this time, Yugi's present-day eyes are not directly shown.

 

Personality

 

Yugi is kind-hearted and child-like. He is good at games, riddles, and puzzles, especially Duel Monsters. As Shadi stated when he looked into Yugi's Soul Room, he has no malice or wickedness in his heart.[9] This doesn't mean he cannot get angry at someone, but is willing to forgive them.

 

Yugi is also very shy when comes to meeting people who admire him, especially girls. As seen with the cases of Mai, Vivian, and later Rebecca, he would often blush and even freeze up when they approached him. Yugi is also not good in front of big crowds, as seen when Mokuba tried to get him up on stage to give a speech.

 

Unlike his other self, Yugi has no problem with losing. In fact, he is willing to lose if it means helping his opponent. Yugi also has a lack of confidence in his own abilities, but still wants help out his friends. Over the course of the series, he becomes more confident and determined. He is also willing to sacrifice himself if it means saving someone else, such as Joey or Yami Yugi.

 

Voice

The voices differ slightly between the different series and the English dub, although the voice of Dark Yugi is much deeper, stronger and more confident than that of Yugi.

 

Original

In the Japanese version, Yugi has considerably more confidence than in his previous appearance, but is still very polite. It's harder to distinguish between his voice and Dark Yugi's, but Dark Yugi's tone is considerably sterner and has the same pattern of speech as his previous appearance. This series also established Yugi calling Dark Yugi もう一人のボク mō hitori no boku ("other me") and Dark Yugi referring to Yugi as 相棒 aibō ("partner"). Also, Yugi's first-person pronoun is ボク boku, while Dark Yugi's is オレ ore.

 

English

In the English dub, Yugi's voice is high-pitched and sometimes strained in more emotional moments, and generally has a friendly tone towards everyone. Yami Yugi's voice, in comparison, is fierce and commanding. In the Singaporean dub, Yugi and Yami Yugi are voiced by Chuck Powers. In this dub, Yugi's voice is soft and slightly high-pitched, while Yami Yugi's voice is near the total opposite. In the Singaporean dub, both Yugi and Yami Yugi speak with a slight drawl. In the first season, Yugi calls Yami Yugi "Spirit," then in other seasons Yugi started to call him "Pharaoh." Sometimes, he also calls him Yami. Yami Yugi always called Yugi by his name.

 

In Yu-Gi-Oh! GX, Yugi is a young adult and his voice is deeper, yet still distinct enough to be separate from Atem's.

 

In Yu-Gi-Oh!: Dark Side of Dimensions, Yugi's voice is slightly deeper than it was in the English dub.

 

Spanish (Spain)

In the Spanish version, Yugi and Yami are voiced by two different people (Alex Saudinós as Yugi Muto and Pablo Sevilla as Yami). In Yu-Gi-Oh! GX, Yugi is a young adult and his voice is the same actor as Yami Yugi.

 

Etymology

Yugi's given name literally translates to "Game" in Japanese, symbolizing how Yugi loves to play games. In the English dub, his surname is pronounced as "Moto"; in Japanese, the word "moto" can mean "foundation" or "basis", which may be a reference to how Yugi served as a host for Yami Yugi. Occasionally, his English surname has been misspelled "Moto".

 

Biography

History

Yugi lived in his family's game shop, Kame Game, with his mother and grandfather. His grandfather taught him a lot about the game, Duel Monsters.

 

DMx003 Torment

Yugi, bullied by Joey and Tristan.

 

Joey and Tristan used to bully Yugi. Joey even went as far as taking a piece of Yugi's Millennium Puzzle and throwing it into a canal. However, Yugi stood up for Joey and Tristan when they were attacked by Ushio, claiming that they were his friends, whereas Ushio claimed he was protecting Yugi in order to earn money. Joey and Tristan came to be Yugi's friends after the incident and Joey recovered the piece of the Puzzle.

 

After solving the Millennium Puzzle, Yugi unknowingly became host to Yami Yugi, the spirit of Pharaoh Atem. He shared his body with Yami, who occasionally takes control, typically to help Yugi and his friends.

 

Yugi and Joey once visited Burgerpalooza, only to find Téa working there. She feared that if they told, she would get expelled as it's against school rules to have part-time jobs. (In the dub, she worried about getting fired, as they could have revealed that she was under 18, the required age to work there.) She splattered their burgers in ketchup, warning them not to tell. They told her that they did not even know she worked there, and they wouldn't say a word.

 

Yugi later found Téa in a warehouse, being filmed by a pervert, who threatened to reveal she was working at Burgerpalooza. (In the dub, he was a mugger who tricked her by writing a note, pretending Yugi and Joey had given her a dance studio.) Yugi tackled the man, but got thrown against a wall. Téa was also knocked unconscious after trying to attack him. Yugi then transformed into Yami Yugi, who defeated the man in a card draw game and Mind Crushed him. Yugi came to believe that he had saved Téa himself, although he didn't remember how he did it.

 

Yugi defeated Joey in Duel Monsters at school and decided to invite Joey, Téa and Tristan to see his Grandpa's rare card, the "Blue-Eyes White Dragon", after school. Seto Kaiba, who overheard, kidnapped Grandpa and forced him into a Duel for his "Blue-Eyes", as he refused to trade or sell it. Yugi and his friends caught up after Solomon had already been defeated, and witnessed Kaiba tear-up the "Blue-Eyes White Dragon" in front of them. Outraged, Yugi challenged Kaiba to a Duel, and Solomon gave Yugi his Deck. Yugi Dueled Kaiba as Yami Yugi and discovered Kaiba had the other three "Blue-Eyes White Dragons" in his Deck, but defeated him using "Exodia the Forbidden One", taking Kaiba's title as the Duel Monsters World Champion.

 

Since Joey had been having trouble with winning in Duel Monsters, Yugi asked his grandfather to help train Joey.

 

Maximillion Pegasus heard of Yugi's victory over Kaiba and sent him a videotape inviting him to participate in his Duelist Kingdom tournament. Pegasus appeared on the TV and Dueled Yugi on the spot, while freezing everyone else in the room. Pegasus placed a time limit on the Duel and won because time ran out seconds before Yugi could claim victory. As a penalty for Yugi's defeat Pegasus stole Grandpa's soul.

 

Yugi entered the tournament in order to rescue Grandpa. At the pier, before boarding the ship to the tournament, he gave Joey one of his two Star Chips, allowing Joey to participate and help him.

 

On the ship, Yugi met Weevil Underwood, who acted friendly towards him and told Yugi that he knew of secret new rules to be introduced in the tournament. Shortly after Weevil left, Yugi gave Joey the "Time Wizard" card, telling him how it can be helpful in a tight spot. Yugi met Weevil again later and showed him his "Exodia" cards, which Weevil tossed overboard, to hinder Yugi's Deck. Joey jumped into the water to recover them, but after getting two of them was hit by the current and Yugi dove in to save him. Both of them were then rescued by the stowaways, Téa and Tristan, who threw them a rope ladder.

 

Once the tournament started, Yugi tracked down Weevil to get revenge, but Weevil fled, leading him into a forest. Yugi suspected this was to do with the new rules Weevil mentioned. Weevil led them to a meadow, where he accepted Yugi's challenge, as his monsters got Field Power Bonuses there. Yugi switched to Yami Yugi, who bet both his Deck and Star Chip, earning him Weevil's two Star Chips after he won.

 

Yugi cheered for Joey in his Duel against Mai. As Yami Yugi, he offered Joey abstract clues to help him win. Joey defeated Mai using the "Time Wizard" card, Yugi gave him.

 

While searching for food, Yugi and his friends, found fish Mako Tsunami had prepared. Unbeknownst to them, Mako had set it as bait to lure opponents, to where his monsters greatly benefit from the field. Mako appeared, angered over them stealing his food. After Yugi introduced himself, Mako was happy to meet the Duelist, who defeated Kaiba, and shared the food with him and his friends. Yugi got up to leave, but Mako stopped him by throwing a harpoon in front of him and demanded a Duel. Yugi switched to Yami and defeated Mako, winning two more Star Chips.

 

Yugi and his friends saw a contestant, being forced to leave the island as he was out of Star Chips. The boy claimed they had been stolen, along with his Deck. He described the thief and where he met him. Yugi promised to get his Star Chips back, before the boat left the island. At the scene of the crime, they met the thief, whose face was disguised. He Dueled Yugi, with five stolen Star Chips on the line, and Yami Yugi soon realized that the thief was Kaiba's brother, Mokuba. Mokuba explained how Yugi's humiliation of Kaiba, resulted in his departure, giving Pegasus an opportunity to take over KaibaCorp. Mokuba sought revenge on Yugi for this. Unable to win the Duel, he made a grab for Yugi's Star Chips, but Yami discouraged Mokuba and promised to help him and Kaiba.

 

The group made their way back to the bay, but the boat had already left. Mokuba showed Kemo that Yugi won back the Star Chips, but Kemo slapped them into the water, including some of Yugi's. Kemo grabbed Mokuba to take him back to Pegasus, but Yugi challenged Kemo to a Duel for Mokuba's freedom. Since Kemo was not a Duelist, he told Yugi to come back in an hour (4 hours in the dub) and he would have an opponent arranged for him.

 

Yugi returned to the spot and faced Ghost Kaiba, who pretended to be the actual Seto Kaiba and used his Deck. With the help of the real Kaiba, who weakened Ghost Kaiba's "Blue-Eyes White Dragons", via a virus, Yami Yugi won. Yugi retrieved Kaiba's Deck, but Kemo had already disappeared with Mokuba.

 

Yugi was not allowed to help Joey in his Duel with Rex Raptor. As the Duel started Yugi went to find Tristan, who left in a huff with Joey for accepting those conditions. Tristan reminded Yugi that he should still be at the Duel to offer Joey his friendship, so the two of them returned to watch.

 

That night, Mai shared her food with Yugi and his friends, although she promised that they would be enemies again tomorrow.

 

Bakura Ryou appeared at their campsite, shortly after Mai left for a walk. While the group talked about cards they own and identify with, Yugi encouraged Téa to pick one for herself and picked the "Dark Magician" as his own. Bakura suggested that they play a friendly Duel, where Yugi includes the cards Joey, Tristan and Téa identified with; "Flame Swordsman", "Cyber Commander" and "Magician of Faith", in his Deck and he can show them how his card, "Change of Heart" works. Bakura changed to Yami Bakura, who trapped the group's souls in the cards they selected. He proceeded to take Yugi's Millennium Puzzle, but Yami Yugi emerged and faced Yami Bakura in a Shadow Game, staking the Millennium Puzzle, in order to return his friends.

 

Yugi's friends appeared in place of the monsters they selected as Yami Yugi Summoned them. When the "Dark Magician", Yugi was Summoned, the two Yugis met. In the Japanese version, Yugi was aware of Yami's existence and the two of them agreed now is not the time to keep secrets. In the dub, Yugi was unaware of Yami's existence until that time, though he said he often heard a powerful voice coming from the Millennium Puzzle when he Dueled. Yugi told his friends of Yami's existence, that he is the spirit of the Millennium Puzzle and apologized for not telling them before. In the dub, Yugi admitted to having felt Yami's presence while he Dueled and felt they could trust him. Yami managed to win the Duel, with the help of Bakura betraying Yami Bakura, returning everyone to normal, although Téa, Tristan and Joey believed the Duel to have been a dream. Yugi didn't take time to explain as they heard Mai scream at that point.

 

The group found the Eliminator, PaniK, who had just beaten Mai and taken all eight of her Star Chips. Yugi accused PaniK of being a coward and Dueled him as Yami Yugi, winning back Mai's Star Chips. He offered them to Mai, who reluctantly took them back, remarking that she owed him one.

 

Later that night Kaiba arrived on the island and Yugi returned his Deck.

 

The next day, Mai left a letter explaining she had left and owes Yugi for winning back her Star Chips. Joey later got separated from his friends, who searched a cave after finding his wallet outside. After running from many traps, they found Joey in a Duel with Bonz. Joey won, but Bandit Keith's gang trapped Yugi and his friends in the cave, by sealing the entrance with a boulder.

 

Using Bakura's Millennium Ring as a guide, the friends found the Paradox Brothers guarding an exit. Yugi and Joey faced them in a Tag Duel to gain passage.[32] After winning Yugi and Joey, each had enough Star Chips to enter the finals and Yami Yugi passed the brothers riddle test in order to exit.

 

At the stairs to Pegasus' castle, Téa pondered on Yugi's differing personalities and wondered if there could be two Yugis. Yugi admitted to feeling as though there is someone else living inside him, but hoped he wasn't going crazy.

 

At the top of the stairs, Kaiba blocked the way and talked Yugi into a Duel. Yami took control and faced Kaiba, using his Duel Disk technology.[14] As Yami was about to win, Kaiba stood up on the edge of the castle, such that the shockwaves from Yugi's attack may cause him to fall to his death. (In the English anime, Yugi spoke to Yami, telling him not to do it.) Yami contemplated, but in the end decided to attack. Téa ran to Yugi insisting that this is not like him and calls for the ordinary Yugi to come out. Yugi took control in time to cancel the move. He fell to his knees, shocked by what he had almost done. Kaiba took his turn and won the Duel, claiming five of Yugi's Star Chips.

 

Now fully aware of the other Yugi's existence, Yugi admitted it to his friends, telling them that he is afraid of him and consequently afraid to Duel. Kaiba called Yugi weak, but Téa protested arguing that Yugi saved him and Kaiba is the real loser.[34] After Kaiba left, Yugi continued to mope. Joey offered Yugi to take his Star Chips, so he may enter the finals, but Yugi ignored him. Frustrated, Joey grabbed Yugi by the shirt, asking him if he cares about his grandfather.

 

Mai appeared and was briefed in on what just happened. She offered Yugi her excessive Star Chips, as per her promise from earlier, but Yugi did not even acknowledge Mai's appearance. Annoyed, Mai told him to grow up and hang on to the Star Chips. She accused him of being afraid to Duel again and challenged him. Téa instead accepted the Duel, to win back Yugi's Star Chips.

 

Yugi began to slowly snap out of his depression as he watched Téa Duel. After Mai surrendered, Yugi approached her about the face-down card she didn't use. Mai denied that she lost for him. (In the dub, she said that some cards just aren't worth playing.)

 

Inside the castle, the group were invited to watch Pegasus Duel Kaiba. Seeing as Kaiba was Dueling to save Mokuba, Yugi opted support to Kaiba. Kaiba was trapped in Pegasus' "Soul Prison" card, after his defeat. Yugi then shouted down to Pegasus' asking who he is to mess with people and their families like this.

 

The finalists along with Téa, Tristan and Bakura were treated to a meal that evening, where the finalists got paired-up. After the meal, Yugi gave Joey his "Glory of the King's Hand", as it is mandatory for each finalist to possess either it or "Glory of the King's Opposite Hand".

 

That night, Yugi was woken by his grandfather's voice, calling him. He followed it and found a "Soul Prison" card, with his grandfather's soul inside. Solomon warned him about Pegasus and is accompanied by the cards containing Seto and Mokuba Kaiba's souls. Yugi woke up afterwards, wondering if it was a dream.

 

Yugi faced Mai in the first Duel of the finals. Yami Yugi gives little effort to the Duel, as he was worried about facing Pegasus. (In the dub, Yugi refused to let Yami Duel, fearing how he may harm their opponent.) This resulted in Yugi playing poorly. Encouraging words from Mai returned the Yugis to the top of their game and allowed them to turn the Duel around and emerge with a win.

 

Yugi cheered for Joey in his Duel against Bandit Keith.

 

Yugi faced Joey in the final round. Joey used all he learned from Yugi, but was still defeated by Yami Yugi. Afterwards Joey offered to give "Glory of the King's Hand" back to Yugi, so he may claim the prize money. However Yugi declined, as he had entered to tournament with the intent of saving his grandfather and now the Kaiba brothers. The money was not important to him, but Joey needed it for his sister's eye operation.

 

Yugi advanced to Duel Pegasus. At the start of the Duel, Yugi requested that the Kaiba brothers' souls be released as well as his grandfather's, if he wins. Pegasus accepted but indicated that he plans on taking Yugi's soul if he wins. Pegasus used his Millennium Eye to read Yami Yugi's mind during the Duel, but Yugi had an idea about countering Pegasus's powers by the risky strategy of having him and Yami switch minds each time they played a face-down card, thus preventing Pegasus from reading their strategy while running the risk that one of them would attempt something that would hinder the other's plans. After the Yugis destroyed Pegasus' "Toon World" card, Pegasus transported them all into the Shadow Realm. In the Shadow Realm, Yugi lost his life energy while doing the mind shuffle strategy, lacking the spiritual strength to play on that level, and Pegasus continued successfully reading Yami's mind, until Joey, Téa and Tristan blocked his Millennium Eye. Yami defeated Pegasus, returning them both back from the Shadow Realm.

 

Pegasus disappeared after his Duel with Yugi. Determined to ensure the captive souls are returned, Yugi and his friends searched for Pegasus. They found a number of Pegasus' men carrying him away after he was assaulted by Yami Bakura. Croquet explained that he was attacked. (In the dub, he said that Pegasus had fallen ill.) Yugi and company headed to Pegasus' tower, where they found a diary entry addressed to new King of Duelists who defeats him, explaining why he created Duel Monsters. Yugi then spotted the three "Soul Prison" cards, which are now blank, meaning the souls are no longer imprisoned.

 

As he left the tower, Yugi bumped into Shadi, who used his Millennium Key to enter Yugi's mind. To Shadi's surprise he found two soul rooms; one for Yugi and one for Yami. Shadi wound up in a Shadow Game with Yami, but was rescued by Yugi. Yugi informed Shadi that he doesn't believe his other self intends to harm him and asked Yami to release Shadi from the game.

 

A door opened, leading them to a room lined with stone tablets of Duel Monsters. Yugi learned from Shadi that millennia ago, Egyptian kings played Shadow Games with real monsters and magic. After the games became a war that threatened to destroy the world, one brave pharaoh sealed the magic away. The duo were confronted by the Dark Magician. Shadi prepared to counter by Summoning the Blue-Eyes White Dragon. However Yugi insisted that the Dark Magician would never harm him and asked the magician to let them past. To Shadi's astonishment the magician complied. Seeing Yugi's control over the Dark Magician, Shadi believed he may be the chosen one.

 

Shadi returned himself and Yugi to outside Yugi's soul. Before disappearing, he told Yugi his name and claimed to have not told it to anyone before.

 

After the group found Mokuba was back to normal, Croquet handed Yugi the other prizes on behalf of Pegasus, who had been taken to hospital. Yugi received the card "The Ties of Friendship", was crowned the King of Games and also received the 3 million dollar check, which he gave to Joey for Serenity's eye operation.

 

Kaiba thanked Yugi for saving Mokuba and insisted that they have a fair Duel someday to determine who is the better Duelist. Yami Yugi congratulated Yugi on saving everyone. (In the dub, Yugi pointed out that he doesn't even know Yami's name. Yami replied that he has been called many things such as Pharaoh, Yu-Gi-Oh and Yami. Yugi refered to him as Yami and said he is glad to call him his friend, while Yami was proud to be one.)

 

Yugi and his friends got a lift back to Domino City from Kaiba.

 

As Yugi brought his grandfather home from the hospital, the group was confronted by Rebecca Hawkins. She accused Solomon of stealing her grandfather's "Blue-Eyes White Dragon" and challenged him to a Duel. At Kaiba Land, Yugi faced Rebecca in the Duel, as his grandfather was unfit to play.[45] The Duel turned out to be an exact repeat of the Duel their grandfathers played a long ago over a drink of water. Like how Solomon surrendered back then as Arthur needed the water more, Yugi surrendered to teach Rebecca about the Heart of the Cards. Just then, Arthur arrived, showed that Yugi could have won, and explained why he surrendered. After Rebecca apologized, Yugi gave her the card, "The Ties of Friendship".

 

Mokuba arrived at Kame Game and informed Yugi and his friends that Kaiba's mind had been trapped in the Virtual World by The Big Five, while testing out a virtual reality machine that he created. Upon agreeing to help, Yugi, Joey, Téa, Tristan and Mokuba snuck into Kaiba's laboratory at the Adventure Game. Yugi, Joey and Mokuba got into pods to transport their minds to the virtual world, while Téa and Tristan kept guard.

 

Yugi, Joey and Mokuba appeared in a graveyard, where they were confronted by "Armored Zombie", "Clown Zombie" and "Dragon Zombie". They Summoned monsters to battle them, but the zombies kept reviving stronger than before. However Joey continued to attack them, until Yugi reminded him of his Duel with Bonz. So Joey played "Shield & Sword", dropping their DEF to 0 and Yugi finished off the zombies with "Dark Magician". Upon beating the zombies, they were each given a card displaying how much currency they have.

 

The trio spotted the fairy Iru, who guided them to a town. Here they heard that a prisoner, who may be Kaiba, had been taken to the Cave of Death. They were unable to travel there due to the sandstorm and a townsman informed them that they would need a "Niwatori" in order to cross that desert. Upon searching the town, they found a battle competition with "Niwatori" as a prize.

 

Yugi and Mokuba watched Joey Duel Madam Butterfly in the Virtual World Coliseum. Once Joey found out that Madam Butterfly was Mai Valentine, Yugi and Mokuba ran over to them and explained what happened to Kaiba. Offering to help, Mai got her "Harpie Lady" to snatch the "Niwatori" card from the Coliseum owner and the four of them ran for the desert. At the edge of the desert, Mai played the "Niwatori" card, producing four large birds for them to ride on.

 

Once they crossed the desert, they reached the template at the Cave of Death. Inside they found themselves in a maze and were chased by "Labyrinth Tank". Yugi used "Magical Hats" to hide them and transport them to another part of the maze, where they met Iru and Adena. Iru guided the group to the exit, but it was guarded by "Gate Guardian". Yugi and Joey together Summoned "Black Skull Dragon" and equipped it with "Dragon Nails", making it strong enough to defeat "Gate Guardian". Outside the maze, a rescue party arrived and took Yugi and his friends to the palace as a reward for saving Adena.

 

At the palace Yugi and his friends learned that Adena was the queen of the land. (In the dub, she was a princess.) Adena informed them of Mythic Dragon ritual where they must offer sacrifices to the Mythic Dragon. They learn that Adena is to be this kingdom's sacrifice and Kaiba is to be another kingdom's. Adena tells them of a legendary flying machine which can access the castle where Kaiba is and how she believed that Yugi and his friends are prophesized heroes who will destroy the Mythic Dragon. Yugi, Joey, Mai and Mokuba agreed to help and were given hero costumes to wear.

 

On one of the battlements, they were attacked by monsters who were after the sacrifice. Yugi, Joey and Mai unsuccessfully tried fighting them off. However Mokuba, who had previously swapped clothes with Adena, was kidnapped instead. While trying to find a way to save Mokuba, Yugi noticed a recent storm had revealed the outlines of the flying machine on the floor below them. Yugi asked Adena how long ago the legend involving the flying machine took place. With the unlikelihood of the machine still working and not enough time to dig it up, Yugi hinted to Joey that they needed to restore it to the condition it was 1000 years ago, prompting Joey to use "Time Wizard" to take the machine back 1000 years.

 

Yugi, Joey and Mai flew the airship up to the castle. On the way they were attacked by monsters, which they countered by summoning their own monsters. Yugi was attacked while his "Dark Magician" was too far away to save him. However Iru, blocked the attack, sacrificing itself. Yugi then played "Swords of Revealing Light" to block attacks. Angry over Iru's death, Yugi switched to Yami Yugi, who led the group to the castle.

 

As Yami, he managed to regroup with the Kaiba brothers and defeat The Big Five's "Mythic Dragon" in the final stage by Summoning "Dragon Master Knight". Shortly after Adina thanked them and revived Mai, Joey, Mokuba and Iru, the group returned to the real world.

  

Dungeon Dice Monsters

 

Grandpa feared for his business, the Kame Game, when the new game store, the Black Clown opened in Domino City. He ordered Yugi to stay away from the new shop. However Yugi and Téa passed it on the way to school later. Yugi received a flyer for a new game Dungeon Dice Monsters, but Téa dragged him away after he blushed at the lady handing out the flyer.

 

At school, they met the new student, Duke Devlin, the owner of the Black Clown. Joey was jealous of Duke's popularity and challenged him to a game of Duel Monsters. Yugi objected to the condition that Joey and Duke both use Decks from packs they open on the spot. Joey lost the televised Duel and in keeping his end of the bargain had to do whatever Duke said. Yugi became disgusted after Duke forced Joey to wear a dog suit and behave like a dog, so he switched to Yami who challenged Duke to a Duel. Duke accepted if they play Dungeon Dice Monsters instead of Duel Monsters and should Yugi lose he must relinquish his title of "King of Games" and give-up playing Duel Monsters.

 

Unfamiliar with the rules, Yami got off to a rough start. His chances did not improve as Duke revealed that he designed Dungeon Dice Monsters with Pegasus' aid. Duke blamed Yugi for Pegasus' disappearance after Duelist Kingdom.[51] Yami used his innate gaming skills to turn the tables on Duke. Yami succeeded in calling "Dark Magician", which Pegasus had added to the game, and used it to defeat Duke.

 

After the game, Duke, Yugi and Yugi's friends went to Duke's office. Duke lamented that his dream has been crushed as nobody would want to play Dungeon Dice Monsters now. However Yugi assured him that it was a great game and his friends agreed. Duke apologized for how he had treated them and they agreed to be friends.

 

Yugi replaced the brown rope around the Millennium Puzzle with a chain, which Yami Yugi complimented and offered him advice on impressing Téa, who was waiting for him. Embarrassed, Yugi asks what he was talking about. As Yugi left the room, his mother asked who he was talking to. Yugi replied that it was nobody and dashed off, telling Yami to stop picking on him, as he offered to help make Téa like him. (The Yugis talking about Téa and the scene with Yugi's mother were removed from the dub; thus it is never explained why Yugi was blushing.) Yugi met up with Téa and left for school with her (in the dub, they were going to a soccer game). Yugi told her that Yami was worried about his destiny and had no memory of his past.

 

On the way to school, Yugi bumped into Bandit Keith, who was possessed by Marik Ishtar and disguised as a fortune-teller. Falling for the disguise, Yugi reluctantly let him hold the Millennium Puzzle in order to read his future. Keith knocked over the table at Yugi and Téa and ran off with the Puzzle. Yugi and Téa split up to find him. In his search, Yugi followed a series of arrows, although he knew it was a trap, he felt that he had no other choice. Yugi caught-up with Keith, who had the Puzzle bolted to a wall. According to ancient rules, Marik had to win the Puzzle in a Duel, so he challenged Yugi to a Duel through Keith. Yugi was unable to switch to Yami during the Duel and quickly realized that Bandit Keith was his opponent after seeing he used a Machine Deck.

 

Yami Bakura sensed an evil presence and pinpointed it to the Duel. Seeing Keith controlled, Yami Bakura used the Millennium Ring to break Marik's control. Keith struggled to resist being repossessed, but Marik took control long enough to have Keith smash the Puzzle. Bakura swung down from a rope, knocking Keith unconscious. Bakura then collected a piece of the Puzzle and sealed a fragment of his soul inside it, before returning it to Yugi. Keith regained consciousness and continued to struggle with Marik's mind control, setting fire to the warehouse in his confusion. Unable to remove the piece of the Puzzle connected to the wall, Yugi stayed in the burning building to reassemble it. After inserting the last piece he collapsed and goes unconscious from the heat , but was rescued by Tristan and Joey and was taken to the hospital.

 

Worrying about how the Puzzle almost got stolen, Yugi took time to talk with Yami and discovered that Yami has no idea of who he once was, as he has lost all his memories. The duo suspected that their new enemy is in possession of a Millennium Item.

 

To try and help Yami regain his memories, Yugi asked Téa to spend time with Yami. He asked Téa out, but switched to Yami just before the date. Not expecting this Yami started shouting into the Puzzle at Yugi, until he was noticed by Téa. On the date, Yami and Téa learned from Ishizu Ishtar that Yami was once an Egyptian pharaoh and that Yugi had to enter the upcoming Battle City tournament to stop their new enemy.

 

While talking with Téa, about Duel Monsters at school, Téa asked which card best suited Yugi, assuming he would pick "Dark Magician". However Yugi explained that while "Dark Magician" is powerful, "Maha Vailo" better suits him, as it's not the strongest card, but it had hidden power. He would have liked to have picked "Dark Magician", but thought it's better suited to the other Yugi.

 

The day before the tournament, Yugi and Joey picked-up their Duel Disks in order to compete and the next morning Yugi finished reconstructing his Deck for the tournament.

 

Yugi spotted Joey trying to get a rematch with the Rare Hunter, Seeker, who had won his "Red-Eyes Black Dragon". Yugi noticed his robes were the same as the ones Bandit Keith wore, while he was possessed. Seeker refused to face Joey again, but challenges Yugi to a Duel. Yugi accepts and switched to Yami[60], who won and took back Joey's "Red-Eyes Black Dragon". Marik then used Seeker as his puppet to communicate with Yugi. He introduced himself, told Yugi how he's after the power of the pharaoh and warned him that there are more deadly Rare Hunters. Yugi offered Joey back the "Red-Eyes", but Joey refused, saying he will wait until he's a true Duelist before earning it back.

 

Yugi saves Arkana from the buzzsaw.

 

Yugi was lured into a tent by a harlequin and confronted by the Rare Hunter, Arkana. As Yami Yugi, he faced Arkana in a Duel, where the loser's feet got cut off by a buzzsaw. (In the dub, they got sent to the Shadow Realm by energy disks.) Yami won the Duel, but Yugi then took over and saved Arkana from the buzzsaw (energy disk in the dub).

 

At the canal side, while Yugi spoke with Yami about recent happenings they were confronted by another Rare Hunter, Strings. Strings was under Marik's complete control and Dueled Yami Yugi using the Egyptian God Card, "Slifer the Sky Dragon". Yami won the Duel, earning "Slifer the Sky Dragon" through the Ante rule. Kaiba, who had appeared during the Duel challenged Yugi to a Duel on the spot, but Marik warned Yugi that he was going to take control of Joey. Yugi declined Kaiba's challenge as he had to find and save his friend.

 

As Yami Yugi searched the city for his friends, with Kaiba's help, they defeated the Rare Hunters Umbra and Lumis twice, gaining enough Locator Cards to qualify for the finals and also located Joey at Domino Pier.

 

Yugi facing Joey, who is possessed by Marik

 

At the Pier, Yugi was forced to Duel Joey, who was possessed by Marik. Each player had their ankles chained to an anchor, which would drag them underwater to drown after the timer reaches 0. The only way for either player to save themself was to defeat their opponent, which would open a box, giving them a key. Yami made the first few of Yugi's moves, but Yugi insisted that he should fight this battle himself. Through talking to Joey and using "Red-Eyes Black Dragon" to remind him of his promise to become a true Duelist and even giving him the Millennium Puzzle, Yugi managed to get Joey's subconsciousness to ignore Marik's commands. Yugi managed to fully snap Joey out of Marik's control shortly before forcing himself to lose. With Joey back to normal, Yugi told Marik that he was the true loser of this Duel. Yugi let his Life Points fall to 0 and collapsed, releasing Joey's key. However Joey managed to force the Duel into a DRAW, releasing Yugi's key too. Using the chain, Joey swung to Yugi's side of the field and grabbed his key, before the anchor dragged them both down. He unlocked Yugi, who floated to the surface and was brought ashore by Tristan. Serenity dove in with the other key to save Joey. Joey later apologized and returned the Millennium Puzzle. Yugi thanked Yami for trusting in him and Yami said that Yugi has taught him the strength behind kindness and that one day Yugi will surpass him in every way.

 

Afterwards Mai gave Yugi and his friends a lift to the finals.

 

Yugi, Joey, Mai, Téa, Tristan, Duke and Serenity arrived at the KaibaCorp Stadium for the finals. Yugi was suspicious of the finalist Marik, who is under the guise "Namu", and Bakura, who should be in the hospital. Téa cleared any suspicion of Namu, by informing Yugi of how he saved her, Joey and Bakura earlier. Shortly after Odion Ishtar, pretending to be Marik arrived, everyone boarded the blimp, where the finals took place.

 

As Yugi prepared for the finals in his room, he added "Slifer the Sky Dragon" to his Deck, thinking he was going to need it to face Marik. He also suspected Bakura had come into contact with the Millennium Ring again.

 

Yugi meets Shadi.

 

Yami Yugi faced Bakura in the first of the quarter-finals on the Stratos Dueling Arena. Yugi's suspicions were confirmed as they faced Yami Bakura.[71] When Bakura was one turn away from winning with "Destiny Board", the two Yugis agreed that they had to use "Slifer the Sky Dragon" to defeat him. Yami Yugi Summoned "Slifer", but Marik switched control of Bakura's body from Yami Bakura to Bakura, who was too weak to withstand the attack. However Yami Bakura disagreed with Marik's plan and took control of Bakura's body. He invited Yugi to attack him, refusing to let his host die. Yugi won the Duel, knocking Bakura unconscious and in leaving him need of medical attention.

 

During the intermission before the next Duel, Yugi unsuccessfully tried to get Kaiba to make an emergency stop to take Bakura to a doctor. Yugi went back to his room and began examining his Deck. He was interrupted by Shadi, who told him how the Egyptian God Cards were created and why he must stop Marik from getting his hands on them.

 

Ishizu gives Yugi the Millennium Necklace.

 

Joey defeated Odion, who was still pretending to be Marik and exposed him as a fake. Subsequently Namu was exposed as the real Marik and Yami Marik took control of his body. Marik confronted Yugi, saying the battle for the Pharaoh's power had just begun.

 

After losing to Kaiba, Ishizu Ishtar told Yugi of the Ishtar family's history and gave him the Millennium Necklace, as he was going to need all seven Millennium Items to recover the Pharaoh's memories.

 

That night Yugi was woken by Téa, who reported Bakura has gone missing. They discovered he was Dueling with Marik and saw him lose shortly after they arrived.

 

Virtual World

 

The Battle City blimp got sucked into a mechanical fortress in the sea, by Noah Kaiba. Yugi, Joey, Tristan, Téa, Serenity, Duke, Kaiba and Mokuba exited the blimp, where they were greeted by a projection of the Big Five, who explained that they got trapped in the Virtual World, after they failed to trap Kaiba there, during the Legendary Heroes game. For that they hate Yugi and his friends for helping Kaiba. Having Kaiba as a common enemy, Noah uploaded their minds into his computer system. Using an altered form of Duel Monsters, they planned to face the gang in order to claim possession of their bodies, so that they may exist in the real world.

 

The group were then transported to a virtual jungle, where they are given a demonstration of the Deck Master rules. The Big Five then separated the gang, by making holes appear under them.

 

Yugi was transported to a pond, where he was faced by Gansley, who had taken the form of "Deepsea Warrior". Before Dueling Gansley, Yugi changed to Yami Yugi, who Gansley identified as "Type-B". During the Duel, Yugi noticed that their Deck Master, Kuriboh was trying to tell them something. As Yami was about to lose, Yugi took over and used Kuriboh's Deck Master effect to save them. Shortly afterwards, Yugi collapsed so Yami took back control and won the Duel.

 

The Yugis entered a hallway afterwards. Although they were aware there were traps behind some doors, Yugi ran through one, after hearing Téa scream, but was thrown back by an attack. Yami drew the Level Star of the door to Yugi's attention, so Yugi Summoned a monster of a higher Level, "Winged Dragon, Guardian of the Fortress" and has it launch an attack into the doorway. They entered the doorway and wound up repeating the same process. Realizing it was because they keep choosing the Level 1 door, they started attacking different Levels. The final door had the 2000 ATK, Level 4 monster, "Flash Assailant", backed up with a series of face-down Magic or Trap Cards. Yugi used "Heavy Storm" to clear the face-downs and the effect of "4-Starred Ladybug of Doom" to destroy "Flash Assailant".

 

Yugi arrived at the scene of Téa's Duel, but was held back by a wall of ice. "Dark Magician" was taken from his Deck and Summoned to Téa's field, after she played "Sage's Stone". Attacking with both "Dark Magician" and "Dark Magician Girl", Téa defeated Crump, causing the ice around her to disappear. Yugi rushed to her aid and gave her his coat. Together they walked though the ice region and entered a door, taking them to a courtroom, where Joey was Dueling Johnson.

 

Yugi correctly suspected that Johnson had rigged the outcome of Joey's luck based cards. Although Noah attempted to disqualify Johnson, Joey insisted that they continue with the game unrigged. After Joey won, he, Yugi and Téa exited though another door.

 

The trio found their way to Duke, Serenity and Tristan's Duel against Nezbitt. After the Duel, the gang tried to find Tristan, before the Big Five took his body. They briefly met up with Kaiba and Mokuba, but were attacked by Nezbitt in possession of Tristan's body. The real Tristan in the body of a robot monkey helped them fight the imposter. However Nezbitt kidnapped Mokuba and Kaiba took off after him, leaving the others think about what to do with the monkey, not knowing it was Tristan.

 

The group took a pick-up truck to go after Kaiba. On the way, they found out the monkey was Tristan after he accidentally flipped a switch, allowing him to speak normally.

 

After watching Kaiba Duel Leichter, Yugi and Téa went with Kaiba to help him find Mokuba. The others tried to follow, but the tunnel disappeared, before they could enter.

 

Inside the tunnel Yugi and Téa got separated from Kaiba, and found themselves in a simulation of Kaiba's mansion back when Seto Kaiba got adopted. Yugi found a picture of Kaiba's father, Gozaburo, with Noah, shortly before meeting up with Kaiba again. Noah then showed the three of them a projection of the past, where Gozaburo showed Noah a picture of Seto, who Noah had to be able to compete with in order to run KaibaCorp.

 

Noah transported Yugi, Téa and Kaiba back to their friends, where they were confronted by the Big Five, now all sharing possession of Tristan's body. Yugi and Joey teamed-up to Duel them in order to win back Tristan's body. Although Yugi and Joey won, the Big Five attempted to steal their bodies, but Noah took them away, along with Tristan's body, before they could.

 

Since Noah designed the robot monkey, Yugi and his friends searched it for clues. Yugi pushed a red button, which transported them to a virtual Kaiba Land. From there the gang took a handcar through a subway and wound up on the scene of Noah and Seto Kaiba's Duel.

 

Yugi takes Yami to his soul room of recent memories.

 

Noah won and turned Seto and Mokuba to stone. This caused Yugi to get mad and change to Yami, who accused Noah of foul play, as he had used Mokuba as a shield to help him win. As Yami, Yugi combined his Deck with Seto's and continued the Duel. Noah gradually turned Yugi's friends to stone as Yami Dueled, until none of them were left. Yugi then offered Yami support and took him to his soul room. Inside he brought Yami to a room containing his recent memories, where everyone, who had been turned to stone offered their support. Back in virtual reality, Yami imagined Yugi's friends giving him the cards drawn by "Card of Sanctity". With them, Yami Summoned Kaiba's three "Blue-Eyes White Dragons" to win the Duel against Noah.

 

After the Duel, Noah attempted to steal Yugi's body and escape to the real world, but the power of the Millennium Puzzle forced him back. After Noah found out that Gozaburo had been using him, he tried to help everyone escape the virtual world and took them to a virtual Domino City. The group got separated and met-up again, minus the Kaibas. Having realized Noah double crossed them, Yugi started to blame himself for trusting Noah.

 

Gozaburo had monsters attack Yugi and his friends as they looked for a way out, but Yugi and Joey fought them off by Summoning monsters from their Decks. Noah, having stolen Mokuba's body and escaped to the real world, organized a missile attack to destroy the fortress, including the servers for the virtual world. After having a change of heart, he contacted the group and explained that they must get out out quickly before the virtual world is destroyed.

 

Yugi and Kaiba jump from the building.

 

Noah told them to go the arcade. Yugi, Duke and Joey fought off more of Gozaburo's monsters, while Téa, Serenity and Tristan went there. When Yugi, Duke and Joey got to the arcade, Noah asked Yugi to go and get Seto before returning himself.

 

Yugi complied and went to the KaibaCorp building, catching Seto shortly after he beat Gozaburo in a Duel. Gozaburo took the form of a monster and chased the two. Noah instructed them to jump off the building. With no other option they complied and awoke in the real world, before hitting the ground.

 

Yugi, Kaiba and Mokuba ran to escape the fortress before the missile strike and were helped onto the moving blimp by Joey and Tristan, shortly before the fortress got destroyed.

 

Battle City finals

 

The KaibaCorp blimp took the finalists to the Duel Tower for the Battle City finals. Yugi switched to Yami Yugi for the Battle Royal to determine match-ups[95] and wound up with Kaiba as his opponent.

 

Yugi weeps over Joey, after he loses to Marik.

 

Yugi tried to stop Joey from Dueling Marik. However Yami reminded him that Joey accepted the Duel knowing it would be a Shadow Game and nobody can stop such a game. Yugi worried for Joey and wondered if there was something they could do to help. However Yami assured Yugi that this was Joey's fight and he can win with their support. After Joey lost, Yugi screamed that it's a lie. He said that he won't lose Joey to the Shadow Realm. Later at Joey's bedside, he begged for him not to die. Yugi blamed himself, saying that he should have Dueled Marik instead. Out in the hallway, Yugi cried more and considered stopping Dueling, but Yami convinced him that they must not give-up and let Marik win. Yami got the idea to use the Millennium Necklace to see what happens. He and Yugi then used it to look into the future, where they saw Yami and Joey preparing to Duel.

 

Yugi Dueled Kaiba in the second semi-final as Yami Yugi. They managed to defeat Kaiba and afterwards found out Joey was okay to Yugi's delight. Yugi and Yami gained Kaiba's "Obelisk the Tormentor" card through the ante rule.

 

Yugi and Yami watched Joey Duel Kaiba in a third place play-off. They both agreed that Joey was a great Duelist and would have defeated Marik, had their Duel not been turned into a Shadow Game. The two them noticed the Millennium Puzzle acting strange and saw Téa's reflection in it. They left the Duel to find Téa, who was possessed by the original Marik to confront Yami Marik. At the top of the Duel Tower, they found Téa, Marik and Ishizu. Ishizu explained that Téa would be fine and that Marik's good side still lives on within Téa's mind.

 

Yugi partly disappearing, while Yami Yugi Duels Yami Marik.

 

Before facing Marik, Kaiba gave Yugi the card, "Fiend's Sanctuary", which Kaiba intended to use against Marik himself. Yami Marik and Yami Yugi's final Duel was a Shadow Game, where the regular Yugi and Marik were drawn from their bodies and floated next to them in spirit form. Yugi and Marik were bound by their wrists and ankles in darkness and parts of their bodies disappeared as their "Yami" selves lost Life Points. (In the 4kids version, they were gradually being swallowed into the Shadow Realm.) If Yami Yugi lost, Yugi would vanish and the Pharaoh would cease to exist as he required the physical body of a host to maintain himself.

 

Yugi encouraged Yami throughout the Duel. He even urged Yami to pay Life Points to keep "Fiend's Sanctuary" active, knowing it would make part of his body disappear. Yugi insisted that they must find a way to win without causing the good Marik to disappear. However, the good Marik possessed Téa and told Yugi not to hesitate, he's prepared to die. He no longer blamed the Yugis for his father's death. (In the dub, Marik said not to worry about protecting him, he wants to defeat his dark side at all costs.)

 

Yugi was certain that Yami Marik was going to fuse with "The Winged Dragon of Ra" a second time in the Duel and reminded Yami Yugi that if he does that again, he will become a monster and have the weakness of a Monster Card. With that in mind, Yami Yugi managed to use "Ragnarok", which would destroy "Ra". As Yugi wondered if this would cause the good Marik to disappear, Odion appeared.[104] Since Odion had been keeping Yami Marik away, his return allowed the regular Marik to regain some control of his body and urged Yami to attack. The Yugis continued to use the effect of "Ragnarok", which destroyed Ra and caused Marik and Yami Marik to switch places. With only 1 Life Point left, only Yami Marik's eye remained. Marik then surrendered causing Yami Marik to disappear and Yugi to win the Duel.

 

Yugi and Yami Yugi receive the last and strongest of the Egyptian Gods, "The Winged Dragon of Ra".

 

As the host, Kaiba congratulated Yugi for winning. (In the dub, he added that Yugi only won because Marik surrendered.) Marik informed Yugi that with his dark side gone, the souls of Mai and Bakura should be released and gave him "The Winged Dragon of Ra" due to the ante rule. Marik then showed Yugi the hieroglyphics carved on his back, explaining that the secret of the Pharaoh's power is written there, and whoever holds the three Egyptian God Cards can unlock that secret. With his mission complete, Marik handed the Millennium Rod and Ring to Yugi.

 

Kaiba announced that he was going to blow-up the Duel Tower and gave everyone an hour to evacuate. Yugi and his friends returned to the Battle Ship and found that Mai and Bakura were okay, but there was no sign of the Kaiba brothers on the blimp. With the Battle Ship damaged from escaping Noah's fortress and no one able to find the Kaibas, everyone else boarded the KaibaCorp helicopter. As they left, they saw Kaiba and Mokuba had escaped in their Blue-Eyes White Dragon jet.

 

Back in Domino City, Yugi and his friends said goodbye to the Ishtar family, Duke and Mai. Afterwards, back in Kame Game, Yugi and Yami Yugi assembled a Deck and included the "Red-Eyes Black Dragon" Joey gave them. At sunrise, the Yugis met Joey at the plaza for a final Duel to conclude their Battle City adventure.

 

Doma

Between classes, Yami took control of Yugi's body and skipped out of school to go to the museum, with Egyptian God Cards to uncover his memories. Yugi asked why they were going alone. Yami replied that it would be too depressing to say goodbye and just wants Yugi to see him off. (In the dub, there was no mention of why they were going alone. Instead Yami said that he felt the Egyptain God Cards pulling him to the museum.) However, Téa, Joey and Tristan caught up with him outside the museum and reminded him that they are a team. Inside Yami held the Egyptian God cards up to the tablet, but something held him back. The group heard a scream and dashed outside, finding a large number of living Duel Monsters in the city.

 

Suspecting the Duel Monsters appearing was caused by Kaiba's holographic technology, they went to KaibaCorp, but were unable to get past a crowd of reporters.

 

Yugi helps Grandpa after the break-in and learns that the Egyptian God cards have been stolen.

 

Later at the Kame Game, as Yugi and his friends watched Kaiba on TV explaining that he wasn't responsible, there was a break-in and the Egyptian God cards were stolen by motorcyclists from Doma. They quickly rushed outside and saw the Gods appear in the city. Yugi wondered who could have Summoned them as only someone with a connection to the Millennium Items can Summon the Egyptian Gods. The thieves then appeared before them, demanding that Yugi follow them if he wants to get the God cards back. Yugi changed to Yami and wound up Dueling one of them, Gurimo. Gurimo used the soul stealing card "The Seal of Orichalcos" and was even able to Summon "Obelisk the Tormentor" through its power.[106] Yugi still managed to defeat Gurimo, causing his soul to be sealed in the card. Afterwards Yugi took his necklace containing a fragment of the Orichalcos stone. As a reward for his victory, Rafael released the souls of Rex and Weevil, which Gurimo had previously captured using "The Seal of Orichalcos".

 

On the street, Yugi, Téa, Joey and Tristan found Rex and Weevil and discussed the bikers, who had stolen their souls and Yugi's God cards. Rex and Weevil pretended to agree to help them, but secretly planned on getting the God cards for themselves.

 

Rebecca kisses Yugi.

 

After leaving Rex and Weevil, Yugi and his friends met Rebecca Hawkins, who claimed that Yugi is now her boyfriend and took them to the museum to see her grandfather Arthur. From researching the origins of Duel Monsters, Arthur confirmed that Yugi was indeed sharing a bond with an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh and informed them that pharaoh saved the world when Ancient Egyptian sorcerers harnessed real monsters' powers by sealing them in tablets, like Duel Monsters. He also showed them photos from what he believed was Atlantis, showing carvings of Duel Monsters, proving that the origins of Duel Monsters dates back further than 3000 (5000 in the dub) years in Egypt to at least 10000 years ago in Atlantis. Arthur told them that he believes there is a parallel dimension where Duel Monsters are real. Since the pharaoh saved the world the last time people conjured these monsters, Arthur believes Yugi is to save the world this time, since the pharaoh has been reborn in him. Not certain what to do next, Yugi gave Arthur the stone he had taken from Gurimo for him to test. Outside the museum, to Yugi's embarrassment, Rebecca gave him a kiss before leaving. Shortly before leaving himself, Yugi thought that he heard someone calling for help, but couldn't see them anywhere.

 

As Yugi went to sleep that night, he heard the voice calling for help again. The Millennium Puzzle activated and the two Yugis were sent to the chamber inside the Millennium Puzzle. They heard the voice calling for help again and searched to see if they could find who it was. They eventually found Kuriboh, who led them to a room they'd never been to before. They heard the voice again and followed it, causing them to be transported through a vortex to the Duel Monsters Spirit World.

 

Yugi and Yami release Timaeus and gain his strength

 

Yugi and Yami found themselves hovering above a castle. They flew down into it and met Dark Magician Girl, who told them that both worlds were in danger. She explained that the two worlds rely on each other for survival, but now a gateway has been opened between the two worlds and the great beast, who feeds on the life force of humans and spirits will consume them all. Yugi and Yami agreed to help them, so Dark Magician Girl took them to three dragons trapped in crystal. According to legend, three warriors should be able to free them. Believing Yugi to be one of the warriors, she instructed the Yugis to remove a sword from one of the dragons. Yugi and Yami pulled the sword out, freeing the dragon, Timaeus.

 

Yugi woke-up in his bed shortly afterwards. He saw a strange light phenomenon trapping monsters outside. He ran to the plaza to see what it was and met his friends there. The monsters were absorbed into a crystal, which shattered, revealing an eye, which shot a twister at Yugi. However Yugi's Duel Disk began to glow as the card, "The Eye of Timaeus" appeared in it. Using it, Yugi Summoned Timaues to attack and destroy the eye. The Dark Magician Girl then appeared next to Yugi and informed him that the battle is just beginning.

 

While showing his friends the card, Yugi received a package from Industrial Illusions, containing a videotape and the card, "Illusion's Key". He was initially reluctant to watch the video, remembering the last one Pegasus sent him. After deducing Pegasus can't seal souls, since he no longer has the Millennium Eye, Yugi and his friends watched the tape. Pegasus offered some explanation for the recent events, but since it was too risky to leave the information on tape, he asked Yugi to meet him in person and arranged a jet for Yugi and his friends to come to California and bring the "Illusion's Key" with them.

 

Timaeus lights up as Critias is released by Kaiba.

 

The group took the plane to San Francisco, where a limousine was provided to take them to the Industrial Illusions headquarters.[110] Inside the limousine, Yugi noticed "The Eye of Timaeus" lighting up as Kaiba reelased Critias elsewhere. However the limousine took the group to a desert and the driver abandoned them at a gas station.[111] At the station, they were approached by another motorcyclist gang looking for trouble, but Mai Valentine appeared on a motorbike and fought off the bikers, causing a fire. Tristan drove Yugi, Joey and Téa in the limousine away from the station before the gasoline pump caused an explosion. Mai also escaped on her motorbike and drove away. The limousine broke down, while still in the desert, leaving Yugi and his friends stranded. Using Téa's femininity while the boys hid, they were able to hitch a ride from a truck driver to Industrial Illusions.

 

When the group finally at the Industrial Illusions headquarters, they were locked in by Mai, who revealed that she was with Doma and had captured Pegasus' soul in a "The Seal of Orichalcos" card, before challenging Joey to a Duel. During the Duel, Yugi's "The Eye of Timaeus" card once again lit-up as Joey was sent to the Spirit World to free Hermos. Fearing Mai would lose, Valon broke-up the Duel and the members of Doma fled.

 

Yugi and company encounter the holographic recording of Pegasus.

 

Yugi and his friends were then joined by Duke, Rex, Weevil and Kaiba. Using the card "Illusion's Key", Yugi was able to open a secret room, where they encountered a holographic recording of Pegasus. Pegasus told them about Doma's involvement in historical events and told Yugi where to find an exclusive card, he would need later. They found the card, "Legend of Heart", albeit blank at the time, within the room. Although, Kaiba decided not to stick with Yugi and his friends, they correctly guessed that he had the other Legendary Dragon, "Fang of Critias".

 

Duke gave the gang a lift to Arthur Hawkins' house to look for clues on what to do next. By the time they got there, Arthur had been kidnapped and the house was blown-up. Rebecca flung herself around Yugi and explained what happened. The group went into Arthur's mobile home and discussed what happened. Rebecca returned the Orichalcos stone, Yugi had lent to Arthur. While the others prepared something to eat, Yugi and Rebecca stepped outside to talk. Rebecca showed Yugi a card and note from Rafael she found after the explosion. Rafael's note told Yugi to come alone to Death Valley. (In the dub, it told Yugi to go there if he wanted to see Arthur again.) Later that night, Yugi borrowed Rebecca's horse, Copernicus, to go there.

 

Yugi Dueled Rafael as Yami Yugi at Death Valley, but still accompanied Yami in spirit form. Yugi was relieved when Rafael said that he had no intention of playing "The Seal of Orichalcos" in this Duel.[116] However Rafael used "Exchange" to give the card to Yugi later on. Yugi urged Yami not to use that card, no matter what happens and Yami agreed. However, they reached a point where Yami felt he was going to lose unless he played the Seal. Despite Yugi's objections, Yami played it and Yugi's spirit form left him alone.

 

Not wanting anything to happen to the Pharaoh, Yugi saves him by allowing the Seal of the Oricalchos to take his spirit instead.

 

Yugi was unable to contact Yami for the rest of the Duel, as he was trapped behind the Seal. He unsuccessfully tried pleading with him to not sacrifice his monsters, including "Dark Magician Girl", whom they made a promise with. Yami went on to lose the Duel and was about to lose his soul to "The Seal of Orichalcos". Using the power of the Millennium Puzzle, Yugi broke the seal that was holding him back and appeared next to Yami again. Since "The Seal of Orichalcos" only takes one soul, Yugi pushed Yami aside and let the seal take him instead.

 

Yami traveled to the Stone Wilderness, where spirits both good and evil roam, in the hopes of contacting Yugi. He managed to find Yugi and apologized for what happened. Without Yugi, Yami said the darkness inside him is starting to grow. He was afraid that Rafael might be right that he is evil and feared getting his memories (This maybe false because, he was manipulated easily by Rafael's words to be a lie from Dartz only to get his soul or being influenced by the Orichalcos itself). Yugi reminded Yami that he has been locked away. Yami tried apologizing again, but Yugi said that he didn't want his pity. Yugi asked if Yami only came here to demoralize himself. (In the dub, he said if Yami truly is evil, there's only one thing to do.) A Duel Disk appeared on Yugi's arm and he challenged Yami to a Duel. Yugi knew that he would have to Duel Yami sooner or later and if Yami's heart has become dark or engulfed in the darkest abyss, Yami shall lose. (In the dub, Yugi said that Yami doesn't deserve to be a part of this world and must pay for what he has done.) Yami reluctantly accepted the Duel.

 

Yugi after playing "The Seal of Orichalcos" in his Duel against Yami.

 

Both Yugi's drew the same cards in the same order, so Yugi used "Sangan" to shuffle his Deck and "Card Destruction" to reset their hands. Yami stated that the Duel was meaningless. However Yugi explained that Yami's weakness is the darkness in his heart, he is arrogant and warped by his sense of pride. With only one value, it's impossible for Yami to see other people's pain. (This explanation is removed from the dub.) Since he was a mirror reflecting Yami's dark side, Yugi had "The Seal of Orichalcos" in his Deck. Yugi used it and proceeded to use the same strategy Yami used against Rafael, sacrificing his monsters to win. Yami realized that this is what he looked like in the Duel against Rafael warped by his own psychological disruption and descends into his own darkest abyss. He refused to lose, as it would prevent him from saving Yugi and two worlds will eventually be destroyed. But, Yugi only sees Yami, who never cared about anyone's suffering because his pride got in the way and proceeds with monster sacrifice that it is thanks to Yami's recklessness that he can use this strategy to exact his own vengeance. He managed to counter Yugi's strategy with "Divine Wind" and win. Yugi was pleased that Yami won and said that in defeating him, Yami defeated the darkness in his heart and Orichalcos influence that corrupted him meaning that Yugi planned this all along and was never under the influence of the evil card.

All predators in the wild are physically very fit and muscular, with no body fat. Otherwise, the would not be able to catch their prey!

 

These maneless spotted lions we saw at Tsavo were some of the finest specimens of lions I have ever seen. Very stocky stature, heavy muscles, and big bones to carry them. This is an adult male, albeit without a mane.

 

D03-0731-5DS05883

via Instagram ift.tt/2hyCk5T

WEBSITE.

INSTAGRAM. @hollographic

 

11.14.23

Today was busy and full of meetings but it was positive and made me feel better about everything. I hate how early it gets dark but hopefully it helps me get to bed earlier so I can finally get more than 4-5 hrs a night. It is aging me horribly physically and mentally.

Winter, 2021

Oil on canvas

280x159 cm

€ 13.000

 

"Leena Nio’s (b. 1982) new paintings are all about layers -– both physically and symbolically. Layering has always been Nio’s signature technique, but this time the concept is taken to the next level. Nio experiments with a new technical idiosyncrasy in each of her exhibitions, with each painting taking its cue from a minor, commonplace occurrence. The mundanity leaves plenty of room for both the painting process and the viewer’s interpretations to unfold freely.

 

Like many peers of her generation, Nio collected stickers and Victorian die-cuts in her childhood. These “stickers” have now found their way into her paintings. The glossy, lacquered pictorial elements hovering on the surface of the canvas are – despite being hand-painted – deceptively reminiscent of stickers or die-cuts. They are like emojis added to a text message. Or Instagram posts with added stickers and filters. The paintings in the exhibition achieve the same effect: using 21st-century tools, they take the message to the next level. With her add-on flourishes, Nio also self-reflexively comments on her process. Often finding it difficult to know when to finish a painting, she adds the final sticker as if dotting an “i” or crossing a “t.”

 

The surplus layers add many possible interpretations to her paintings. Her paintings are timeless, yet the add-ons link them powerfully to the contemporary moment. Her work abounds in allusions to art history, starting with her conscious decision to leave exposed patches of the raw, unpainted linen canvas, a device often used in classical painting. The irresistible union of historical allusions and stickers creates a clever conceptual and visual interplay of ideas.

 

After earning a master’s degree in visual arts from the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts, Nio was awarded the Finnish Art Society’s Ducat Prize in 2010. In 2021 she will complete a large-scale public artwork for Finnoo station on Helsinki’s new Länsimetro subway line. Also coming up this year is a multidisciplinary piece for the Espoo Museum of Modern Art EMMA to be completed together with her husband, Kalle Nio. Nio’s work is found in significant Finnish collections, including the Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma, the Saastamoinen Foundation Collection, and the Sara Hildén Art Museum."

www.galerieforsblom.com/exhibitions/leena-nio6

19 days. But in reality I've been physically distancing for longer than that - it was a gradual process after seeing that exponential curve for the first time.

 

Today I ventured out, had some recycling to do. In Sweden this is serious business and while walking to the recycling station I'm treated one lovely sight after the other.

 

It's bitterly cold and windy, the sky looks strange and it's snowing from time to time.

 

This is what I saw opposite my house when I got back. I said to myself - it's all about solitude now and it's OK.

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"And that is ... how they are. So terribly physically all over one another. They pour themselves one over the other like so much melted butter over parsnips. They catch each other under the chin, with a tender caress of the hand, and they smile with sunny melting tenderness into each other's face."

[D.H. (David Herbert) Lawrence (1885-1930), British author.

'Whatever you are PHYSICALLY...male or female, strong or weak, ill or healthy--all those things matter less than what your heart contains. If you have the soul of a warrior, you are a warrior. All those other things, they are the glass that contains the lamp, but you ARE THE light inside.'

― Cassandra Clare : Clockwork Angel

A new cadet reads the Cadet Basic Training book during Reception Day at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point July 12, 2020. During the four weeks of CBT, new cadets will be physically and mentally tested as they learn basic combat and leadership skills ahead of the academic year. (U.S. Army Photo by John Pellino/USMA)

Some guy physically threatened me when he saw me shooting down this alley because it was in the redlight district in Amsterdam, but seeing as I was slightly bigger than him, and thought him to be bluffing, he proved me right and backed away.

 

Taken as part of a series I'm submitting to a magazine for the theme "urban people"... taken in the red light district in Amsterdam.

  

Website | Twitter | Tumblr | About.me | Vimeo | 500px

Though physically distant from each other--but we're still #TOGETHER.

 

#Coronavirus #COVID19 #Ottawa

It's hard hitting, it's physically challenging, and it's emotional. This particular match was all of that and then some. At stake was a spot in the playoffs and both teams fought hard. While the Tornados (the team in dark blue) lost this very close match, they managed to earn enough points to qualify and move on to the next level of play. And I'm not sure who is more excited, them, or me. Why me? Because I get one more weekend of hard hitting action with camera in hand :-)

 

Twin City Tornados vs. Pearl City

Detweiller Park, Peoria, Illinois

May 15th, 2010

 

More of this game ...

The Rugby Collection

 

This is a quick one, I am soooo tired (physically, again). Anyway, I LOVE the hustle bustle of this city, it's so exciting. Just had to 'attempt' to capture it.

 

Went shopping on Madison Avenue this morning, I didn't buy anything, Mom bought tons. Boy, shopping with the camera is crazy, it is SO heavy, I'm not even kidding. When it is MY shopping day, I'm leaving the camera behind.

 

We went to Dylan's Candy Bar. A must go for NYC. It was amazing. Then went to Toys R' Us & Babies R' Us in Times Square for my sister and a few babies we know. Tons of kids there, very crazy too.

 

Came back to the hotel earlier today, Mom and lil' sis passed out on the bed, and now I'm heading out to the Shake Shack to grab some burgers for a late dinner.

 

*Embarrassing fact* - While family napped, I played/experimented with the new eyeshadow I bought, and now I looked like I got punched in the eye. So... at 9:30pm, I'm wearing sunglasses out to get dinner....

 

Click HERE for the nicer view.

 

Physically and mentally handicapped child chained to a fence in a house, Kembata, Alaba kuito, Ethiopia , Camera: ILCE-7RM2 , f3.2 , 1/80 , 24.0 mm , ISO 2000 , © Eric Lafforgue www.ericlafforgue.com

I'm trying to relearn how to dance. Well, not physically as much as emotionally.

Physically imposing in stature, there are several historical references to Hook Nose's flamboyant, intimidating personality and battle prowess. Isaac Coates, General Winfield S. Hancock's surgeon, observed a verbal confrontation between Hancock and Hook Nose outside Fort Larned in April 1867. Coates wrote in his journal; "of all the chiefs, he is one of the finest specimens, physically, of his race. He is quite six feet in height, finely formed with a large body and muscular limbs. His appearance, was decidedly military, and on this occasion, particularly so, since he wore the uniform of a General in the Army. A seven-shooting Spencer carbine hung at the side of his saddle, four large Navy revolvers stuck in his belt, and a bow, already strung with arrows, were grasped in his left hand. Thus armed and mounted on a fine horse, he was a good representative of the God of War, and his manner showed plainly that he did not care whether we talked or fought..."

 

Hook Nose opposed treaties with the United States Federal Government, while other leaders urged peace. Following the implementation of the Little Arkansas Treaty in 1865, Hook Nose moved south, pledging to assist his friends, Bull Bear, Grey Beard, and the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers, defend their ancestral hunting grounds along the Smoky Hill River and within the Republican Valley. He was killed by American soldiers during the Battle of Beecher Island on September 17, 1868, while attempting to charge the island in the Arikaree River and annihilate General Forsyth's command.

TOPSHOTS-Physically challenged Chinese swimmer Xuqing Jin dives into the pool as he competes in the men's 400 metre relay race at the Basavanagudi Aquatic Centre in Bangalore on December 1, 2009. More than 800 athletes from 43 countries are participating in the week-long International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports (IWAS) Federation's World Games. AFP PHOTO/Dibyangshu SARKAR (Photo credit should read DIBYANGSHU SARKAR/AFP/Getty Images)

Sometimes we're being held back in life, from reaching our true potential. Sometimes it's physically being held down, and sometimes it's because we have yet to let go of what we call 'normal' or 'usual.'

 

The fear of the unknown, perhaps is one of the most frustrating things I have come to learn, and trust me - I've learned it. A few things I've learned about it are as follows:

 

What you don't know, will not likely hurt you.

 

What you don't know (as a noun) can't hold you back.

 

What you don't know should be (if it already isn't) the drive for your every day being.

 

And most of all, for me, at least - what I don't know (again, as a noun) is what drives me as a photographer. There is always something out there that has yet to be discovered. Thought about. Perceived, and conceived. Captured in pixels, and in grain.

 

So, whatever is beyond the beyond for you - just remember this.

 

Don't let it hold you back.

I built multiple prototypes for the LEGO Bronco project while I was setting it up, but hadn’t physically built a version of the car for well over a year.

 

As part of a customer request for a ‘Build and Send’ project, I had the opportunity to build the model in one of the second year Bronco colours - Eruption Green.

 

This is probably my favourite real-life Bronco colour at the moment, and I also think it looks stunning in lego.

 

It is combined here with the Roast interior, which is also a favourite.

 

Good news for anyone ordering the model in dark green is that part price has dropped noticeably over the past year.

 

The great thing about Lego these days is that almost all Bronco colours have a matched close and unique lego colour build that will support it.

 

Eruption Green is my favourite though.

School punishments - Since ancient times it was customary to chastise children in case of non-compliance with the disciplinary rules in the school physically the teacher to the early 20th Century being granted the same right of chatisement as the parents. However, there have been since the Middle Ages voices, such as Walther von der Vogelweide, who says: " Nobody can be brought with rod blows to good behavior, a good word is like a blow ...". However, the rod remains throughout the Middle Ages and until recently the symbol of the teaching profession, with it pupils were beaten partly on the back, the buttocks or the fingers. In medieval schoolrooms it hung always visible as a reminder to the students on the wall. Also, the "Nachbleiben" (being kept in after school) and the confinement after school (detention) are sentences that were used in the Middle Ages particularly with regard to disruptive students, in addition to that, often came significant fines, for example, if a student was caught red-handed with a woman in the Burse, the dormitory.

It was only later as more corporal punishments emerged, be it kneeling on the floor, sometimes exacerbated by small woods or peas, sitting on the donkey bank, which was modeled on the shape of a donkey, or even wearing a donkey hat with long ears to point out the Lernunwillen (unwillingness to learn) of the student.

School punishments were to the early 20th Century in use, since the 19th Century they were, however, already strictly regulated, as it is said in a school regulation of 1907.: "School punishments should never cause some kind of health impairment. Corporal punishment (on the hand, in boys on the buttocks, never blows to the head, the ears, the back of the knee or abdomen) should only take place with moral errors, malice or rudeness, never in case of default. Impositions must be limited as far as possible, the time-consuming, mind-numbing, mechanical copying is decidedly to disapprove. The keeping in after school makes only sense if there's sufficient supervision, exposing (corner stand) shall be limited to a few minutes".

Since 1918 in Austria all school punishments are prohibited that aim to corporal punishment, its place have taken disciplinary measures.

Physically resembling the wild boar, to which it is remarkably closely related, the Sicilian Black Swine of Sicily's Nebrodi Mountains enjoys the oak forests of what is considered by many to be the island's most scenic region. Known locally as the "suino nero dei Nebrodi," it has a prominent ridge of spinal bristles running from its large head to about midway along its back and stands about 70 centimetres (27 inches) high. Suids, or suidae (pigs and boars), form the genus sus.The very existence of the breed is an arcane fact of agricultural life in northeastern Sicily, the only part of the island which still has expansive forests. The swine are allowed to graze and forage over wide areas, including woods, and this diet influences the meat's flavour. It also means that the pigs are sometimes mistaken for wild boar, few of which exist in Sicily today.

 

Detto anche Suino Nero dei Nebrodi o Nero delle Madonie. Razza autoctona siciliana di origini antichissime. Suini rustici, di colore nero,selvatici, allevati nelle zone boscose, sono presenti in Sicilia fin dai tempi più lontani. Resti fossili e antichi documenti scritti testimoniano la presenza di questi animali fin dal periodo greco e cartaginese (VII-VI secolo a.C.). Questa razze è arrivata fino ai giorni nostri, con una diffusione in tutta l'isola ma con una maggiore presenza sui Monti Nebrodi.Già ai primi del Novecento c'era solo il ricordo dei grandi branchi di suini al pascolo e il Suino Nero era di solito allevato in gruppi di 10-15 animali. Negli ultimi anni c'è stata una decisa ripresa dell'allevamento di questa razza, sulla quale sono stati effettuati diversi studi mirati in modo particolare alla valorizzazione delle sue produzioni. Il Nero Siciliano è attualmente una razza ufficialmente riconosciuta e dotata di Registro anagrafico, gestito dall'Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Suini (ANAS). I soggetti iscritti al Registro anagrafico alla fine del 2007 erano 1.223 (40 verri, 153 scrofe e 1.030 allievi). Razza precoce e longeva, è caratterizzata da una interessante fertilità e vivinatalità (elevato numero di suinetti portati allo svezzamento). Resistente alle malattie, capace di valorizzare alimenti anche poveri e molto resistente alle avversità climatiche. Le sue carni sono utilizzate sia allo stato fresco che insaccate, ottenendo prodotti di alta qualità.

 

Swathes of forest, unbounded views of astounding beauty, gentle-giant mountains, pure unpolluted air, limpid lakes, age-old villages, deep fertile valleys, undisturbed peace and quiet.....In 1993 the Nebrodi National Park was instituted and, with a surface area of just over 85,000 hectares, it is the largest in Sicily. The variety of fauna is vast and alongside the more common animals such as wild cats, foxes, porcupines and hares there are even a couple of indigenous species: the San Fratello horse and the Nebrodian black pig. The meat of this latter is a highly prized ingredient in the area’s cuisine and it is also used for making hams and salamis. The famous salame di Sant’Angelo di Brodo is one purchase you might like to make. Flora is equally varied. On the lower slopes myrtle, lentisk, cork trees and holm oaks dominate, while higher up oak woods and beech forests cover the peaks.The highest mountain, at 1847 meters, is Monte Soro. The views from here are simply breath-taking: Mount Etna with its plume of smoke to the south-east, the Aeolian Islands emerge from the Tyrrhenian to the north and the Madonie Mountains continue the Sicilian Apennines to the west. While the peaks in the Nebrodi Park are not as high as those of its neighbours, the presence of several wonderful lakes adds a certain variety to the landscape. Of these, Lago Biviere and Lago Ancipa are well worth a visit, the latter also thanks to its stunning views of Mount Etna framed in a natural paradise. Good walking and mountain-biking opportunities abound.Many of the towns originated with the arrival of Byzantine Greeks in the 4th and 5th Centuries AD and remains of Byzantine monasteries and churches can be found dotted around the area. Some of the most important centres are Mistretta, Troina and Nicosia, though many smaller villages, such as San Marco d’Annunzio, San Salvatore di Fitalia, Floresta and San Fratello are worth visiting. This last, in particular, is home to the lovely Convento di San Francesco, complete with cloisters, and a Norman church dating back to the 11th Century.To get the most out of the Nebrodi one has to explore, follow one’s nose and take chances. An unassuming-looking path might lead to a beautiful wood or lake, a seemingly normal village might hide a fantastic church or a wonderful trattoria and the humblest of food shops might sell mouth-watering local delicacies.

 

Istituito nel 1993 ricomprende le più importanti ed estese formazioni boschive presenti in Sicilia (ca 50.000 ha). Le specie arboree più significative sono rappresentate da Fagus sylvatica (all'estremo limite meridionale dell'areale di diffusione), da Quercus cerris, da Quercus suber. Sono anche presenti singolari formazioni a Quercus ilex, a Taxus baccata, a Ilex aquifolium e importanti ambienti lacustri e rupestri. Ricca la fauna sia vertebrata che invertebrata.

Close formation

Imminent distance

Physically within reach

It looks like this façade is physically hanging on as well as metaphorically. Notice how those pieces of scaffolding seem to be preventing the window openings from collapsing? This is the view west along York Road, Bedminster, Bristol from its junction with St Luke's Road. An apartment building called Redcliff Crescent (note the lack of trailing "e") has since replaced these dilapidated houses. This is a road I have driven along literally hundreds ot times over the years when travelling between Clevedon and Keynsham/Saltford. Photo taken April 1992: the general election that year was on 9th April and was won by the Conservatives again. I think it's one of their campaign posters just along the road there.

Some sort of recreation or activity room I imagine.

 

Letchworth Village, a state institution for the segregation of the epileptic and feeble-minded.

Well,,,,, I have become a Super Mom in the past 8 weeks helping my daughter become more responsible & grow & learn about the care in Animals, specifically Pigs.

This has been a VERY trying & my daughter learning appreciation in so many different ways during this experience has been mentally & physically exhausting.

This is a shot I took 11 days ago on my phone, we are in a crunch for this specific pig to make weight for our local fair, (Ingham County Fair). A pig to go to the fair has to be #220 or it can not enter the fairgrounds to show, well this particular pig has been weighted at #180 at this picture & I had to come up with someway for Bullwinkle to make #40 in 12 days. After calling & meeting with a local pig farmer, he did not think that Bullwinkle would ever get to fair weight. I then got onto the internet & researched with the help of Gollygforce (G) & found a few other ways to get him to eat more & FAST!

I had to buy mass amounts of Eggs, Molasses, Dry Milk, Corn Oil & Ground Corn. This mixture made into an oatmeal like mash has gained #22 pounds in 5 days, but my daughter & I have had to hand feeding him 4X a day. I also have had a Swine Professor from Michigan State University come to the barn to see if there was anything else we could do to get Bullwinkle up to weight Faster! He was a great help & stated we were doing already everything we could do for the length of time we had left.

For those that do not know a the background on me,,, I have 3 herniated disks in my neck & I blew out my right knee in March & have a Surgery on my knee to have a Lateral Release & Meniscus repair September 8th 2011. I am a walking basket of pain & this pig S T I N K S !!!!!!! Every time I come home from the barn (90-100 degree days) for the past 2 weeks, I smell so bad that I have to change in my Garage before I enter my own house! I grew up on a farm but not with Pigs! Whew,,,,, wanted to share my past MANY weeks of preparation for the fair for my daughter to have a good time, Learn, Grow, Appreciate & just have some fun in FFA Swine.

Fair starts August 1-6 & I just hope all our HARD WORK will show Alisha a different respect for animals & ME!

She will be selling Bullwinkle the day after showing at the Fair auction.

Pray for Alisha that her pig makes weight to get into the fair.

Pray for Alisha to get Bullwinkle sold in auction or I have to figure that one out after the fair & my freezer can't hold all that meat!

And most of all,,,,PLEASE Pray for me, my sanity & my health for I am utterly exhausted Mentally & Physically!

  

youtu.be/syvF_cutj8w

It's 1865 and the telegraph is heading west. George Crane, wanting to keep law and order out of his territory, is out to stop the construction. The engineer on the job is Ken Mason and he is the grandson of Zorro. As Crane sends his men or Indians to stop the work, Mason repeatedly puts on the Zorro costume and rides to the rescue in this 12-chapter serial.

 

Clayton Moore

September 14th, 1914 — December 28th, 1999

 

Clayton Moore, though best remembered today as television’s Lone Ranger, had a lengthy and distinguished career in serials. Moore was a physically ideal serial lead, but his greatest strengths were his dramatic, quietly intense speaking voice and expressive face. These gifts helped Moore to convey a sincerity that could make the most unbelievable dialogue or situations seem real. The bulk of Moore’s cliffhanger work was done after World War 2, when serials’ shrinking budgets cut back on original action scenes and made the presence of skilled leading players more important than in the serial’s golden age. Moore, with his sincerity and acting skill, was just the type of actor the post-war serials needed.

Clayton Moore was born Jack Carlton Moore in Chicago. He began to train for a career as a circus acrobat at the age of eight, and joined a trapeze act called the Flying Behrs after finishing high school; as a member of the Behrs, Moore would perform for two circuses and at the 1934 World’s Fair. An injury to his left leg around 1935 forced him out of the aerialist business, and after working briefly as a male model in New York he moved to Hollywood in 1937, beginning his film career as a stuntman. He played numerous bit roles in addition to his stunt work for the next three years, among them a miniscule part in his first serial, Zorro’s Fighting Legion (Republic, 1939), as one of the members of the titular group. Edward Small, an independent producer allied with United Artists, cast Moore in his first credited parts in a pair of 1940 films, Kit Carson and The Son of Monte Cristo. The former featured Moore as a heroic young pioneer, the latter as an army officer aiding masked avenger Louis Hayward. Following these two films, Moore began to get credited speaking parts in other pictures. In 1941 he played the romantic lead in Tuxedo Junction, one of Republic Pictures’ “Weaver Brothers and Elviry” comedies, and the next year the studio signed him for his first starring serial, Perils of Nyoka (Republic, 1942).

Perils of Nyoka (Republic, 1942) was a vehicle for Republic’s new “Serial Queen,” Kay Aldridge, who played Nyoka Gordon, a girl seeking her missing scientist father in the deserts of North Africa. Moore was the heroic Dr. Larry Grayson, a member of an expedition searching for the “Tablets of Hippocrates,” an ancient list of medical cures sought by Nyoka’s father before he disappeared. Nyoka joined forces with Grayson and his expedition to locate Professor Gordon and the tablets–and to battle Arab ruler Vultura (Lorna Gray) and her band of desert cutthroats, who were after the Tablets and the treasure hidden with them. Perils of Nyoka was a highly exciting serial, with consistently imaginative and varied action sequences, and colorful characters and locales. Although Moore took second billing to Aldridge, his character received as much screen time as hers and his performance was a major part of the serial’s success. Moore, with his intense sincerity, made his nearly superhuman physician character believable; the audience never felt like questioning Dr. Grayson’s ability to perform emergency brain surgery on Nyoka’s amnesiac father in a desert cave, or his amazing powers of riding, wall-scaling, marksmanship, and sword-fighting, far beyond those of the average medical school graduate.

  

Moore went into the army in 1942, almost immediately after the release of Perils of Nyoka. He served throughout World War Two, and didn’t resume his film career until 1946, when he returned to Republic Pictures to appear in The Crimson Ghost. The impact of his starring turn in Perils of Nyoka was diminished by his long hiatus, and he found himself playing a supporting role in this new serial. He was cast as Ashe, the chief henchman of the mysterious Crimson Ghost, and aided that villain in his attempts to steal a counter-atomic weapon called a “Cyclotrode.” Ashe was ultimately brought to justice, along with his nefarious master, by stars Charles Quigley and Linda Stirling. The Crimson Ghost showed that Moore could play intensely mean villains as well as intensely courageous heroes. His sneering, bullying Ashe came off as thoroughly unpleasant, as he stalked through the serial doing his best to kill off hero and heroine.

  

Moore returned to heroic parts in his next cliffhanger, Jesse James Rides Again (Republic, 1947). The serial’s plot had Jesse, retired from outlawry, forced to go on the run because of new crimes committed in his name. Jesse and his pal Steve (John Compton) wound up in Tennessee, where, under the alias of “Mr. Howard,” Jesse came to the aid of a group of farmers victimized by an outlaw gang called the Black Raiders. The Raiders, secretly bossed by local businessman Jim Clark (Tristram Coffin), were after oil reserves beneath the local farmland, but Mr. Howard ultimately outgunned them. James’ own identity was exposed in the process, but he was allowed to escape arrest by a sympathetic marshal. Jesse James Rides Again was Republic’s best post-war Western serial, thanks in part to the unusual plot device of an ex-badman hero. Moore was able to give Jesse James a dangerous edge that most other serial leads couldn’t have pulled off; his cold, steely-eyed glare when gunning down villains seemed very much in keeping with dialogue references to Jesse’s outlaw past.

 

G-Men Never Forget (Republic, 1947), Moore’s next serial, cast him as Ted O’Hara, an FBI agent battling a racketeer boss named Vic Murkland (Roy Barcroft). O’Hara broke up various protection rackets organized by Murkland, but his efforts were hampered by Murkland’s impersonation of a kidnaped police commissioner (also played by Barcroft). G-Men Never Forget possessed a tough and realistic atmosphere not typical of gang-busting serials, and Moore delivered a grimly determined performance well-fitted to the serial’s mood. Moore’s acting, good supporting performances, skilled direction, and a well-written script made G-Men Never Forget a superior serial, one that could hold its own against earlier gang-busting chapterplays like the Dick Tracy outings.

 

Moore’s next serial was Adventures of Frank and Jesse James (Republic, 1948), in which he reprised his Jesse James role. Joined this time by Steve Darrell as Frank James, Moore tried to help a former gang member named John Powell (Stanley Andrews) develop a silver mine. Part of the mine’s proceeds were to be used to pay back victims of James Gang robberies, but the plan was derailed by a crooked mining engineer (John Crawford), who discovered the mine contained gold instead of silver and murdered Powell to keep this find secret. Crawford then used every trick in the book to keep Moore, Darrell, and Noel Neill (as Powell’s daughter) from developing the mine, but the James Boys unmasked his treachery by the end. Frank and Jesse James drew heavily on stock footage and plot elements from Republic’s earlier Adventures of Red Ryder, and was thus more predictable than its predecessor, but it was still an entertaining and well-made serial. Moore again made Jesse seem both sympathetic and (when fighting the bad guys) somewhat frightening.

 

By now, Moore was established as Republic’s premiere serial hero; however, his next cliffhanger would lead to his departure from the studio and change the course of his career. The last in a long line of Republic Zorro serials, Ghost of Zorro (1949) starred Moore as Ken Mason, the original Zorro’s grandson, who donned his ancestor’s mask to help a telegraph company establish a line in the wild West in the face of outlaw sabotage. Like Adventures of Frank and Jesse James, the serial was somewhat derivative of earlier outings (particularly Son of Zorro), but smoothly and professionally done. Moore delivered another strong performance, but for some odd reason Republic chose to have his voice dubbed by another actor in scenes where he was masked as Zorro. This strange production decision did not diminish Moore’s potential as a masked hero in the eyes of a group of television producers who were trying to find an actor to play the Lone Ranger on a soon-to-be-launched TV show; Moore’s turn in Ghost of Zorro landed him the part. Moore debuted as the Ranger in 1949, and played the part for two seasons on TV. During this period, he did make one apparent serial appearance in Flying Disc Man From Mars (Republic, 1950), but all his footage actually came from The Crimson Ghost.

 

In 1952, Moore was dropped from The Lone Ranger without any explanation from the producers, who apparently feared that Moore was becoming too identified as the Lone Ranger, and that he might become so sure of his position that he’d ask for a bigger salary. John Hart replaced Moore as the Ranger for the show’s third season, and Moore returned to freelance acting. He played numerous small roles in feature films, made multiple guest appearances (usually as a heavy) on TV shows like Range Rider and The Gene Autry Show, and also found time to make four more serials.

The first of these was Radar Men from the Moon (Republic, 1952), which featured Moore as a gangster named Graber, who was working with lunar invaders to bring the Earth under the dominion of Retik, Emperor of the Moon (Roy Barcroft). Scientist “Commando” Cody (George Wallace) opposed the planned conquest with the aid of his flying rocket suit and other handy gadgets. Moore met a fiery demise when his car plummeted off a cliff in the last chapter, and Retik came to a similarly sticky end shortly thereafter. Moore’s characterization in Radar Men from the Moon was reminiscent of his performance as “Ashe;” once again he performed deeds of villainy with swaggering relish.

 

Moore’s next serial, Columbia’s Son of Geronimo (1952), was his first non-Republic cliffhanger. He returned to playing a hero in this outing, an undercover cavalry officer named Jim Scott out to quell an Indian uprising led by Rodd Redwing as Porico, son of Geronimo. The uprising was being encouraged by outlaws John Crawford and Marshall Reed to serve their own ends, and Scott and Porico ultimately joined forces to defeat them. Son of Geronimo remains one of the few popular late Columbia serials, due to its strong and unusually violent action scenes and the forceful performances of Moore and his co-stars, particularly Reed and Redwing.

 

Moore’s last Republic serial was Jungle Drums of Africa (1952), in which he played Alan King, an American mining engineer developing a valuable uranium deposit in the African jungles. Moore was assisted by lady doctor Phyllis Coates and fellow engineer Johnny Sands and opposed by a group of Communist spies (Henry Rowland, John Cason) and their witch-doctor accomplice (Roy Glenn). While Drums drew extensively on stock shots of African animals to augment its jungle atmosphere, it relied to an unusually large extent on original footage for its action scenes and chapter endings, and the result was a modestly-budgeted but enjoyable serial that served as a good finish to Moore’s career at Republic.

 

Gunfighters of the Northwest (Columbia, 1953), Moore’s final serial, cast him as the second lead, a Mountie named Bram Nevin who backed up RCMP Sergeant Jock Mahoney. Moore, in his first and only “sidekick” role, played well off Mahoney; while the latter’s character was the focus of the serial’s action, Moore’s role was really more that of co-hero than of a traditional sidekick. The serial pitted the two leads against the “White Horse Rebels,” a gang of outlaws trying to overthrow the Canadian government. Though thinly-plotted, Gunfighters, with its nice location photography and good acting, was the last really interesting Columbia serial; it was also Moore’s last serial. In 1954, he returned to the Lone Ranger series, its producers having been forced to realize that Moore was firmly established as the Ranger and that audiences wouldn’t warm up to his substitute John Hart. The fourth and fifth seasons of the show featured Moore in his familiar place as the “daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains.”

 

After the Lone Ranger series ended in 1956, Moore reprised the role in two big-screen movies and then retired from acting. He remained in the public view, however, making personal appearances throughout the country in his Lone Ranger garb. Publicly and privately, he upheld the ideals that the Lone Ranger–and his serial heroes–had upheld on the screen: courage, charity, and a sense of justice. In 1979, he was barred by court order from making personal appearances as the Lone Ranger because the property’s owners worried that Moore’s close identification with the character would undercut a new Lone Ranger film. Moore nevertheless maintained his status as the “real” Lone Ranger in the eyes of fans, and, after the failure of the new Ranger feature, he was allowed to resume his mask in 1984. Moore died in Los Angeles in 1999, leaving behind several generations of fans that honored him not only for his TV persona, but for the kindess that characterized the off-screen man behind the mask.

Part of Clayton Moore’s success as the Lone Ranger was due to his respectful attitude towards the character. While some actors would have had a hard time taking a masked cowboy from a children’s radio show seriously, Moore’s performance was as heartfelt as if he had been playing a Shakespearian role; he gave the part all the benefit of his considerable acting talent. Moore played his cliffhanger roles, heroic and villainous, with the same respect and the same wholeheartedness. It’s no wonder that serial fans hold him in the same high regard that the Lone Ranger’s fans do.

  

So, I had a pretty rough week emotionally and physically. I get down on myself pretty easily (as I have mentioned in posts prior to this one). I am constantly feeling like the world is closing in on me and I can't escape and I feel like a wreck to everyone I see. Why can't I just hold myself together like almost every one else in my life. I held off this weekend doing an emotional photo like this because we had family staying at our house and I am embarrassed to not have my life together so I waited till today. I really hope this week will be more uplifting and meaningful. Peace and love.

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Grade II* listed historic building constructed in 1883.

 

"Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. The college is the third-oldest college of the university and has over seven hundred students and fellows. Physically, it is one of the university's larger colleges, with buildings from almost every century since its founding, as well as extensive gardens. Its members are termed "Valencians".

 

Pembroke has a level of academic performance among the highest of all the Cambridge colleges; in 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2018 Pembroke was placed second in the Tompkins Table.

 

Pembroke is home to the first chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is one of the six Cambridge colleges to have educated a British prime minister, in Pembroke's case William Pitt the Younger. The college library, with a Victorian neo-gothic clock tower, is endowed with an original copy of the first encyclopaedia to contain printed diagrams.

 

The college's current master is Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury.

 

Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students. Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951.

 

The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209. The buildings of the university include King's College Chapel, Cavendish Laboratory, and the Cambridge University Library, one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world. The city's skyline is dominated by several college buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, and the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital. Anglia Ruskin University, which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, also has its main campus in the city.

 

Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university. Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average. The Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca, a hotel, and the relocated Papworth Hospital.

 

The first game of association football took place at Parker's Piece. The Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fair are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads. Cambridge station is less than an hour from London King's Cross railway station." - info from Wikipedia.

 

Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.

 

Now on Instagram.