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Diagram showing increased flow of positive ions into second neuron.
As the receiving neuron gets more positively charged, a second protein — the NMDA receptor — opens, allowing positive calcium ions to flow in. The depolarization increases. At a certain threshold, the receiving neuron fires off its own electrical signal.
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Read more from Annual Reviews
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In this personal review from 2016, Terje Lømo reflects on the impact of his most important discoveries, including long-term potentiation.
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Knowable Magazine from Annual Reviews is a digital publication that seeks to make scientific knowledge accessible to all. Through compelling articles, beautiful graphics, engaging videos and more, Knowable Magazine explores the real-world impact of research through a journalistic lens. All content is rooted in deep reporting and undergoes a thorough fact-checking before publication.
The Knowable Magazine Science Graphics Library is an initiative to create freely available, accurate and engaging graphics for teachers and students. All graphics are curated from Knowable Magazine articles and are free for classroom use.
Knowable Magazine is an editorially independent initiative produced by Annual Reviews, a nonprofit publisher dedicated to synthesizing and integrating knowledge for the progress of science and the benefit of society.
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We love to hear how teachers are using our graphics. Contact us: knowablemagazine.org/contact-us
Scientists have identified a particular type of neurons that may be activated to influence a person to stop drinking alcohol.
Previous research has shown that alcohol consumption alters the physical structure and function of neurons, called medium spiny neurons, in the dorsomedial striatum.
Researchers from Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine earlier found that activation of one type of neuron, called D1, determines whether one drink leads to two.
Now, they have discovered the ones that tell us to stop.
These neurons can be thought of like a tree, with many branches, and many small protrusions, or spines, coming off of them.
Each neuron has one of two types of dopamine receptors — D1 or D2 — and can be thought of as either D1 or D2 neurons. When D2 neurons are activated, they discourage action.
"At least from the addiction point of view, D2 neurons are good," said Jun Wang, assistant professor at the Texas A&M College of Medicine.
"When they are activated, they inhibit drinking behavior, and therefore activating them is important for preventing problem drinking behavior," Wang said.
The trouble is, even in individuals without alcoholism, D2 neurons tend to become deactivated when we drink too much.
This deactivation means there is nothing telling us to stop drinking, so we drink more, in a self-perpetuating cycle.
The researchers found that in animal models, repeated cycles of excessive alcohol intake, followed by abstaining from alcohol, actually changed the strength of these neuronal connections, making D2 signals less powerful - which results in essentially training the individual to seek alcohol.
"Think of the binge drinking behavior of so many young adults," Wang said.
"Essentially they are probably doing the same thing that we've shown leads to inhibition of these so-called 'good' neurons and contributes to greater alcohol consumption," he said.
These findings provide insight into another mechanism underlying the complicated disease we call alcoholism.
"Our current and previous research are essentially two sides of the same coin," Wang said.
"D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons have essentially opposing roles in alcohol consumption," he said.
By manipulating the activity of these neurons, the researchers were actually able to change the alcohol-drinking behavior of the animal models who had been "trained" to seek alcohol.
By activating D2 neurons, they were able to decrease alcohol consumption, and the more the D2 neurons were activated, the greater the effect is likely to be.
Although Wang cautions that we are still a long way from testing this in humans, in theory, if we could someday use drugs or electrical stimulation to activate D2 neurons, we may be able to prevent alcoholics from wanting another drink.
The study was published in the journal Biological Psychiatry.
thepunjabnews.in/article/neurons-that-tell-brain-to-stop-...
Umělá inteligence - klíčové téma posledních let, které prostupuje většinou odvětví. Jak je to s regulací AI? Jak může pomáhat v medicíně? A proč je rozdíl mezi implementací umělé inteligence ve firmách v USA a u nás? Na tyto otázky nabídli odpověď na Neuron Clubu specialistka na právo v oblasti technologií Veronika Macurová Křížová, laurát Ceny Neuron a expert na jazykové modely Tomáš Mikolov a student s bohatou praxí v oblasti deep learningu a počítačových neurověd Martin Picek. Diskuzí provázel novinář Pavel Kasík.
Diagram of two neurons, in which arrows depict the first cell releasing glutamate into the synapse.
An electrical signal traveling through one neuron (the sending neuron) causes release of the chemical glutamate at the junction, or synapse, with a second neuron (the receiving neuron).
Related graphics:
How memories form: The steps of LTP (2 of 4)
How memories form: The steps of LTP (3 of 4)
How memories form: The steps of LTP (4 of 4)
Read more in Knowable Magazine
It began with a rabbit: Unraveling the mystery of memory
Half a century after the discovery of long-term potentiation, we’re still learning how the brain remembers
knowablemagazine.org/content/article/mind/2025/memory-for...
Lea en español
Todo empezó con un conejo: desentrañando el misterio de la memoria
Medio siglo después del descubrimiento de la potenciación a largo plazo, todavía estamos aprendiendo cómo el cerebro logra recordar.
es.knowablemagazine.org/content/articulo/mente/2025/poten...
Read more from Annual Reviews
Scientific Discoveries: What Is Required for Lasting Impact (Annual Review of Physiology)
In this personal review from 2016, Terje Lømo reflects on the impact of his most important discoveries, including long-term potentiation.
===
Knowable Magazine from Annual Reviews is a digital publication that seeks to make scientific knowledge accessible to all. Through compelling articles, beautiful graphics, engaging videos and more, Knowable Magazine explores the real-world impact of research through a journalistic lens. All content is rooted in deep reporting and undergoes a thorough fact-checking before publication.
The Knowable Magazine Science Graphics Library is an initiative to create freely available, accurate and engaging graphics for teachers and students. All graphics are curated from Knowable Magazine articles and are free for classroom use.
Knowable Magazine is an editorially independent initiative produced by Annual Reviews, a nonprofit publisher dedicated to synthesizing and integrating knowledge for the progress of science and the benefit of society.
===
We love to hear how teachers are using our graphics. Contact us: knowablemagazine.org/contact-us
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a dopamine receptor immunostaining of purkinje neurons in the cerebellum.
to me, it looks like a wood cut picture of trees in a forest
Gli altri influiscono sul tuo essere. Lo insegna l'anatomia e si chiamano "neuroni specchio". Sono quelli che allestiscono un sorriso in risposta ad un altro sorriso (per citare un esempio). Ecco perché un amico solare e scherzoso ha la capacità di allontanare qualsiasi forma di tristezza.
Estos haz de luces bien podrían ser los impulsos nerviosos que generan las neuronas en nuestro cerebro cuando se produce el choque de unas con otras, la conexión que existe entre ellas cuando se rozan.
Quien sabe si adquirirán estos colores o las formas que crean el vaivén de estas luces, o si en realidad, por ahí dentro, mientras ellas se conectan tienen la oscuridad como fondo de pantalla. Como cuando antes de dormir nos quedamos un tiempo pensando y el color donde naufragan nuestras ideas es sólo de uno identificable: el color negro. Y si cerramos fuerte, fuerte los ojos bien sabemos que unas estrellitas aparecen y desaparecen en ese fondo abismal indescriptiblemente abstracto.
Qué bonito sería imaginarnos que cuando pensamos y nos perdemos en el mar de nuestros pensamientos éste seria el dibujo que formaría la noche de nuestra mente, como las luces en movimiento que dejan su peculiar estela en el momento y en el tiempo.
Incluso si por un momento pudiéramos tocarlas y olerlas, a qué crees que saberían, su textura, una nube, algodón, un alambre, o quizá un tacto que nunca antes hayas experimentado?
Un pozo donde vemos el principio, pero se nos pierde la vista si miramos en lo interno. Todo negro. Un negro puro e intenso. Será entonces en este momento cuando se comiencen a generar los sueños? cuando todo esté dispuesto... y negro?Será éste el lugar lejano y desconocido donde se crean los castillos e historias de nuestros sueños? donde cobra forma el subconsciente y hace de cada noche un cuento diferente nuevo, malo, bueno o escondido.?