View allAll Photos Tagged http=
Visita mi fotoblog - Visit my photoblog
Cabárceno. Hoy por fin dejó de llover después de dos semanas y pude llevar a mis hijas a pasar el día en el parque de la naturaleza de Cabárceno. Hacía mucho tiempo que no iba por allí, y lo cierto es que no me gustó.
Me explico: me gustó el parque, mis hijas disfrutaron mucho, y pasamos un buen día familiar.
Sin embargo, me sorprendió la cantidad de gente que había en el parque. Pensando que aún estamos en Mayo y no ha comenzado la temporada alta de turistas, con lo que llovió ayer, el día gris que amaneció hoy, daba por hecho que estaríamos cuatro, como hace unos años, que podías permanecer horas disfrutando de los animales y el paisaje sin cruzarte con ningún homo sapiens.
Creo que habrá que volver al parque entre semana, en invierno y de noche.....
Por otro lado, este parque está genial para que los animales, a pesar de estar cautivos, puedan disfrutar de una semi-libertad, pero para la fotografía es una puñeta. Con mi modesto Tamron 55-200 no hay manera de cazar un bicho en condiciones. Se veía gente con unos trabucos de esos que pesan un quintal (y valen una pasta) y yo con mi diminuto tele, me sentía acomplejado, jaja.
Menos mal que los gorilas están en recinto cerrado a menos de 5 metros de distancia..... pero a través de un cristal que provoca un molesto reflejo verde que no he conseguido eliminar y un compañero (gracias tentirujo) me ha comentado que también ha sufrido en sus fotografías. Bueno, que le vamos a hacer, esos ojos merecen la pena de todas formas, tristes, pero con una fuerza increíble.
Cómo / How I did it
Canon EOS50D
Tamron 55-200
200mm
1/500
f5,4
ISO1600
A partir de un sólo raw, ajustes generales en el increible acr 6, sumado al buen comportamiento de la 50d con el ruido a isos altas y el tratamiento del ruido del acr 6, y el fallido intento de corregir el balance de blancos para eliminar los reflejos verdes (suerte que soy daltónico y no lo veo, mi hija me lo dice.......)
Copyright © 2010 Pedro Ferrer. All Rights Reserved. Todos los derechos reservados.
View the False Pirate On Black
This weekend it is Carnival "Fiesta Carnaval" in my town Almunecar. The rain was poring down yesterday so no new shots. This one is from last year to give you an idea how the children dress out.
I think they have the Pirate idea from Hollywood Productions. They would never dress like this if they had got proper information about the serious Piracy problems in the world.
Here is how the real thing works!
*************************************
www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9fIj4u3RKA
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yj5f6ApIjUE
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Piracy off the Somali coast has been a threat to international shipping since the beginning of the Somali Civil War in the early 21 century.[1] Since 2005, many international organizations, including the International Maritime Organization and the World Food Programme, have expressed concern over the rise in acts of piracy.[2] Piracy has contributed to an increase in shipping costs and impeded the delivery of food aid shipments. Ninety percent of the World Food Programme's shipments arrive by sea, and ships have required a military escort.[3] According to the Kenyan foreign minister, Somali Falla have received over US$150 million in ransom during the 12 months prior to November 2008.[4]
Clashes have been reported between Somalia's Islamist fighters (who are opposed to the Transitional Federal Government (TFG)) and the pirates.[5] In August 2008, Combined Task Force 150, a multinational coalition task force, took on the role of fighting Somali piracy by establishing a Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA) within the Gulf of Aden.[6] The increasing threat posed by piracy also caused significant concerns in India since most of its shipping trade routes pass through the Gulf of Aden. The Indian Navy responded to these concerns by deploying a warship in the region on October 23, 2008.[7][8] In September 2008, Russia announced that it too will soon join international efforts to combat piracy.[9]
On October 5, 2008, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1838[10] calling on nations with vessels in the area to apply military force to repress the acts of piracy.[11] At the 101st council of the International Maritime Organization, India called for a United Nations peacekeeping force under unified command to tackle piracy off Somalia.[12] (There has been a general and complete arms embargo against Somalia since 1992.)
In November 2008, Somali pirates began hijacking ships well outside the Gulf of Aden, perhaps targeting ships headed for the port of Mombasa, Kenya.[13] The frequency and sophistication of the attacks also increased around this time, as did the size of vessels being targeted. Large cargo ships, oil and chemical tankers on international voyages became the new targets of choice for the Somali hijackers. This is in stark contrast to the pirate attacks which were once frequent in the Straits of Malacca, another strategically important waterway for international trade, which were according to maritime security expert Catherine Zara Raymond, generally directed against “smaller , more vulnerable vessels carrying trade across the Straits or employed in the coastal trade on either side of the Straits.”[14]
There are discussions under way to begin an aggressive covert operation against the pirates. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has been publicly warning of this potential threat for months. In a Harpers Magazine article, a CIA official stated, "We need to deal with this problem from the beach side, in concert with the ocean side, but we don't have an embassy in Somalia and limited, ineffective intelligence operations. We need to work in Somalia and in Lebanon, where a lot of the ransom money has changed hands. But our operations in Lebanon are a joke, and we have no presence at all in Somalia."[15]
I think they have the Pirate idea from Hollywood Productions. They would never dress like this if they had got proper information about the serious Pirate problems in the world.
Chanted by a Bulgarian Byzantine Choir, Dimitar Dimitrov
Composer St. John Koukouzelis 14th Century
.
.
.
photo:
Church of the Holy Saviour, Nesebar, Bulgaria
Sveti Spas, Свети Спас (Несебър), България
finished in 1609
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Saviour,_Nesebar
www.ancient-nessebar.com/html/main_en.php?menu=sights_svspas
Nessebar - UNESCO World Heritage site
Model: Drielly Ribeiro
Facebook: www.facebook.com/jennireanarvaez
Twitter: twitter.com/TheJennire
Twitter 2: twitter.com/ProjNeverland
Instagram: instagram.com/thejennire
Instragram 2: instagram.com/jennirenarvaezphotography
Instagram 3: instagram.com/projectneverlandpn/
Tumblr: jennirenarvaezphotography.tumblr.com/
Check out my Youtube Channel!!!
Youtube: www.youtube.com/channel/UCZTjqrQALJ3Nq9pVHzjkOpQ
BUY MY STUFF!!!!
Redbubble: thejennire
EyeEm: jennirenarvaez
Bacharach (auch unter Bacharach am Rhein bekannt) ist eine Stadt im Mittelrheintal im Landkreis Mainz-Bingen in Rheinland-Pfalz (Deutschland). Der ursprüngliche Name Baccaracus deutet auf einen keltischen Ursprung hin. Bacharach wurde 923 erstmals schriftlich erwähnt. Wohl schon im 7. Jahrhundert ging das königliche Gebiet in den Besitz des Kölner Bischofs Kunibert über (darauf deutet eine „Kunibertskapelle“ an Stelle der heutigen Wernerkapelle).
Bacharach é uma pequena cidade da Alemanha localizada no distrito de Mainz-Bingen, estado da Renânia-Palatinado. A cidade está situada às margens do rio Reno, a 48 km ao sul de Koblenz. Em 2006, possuía 2.089 habitantes.
Bacharach is a small German town, in Rhineland-Palatinate (Mainz-Bingen district), situated on the west bank of the Rhine, 48 km south of Koblenz. Traditionally, the town is said to have been founded in pre-Roman times, possibly by the Celts. Its original name is said to have been Baccaracum. However, the first documentary evidence of its existence is in 923.
A Blast of the Past Big on Black
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Barsebäck NPP
Country Sweden
Coordinates 55°44′40″N 12°55′15″E / 55.74444°N 12.92083°E / 55.74444; 12.92083Coordinates: 55°44′40″N 12°55′15″E / 55.74444°N 12.92083°E / 55.74444; 12.92083
Status Decommissioned
Construction began 1969
Commission date May 15, 1975
Decommission date Reactor 1: November 30, 1999 Reactor 2: May 31, 2005
Operator(s) Barseback Kraft AB
Reactor information
Reactors decom. 2 x 615 MW
Power generation information
Annual generation 3,572 GW·h
Net generation 187,018 GW·h
As of August 1, 2007
Barsebäck is a closed nuclear power plant in Sweden, which is situated in Barsebäck, Kävlinge Municipality, Skåne. Located just 20 kilometers from the Danish capital, Copenhagen, the Danish government pressed for its closure during its entire lifetime. As a result of the Swedish nuclear power phase-out, its two reactors have now been closed. The first reactor, Barsebäck 1, was closed November 30, 1999, and the second, Barsebäck 2, ceased operations May 31, 2005.
Land for the plant was bought in 1965 by the energy company Sydkraft, and the first of the two BWR reactors was ordered from Asea-Atom in 1969. Unit one first attained criticality on January 18, 1975 and commercial operation began on May 15. The second reactor attained criticality in March 21, 1977 and commercial operation began on June 12. Following a decision in the Parliament in 1997, the Government of Sweden decided that the first reactor was to close July 1, 1998, and the second July 1, 2001. Due to the operator's appeal of the decision, the closure was postponed. The destruction of the facility will await the construction of a storage facility, scheduled to be ready by 2020.
At the time of closure, each reactor had a capacity of 600 megawatts. The plant was operated by Barsebäck Kraft AB, a subsidiary of Ringhals AB, owned by Vattenfall and Sydkraft.
Details on
The Fukusahima I Nuclear Power Plant (福島第一原子力発電所, Fukushima Dai-Ichi Genshiryoku Hatsudensho?, Fukushima I NPP), often referred to as Fukushima Dai-ichi (Dai-ichi simply means number 1), is a nuclear power plant located in the town of Okuma in the Futaba District of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, first commissioned in 1971. The plant consists of six boiling water reactors. These light water reactors[1] have a combined power of 4.7 GW, making Fukushima I one of the 15 largest nuclear power stations in the world. Fukushima I was the first nuclear plant to be constructed and run entirely by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). The plant suffered major damage from the 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami that hit Japan on March 11, 2011, disabling the reactor cooling systems and triggering a widespread evacuation surrounding the plant.
The Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant, 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) to the south, is also run by TEPCO.
Free photos. Set 13.
Use it freely in personal and commercial projects.
CC-License
Photos: Anthony Clochard / wuipdesign.github.io
PsP.gallery
500px
YouPic
PsP (Wordpress)
Kavyar
0s4.com/r/RFXCN4 Heavy Construction Equipment Parts for Sale: #heavyequipment #constructionequipment #parts #heavyequipmentparts #construction Back up Alarms, Converters, Heaters, Fans, Engine block heater, Flasher, Relays, Gauges, Indicators, LED Products, Lighting, Mirrors, Precleaners, Radio, Sirens, Safety Products, Strobes. Rotators, Switches and much more. Visit the site and go shopping. Only sold in the Continental USA
A quick how-to for my most complicated piece. You may want to open the full-size picture in another browser or tab.
1) A piece of tape about 6-8 times longer than its width.
2) Fold it as close to 60 degrees as you can.
3) Fold the short end over the triangular overlap. If it doesn't line up perfectly, unfold both folds and try again, using the creases as a guide. Cut off the extra tape on the short end when it is properly lined up. Fold the remaining long end until there isn't enough tape left to cover a side. Cut off the remaining tape.
4) Put the triangle onto a piece of double-sided tape on a sheet of paper. You may also wish to put plastic or wax paper under the paper, to protect the surface from the marker.
5) Color the triangles with permanent markers. You may also wish to let it dry for a while and add a second coat. This is where the instructions differ depending on the model you are making. For the model I am making, you will need twenty constructs, each consisting of nineteen triangles of one color and sixteen of another, for a total of 700 triangles. Good luck.
6) Stick ten triangles of alternating color, color side up, onto a strip of tape.
7) Cut the extra tape off of one end, and cut the other end into a triangular tab.
8) Use the tab to make a loop. Repeat steps 6-8 three times.
9) Put a short strip of tape in each direction onto one of the triangles remaining of the nineteen, and trim the edges to make tabs as shown.
10) Do the same for the last of the sixteen, with longer strips, and add the last three triangles around it before trimming the tabs.
11) Stick one loop on each side of the large triangle from step 10. Opposite the large triangle, attach the small triangle to all three loops. Use three more pieces of tape, through adjoining loops, to connect the loops. For all three pieces on all twenty constructs, have the tape go the same way. Trim the tape to make tabs.
12) Use the two tabs coming from each loop, along with an additional short piece of tape, to conect two constructs on the inside, You can reach inside to push down the tabs, or tuse a bent paperclip at the corners.
13) Continue, to make a loop of five. This is one side of the eventual dodecahedron.
14) (Not pictured) Along the way, add pieces of tape on the outside. I do this sort of on the fly, trying to make sure none of the gaps between triangles remains unreinforced.
15) (Not pictured) Once the reinforcement is added, recolor the triangles.
Delicate - Damien Rice
We might kiss when we are alone
When nobody's watching
We might take it home
We might make out when nobody's there
It's not that we're scared
It's just that it's delicate
So why'd you fill my sorrows
With the words you've borrowed
From the only place you've known
And why'd ya sing Hallelujah
If it means nothing to you
Why'd you sing with me at all?
We might live like never before
When there's nothing to give
Well how can we ask for more
We might make love in some sacred place
The look on your face is delicate
So why'd you fill my sorrow
With the words you've borrowed
From the only place that you've known
And why'd you sing Hallelujah
If it means nothing to you
Why'd you sing with me at all?
And why'd you fill my sorrows
With the words you've borrowed
From the only place that you've known
Why'd you sing Hallelujah
If it means nothing to you
Why'd you sing with me at all?
Canon EOS 300 - Canon EF 28-70mm f3.5-4.5 - Fuji Provia 100F
Scansione da diapositiva (Epson Perfection 3490)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=0is07uv9_oM
MERRY CHRISTMAS ALL MENTALLY ILL.
SIMONE CRISTICCHI - Ti regalerò una rosa .
WILL GIVE YOU A ROSE
A red rose to paint everything
A rose to comfort your each and every tear
And a rose to show you my love
I will give you a rose
A white rose as if you were my wife
A white rose to help you forget
Each little pain
My name is Antonio and I’m mad
I was born in 1954 and I’ve lived here since I was a baby
I believed I could talk with the devil
So they closed me in a mental home for forty years
I’m writing you this letter because I don’t know how to talk
Forgive the handwriting of a school child
And I’m astonished I’m still feeling emotions
But it’s the fault of my hand that won’t stop shaking
I’m like a piano with a broken key
The dissonant chord of an orchestra of drunks
Day and night seem the same
In the dim light the pierces the opaque glass
I’m still pissing myself because I’m afraid
To the sane, we have always been rubbish
Smelling of piss and sawdust
This is mental illness and there is no cure
I will give you a rose
A red rose to paint everything
A rose to comfort your each and every tear
And a rose to show you my love
I will give you a rose
A white rose as if you were my wife
A white rose to help you forget
Each little pain
Mad people are like question marks with no sentences
Thousands of spaceships that never return home
They are snowmen spread out under the sun
Mad people are messengers of a God that doesn’t want them
I build snow for myself out of polystyrene
My illness is that I’ve been left alone
Now take a telescope and measure the distance
Look between me and you – who is more dangerous?
We loved each other secretly in a hospital ward
Finding a corner that would be ours alone
I remember the few moments when we felt alive
Not like the medical records crammed in the archives
Of all my memories, you’ll be the last to disappear
You were like an angel tied to a radiator
In spite of everything I’m still waiting for you
And when I close my eyes I feel your hands caressing me
I will give you a rose
A red rose to paint everything
A rose to comfort your each and every tear
And a rose to show you my love
I will give you a rose
A white rose as if you were my wife
A white rose to help you forget
Each little pain
My name is Antonio and I’m on the roof
Dear Margherita, I’ve waited for you for 20 years
We go mad when no one understands us
Also when your best friend betrays you
I leave you this letter, now I must go
Forgive the handwriting of a school child
Are you astonished I’m still feeling something?
Surprise yourself again because Antonio knows how to fly
JE T'OFFRIRAI UNE ROSE
Je t'offrirai une rose
Une rose rouge pour peindre toute chose
Une rose pour consoler chacune de tes larmes
Et une rose pour t'aimer
Je t'offrirai une rose
Une rose blanche comme si tu étais mon épouse
Une rose blanche qui te serve à oublier
La moindre douleur.
Je m'appelle Antonio et je suis fou
Je suis né en 54 et je vis ici depuis que j'étais enfant
Ils m'ont enfermé ainsi dans un asile pendant quarante ans
Je t'écris cette lettre car je ne sais pas parler
Pardonne ma calligraphie de première primaire
Et je m'étonne d'éprouver encore une émotion
Mais la faute est à ma main qui ne cesse de trembler.
Je suis un piano forte avec une touche cassée
L'accord dissonant d'un orchestre d'ivrognes
Et jour et nuit se ressemblent
Dans le peu de lumière qui traverse les vitres opaques
Je fais encore sous moi tant j'ai peur
Pour la société des sains , nous avons toujours été des rebuts
Je pue de pisse et de chiure
C'est une maladie mentale et il n'existe pas de cure.
Je t'offrirai une rose
Une rose rouge pour peindre toute chose
Une rose pour consoler chacune de tes larmes
Et une rose pour t'aimer
Je t'offrirai une rose
Une rose blanche comme si tu étais mon épouse
Une rose blanche qui te serve à oublier
La moindre douleur.
Les fous sont des points d'interrogation sans phrases
Des milliers d'astronefs qui rentrent à la base
Ce sont des pantins étendus à sécher au soleil
Les fous sont des apôtres d'un Dieu qui n'en veut pas
Je me fabrique de la neige avec la frigolite
Ma pathologie est d'être resté seul
Maintenant prenez un télescope... Mesurez les distances
Et regardez entre vous et moi... qui est le plus dangereux ?
Dans les pavillons, nous nous aimons en cachette
Taillant un coin qui soit seulement le nôtre
Je me rappelle les rares instants où nous nous sentons vivants
Plus comme des dossiers cliniques perdus dans des archives
De mes souvenirs, tu seras le dernier à disparaître
Tu étais comme un ange lié à un radiateur
Malgré tout, je t'attends encore
Et si je ferme les yeux, je sens ta main qui m'effleure.
Je t'offrirai une rose
Une rose rouge pour peindre toute chose
Une rose pour consoler chacune de tes larmes
Et une rose pour t'aimer
Je t'offrirai une rose
Une rose blanche comme su tu étais mon épouse
Une rose blanche que te serve à oublier
La moindre douleur.
Je m'appelle Antonio et je suis sur le toit
Chère Marguerite, ça fait vingt ans que je t'attends
Nous sommes les fous quand personne ne nous comprend
Je te laisse cette lettre, à présent je dois partir
Pardonne ma calligraphie de première primaire
Et tu t'étonnes que j'ai encore une émotion ?
Tu es surprise encore qu’Antonio sache voler.
Ti regalerò una rosa
Una rosa rossa per dipingere ogni cosa
Una rosa per ogni tua lacrima da consolare
E una rosa per poterti amare
Ti regalerò una rosa
Una rosa bianca come fossi la mia sposa
Una rosa bianca che ti serva per dimenticare
Ogni piccolo dolore
Mi chiamo Antonio e sono matto
Sono nato nel ’54 e vivo qui da quando ero bambino
Credevo di parlare col demonio
Così mi hanno chiuso quarant’anni dentro a un manicomio
Ti scrivo questa lettera perché non so parlare
Perdona la calligrafia da prima elementare
E mi stupisco se provo ancora un’emozione
Ma la colpa è della mano che non smette di tremare
Io sono come un pianoforte con un tasto rotto
L’accordo dissonante di un’orchestra di ubriachi
E giorno e notte si assomigliano
Nella poca luce che trafigge i vetri opachi
Me la faccio ancora sotto perché ho paura
Per la società dei sani siamo sempre stati spazzatura
Puzza di piscio e segatura
Questa è malattia mentale e non esiste cura
Ti regalerò una rosa
Una rosa rossa per dipingere ogni cosa
Una rosa per ogni tua lacrima da consolare
E una rosa per poterti amare
Ti regalerò una rosa
Una rosa bianca come fossi la mia sposa
Una rosa bianca che ti serva per dimenticare
Ogni piccolo dolore
I matti sono punti di domanda senza frase
Migliaia di astronavi che non tornano alla base
Sono dei pupazzi stesi ad asciugare al sole
I matti sono apostoli di un Dio che non li vuole
Mi fabbrico la neve col polistirolo
La mia patologia è che son rimasto solo
Ora prendete un telescopio… misurate le distanze
E guardate tra me e voi… chi è più pericoloso?
Dentro ai padiglioni ci amavamo di nascosto
Ritagliando un angolo che fosse solo il nostro
Ricordo i pochi istanti in cui ci sentivamo vivi
Non come le cartelle cliniche stipate negli archivi
Dei miei ricordi sarai l’ultimo a sfumare
Eri come un angelo legato ad un termosifone
Nonostante tutto io ti aspetto ancora
E se chiudo gli occhi sento la tua mano che mi sfiora
Ti regalerò una rosa
Una rosa rossa per dipingere ogni cosa
Una rosa per ogni tua lacrima da consolare
E una rosa per poterti amare
Ti regalerò una rosa
Una rosa bianca come fossi la mia sposa
Una rosa bianca che ti serva per dimenticare
Ogni piccolo dolore
Mi chiamo Antonio e sto sul tetto
Cara Margherita sono vent’anni che ti aspetto
I matti siamo noi quando nessuno ci capisce
Quando pure il tuo migliore amico ti tradisce
Ti lascio questa lettera, adesso devo andare
Perdona la calligrafia da prima elementare
E ti stupisci che io provi ancora un’emozione?
Sorprenditi di nuovo perché Antonio sa volare.
Carbon Based Life Forms © <---- My blog. Do you want to see?
Youtube: Dream Factory
Photograph by Yusuf Alioglu
Photograph by Yusuf Alioglu
© All rights reserved
All rights reserved and photos cannot be used without permission.
IBRIDI
Pumapardo dello zoo di Amburgo, in Germania (1904)
Nonostante il leopardo non ne sia strettamente imparentato, si è riusciti a crearne ibridi con il puma, che sono stati battezzati pumapardi. Tre cucciolate di questi ibridi furono allevati tra i decenni a cavallo dell'Ottocento e del Novecento da Karl Hagenbeck nel suo zoo ad Amburgo, in Germania. La maggior parte non raggiunse l'età adulta. Uno di questi fu venduto nel 1898 allo Zoo di Berlino. Helum Hemmer ha riferito di un ibrido simile. Questi ibridi avevano lunghe code simile a quelle dei puma e mantelli biondo-rossicci o bruno fulvo con chiazze castane simili a quelle del leopardo e, sulle guance, simili a quelle del puma. Un altro ibrido fu descritto come somigliante ad un piccolo puma grigio con grandi rosette marroni.
it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus
Panthera pardus
- Distribuzione:
È facilmente avvistabile nelle riserve protezionistiche africane ed in alcune di quelle asiatiche. Non corre pericolo d'estinzione anche se rimane tutt'ora ambito trofeo di caccia.
Habitat:
Il leopardo si trova praticamente ovunque in Africa, dalle fitte foreste ai confini del deserto fino alle montagne. Sul Kilimanjaro è stato trovato uno scheletro di leopardo congelato.
Dimensioni:
Maschi: circa 70 cm. alla spalla per 60-80 kg. di peso. Femmine: circa 70 cm. alla spalla per 50-70 kg. di peso.
Abitudini:
Prevalentemente notturno.
Alimentazione:
Si ciba di piccoli, medi mammiferi, uccelli, e all'occorenza anche prede più grosse. Non ha bisogno di molta acqua poiché gli sono sufficienti i liquidi delle prede. Se invece l'acqua è disponibile non la disdegna.
Gestazione:
Due tre cuccioli ogni anno dopo 3-5 mesi di gestazione.
Longevità:
Circa 20 anni.
Created for DU Challenge, April 2024.
Source image, with thanks, from KathC.
Gold color on piano done with PS Style.
Fractal & gold musical notes, from Pixabay.
Music spheres & wings, from PDomain.
Eyes & frame, from PNGWing (Circa: early 2024, before malware)
There's NO AI in this image!
= = = = = = = = = = = = =
© All rights reserved. This image may not be copied, reproduced, distributed, republished, downloaded, displayed, posted or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photocopying & recording without my written permission. Thanks.
~ Thank you for visiting my photostream, for the invites, faves, awards and kind words. It's all much appreciated. ~
Please Respect The Copyright
I went to Dave's work, there were the flowers under the light...
I saw the heart... and just had to try...... you are my heart.
remember this fellow? that first barred owl was spotted while away on the mainland (200 km from home), but just over a week later taking a walk in the woods a couple blocks from my house, i came upon this compatriot. starting to think the owls are finding me, not the other way around.
PD: Por favor no comentar spam o publicidades de grupos. Si lo publican tendre que bloquear a la persona. Por favor, no use esta imagen en los sitios web, blogs u otros medios de comunicación sin mi permiso explícito - Todos los derechos reservados ©.
Please do not comment spam or group photos. If the public will have to block the person.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission - All Rights Reserved ©
Follow me @ www.facebook.com/Gringerbergphoto
Les fontaines de la Concorde sont deux fontaines situées sur la place de la Concorde, dans le 8e arrondissement de Paris. Situées de part et d'autre de l'obélisque de la Concorde, il y a, au sud, la Fontaine des Mers et au nord la Fontaine des Fleuves
Marquée par le souvenir sanglant de la Terreur et de l'exécution de la famille royale, la place de la Concorde pose un problème politique aux gouvernements du XIXe siècle. La statue de la Liberté ayant été retirée sous le Consulat, et les projets consistant à édifier une statue de Charlemagne, puis une fontaine, ayant été abandonnés, c'est finalement Louis XVIII qui envisage de bâtir au centre de la place un monument à la mémoire de son frère Louis XVI : la statue du roi martyr, encadrée d'une chapelle et d'un saule pleureur. Charles X pose la première pierre le 3 mai 1826. La même année, la place de la Concorde est rebaptisée place Louis XVI (l'inscription était toujours visible à l'angle de la rue Boissy d'Anglas jusqu'à récemment). Mais la statue projetée ne sera jamais élevée, interrompue par la révolution de juillet 1830, qui redonne à la place son nom définitif de « place de la Concorde ».
En 1831, le vice-roi d'Égypte, Méhémet Ali, offre à la France les deux obélisques qui marquent alors l'entrée du Temple de Louxor à Thèbes. Seul le premier d'entre eux sera transporté vers la France et arrivera à Paris le 21 décembre 1833. C'est Louis-Philippe Ier qui décide de l'ériger sur la place de la Concorde où « il ne rappellera aucun évènement politique ». L'opération, véritable prouesse technique, est réalisée le 25 octobre 1836 sous la direction de l'ingénieur de la marine Apollinaire Lebas, en présence de plus de 200 000 personnes. Le roi et la famille royale, incertains du succès de l'opération, ont préféré y assister depuis les salons de l'hôtel du Garde-meuble, ne paraissant sur le balcon que pour recueillir les applaudissements de la foule au moment précis où le monolithe se dresse à la verticale.
Entre 1836 et 1846, la place est transformée par l'architecte Jacques-Ignace Hittorff qui conserve le principe imaginé par Gabriel. Il ajoute deux fontaines monumentales — la Fontaine des Mers et la Fontaine des Fleuves — de part et d'autre de l'obélisque et ceinture la place de lampadaires et de colonnes rostrales. La place se veut ainsi une célébration du génie naval de la France, en référence à la présence, dans l'un des deux hôtels édifiés par Gabriel, du ministère de la Marine. Les deux fontaines — inaugurées le 1er mai 1840 par le préfet Rambuteau — célèbrent la navigation fluviale (fontaine nord, avec des figures assises représentant le Rhin et le Rhône et les récoltes de raisins et de blé) et la navigation maritime (fontaine sud, avec la Méditerranée, l'Océan et la pêche). Pour la réalisation des statues ornant ces fontaines, l'architecte fera appel à de nombreux artistes : Jean-François-Théodore Gechter, Honoré-Jean-Aristide Husson, François Lanno, Nicolas Brion, Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay, Antoine Desboeufs, Jean-Jacques Feuchère, Antonin-Marie Moine, Jean-Jacques Elshoecht (dit Carle Elshoecht) et Louis-Parfait Merlieux. Les colonnes rostrales portent des proues de navire, qui évoquent également l'emblème de la Ville de Paris. Les statues allégoriques de huit villes françaises dessinent le contour de l'octogone imaginé par Gabriel. Celle évoquant Strasbourg est drapée de noir à partir de 1871, date du rattachement de l'Alsace-Lorraine à l'Allemagne.
En 1854, les fossés, qu'Hittorff avait conservés, sont comblés pour mieux adapter la place à la circulation.
Epic goddess video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtlVGi_K-Bk
Nikon D800E photography of Pretty Blond Swimsuit Bikini Model Goddess @ the 45SURF Summer Beach House! Gorgeous Blue Eyes! I'm thinking about adding a deck and a pool to the beach house / surf shack with the famous black 45SURF surfboard, and some cool beach reading for goddesses--Shakespeare, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and Melville's Moby Dick! You'll have to visit!
Join/like my facebook page! www.facebook.com/45surfHerosJourneyMythology
Follow me on facebook! facebook.com/elliot.mcgucken
Classic California--an athletic model goddess in a black Gold 45 Revolver bikini with the Moving Dimensions Theory Equation on it: dx4/dt=ic! Tall, thin, fit and very, very pretty!
Here's some new epic video of the epicly pretty brunette goddess--shooting stills & video @ the same time!:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHvI4Uyd_FY
www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtlVGi_K-Bk
Be sure to enjoy the epic videos in full screen HD! :)
Photos shot with the AMAZING Nikon D800 E and Nikon 70-200mm f/2.8G ED VR II AF-S Nikkor Zoom Lens and the B W 77mm XS-Pro Kaesemann Circular Polarizer with Multi-Resistant Nano Coating. Classic California Brunette Beach Babe! Beautiful Swimsuit Bikini Model Goddess with Pretty Blue Eyes and wavy sandy blond hair!
Shot in both RAW & JPEG, but all these photos are RAWs finished in Lightroom 5 ! :)
Modeling the classic 45surf t-shirts and the Gold 45 Revolver Gold'N'Virtue Bikini on a sunny Malibu summer afternoon--my favorite for shooting on the beautiful socal beach!
Shot with the new Nikon D800E and Nikon 70-200mm f/2.8G ED VR II AF-S Nikkor Zoom Lens.
Captured in both RAW and JPEG.
Modeling the black & gold "Gold 45 Revolver" Gold'N'Virtue swimsuits with the main equation to Moving Dimensions Theory on the swimsuits: dx4/dt=ic. Yes I have a Ph.D. in physics! :) You can read more about my research and Hero's Journey Physics here:
herosjourneyphysics.wordpress.com/ MDT PROOF#2: Einstein (1912 Man. on Rel.) and Minkowski wrote x4=ict. Ergo dx4/dt=ic--the foundational equation of all time and motion which is on all the shirts and swimsuits. Every photon that hits my Nikon D800e's sensor does it by surfing the fourth expanding dimension, which is moving at c relative to the three spatial dimensions, or dx4/dt=ic!
May the Hero's Journey Mythology Goddess inspire you (as they have inspired me!) along your own artistic journey! Love, love, love the 70-200mm F/2.8 Lens! :)
All the Best on Your Epic Hero's Journey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!
May the classic California HJM Goddesses guide, inspire, and exalt ye along yer heroic artistic journey!
With the black 45 surf surfboard!
Visit my blog for advice on how on how to take photographs of your children or submit a photo for inclusion in "Ken's Tips On Your Pics": www.kensharp.com/blog/category/kens-tips-on-your-pics-2/
© Ken Sharp. Please do not use or download without permission. If you have any queries please contact me: www.kensharp.com
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo8M15jL4gQ
Μάνααα !!!!
Μικρό αγόρι, πάλι τρέχεις μόνο
πιο γρήγορα απ' το μυαλό, πιο γρήγορα απ' το νόμο
σ' ένα κόσμο που στροβιλίζεται αδιάκοπα
σε μια κούρσα από κουρασμένα άλογα
είναι τόσο εύκολο κάποιος να σκοτώσει
όλα αυτά που πιστεύεις, όλα αυτά που έχεις νιώσει
κανένας στα σχολεία δε σου έμαθε τίποτα
κι απ' τα τελευταία θρανία χάζευες τα σύννεφα
απ' το σημείο αυτό με οδηγείς σε μια παραλία
κι ανοίγει η σκέψη μου σαν αεροφωτογραφία
είναι αυτή η σιωπή που πάντα μισούσε τις λέξεις
η εμπειρία τού να πέφτεις σ' ένα κώμα χωρίς σκέψεις
από ένα τηλεσκόπιο φέρνεις κοντά ένα πλανήτη
και βλέπεις μια έρημο όπου κανείς δεν έχει σπίτι
πες μου Μ. Δέλτα, τι είναι αυτό που τους αξίζει
δύναμη, Βήτα, Δέλτα, Πι
το τελευταίο χτύπημα, το τελευταίο χτύπημα
το τελευταίο χτύπημα, το οριστικό χτύπημα
Μικρό αγόρι, πάλι τρέχω μόνος
πιο γρήγορα απ' το μυαλό, πιο γρήγορα απ' το νόμο
ενώ μέσα στο κρύο άλλος ένας περιμένει
την αγάπη, τον οίκτο, ένα ξένο παντελόνι
όλοι είμαστε από σάρκα και αίμα
μα υποκρινόμαστε αγαπώντας περισσότερο το ψέμα
κι αυτή η φωτιά που μέσα μας ανάβει
μας σβήνει στη σιωπή και στο χώμα μάς θάβει
είναι ένας τρόπος να μεγαλώνουν οι πόλεις
οι ταξικές διαφορές, ο ρατσισμός και οι φόροι
χωρίς να το ξέρουμε είμαστε δεμένοι
σ' ένα σύστημα που κανείς δεν καταλαβαίνει
μα δε θα 'μαι για πάντα κοινωνικό μηδέν
εκεί με κατέταξες, πιο κάτω με πέταξες
όμως αυτός είναι ο καιρός μου, τώρα ξέρω τι θέλω
ένα μαύρο τριαντάφυλλο και τη δύναμη για να παλεύω
Μικρό αγόρι, πάλι τρέχεις μόνο
πιο γρήγορα απ' το μυαλό, πιο γρήγορα απ' το νόμο
απ' την καρδιά μου τώρα φεύγουν τα λόγια
κι αντλώ δύναμη απ' τα γρήγορά μου πόδια
είναι το φως που κοιτάς όταν η ζωή περνάει
Στέρεο Νόβα είναι η νέα τάξη που χτυπάει
τώρα που η ιστορία καίει σαν πυρωμένο σίδερο
κοιτάζω πέρα το μεγάλο μαύρο σύννεφο
απ' το σημείο αυτό με οδηγείς σε μια παραλία
κι ανοίγει η σκέψη μου σαν αεροφωτογραφία
είναι αυτή η σιωπή που πάντα μισούσε τις λέξεις
η εμπειρία τού να πέφτεις σ' ένα κώμα χωρίς σκέψεις
από ένα τηλεσκόπιο φέρνεις κοντά ένα πλανήτη
και βλέπεις μια έρημο όπου κανείς δεν έχει σπίτι
πες μου Μ. Δέλτα, τι είναι αυτό που τους αξίζει
δύναμη, Βήτα, Δέλτα, Πι
το τελευταίο χτύπημα, το τελευταίο χτύπημα
το τελευταίο χτύπημα, το οριστικό χτύπημα
το τελευταίο χτύπημα, το τελευταίο χτύπημα
το τελευταίο χτύπημα, το οριστικό χτύπημα
ON MY KNEES, I CAN SEE FOREVER
© ajpscs
Simplicity, clarity, singleness: These are the attributes that give our lives power and vividness and joy as they are also the marks of great art. They seem to be the purpose of God for his whole creation.
Richard Holloway
Web || Blog || Twitter || Facebook || Tumblr || 500px || Vimeo ||
Acercamiento aparente del Cometa C/2011 L4 PanSTARRS a la galaxia de Andrómeda (M31) con seguimiento montura vixen polarie.
BLOG -| Más información en mi Blog
Web de fotografía nocturna --| www.josemiguelmartinez.es
Página en Facebook--------------| Facebook
Mi revista ONLINE ----------------| En Flipboard
Aeronauticum, Nordholz (2015) - Germany
Lockheed F-104G Starfighter, 22+98 (Marineflieger)
Photo selection
newcastlephotos.blogspot.com/2006/06/all-saints-cemetery....
All Saints Cemetery
This Cemetery stands on Jesmond Road, opposite Jesmond Old Cemetery and was the first cemetery in Newcastle to be instigated by the Burial Board. Consecrated in 1855 and opened in 1856 this was very much a rural part of Newcastle. The residential housing surrounding the cemetery on 3 sides were built later.
Noted Newcastle architect Benjamin Green designed the cemetery, its buildings and the fine Gothic archway over the entrance from Jesmond Road. The cemetery is surrounded by cast iron railings with fleur-de-lys heads.
The cemetery was extended to Osborne Avenue, from just under 10 acres by another 1.3 hectares in 1881.
In 1924 Carliol Square Gaol was demolished and the bodies of its executed criminals were transferred into unmarked graves in the cemetery.
In total around 90,000 burials have taken place here.
Thomas Harrison Hair (1810-1875) the artist best known for his Views of the Collieries of Northumberland and Durham, is buried here in an unmarked grave.
Two Small Chapels:
2 chapels. 1856 by Green. Coursed squared sandstone with ashlar turrets and dressings; Welsh slate roofs. T-plan with additional porch on side away from centre of cemetery, and corner turret on innermost side at south end. Aligned north-south. Decorated style. Double doors, with elaborate hinges,on inner fronts have nook shafts and head-stopped dripmoulds; similar surround to plainer door in outward-facing porch; windows of 3 lights facing gateway, 2 lights on other fronts, have similar dripmoulds. Lancets to corner turrets with gabled belfry under octagonal spirelets. Buttresses. Steeply-pitched roofs with cross finials. LISTED GRADE 2.
1 of the Chapels is now the Russian Orthodox Church Of St. George.
Gate, walls, piers, gates and railings.
Cemetery gateway, walls, piers, gates and railings. Dated 1856; by Green. Coursed squared sandstone with ashlar dressings; wrought iron gates; cast iron railings. Gothic style. High gable over 2-centred arch with 12 shafts each side and many mouldings; gabled ends have fantastic beasts climbing down kneelers; head-stopped dripmoulds, buttresses and finials.
High, pointed coping to flanking walls containing pedestrian doors in arches; end piers have gables with fleur-de-lis moulding. Chamfered coping to dwarf quadrant walls and similar walls along cemetery front, with 4 square piers at each side having pyramidal coping. High gates are Gothic-patterned; railings have fleur-de-lis heads.
Burials:
Samuel Smith.
Celtic Cross monument. Samuel Smith OBE JP (1872-1949) was the founder of Rington's Tea. He was born in Leeds and became an errand boy for a tea merchants on leaving school at 11. In 1908 he moved to Newcastle and set up a small shop in Heaton with William Titterington. They called the company Ringtons. The tea was imported from India and Sri Lanka then tasted, blended and packaged. It was delivered by the company's black, gold and green horse-drawn coaches. In 1926 the business moved to purpose-built premises in Algernon Road. Eventually there were 26 branches of Ringtons in the North. The firm moved into coachbuilding during the World Wars, which led to the creation of Smith's Electric Vehicles at Team Valley Trading Estate.
Alexander Gardner.
Cross monument. Alexander Gardner (1877-1921) was a footballer for Newcastle United. Before the First World War, Newcastle United were in the First Division, won three league titles and won one FA Cup final of three. Alexander was the captain and played at right half (midfielder). He made 268 appearances and scored 20 goals. He was born in Leith in 1899. The 1904/5 team won 23 out of 34 league games. In 1909 Alexander broke his leg, which ended his football career. He became landlord of the Dun Cow Inn in Claremont Road.
Michael Joseph Quigley.
Gravestone of Michael Joseph Quigley (1837-1924), American Civil War veteran. Michael was born in Bradford and emigrated to America with his wife shortly before the outbreak of civil war. He served under General Robert E. Lee in Virginia but was wounded in his left arm. He was later employed in Government Service. He returned to Britain in 1876. He lived in St. Lawrence Square off Walker Road. His income was subsidised by a pension from the American Government.
James Skinner.
Obelisk monument to James Skinner (1836-1920), shipbuilder. James was born in London. He moved to Newcastle aged 14 to begin an apprenticeship at Coutts shipyard at Low Walker. He went on to manage Andrew Leslie's shipyard at Hebburn then opened a yard at Bill Quay with William Wood, shipyard cashier. The firm Wood Skinner & Co. built 330 vessels over 42 years up to 1925. They also built the 30-bed Tyne Floating Hospital for Infectious Diseases at Jarrow Slake, designed by Newcastle Civil Engineer, George Laws. The hospital ship was launched on 2 August 1885. It sank in 1888. She was refloated and remained moored there for over 40 years.
Francis Batey.
Urn monument to Francis Batey (1841-1915), steam tug boat owner. Francis joined his father's tug boat business at the age of 11 and eventually gained his master's certificate. When the Albert Edward Dock opened in 1884, he was assistant pilot on the Rio Amazonas, the first ship to enter the dock. He went on to be chairman of several tug related companies on the River Tyne. One of his sons, John Thomas Batey, became Managing Director of Hawthorn Leslie's Hebburn shipyard.
Antonio Marcantonio.
Impressive monument of a statue of a monk or friar holding an infant. Antonio Marcantonio (1886-1960), ice cream manufacturer, arrived in Newcastle in 1895 to join a small colony of Italians living in Byker. In the early 1900s he returned to Italy to marry Angela. He returned to Newcastle and began making ice cream in a room in his house using small pans of salt and ice to freeze it. Eventually he took over a small factory on Stepney Bank. 500 gallons of ice cream were made daily. He also owned five ice cream parlours, the first one was in the Grainger Arcade. The Mark Toney business still flourishes (factory at Benton Square).
George Henry Carr.
A 13 feet high monument to George Henry Carr (1867-1889), racing cyclist. There is a shield on each side depicting a bicycle, flowers, the badge of the Jubilee Rovers Bicycle Club and the badge of Clarence Bicycle Club. Carr was a prominent figure on the racing circuit. He died aged 22 of inflammation of the brain.
John James Lightfoot,
Monument of an angel to John James Lightfoot (1877-1897), apprentice joiner. John James was crushed to death aged 19 during restoration of the 200 year old Green Tree beerhouse in Robson's Entry, Sandgate.The building collapsed killing 4 people and injuring 12. The disaster was sketched by the Chronicle's artist and published on 6 March 1897 the day after the accident. The article describes the scene - 'in the house to the east there was a yawning space where the wall had tumbled in; behind the hole a staircase stood, but seemed, like the sword of Damocles, to have no more than a hair-strength to support it'.
Josephine Esther Salisse.
Family vault of M. and H.M. Salisse. A stone sarcophagus with a bronze female figure mourning over it. Josephine Esther Salisse (1905-1924) was from Thornton Heath in Surrey. She died suddenly at her aunt's home in Stratford Road, Heaton, aged 19.
John and Benjamin Green were a father and son who worked in partnership as architects in North East England during the early nineteenth century. John, the father was a civil engineer as well as an architect. Although they did carry out some commissions separately, they were given joint credit for many of their projects, and it is difficult to attribute much of their work to a single individual. In general, John Green worked on civil engineering projects, such as road and rail bridges, whereas Benjamin worked on projects that were more purely architectural. Their work was predominantly church and railway architecture, with a sprinkling of public buildings that includes their masterpiece, Newcastle's Theatre Royal.
Drawings by John and Benjamin Green are held by the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Biographies
John Green was born on 29 June 1787 at Newton Fell House, Nafferton, two miles north of Ovington, Northumberland. He was the son of Benjamin Green, a carpenter and maker of agricultural implements. After finishing school, he worked in his father's business. The firm moved to the market town of Corbridge and began general building work with young John concentrating on architectural work. About 1820, John set up business as an architect and civil engineer in nearby Newcastle upon Tyne.
John Green married Jane Stobart in 1805, and they had two sons, John (c.1807–68) and Benjamin (c1811-58), both of whom became architects. Little is known about the career of John, but Benjamin worked in partnership with his father on many projects.
In 1822 John Green designed a new building for the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. The building, which houses the society's substantial library, is still in use today. He also designed a number of farmhouses, being employed on the Beaufront estate near Hexham and also on the Duke of Northumberland’s estates.
John Green was principally a civil engineer, and built several road and rail bridges. In 1829–31 he built two wrought-iron suspension bridges crossing the Tyne (at Scotswood) and the Tees (at Whorlton). The bridge at Scotswood was demolished in 1967 but the one at Whorlton still survives. When the High Level Bridge at Newcastle was proposed ten years later, John Green submitted plans, but those of Robert Stephenson were accepted by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway. Green also built a number of bridges using an innovative system of laminated timber arches on masonry piers, the Weibeking system, based on the work of Bavarian engineer C.F. Weibeking. The two he built for the Newcastle and North Shields Railway, at the Ouseburn and at Willington Quay remain in use, though the timbers were replaced with wrought iron in a similar lattice pattern in 1869. In 1840 he was elected to the Institution of Civil Engineers, and in 1841 he was awarded the institution's Telford Medal for his work on laminated arch design.
John Green died in Newcastle on 30 September 1852.
Benjamin Green
Benjamin Green was a pupil of Augustus Charles Pugin, father of the more famous Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin. In the mid-1830s he became a partner of his father and remained so until the latter's death in 1852. The two partners differed somewhat. John has been described as a 'plain, practical, shrewd man of business' with a 'plain, severe and economical' style, whereas Benjamin was 'an artistic, dashing sort of fellow', with a style that was 'ornamental, florid and costly'.
The Greens worked as railway architects and it is believed that all the main line stations between Newcastle and Berwick upon Tweed were designed by Benjamin. In 2020 Morpeth Station was restored to Green's original designs following a £2.3M investment. They also designed a number of Northumbrian churches, the best examples being at Earsdon and Cambo.
The Green's most important commissions in Newcastle were the Theatre Royal (1836–37) and the column for Grey's Monument (1837–38). Both of these structures were part of the re-development of Newcastle city centre in neo-classical style by Richard Grainger, and both exist today. Although both of the partners were credited with their design, it is believed that Benjamin was the person responsible.
Another well-known structure designed by the Greens is Penshaw Monument (1844). This is a folly standing on Penshaw Hill in County Durham. It was built as a half-sized replica of the renowned Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, and was dedicated to John George Lambton, first Earl of Durham and the first Governor of the Province of Canada. The monument, being built on a hill is visible for miles around and is a famous local landmark. It is now owned by the National Trust.
Benjamin Green survived his father by only six years, and died in a mental home at Dinsdale Park, County Durham on 14 November 1858.
Major works
Presbyterian Chapel, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1822 (demolished 2011)
Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1822–1825
St Peter's Church, Falstone, 1824–1825
Westgate Hill Cemetery, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1825–1829 (lodge demolished 1970, railings and gates removed, piers and basic layout remains)
Ingram Farm, Ingram, 1826
Whorlton Suspension Bridge, Wycliffe, County Durham, 1829–1831
Hawks Cottages, Gateshead, 1830 (demolished 1960)
Scotswood Chain Bridge, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1831, (demolished 1967)
Church of St Mary and St Thomas Aquinas, Stella, 1831–1832[1]
Bellingham Bridge, Bellingham, 1834
Holy Trinity Church, Stockton-On-Tees, 1834–1835[2]
Holy Trinity Church, Dalton (near Stamfordham), 1836
Vicarage of St Alban, Earsdon, 1836
Church of St Alban, Earsdon, 1836–1837
St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Alnwick, 1836
Church of the Holy Saviour, Newburn, 1836–1837
Poor Law Guardians Hall, North Shields, 1837
Master Mariners Homes, Tynemouth, 1837–1840[3]
Theatre Royal, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1837
Parish Hall of the Church of the Holy Saviour, Newburn, 1838
Column of Grey's Monument, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1838
Willington Viaduct, Wallsend, 1837–1839
Ouseburn Viaduct, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1837–1839
Church of the Holy Saviour, Tynemouth, 1839–1841
Ilderton Vicarage, Ilderton, 1841
The Red Cottage, Whitburn, 1842
Holy Trinity Church, Cambo, 1842
Holy Trinity Church, Horsley-on-Rede, 1844
The Earl of Durham's Monument, Sunderland, 1844
St Edwin's, Coniscliffe, Co. Durham, 1844 (restoration of mediaeval church)
40–44 Moseley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1845
Witham Testimonial Hall, Barnard Castle, 1846
Old Railway Station, Tynemouth Rd, Tynemouth 1846–1847
Acklington Station, Acklington, 1847
Chathill Station, Chathill, 1847
Belford Station, Belford, Northumberland, 1847
Morpeth Station, Morpeth, Northumberland, 1847
Warkworth Station, Warkworth, Northumberland, 1847
Holy Trinity Church, Seghill, 1849
Newcastle Joint Stock Bank, St Nicholas Square, Newcastle, c.1850
Norham station, Norham, 1851
St Paul's Church, Elswick, 1854
All Saints Cemetery, Jesmond, 1854
Sailor's Home, 11 New Quay, North Shields, 1856
United Free Methodist Church, North Shields, 1857
Corn Exchange, Groat Market, Newcastle (demolished 1974)
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
Roman settlement
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
Anglo-Saxon development
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
Norman period
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Middle Ages
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
Religious houses
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
Tudor period
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
Stuart period
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Victorian period
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
Industrialisation
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
Glassmaking
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Locomotive manufacture
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
Shipbuilding
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
Armaments
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Steam turbines
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
Pottery
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Expansion of the city
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
Twentieth century
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Recent developments
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
ID: 003780
This picture is (c) Copyright Frank Titze, all rights reserved.
It may NOT be reproduced, copied, edited, published, transmitted or uploaded in any way without my permission.
See more pictures on frank-titze.art.
------------------------------------------------
Exposure: Digital
Developing: ---
Enlarging: ---
Scanning: ---
Processing: Digital
------------------------------------------------
Exposure: 07/2015
Processing: 08/2015
Published: 12/2015
------------------------------------------------
Flickr "taken" date set as actual publish date.
------------------------------------------------
Visit my blog for advice on how on how to take photographs of your children or submit a photo for inclusion in "Ken's Tips On Your Pics": www.kensharp.com/blog/category/kens-tips-on-your-pics-2/
© Ken Sharp. Please do not use or download without permission. If you have any queries please contact me: www.kensharp.com