Illustration, Flower, Virus

A handy 'cut out and keep guide' Three different things. No exosomes here, apparently.

Hello there. Relevant comments welcome but please do NOT post any link(s).

www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkQK83Tf9so&ab_channel=Queen-...

www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpdpW0z9xnQ&ab_channel=Shuffl...

#NewYearsDay

#TheNudgeUnit

#TheGreatReset

#Technocracy

#ParadigmShift

#NarrativeScience

#MaxIgan

#Sean Hibbeler

#ReynhardSinaga

#DangerousTimes

#AndrewCallaghan

#Channel5News

#AustralianFires

#BobPaisleyStatue@Anfield

#RickyGervais@GoldenGlobes

#YearofTheRat

#ChineseNewYear

#ChineseHoliday

#Iran

#WW3

#CoffinDancers

#Ghana

#SadioMané

#JurgenKlopp

#XiaoboTao

#Dr.Fauci

#AiFen

#Wuhan

#BioLab4

#GainofFunction

#Li Wenliang

#Coronavirus

#CTCCTCGGCGGGCACGTAG

#Italy

#Lombardy2020

#Lampedusa2013

#Milan

#ItalianFashionShow

#FashionShowSpreadEvent

#KFConsole

#Brexit

#BritainLeavesEU

#JamesEnglish

#StatmanGaz

#HildurGuðnadóttir♫

#KobeBryant

#StormCiara

#StormDennis

#CarolineFlack

#TysonFury

#BillWithers

#DoubleDownNews

#GeorgeMonbiot

#GeorgeKnapp

#Macroaggressions

#CharlieRobinson

#TheLastAmericanVagabond

#TheCorbettReport

#QuiteFrankly

#FrankValbiro

#JamesCorbett

#WhitneyWebb

#RyanDawson

#Dr.DavidMartin

#ChrisHedges

#ClaudiaStauber

#GeneChipTatum

#BlakeLively

#RichardDolan

#SereneLee

#ClearPerspective

#SugarSammy

#CabinTalk

#Grimerica

#TinfoilHat

#SamTripoli

#BenjaminGrundy

#GrahamDunlop

#DarrenGrimes

#TimDillon

#NickHinton

#RyanGable

#AwakenWithJP

#RyanChristian

#BenSwann

#SpiroSkouras

#AllisonMcDowell

#DelBigtree

#Dr.SherriTenpenny

#DougMcKenty

#DanDicks

#BlackPilled

#UKColumn

#DarkJournalist

#ActivistPost

#BlacklistedNews

#JeffreyTucker

#TheGrayzone

#ConsortiumNews

#IceAgeFarmer

#TruthstreamMedia

#ReallyGraceful

#FakeNews

#QNXSoftware

#QNX-Ventilator

#QNXHackingVentilators

#Sars-CoV-2

#RealVirus

#Remdesivir

#Dr.CassIngram

#P73

#WildOreganoOil

#Exosomes

#Antibodies

#Ivermectin

#Vaccine

#AntiVaccine

#DNA

#5G

#USA

#China

#Taiwan

#HongKong

#COVID-19

#NHS

#TeslaStarlink

#PamelaAnderson

#Italy

#JeanBaudrillard

#WestWorldS3

#AugmentedReality

#DEUS-EX

#DEVS

#Medevilpop♫

#SolarOpposites

#TheStrokes♫

#TheNewAbnormal♫

#TanzaniaKnowsTheTruth

#WhatWeDoInTheShadowsS2

#GiuseppeBerardelli

#WorldPandemic

#TigerKing

#MadagascarCovidCure

#Hydroxychloroquine

#Toiletpaper

#ElonMusk

#CubaPortofMariel

#Whitbread

#Self-Isolating

#KennyRogers

#KimJong-un

#MohammedBzeek

#EricWeinstein

#AlexGarland

#BretWeinstein

#OperationLockstep

#BobDylan

#aMurderMostFoul♫

#MeuteRaw♫

#SocialDistancing

#Lockdown

#Furlough

#PPE

#PaulHeaton♫

#Ben&Jerry's

#Bat-Pangolin-Human?

#Lab-Human-World?

#LucMontagnier

#LarrySagner

#MikkiWillis

#Spain

#HateSpeech

#HateCrime

#TooMuchHate

#HateInGeneral

#TheFreeMasons

#TheKluKluxKlan

#Antifa-International

#Big-Igloo-Boys

#ProudBoys

#TrumpFamily

#TheRepublicans

#TheDemocrats

#PoliceState

#Agenda21

#Agenda2030

#Event201

#DukeEnergy

#USCHINA2022

#HenryKissinger

#GeorgeSoros

#LeslieWexner

#Bill&MelindaGatesFoundation

#TheRockefellerFoundation

#RajivShah

#2020-FE2

#ID2020

#i360Data

#CambridgeAnalytica

#NewNormal?

#PottersCorner

#WorldLockdown

#Venezuela

#MaxVonSydow

#JoeLycett

#NigeriaAsteroid

#Cpt.ThomasMoore

#UFO'sDisclosure

#ChrisBledsoeSnr

#ChrisBledsoeJnr

#RyanBledsoe

#LittleRichard

#AprilAsteroidFlyBy

#Col.ThomasMoore

#NHS-Track-and-Trace

#Sir.ThomasMoore

#StayAtHome

#StayAlert

#StaySafe

#StayAwayFromMe

#nhsAPP

#BingLiu

#Brazil

#DominicCummings

#BarnardCastle

#FlorianSchneider

#LlamaAntibodies

#KarmaLlamaDown

#T-Cell

#IntoTheNight

#ProjectRestart

#FilthyRich

#CriticalFeeling

#DesignerCivilWar

#CalculatedCivilWar

#BlackLivesMatter

#GeorgeFloyd

#DerekChauvin

#DarnellaFrazier

#FreeMasonRitual

#El-Nuevo-Rodeo-Club

#Minnesota

#Don't-Knee-On-The-Neck

#StateWideProtests

#AllTheRightMoviesPodcast

#Atlanta

#NASA

#OES

#SpaceX

#CrewDragon

#Falcon9

#PeacefulProtest

#MilitaryPolice

#PoliceMurderingThePublic

#WilliamBarr

#PresidentTrump

#DoubleThink

#VirtueSignalling

#PoliceBrutality

#BLM

#RahulDubey

#JohnBoyega

#AnthonyJoshua

#ManufacturedConsent

#GeneralJamesMattis

#MoodyAlabamaShootout

#TheLancetRetraction

#CivilUnrest

#CensoredComedy

#Lefist-Nazism

#CriticalThinkingNeeded

#DarkWinter

#SecondWave

#ElizabethVos

#TheGreatReset

#RayshardBrooks

#PerceptionManagement

#Telemedicine

#KlausSchwab

#SocialEngineering

#SocialCensorship

#DARPA

#HAARP

#PegasusSpyware

#TerryJones

#JoshGad

#ReunitedApart

#Solidaritea

#Seattle

#CaptialHill

#NoCopsZone

#NoPoliceZone

#DaveChappelle

#AbelMeeropol

#BillieHoliday

#StrangeFruit

#JohnCleese

#Unemployment

#Kim-Yo-Jong

#MarcusRashford

#TerryCrews

#WillieThorne

#JohnMcAfee

#GhostChain

#GhostCoin

#XENONnT.

#CharlesChiang

#MSICEO

#MSIFire

#VeraLynn

#IanHolm

#TheFourthIndustrialRevolution

#MattHanncock

#DominicRaab

#PritiPatel

#BorisJohnson

#GamerGate

#ReadingAttack

#KhairiSaadallah

#JamesFurlong

#DavidWails

#JoeRitchie-Bennett

#ArcticWarming

#JoelSchumacher

#GaryChambersJnr

#AntonioSmith

#MargaritaPracatan

#HashimThaçi

#KosovoWarCrimes

#LiverpoolFootballClub

#LFC

#Anfield

#PremierLeagueChampions

#EuropeanChampions

#WorldFootballChampions

#RoyalProtectionOfficer

#PaulPage

#JennaJameson

#GhislaineMaxwell

#SatanistsSeemToRule

#UnspeakableVillains

#MossadOperations

#PeadophileNetwork

#NoSweetHeartDeal

#AlanDershowitz

#Jean-LucBernal

#LeslieWexner

#HilaryClinton

#BillClinton

#HumaAbedin

#AnthonyWeiner

#DonaldTrump

#PrinceAndrew

#JoeBiden

#GlennDubin

#India/China

#BorderTrouble

#Kanye2020

#2020Vision

#Putin2036

#EnnioMorricone

#ShengChangChiang

#u/MaxwellHill

#FreePalestine

#COVI-PASS™

#CoinShortage

#DeinococcusRadiodurans

#ISS-SpaceBacteria

#Al-Almal

#DanielAnderl

#EstherSalas

#Bolivia

#Prisoner02879-509

#QMagazine

#CatsWithCovid

#CovidCats

#ByteDance

#TikTok

#Microsoft

#AI-MetaData

#ChineseSeeds

#NewYork

#ICEAgents

#FederalAgents

#Portland

#NewGenesis

#JulianAssange

#HCQ+AZ+ZINC

#Pfizer/BioNTechVaccine

#CapitolHill

#AmericaFrontlineDoctorsSummit

#AmericaPhysiciansCOVID-19

#SocialMediaCencorship

#AlanParker

#TonyMorris

#SaveTheChildren

#BerlinProtest

#SteveRicchett

#ProjectFear2.0

#Lebannon

#Beirut

#GrainReserves

#PortExploision

#Aluminum

#LithiumAlloy

#HydrochloricAcid

#PerchlorateCombustion

#AmmoniumNitrate

#Hezbollah

#IsraeliDefenceForce

#SN5-Test

#CannonHinnant

#UnfairExamResult

#DownGradedResults

#GavinWilliamson

#A-Level

#GCSE

#U-Turn

#QuarantineList

#Anarcho-Bidenism

#Elsa-TheWildBoar

#OrvillePeck♫

#BelarusProtests

#Minsk

#AlexeiNavalny

#Bioport

#Covidiots

#EmergentBiosolutions

#BlizzardofOz

#DMT

#StormFrancis

#HarryMaguire

#LionelMessi

#LamCheuk-Ting

#TedHuiChi-Fung

#DontExtraditeJulianAssange

#NeuralinkDemo

#TheSocialDilemma

#IntermittentReinforcement

#Kenosha

#G4SContract

#WellingboroughPrison

#WellingboroughMegaJail

#Wisconsin

#KyleRittenhouse

#AhadNabi

#ShinzoAbe

#ChadwickBoseman

#UyghurMuslim

#ExtinctionRebellion

#GridDependent

#MariaKolesnikova

#Tenet

#SecondWave

#2ndLockdown

#LocalLockdown

#CovidMarshalsUK

#OregonWildFire

#CaliforniaWildFire

#WestCoastWildFires

#TootsHibbert

#FreeAssange

#Serco

#Test&TraceSerco

#GrassOnThyNeighbour

#RuthBaderGinsburg

#Stephen.F.Cohen

#AustralianPre-Crime

#Pre-Crime

#ICE-Protesters

#FinCEN

#HSBC

#DeutcsheBank

#JPMorgan

#UnitedArabEmirates

#BarclaysBank

#SAR's

#GOM's

#FinCENFiles

#Biosolutions

#NickDroste

#AndreVltchek

#DanielKorski

#EvertonFC

#BuildBackBetter

#SpittingImage

#FleetwoodMac♫

#SkateBoardGuy

#NathanApocada

#MusicforDolphins♫

#ActionBronson♫

#Curfew

#10pmCurfew

#GovGretchenWhitmer

#OperationWarpSpeed

#Nagorno-Karabakh

#ArmeniaAzerbaijan

#Atambayev

#Jeenbekov

#Kyrgyzstan

#MileyCyrus♫

#HunterBiden

#CrackpipeFootrub

#Kleptocrats

#TechCensordhip

#JournalistCencorship

#InternetCensorship

#SocialCensorship

#SocialMediaCensorship

#SirKeirStarmer

#CircuitBreaker

#TierSystem

#UKGOV

#AndyBurnham

#EndSARS

#Tier3

#RegionalLockdowns

#LiverpoolLockdown

#HandsFaceSPACE!!!!!!!!!!

#MerseyrailAnnouncement

#OTT

#OpenTheGyms

#BritishGyms

#Nigeria

#FreeSchoolMeals

#ToryScum

#Rokfin

#RufousBushChat

#SamuelPaty

#AbdoulakhA

#JacindaArdern

#SAVE12HKYouths

#YouTubeCencorship

#DeleteFreeSpeech

#ExtensiveInclusiceVoterFraud

#FiveEyes

#DarkTrace

#Locktober

#Covember

#Deathcember

#BigPharmaStock

#FourthReichthIndustrialRevolution

#Palantir

#Philadelphia

#NationalGuard

#KeithRaniere

#ManMachine

#InternetOfBodies

#NiceAttacks

#MFDoom

#Halloween2020

#SeanConnery

#LakeDistrict

#ViennaAttacks

#EthiopiaMassacre

#2020ElectionYear

#RobinWare

#BidenLaptop

#LiverpoolCityWideTesting

#ElectionInterface

#CountTheVote

#Dominion

#Smartmatic

#Biden-Harris

#VoterFraud

#Denmark

#Pots&Pans

#EpidemicLaw

#Mozambique

#WhiteHelmets

#GoldenAlabay

#DesO'Connor

#CheifAdvisorGoings

#PeterSutcliffe

#ModernaVaccine

#PfizerVaccine

#AstraZenecaVaccine

#NadhimZahawi

#90%SuccessRate

#95%SuccessRate

#101%SuccessRate

#TheMandalorianS2

#AshokaTano

#BobaFett

#Grogu

#GrandAdmiralThawn

#MonsterMonster!

#EricHall

#CommonPass

#TheMostFamousArtist

#Utah2001

#UtahMonolith

#UtahDesert

#MetalicStructure

#RomaniaMonolith

#BatcaDoamneiHill

#CaliforniaMonolith

#Atascadero

#IsleofWightMonolith

#ComptonBeach

#BelgiumMonolith

#Baasrode

#FrankfurtFirefight

#DoDvsCIA

#DevonMonolith

#Dartmoor

#DutchMonolith

#KiekenbergReserve

#DiegoMaradona

#MohsenFakhrizadeh

#JolovanWham

#DavidProwse

#ScotchEgss

#Hayabusa-2

#Ryugu

#LiverpoolMayor

#JoeAnderson

#AlexCroft

#PaoloRossi

#A68a-Iceberg

#MountEtna

#GérardHoullier

#DoodleBoy

#LukeSkywalker

#Tier4

#EscapeLondon

#VirusMutation

#CallOffChristmas

#Tier5

#MerryChristmas

#HappyHolidays

#DannyDevito

#Avalanches♫

#WeWillAlwaysLoveYou♫

#StormBella

#AnthonyWarner?

#VaccinePassport

#NashvilleExplosion

#AT&T

#AT&TDataCenter

#Dominion

#Silverlakes

#Solarwinds

#Rokfin

#PARLER

#PierreCardin

#MartinLambie-Nairn

#Loujain-al-Hathloul

#CroatiaEarthquake

#TiffanyPontesDover

#Petrinja

#Glina

#FreeSamaaAbdulhadi

#PalestinianTechnoQueen

#MissionCreep

#NewYearsEve

A new study in rats shows that stem cell secretions, called exosomes, appear to protect cells in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue in the back of the eye. The study was conducted by researchers at the National Eye Institute (NEI), part of the National Institutes of Health.

This microscopy image shows exosomes (green) surrounding retinal ganglion cells (orange and yellow).

More information: www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/stem-cell-secretion...

Credit: Ben Mead, Ph.D., National Eye Institute, NIH

APPENDIX 1. LIST OF ADVERSE EVENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST Goodpasture's syndrome, Shock, Vasculitis gastrointestinal, Lymphocytic hypophysitis, COVID-19 treatment, Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with burst-suppression, SARS-CoV-2 carrier, Microembolism, Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, SARS-CoV-2 test false positive, Cerebral artery embolism, Ophthalmic herpes zoster, Complement factor C1 decreased, VIth nerve paralysis, Vocal cord paresis, Neutropenia neonatal, Periportal oedema, Bile output abnormal, Swelling face, Cystitis interstitial, Polyarteritis nodosa, Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, Pharyngeal swelling, Ophthalmic herpes simplex, Anti-epithelial antibody positive, Thrombosis corpora cavernosa, Lichen planus, Double stranded DNA antibody positive, Immune-mediated hypothyroidism, Herpes dermatitis, Varicella, Truncus coeliacus thrombosis, ChildPugh-Turcotte score abnormal, Young's syndrome, Autoimmune dermatitis, Death neonatal, Pharyngeal oedema, Terminal ileitis, Anti-neuronal antibody positive, Autoimmune retinopathy, Cardiac arrest, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Aura, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Autoimmune colitis, Pseudovasculitis, Hantavirus pulmonary infection, Evans syndrome, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Peritonitis lupus, Immune-mediated myocarditis, Pruritus allergic, Cryoglobulinaemia, SARS-CoV-1 test, Tachycardia, Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positive, Hepatic vascular resistance increased, Autoimmune neutropenia, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Hyperbilirubinaemia, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Multifocal motor neuropathy, Renal vasculitis, Noninfective encephalitis, Spinal artery thrombosis, Convulsion in childhood, Circulatory collapse, Hypergammaglobulinaemia benign monoclonal, Anaphylactoid shock, Herpes simplex meningitis, Systemic scleroderma, Clinically isolated syndrome, Thrombotic stroke, Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome, Thrombosis, Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Peripheral ischaemia, Birdshot chorioretinopathy, Embolism venous, Gastrointestinal amyloidosis, Anti-GAD antibody positive, Marchiafava-Bignami disease, Eczema herpeticum, Ulcerative keratitis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Perihepatic discomfort, Demyelination, SARS-CoV-2 test negative, Thrombophlebitis neonatal, Portal pyaemia, Anti-SRP antibody positive, Glomerulonephritis rapidly progressive, AST/ALT ratio abnormal, Benign familial neonatal convulsions, Pneumonia necrotising, Pneumonia, Benign rolandic epilepsy, Pre-eclampsia, Thromboplastin antibody positive, Retinal vascular thrombosis, Rheumatoid nodule, Allergic oedema, Respiratory failure, Glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative, Inflammation, CSF oligoclonal band present, Complement factor abnormal, Hypoalbuminaemia, Pulmonary amyloidosis, Urobilinogen urine increased, Chronic respiratory failure, Autoimmune neuropathy, Retinopathy, Herpes simplex visceral, Autoimmune aplastic anaemia, Immune-mediated pneumonitis, Anti-ganglioside antibody positive, Post viral fatigue syndrome, Spondylitis, VIth nerve paresis, Leukopenia, Change in seizure presentation, Arterial bypass thrombosis, Total bile acids increased, Retinal artery occlusion, Anti-actin antibody positive, Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis, Penile vein thrombosis, Lambl's excrescences, Meningitis herpes, Endocrine ophthalmopathy, Antigliadin antibody positive, Administration site vasculitis, Morvan syndrome, Endotracheal intubation, De novo purine synthesis inhibitors associated acute inflammatory syndrome, Oesophageal achalasia, Tonic posturing, Renal artery thrombosis, Lung abscess, Cranial nerve paralysis, Pneumonia respiratory syncytial viral, Autoimmune disorder, Panencephalitis, Gastritis herpes, Urticarial vasculitis, Autoimmune pericarditis, Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures, Splenic embolism, Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase increased, Embolic cerebellar infarction, Schizencephaly, Peritoneal fluid protein decreased, Tongue amyloidosis, Immune-mediated myositis, Haemorrhagic vasculitis, Corpus callosotomy, Chillblains, Cerebral arteritis, Meningoencephalitis herpetic, Stillbirth, Infected vasculitis, Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody positive, Subclavian artery thrombosis, Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, Lichen sclerosus, Pruritus, Amyloid arthropathy, Varicella zoster virus infection, XIth nerve paralysis, Mouth swelling, Herpes zoster, SARS-CoV-1 test negative, Trigeminal neuralgia, Hepatosplenomegaly, SARS-CoV-2 test, Lower respiratory tract herpes infection, Lupus pneumonitis, Catheter site vasculitis, Hepatic mass, Moyamoya disease, Palindromic rheumatism, SARS-CoV-2 viraemia, Aortic thrombosis, Herpes simplex otitis externa, Neutropenic sepsis, Anti-vimentin antibody positive, Paracancerous pneumonia, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Acoustic neuritis, Oedema, Double cortex syndrome, Metapneumovirus infection, Respiratory paralysis, Rheumatoid factor quantitative increased, Application site vasculitis, Migraine-triggered seizure, Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibres, Pemphigus, Herpes simplex encephalitis, Oral herpes, Respiratory arrest, Suspected COVID19, Bickerstaff's encephalitis, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, Anti-NMDA antibody positive, Alanine aminotransferase increased, Hoigne's syndrome, Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy, Immune-mediated hepatitis, Rheumatic brain disease, Neonatal lupus erythematosus, Lhermitte's sign, Myocardial infarction, Myasthenia gravis neonatal, Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, Enterocolitis, Congenital varicella infection, Drug withdrawal convulsions, Renal amyloidosis, Guanase increased, Myocarditis, Molybdenum cofactor deficiency, Scleroderma-like reaction, Autoimmune blistering disease, Pyostomatitis vegetans, Anti-insulin antibody increased, Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids, Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, Kayser-Fleischer ring, Peripheral vein thrombus extension, Coronary artery thrombosis, Type I hypersensitivity, Neonatal mucocutaneous herpes simplex, Aspartate-glutamate-transporter deficiency, Medical device site vasculitis, Periorbital swelling, Nodular vasculitis, Cerebrovascular accident, Vascular purpura, Hypogammaglobulinaemia, Varicella post vaccine, Tonic clonic movements, Generalised tonic-clonic seizure, Arterial thrombosis, Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive, Parietal cell antibody positive, Vessel puncture site thrombosis, Portosplenomesenteric venous thrombosis, Glutamate dehydrogenase increased, Acute myocardial infarction, Pulmonary artery thrombosis, Thrombophlebitis superficial, Irregular breathing, Tumefactive multiple sclerosis, Liver function test abnormal, Embolic pneumonia, Autoimmune cholangitis, Polymyalgia rheumatica, Product availability issue, Tracheobronchitis, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Leukoencephalopathy, Herpes zoster meningomyelitis, Acute respiratory failure, Shock symptom, Facial paresis, Rash erythematous, Venous recanalisation, Miliary pneumonia, Cardio-respiratory arrest, Parainfluenzae viral laryngotracheobronchitis, Hepatic vein embolism, Ophthalmic artery thrombosis, Injection site thrombosis, Spontaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test positive, Scleroderma renal crisis, Ketosisprone diabetes mellitus, Autoimmune demyelinating disease, Splenic vein thrombosis, Neutropenic colitis, Aspartate aminotransferase increased, Pneumonia mycoplasmal, Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, Antiphospholipid antibodies positive, Human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis, Antisynthetase syndrome, Intracardiac thrombus, Basilar artery thrombosis, Anti-sperm antibody positive, Mesenteric vein thrombosis, Herpes simplex reactivation, Infusion site vasculitis, Haemolytic anaemia, Mononeuropathy multiplex, Cardiopulmonary failure, Autoimmune arthritis, Device embolisation, Laryngeal rheumatoid arthritis, Ageusia, Acute flaccid myelitis, Colitis, Aortitis, Oedema blister, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Lupoid hepatic cirrhosis, Tuberous sclerosis complex, Multiple subpial transection, Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, Congenital anomaly, Ataxia, Dyspnoea, Myelitis, MERS-CoV test, Administration site thrombosis, Psoriasis, Cardiolipin antibody positive, Herpes gestationis, Polymicrogyria, Chronic autoimmune glomerulonephritis, Antiviral prophylaxis, Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Thrombophlebitis, Lupus pancreatitis, Ammonia increased, Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis, Focal cortical resection, Blood pressure decreased, Vasculitic rash, Haemorrhagic pneumonia, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, Infantile genetic agranulocytosis, Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex, Collagen disorder, Deep vein thrombosis postoperative, Foaming at mouth, Coronary bypass thrombosis, Ankylosing spondylitis, COVID-19 immunisation, Aspartate aminotransferase abnormal, IPEX syndrome, Foreign body embolism, Encephalopathy, Lupus endocarditis, Palpable purpura, Haemorrhagic disorder, Galactose elimination capacity test abnormal, Alveolar proteinosis, Vascular graft thrombosis, Choking sensation, Herpes virus infection, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I, Ammonia abnormal, Carotid arterial embolus, Benign ethnic neutropenia, Amyloidosis, Myocarditis post infection, Acquired epidermolysis bullosa, Meningoencephalitis herpes simplex neonatal, Neuritis, Post thrombotic retinopathy, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Herpetic radiculopathy, Dermatitis, Implant site thrombosis, Immune-mediated neuropathy, Anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy, Urticaria, Polyglandular disorder, Cranial nerve palsies multiple, Immune-mediated thyroiditis, Still's disease, Pneumonia influenzal, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Eye swelling, Cardiogenic shock, Herpes zoster pharyngitis, Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis, Lupus hepatitis, Intrinsic factor antibody positive, Autoimmune hyperlipidaemia, Embolic stroke, Bronchitis, Hypertransaminasaemia, Meningitis aseptic, Alloimmune hepatitis, Encephalitis haemorrhagic, Bronchitis viral, Post thrombotic syndrome, Anaphylactic transfusion reaction, Antinuclear antibody positive, Retinal vein occlusion, Eye pruritus, Myositis, SARS-CoV-2 sepsis, Wheezing, Glomerulonephritis membranous, SARSCoV-2 test positive, Arteritis coronary, Occupational exposure to communicable disease, Patient isolation, Autoimmune lung disease, Hepatic fibrosis marker increased, Noninfectious myelitis, Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis, Thrombophlebitis migrans, Myasthenia gravis crisis, Brain stem embolism, Susac's syndrome, Galactose elimination capacity test decreased, Periorbital oedema, Insulin autoimmune syndrome, Drop attacks, Eosinopenia, Computerised tomogram liver abnormal, Varicella zoster gastritis, Disseminated varicella zoster virus infection, Respiratory syncytial virus bronchitis, Immune-mediated nephritis, Pulmonary sepsis, Hepatic function abnormal, Cardiac failure acute, Warm type haemolytic anaemia, Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Polyneuropathy idiopathic progressive, Linear IgA disease, Oedema mouth, Grey matter heterotopia, Rheumatoid factor positive, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test negative, Systemic sclerosis pulmonary, Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, Anti-interferon antibody positive, Encephalitis allergic, Rheumatoid vasculitis, Hypersensitivity, Varicella zoster pneumonia, Epilepsy surgery, Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia, COVID-19 pneumonia, Antiinsulin receptor antibody positive, Papillophlebitis, SLE arthritis, Aortic embolus, Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, Rasmussen encephalitis, Stoma site vasculitis, Autoimmune thyroiditis, Juvenile psoriatic arthritis, Neuromyelitis optica pseudo relapse, Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, CDKL5 deficiency disorder, Undifferentiated connective tissue disease, IVth nerve paralysis, Progressive facial hemiatrophy, Postpericardiotomy syndrome, MERS-CoV test positive, Nasal herpes, Microscopic polyangiitis, Hypersensitivity vasculitis, Paradoxical embolism, Lower respiratory tract infection viral, Saccadic eye movement, AST to platelet ratio index increased, Post procedural pneumonia, Renal vein embolism, Laryngospasm, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, HenochSchonlein purpura nephritis, Acute macular outer retinopathy, Necrotising herpetic retinopathy, Blood cholinesterase abnormal, Postictal state, Lupus cystitis, Pneumonia parainfluenzae viral, Proctitis ulcerative, Thrombocytopenia, Alopecia areata, Immune-mediated enterocolitis, Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Ocular vasculitis, Status epilepticus, AntiVGKC antibody positive, Postictal headache, Alanine aminotransferase abnormal, Pelvic venous thrombosis, Ophthalmic vein thrombosis, Retinal artery embolism, Multiple sclerosis relapse prophylaxis, Renal vein thrombosis, Marine Lenhart syndrome, Coronavirus infection, Liver iron concentration increased, Coronary artery embolism, Anti-thyroid antibody positive, Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Hypotensive crisis, Post stroke seizure, Neuralgic amyotrophy, Optic perineuritis, Paget-Schroetter syndrome, Muscular sarcoidosis, CEC syndrome, Upper airway obstruction, Lymphocytopenia neonatal, White nipple sign, Granulocytopenia neonatal, Liver sarcoidosis, IgA nephropathy, Tongue biting, Vitiligo, Autoimmune uveitis, Complement factor C3 decreased, Psoriatic arthropathy, Crohn's disease, Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Herpes zoster reactivation, Blood pressure diastolic decreased, Microangiopathy, Anti-exosome complex antibody positive, Lupus vasculitis, Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa syndrome, Hypoglossal nerve paresis, Transient epileptic amnesia, Immunemediated adverse reaction, Renal failure, Enteropathic spondylitis, Hypotension, Thyroiditis, Jugular vein embolism, Hypoglossal nerve paralysis, IgM nephropathy, Complement factor decreased, Band sensation, Keratoderma blenorrhagica, Preictal state, Digital pitting scar, Pneumobilia, Acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, Ovarian vein thrombosis, Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, Immunemediated gastritis, Immune-mediated hepatic disorder, Transaminases abnormal, Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome, Device related thrombosis, Pneumonia measles, Rheumatic disorder, Febrile convulsion, Herpes oesophagitis, Autoimmune myocarditis, Idiopathic neutropenia, Radiation leukopenia, Metastatic pulmonary embolism, Nasal obstruction, Anti-muscle specific kinase antibody positive, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Liver scan abnormal, Hereditary angioedema with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, Neuritis cranial, Post procedural pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, SARS-CoV-1 test positive, Magnetic resonance imaging liver abnormal, Tumour embolism, Postictal psychosis, Swelling, Herpes simplex virus conjunctivitis neonatal, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Pneumonia adenoviral, Lupus nephritis, Eclampsia, Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, Tongue oedema, Pulmonary sarcoidosis, Lip swelling, Hepatic enzyme decreased, JC polyomavirus test positive, Facial paralysis, Renal embolism, Optic neuritis, Herpes simplex colitis, Reactive capillary endothelial proliferation, Cerebral septic infarct, Seizure anoxic, Maternal exposure during pregnancy, Magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction measurement, Human herpesvirus 7 infection, Hyperglycaemic seizure, Myasthenia gravis, Hepatic enzyme increased, Manufacturing production issue, Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, Herpes zoster meningoradiculitis, BuddChiari syndrome, Lymphopenia, Blood alkaline phosphatase increased, Venous thrombosis neonatal, Alcoholic seizure, Cataplexy, Anti-interferon antibody negative, Oral lichen planus, Child-Pugh-Turcotte score increased, Primary progressive multiple sclerosis, Pulmonary haemorrhage, Postoperative respiratory failure, Smooth muscle antibody positive, Myelitis transverse, Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, Temporal lobe epilepsy, Noninfective oophoritis, Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Antiribosomal P antibody positive, Herpes zoster meningoencephalitis, Colitis microscopic, Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, Pulmonary embolism, Liver iron concentration abnormal, Immune-mediated encephalopathy, Meningomyelitis herpes, Anti-prothrombin antibody positive, SAPHO syndrome, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II, Human herpesvirus 6 infection, Quarantine, Neonatal pneumonia, Acute motor axonal neuropathy, Chronic gastritis, Meningitis, Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, Thrombotic cerebral infarction, Hepatic lymphocytic infiltration, Erythema nodosum, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Application site thrombosis, Vascular pseudoaneurysm thrombosis, Basedow's disease, Axonal neuropathy, Bilirubin conjugated increased, Blood cholinesterase decreased, Lupus myositis, Vena cava thrombosis, Autoimmune inner ear disease, Choking, Hepatomegaly, H ypocalcaemic seizure, IIIrd nerve paresis, Cogan's syndrome, Eosinophilic oesophagitis, Transaminases increased, Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Complement factor C4 decreased, Immune-mediated cholangitis, Proctitis herpes, Thrombosis mesenteric vessel, Liver injury, Diffuse vasculitis, Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody test positive, Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, Cavernous sinus thrombosis, IIIrd nerve paralysis, Cutaneous vasculitis, Clonic convulsion, Genital herpes simplex, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Laryngeal oedema, Autoimmune enteropathy, Generalised onset non-motor seizure, Epileptic psychosis, Immunoglobulins abnormal, CREST syndrome, Visceral venous thrombosis, Ocular myasthenia, Face oedema, Eye oedema, Erythema, Cardio-respiratory distress, Aplastic anaemia, Coronavirus test positive, Immune-mediated cholestasis, Cardiac sarcoidosis, Femoral artery embolism, Dermatitis bullous, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Anti-glycyl-tRNA synthetase antibody positive, Paraneoplastic pemphigus, Scleroderma associated digital ulcer, Portal vein flow decreased, Atypical pneumonia, Pneumonia cytomegaloviral, Pulmonary thrombosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, Enterobacter pneumonia, Throat tightness, Respiratory disorder, Alpers disease, Antimitochondrial antibody positive, Scleritis, Partial seizures, Anti-VGCC antibody positive, Cardiac amyloidosis, Chest discomfort, Circumoral oedema, Arthritis enteropathic, Limbic encephalitis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Blood bilirubin abnormal, Caesarean section, Asthma, Polymyositis, Atrophic thyroiditis, Stridor, Liver induration, Swollen tongue, Pericarditis lupus, Herpes simplex pharyngitis, Lupus enteritis, Instillation site thrombosis, Juvenile spondyloarthritis, Amygdalohippocampectomy, Subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Umbilical cord thrombosis, Cutaneous amyloidosis, Cerebral microembolism, Thromboangiitis obliterans, Hemimegalencephaly, Hepatic artery embolism, Coombs positive haemolytic anaemia, Hepatitis, Embolism arterial, Deja vu, Cyclic neutropenia, Postoperative thrombosis, LE cells present, Biliary ascites, Anti-IA2 antibody positive, Polyneuropathy, Middle East respiratory syndrome, Pulmonary renal syndrome, Pulmonary microemboli, Hyperammonaemia, Radiologically isolated syndrome, Transverse sinus thrombosis, Multiple sclerosis, Procedural shock, Oculofacial paralysis, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Concentric sclerosis, Precerebral artery thrombosis, Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, Anaphylactic reaction, Rash, Encephalomyelitis, POEMS syndrome, Enteritis, Urine bilirubin increased, Reversible airways obstruction, Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, Hypercholia, Bile output decreased, Arrhythmia, Axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy, Venous thrombosis limb, Immune thrombocytopenia, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody increased, Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin increased, Beta-2 glycoprotein antibody positive, Encephalitis autoimmune, Systemic lupus erythematosus rash, Myokymia, Inflammatory bowel disease, Hepatic artery thrombosis, Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Herpes zoster meningitis, Aplasia pure red cell, Cold agglutinins positive, Stiff person syndrome, Brachiocephalic vein thrombosis, Cerebral venous thrombosis, Injection site vasculitis, Arteriovenous graft site stenosis, Mixed connective tissue disease, Cardiac ventricular thrombosis, Disseminated varicella, Hepatic enzyme abnormal, Hepatic vascular thrombosis, Interstitial lung disease, Cardiovascular insufficiency, Diabetic mastopathy, Injection site urticaria, Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, Genital herpes, Embolic cerebral infarction, Sensation of foreign body, Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein associated polyneuropathy, Sarcoidosis, Immune-mediated uveitis, MAGIC syndrome, Varicella zoster oesophagitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune nephritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Calcium embolism, Rash pruritic, Hepatic artery flow decreased, Pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy, Polyarthritis, Endocrine disorder, Retinol binding protein decreased, Faciobrachial dystonic seizure, Mesenteric artery thrombosis, Uveitis, Intrapericardial thrombosis, Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, Toxic leukoencephalopathy, Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection, Dialysis membrane reaction, Overlap syndrome, Herpes sepsis, Blue toe syndrome, Addison's disease, CSWS syndrome, Encephalitis post immunisation, Hepatobiliary scan abnormal, Rheumatoid scleritis, Shunt thrombosis, Arteritis, Cytokine release syndrome, Cranial nerve disorder, Rheumatoid nodule removal, 1p36 deletion syndrome, Disseminated intravascular coagulation, Vasculitic ulcer, Partial seizures with secondary generalisation, Product supply issue, Ultrasound liver abnormal, Cerebellar embolism, Occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2, Immune-mediated cytopenia, Chronic spontaneous urticaria, Varicella zoster sepsis, Herpes simplex necrotising retinopathy, Lichen planopilaris, Swelling of eyelid, Spinal artery embolism, Uhthoff's phenomenon, Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies positive, Blood bilirubin unconjugated increased, Transfusion-related alloimmune neutropenia, Seizure like phenomena, Lewis-Sumner syndrome, Laryngeal dyspnoea, Renal arteritis, Frontal lobe epilepsy, IRVAN syndrome, Catheter site thrombosis, Felty's syndrome, Haemorrhagic varicella syndrome, Arthritis, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Anti-platelet antibody positive, Human herpesvirus 8 infection, Segmented hyalinising vasculitis, Osmotic demyelination syndrome, Liver function test decreased, Blood pressure systolic decreased, Leukopenia neonatal, X-ray hepatobiliary abnormal, Adverse event following immunisation, Portal vein thrombosis, Renal vascular thrombosis, Epileptic aura, Dreamy state, Primary amyloidosis, Intracardiac mass, Venous thrombosis, Molar ratio of total branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine, Placenta praevia, Tracheal obstruction, Bronchial oedema, Cyanosis, Retrograde portal vein flow, Collagen-vascular disease, Ocular hyperaemia, Benign familial pemphigus, Postoperative respiratory distress, Autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis, Giant cell arteritis, Vena cava embolism, Cerebellar artery thrombosis, Rheumatoid lung, Foetal placental thrombosis, Product distribution issue, Herpes simplex meningoencephalitis, Liver function test increased, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Vasculitis necrotising, Cutaneous sarcoidosis, Anti-HLA antibody test positive, Gelastic seizure, Erythema multiforme, Scleroderma, Circumoral swelling, Glomerulonephritis, Infective thrombosis, Neuronal neuropathy, Pulmonary oil microembolism, Anti-basal ganglia antibody positive, Herpes zoster necrotising retinopathy, Eyelid oedema, Expanded disability status scale score decreased, Vertebral artery thrombosis, Mononeuritis, Axillary vein thrombosis, Atrial thrombosis, Herpes simplex oesophagitis, Exposure to SARS-CoV-2, Multiple sclerosis relapse, Radiculitis brachial, Venous thrombosis in pregnancy, Convulsive threshold lowered, Lupus pleurisy, Hashitoxicosis, Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, Amniotic cavity infection, Anti-insulin receptor antibody increased, COVID-19 prophylaxis, Hepatic hydrothorax, Nephritis, Satoyoshi syndrome, Oedema due to hepatic disease, Granulocytopenia, Convulsions local, Pernicious anaemia, Thrombosis in device, Subclavian artery embolism, Seizure cluster, Hepatic sequestration, Disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborn, Pemphigoid, Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome, Neuropathy peripheral, Embolia cutis medicamentosa, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III, Polychondritis, Lafora's myoclonic epilepsy, Skin swelling, Dressler's syndrome, Deep vein thrombosis, Retinal vein thrombosis, Epidermolysis, Tumour thrombosis, Lupus myocarditis, Immune-mediated endocrinopathy, Encephalitis brain stem, Herpes simplex sepsis, MERS-CoV test negative, Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, Autoimmune eye disorder, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index decreased, Fibromyalgia, Autoimmune endocrine disorder, Simple partial seizures, Herpes simplex cervicitis, Haemorrhagic ascites, Colitis erosive, Peritoneal fluid protein abnormal, Adrenal thrombosis, Hepatic venous pressure gradient increased, Tonic convulsion, Neonatal Crohn's disease, Pyrexia, Behcet's syndrome, Liver palpable, Autoimmune encephalopathy, Stress cardiomyopathy, Anosmia, Rheumatoid factor increased, Antiviral treatment, Lupus-like syndrome, Anaphylactoid reaction, Arteriovenous graft thrombosis, Seizure, Vasculitis, C1q nephropathy, JC virus CSF test positive, Complement factor C2 decreased, Monocytopenia, Anti-zinc transporter 8 antibody positive, Thrombocytopenic purpura, Focal dyscognitive seizures, Hypoglycaemic seizure, Tachypnoea, Marburg's variant multiple sclerosis, Coronavirus test, Amyloidosis senile, Trigeminal nerve paresis, Toxic oil syndrome, Petit mal epilepsy, Blood alkaline phosphatase abnormal, DNA antibody positive, Herpes simplex meningomyelitis, Coronary artery disease, Cerebrospinal thrombotic tamponade, Peripheral embolism, Neonatal seizure, Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis, Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, Cold type haemolytic anaemia, Portal vein embolism, Asymptomatic COVID19, Encephalitis periaxialis diffusa, Immunemediated hyperthyroidism, Histone antibody positive, Exanthema subitum, Herpes simplex gastritis, Agranulocytosis, Febrile neutropenia, Oropharyngeal spasm, Erythema induratum, Lupus encephalitis, Hyperventilation, Uncinate fits, Exposure to communicable disease, Manufacturing laboratory analytical testing issue, Hyponatraemic seizure, Premature menopause, Dermatomyositis, Shrinking lung syndrome, Cement embolism, Liver opacity, Tracheobronchitis viral, Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus, B-cell aplasia, Postictal paralysis, Cholangitis sclerosing, Herpes ophthalmic, Hepatic pain, Neonatal epileptic seizure, Progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis, Infusion site thrombosis, Model for end stage liver disease score increased, Septic pulmonary embolism, Neutropenia, Jeavons syndrome, Biopsy liver abnormal, Portal vein pressure increased, Pneumonia viral, Thrombotic microangiopathy, Prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis, Pyoderma gangrenosum, Seizure prophylaxis, Varicella keratitis, Primary biliary cholangitis, Pulmonary venous thrombosis, Brain stem thrombosis, Infantile spasms, Leucine aminopeptidase increased, Granulomatous dermatitis, Hepatic amyloidosis, Human herpesvirus 6 infection reactivation, Oropharyngeal oedema, Anti-transglutaminase antibody increased, Hypoxia, 5'nucleotidase increased, Urobilinogen urine decreased, Central nervous system lupus, Anti-islet cell antibody positive, Angioedema, Herpes zoster cutaneous disseminated, Retinal artery thrombosis, Uterine rupture, Palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis, Obstetrical pulmonary embolism, Medical device site thrombosis, Herpes simplex viraemia, Subclavian vein thrombosis, Liver tenderness, Herpes simplex, Autoantibody positive, Postpartum venous thrombosis, Immune-mediated pancreatitis, Enteritis leukopenic, Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, Neuropsychiatric lupus, Automatism epileptic, Stoma site thrombosis, Venous intravasation, MELAS syndrome, GuillainBarre syndrome, Herpes zoster infection neurological, Dialysis amyloidosis, Autoimmune thyroid disorder, Tracheobronchitis mycoplasmal, Acquired epileptic aphasia, Neutropenic infection, Atypical benign partial epilepsy, Septic embolus, Coeliac disease, Fibrillary glomerulonephritis, Post stroke epilepsy, Capillaritis, Ocular pemphigoid, Demyelinating polyneuropathy, Lip oedema, Immune-mediated encephalitis, Acute kidney injury, Mesenteric artery embolism, Secondary cerebellar degeneration, SARSCoV-2 test false negative, Genital herpes zoster, Cerebral thrombosis, Immunoglobulin G4 related disease, Foetal distress syndrome, Diastolic hypotension, Testicular autoimmunity, Angiopathic neuropathy, Air embolism, Bromosulphthalein test abnormal, Gamma-glutamyltransferase abnormal, Atonic seizures, Palmoplantar keratoderma, Noninfective encephalomyelitis, Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis allergic, Post-traumatic epilepsy, Bronchospasm, Topectomy, Expanded disability status scale score increased, Blood bilirubin increased, Anti-RNA polymerase III antibody positive, Arterial bypass occlusion, Coronavirus test negative, Secondary amyloidosis, Caplan's syndrome, Diabetes mellitus, Peritoneal fluid protein increased, Biotinidase deficiency, Graft thrombosis, Foetor hepaticus, Vasa praevia, Autoimmune anaemia, Silent thyroiditis, Colitis ulcerative, Vagus nerve paralysis, Iliac artery embolism, Ocular sarcoidosis, Bacterascites, Herpes pharyngitis, Postpartum thrombosis, Juvenile polymyositis, Autoimmune pancreatitis, Relapsing multiple sclerosis, Atheroembolism, Laryngotracheal oedema, Trigeminal palsy, Hepaplastin decreased, Autoimmune myositis, Cerebral artery thrombosis, Bilirubin conjugated abnormal, Antimyocardial antibody positive, Autonomic seizure, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Bulbar palsy, IVth nerve paresis, Basophilopenia, Sympathetic ophthalmia, Hepatic hypertrophy, Thyroid disorder, Herpes zoster oticus, Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures, Subacute endocarditis, Congestive hepatopathy, GM2 gangliosidosis, Retinal vasculitis, Zika virus associated Guillain Barre syndrome. Low birth weight baby, Post procedural hypotension, Vascular stent thrombosis, Congenital myasthenic syndrome, Thrombophlebitis septic, Autoimmune hypothyroidism, Anti-erythrocyte antibody positive, Stiff leg syndrome, Lemierre syndrome, Splenic thrombosis, Inclusion body myositis, Cytokine storm, Autonomic nervous system imbalance, Central nervous system vasculitis, Kawasaki's disease, Metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease, Autoinflammatory disease, Fat embolism, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index increased, Hepatic vein thrombosis, Pneumonia herpes viral, Takayasu's arteritis, Arthralgia, Idiopathic generalised epilepsy, AntiGAD antibody negative, Epilepsy, Cough, Neurosarcoidosis, Congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome, Bilirubin urine present, Autoimmune pancytopenia, Hepatic venous pressure gradient abnormal, Congenital herpes simplex infection, Ascites, Mahler sign, Paresis cranial nerve, Intracranial pressure increased, Immune-mediated renal disorder, Vaccination site thrombosis, Pulmonary vasculitis, Hypothyroidism, Mastocytic enterocolitis, Butterfly rash, Tracheal oedema, Anaphylactic shock, Oropharyngeal swelling, Pulmonary fibrosis, Reynold's syndrome, Cryofibrinogenaemia, Cardiac failure, Pancreatitis, Jugular vein thrombosis, Miller Fisher syndrome, Kounis syndrome, Morphoea, Manufacturing materials issue, Cerebral gas embolism, Sclerodactylia, Hepatic fibrosis marker abnormal, Pericarditis, Baltic myoclonic epilepsy, Paraneoplastic thrombosis, Myasthenic syndrome, Type III immune complex mediated reaction, Leukoencephalomyelitis, Urticaria papular, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, Progressive multiple sclerosis, Neuromyotonia, Disseminated varicella zoster vaccine virus infection, 2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Optic neuropathy, Lower respiratory tract infection, Nodular rash, Encephalitis, Hepatic hypoperfusion, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothenar hammer syndrome, COVID-19, Vaccination site vasculitis, Splenic artery thrombosis, Cough variant asthma, Herpes simplex hepatitis, Respiratory distress, Spondyloarthropathy, Vocal cord paralysis, Embolism, Glossopharyngeal nerve paralysis, Model for end stage liver disease score abnormal, Peripheral artery thrombosis, Narcolepsy, Bronchitis mycoplasmal, Antinuclear antibody increased, Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, Glycocholic acid increased, Premature labour, Herpes simplex pneumonia, Haemorrhage, Antiacetylcholine receptor antibody positive, Colitis herpes, Flushing, Carotid artery thrombosis, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index abnormal, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive, Hepaplastin abnormal, Sneezing, Axial spondyloarthritis, Intrinsic factor antibody abnormal, Myoclonic epilepsy, Deficiency of bile secretion, Anti-insulin antibody positive,

How can a product with 9 pages of adverse side effects be advertised as SAFE FOR KIDS 5+

?

Pages 30-38

phmpt.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/5.3.6-postmarketing-...

APPENDIX 1. LIST OF ADVERSE EVENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST 1p36 deletion syndrome;2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria;5'nucleotidase increased;Acoustic neuritis;Acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency;Acquired epidermolysis bullosa;Acquired epileptic aphasia;Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis;Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures;Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis;Acute flaccid myelitis;Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis;Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy;Acute kidney injury;Acute macular outer retinopathy;Acute motor axonal neuropathy;Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy;Acute myocardial infarction;Acute respiratory distress syndrome;Acute respiratory failure;Addison's disease;Administration site thrombosis;Administration site vasculitis;Adrenal thrombosis;Adverse event following immunisation;Ageusia;Agranulocytosis;Air embolism;Alanine aminotransferase abnormal;Alanine aminotransferase increased;Alcoholic seizure;Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis;Allergic oedema;Alloimmune hepatitis;Alopecia areata;Alpers disease;Alveolar proteinosis;Ammonia abnormal;Ammonia increased;Amniotic cavity infection;Amygdalohippocampectomy;Amyloid arthropathy;Amyloidosis;Amyloidosis senile;Anaphylactic reaction;Anaphylactic shock;Anaphylactic transfusion reaction;Anaphylactoid reaction;Anaphylactoid shock;Anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy;Angioedema;Angiopathic neuropathy;Ankylosing spondylitis;Anosmia;Antiacetylcholine receptor antibody positive;Anti-actin antibody positive;Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positive;Anti-basal ganglia antibody positive;Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive;Anti-epithelial antibody positive;Anti-erythrocyte antibody positive;Anti-exosome complex antibody positive;AntiGAD antibody negative;Anti-GAD antibody positive;Anti-ganglioside antibody positive;Antigliadin antibody positive;Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody positive;Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease;Anti-glycyl-tRNA synthetase antibody positive;Anti-HLA antibody test positive;Anti-IA2 antibody positive;Anti-insulin antibody increased;Anti-insulin antibody positive;Anti-insulin receptor antibody increased;Antiinsulin receptor antibody positive;Anti-interferon antibody negative;Anti-interferon antibody positive;Anti-islet cell antibody positive;Antimitochondrial antibody positive;Anti-muscle specific kinase antibody positive;Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies positive;Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein associated polyneuropathy;Antimyocardial antibody positive;Anti-neuronal antibody positive;Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody increased;Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive;Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis;Anti-NMDA antibody positive;Antinuclear antibody increased;Antinuclear antibody positive;Antiphospholipid antibodies positive;Antiphospholipid syndrome;Anti-platelet antibody positive;Anti-prothrombin antibody positive;Antiribosomal P antibody positive;Anti-RNA polymerase III antibody positive;Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody test positive;Anti-sperm antibody positive;Anti-SRP antibody positive;Antisynthetase syndrome;Anti-thyroid antibody positive;Anti-transglutaminase antibody increased;Anti-VGCC antibody positive;AntiVGKC antibody positive;Anti-vimentin antibody positive;Antiviral prophylaxis;Antiviral treatment;Anti-zinc transporter 8 antibody positive;Aortic embolus;Aortic thrombosis;Aortitis;Aplasia pure red cell;Aplastic anaemia;Application site thrombosis;Application site vasculitis;Arrhythmia;Arterial bypass occlusion;Arterial bypass thrombosis;Arterial thrombosis;Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis;Arteriovenous graft site stenosis;Arteriovenous graft thrombosis;Arteritis;Arteritis

coronary;Arthralgia;Arthritis;Arthritis enteropathic;Ascites;Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis;Aspartate aminotransferase abnormal;Aspartate aminotransferase increased;Aspartate-glutamate-transporter deficiency;AST to platelet ratio index increased;AST/ALT ratio abnormal;Asthma;Asymptomatic COVID19;Ataxia;Atheroembolism;Atonic seizures;Atrial thrombosis;Atrophic thyroiditis;Atypical benign partial epilepsy;Atypical pneumonia;Aura;Autoantibody positive;Autoimmune anaemia;Autoimmune aplastic anaemia;Autoimmune arthritis;Autoimmune blistering disease;Autoimmune cholangitis;Autoimmune colitis;Autoimmune demyelinating disease;Autoimmune dermatitis;Autoimmune disorder;Autoimmune encephalopathy;Autoimmune endocrine disorder;Autoimmune enteropathy;Autoimmune eye disorder;Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia;Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia;Autoimmune hepatitis;Autoimmune hyperlipidaemia;Autoimmune hypothyroidism;Autoimmune inner ear disease;Autoimmune lung disease;Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome;Autoimmune myocarditis;Autoimmune myositis;Autoimmune nephritis;Autoimmune neuropathy;Autoimmune neutropenia;Autoimmune pancreatitis;Autoimmune pancytopenia;Autoimmune pericarditis;Autoimmune retinopathy;Autoimmune thyroid disorder;Autoimmune thyroiditis;Autoimmune uveitis;Autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis;Autoinflammatory disease;Automatism epileptic;Autonomic nervous system imbalance;Autonomic seizure;Axial spondyloarthritis;Axillary vein thrombosis;Axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy;Axonal neuropathy;Bacterascites;Baltic myoclonic epilepsy;Band sensation;Basedow's disease;Basilar artery thrombosis;Basophilopenia;B-cell aplasia;Behcet's syndrome;Benign ethnic neutropenia;Benign familial neonatal convulsions;Benign familial pemphigus;Benign rolandic epilepsy;Beta-2 glycoprotein antibody positive;Bickerstaff's encephalitis;Bile output abnormal;Bile output decreased;Biliary ascites;Bilirubin conjugated abnormal;Bilirubin conjugated increased;Bilirubin urine present;Biopsy liver abnormal;Biotinidase deficiency;Birdshot chorioretinopathy;Blood alkaline phosphatase abnormal;Blood alkaline phosphatase increased;Blood bilirubin abnormal;Blood bilirubin increased;Blood bilirubin unconjugated increased;Blood cholinesterase abnormal;Blood cholinesterase decreased;Blood pressure decreased;Blood pressure diastolic decreased;Blood pressure systolic decreased;Blue toe syndrome;Brachiocephalic vein thrombosis;Brain stem embolism;Brain stem thrombosis;Bromosulphthalein test abnormal;Bronchial oedema;Bronchitis;Bronchitis mycoplasmal;Bronchitis viral;Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis allergic;Bronchospasm;BuddChiari syndrome;Bulbar palsy;Butterfly rash;C1q nephropathy;Caesarean section;Calcium embolism;Capillaritis;Caplan's syndrome;Cardiac amyloidosis;Cardiac arrest;Cardiac failure;Cardiac failure acute;Cardiac sarcoidosis;Cardiac ventricular thrombosis;Cardiogenic shock;Cardiolipin antibody positive;Cardiopulmonary failure;Cardio-respiratory arrest;Cardio-respiratory distress;Cardiovascular insufficiency;Carotid arterial embolus;Carotid artery thrombosis;Cataplexy;Catheter site thrombosis;Catheter site vasculitis;Cavernous sinus thrombosis;CDKL5 deficiency disorder;CEC syndrome;Cement embolism;Central nervous system lupus;Central nervous system vasculitis;Cerebellar artery thrombosis;Cerebellar embolism;Cerebral amyloid angiopathy;Cerebral arteritis;Cerebral artery embolism;Cerebral artery thrombosis;Cerebral gas embolism;Cerebral microembolism;Cerebral septic infarct;Cerebral thrombosis;Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis;Cerebral venous thrombosis;Cerebrospinal thrombotic

tamponade;Cerebrovascular accident;Change in seizure presentation;Chest discomfort;ChildPugh-Turcotte score abnormal;Child-Pugh-Turcotte score increased;Chillblains;Choking;Choking sensation;Cholangitis sclerosing;Chronic autoimmune glomerulonephritis;Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Chronic fatigue syndrome;Chronic gastritis;Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy;Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids;Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis;Chronic respiratory failure;Chronic spontaneous urticaria;Circulatory collapse;Circumoral oedema;Circumoral swelling;Clinically isolated syndrome;Clonic convulsion;Coeliac disease;Cogan's syndrome;Cold agglutinins positive;Cold type haemolytic anaemia;Colitis;Colitis erosive;Colitis herpes;Colitis microscopic;Colitis ulcerative;Collagen disorder;Collagen-vascular disease;Complement factor abnormal;Complement factor C1 decreased;Complement factor C2 decreased;Complement factor C3 decreased;Complement factor C4 decreased;Complement factor decreased;Computerised tomogram liver abnormal;Concentric sclerosis;Congenital anomaly;Congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome;Congenital herpes simplex infection;Congenital myasthenic syndrome;Congenital varicella infection;Congestive hepatopathy;Convulsion in childhood;Convulsions local;Convulsive threshold lowered;Coombs positive haemolytic anaemia;Coronary artery disease;Coronary artery embolism;Coronary artery thrombosis;Coronary bypass thrombosis;Coronavirus infection;Coronavirus test;Coronavirus test negative;Coronavirus test positive;Corpus callosotomy;Cough;Cough variant asthma;COVID-19;COVID-19 immunisation;COVID-19 pneumonia;COVID-19 prophylaxis;COVID-19 treatment;Cranial nerve disorder;Cranial nerve palsies multiple;Cranial nerve paralysis;CREST syndrome;Crohn's disease;Cryofibrinogenaemia;Cryoglobulinaemia;CSF oligoclonal band present;CSWS syndrome;Cutaneous amyloidosis;Cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Cutaneous sarcoidosis;Cutaneous vasculitis;Cyanosis;Cyclic neutropenia;Cystitis interstitial;Cytokine release syndrome;Cytokine storm;De novo purine synthesis inhibitors associated acute inflammatory syndrome;Death neonatal;Deep vein thrombosis;Deep vein thrombosis postoperative;Deficiency of bile secretion;Deja vu;Demyelinating polyneuropathy;Demyelination;Dermatitis;Dermatitis bullous;Dermatitis herpetiformis;Dermatomyositis;Device embolisation;Device related thrombosis;Diabetes mellitus;Diabetic ketoacidosis;Diabetic mastopathy;Dialysis amyloidosis;Dialysis membrane reaction;Diastolic hypotension;Diffuse vasculitis;Digital pitting scar;Disseminated intravascular coagulation;Disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborn;Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex;Disseminated varicella;Disseminated varicella zoster vaccine virus infection;Disseminated varicella zoster virus infection;DNA antibody positive;Double cortex syndrome;Double stranded DNA antibody positive;Dreamy state;Dressler's syndrome;Drop attacks;Drug withdrawal convulsions;Dyspnoea;Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with burst-suppression;Eclampsia;Eczema herpeticum;Embolia cutis medicamentosa;Embolic cerebellar infarction;Embolic cerebral infarction;Embolic pneumonia;Embolic stroke;Embolism;Embolism arterial;Embolism venous;Encephalitis;Encephalitis allergic;Encephalitis autoimmune;Encephalitis brain stem;Encephalitis haemorrhagic;Encephalitis periaxialis diffusa;Encephalitis post immunisation;Encephalomyelitis;Encephalopathy;Endocrine disorder;Endocrine ophthalmopathy;Endotracheal intubation;Enteritis;Enteritis leukopenic;Enterobacter pneumonia;Enterocolitis;Enteropathic spondylitis;Eosinopenia;Eosinophilic

fasciitis;Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis;Eosinophilic oesophagitis;Epidermolysis;Epilepsy;Epilepsy surgery;Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures;Epileptic aura;Epileptic psychosis;Erythema;Erythema induratum;Erythema multiforme;Erythema nodosum;Evans syndrome;Exanthema subitum;Expanded disability status scale score decreased;Expanded disability status scale score increased;Exposure to communicable disease;Exposure to SARS-CoV-2;Eye oedema;Eye pruritus;Eye swelling;Eyelid oedema;Face oedema;Facial paralysis;Facial paresis;Faciobrachial dystonic seizure;Fat embolism;Febrile convulsion;Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome;Febrile neutropenia;Felty's syndrome;Femoral artery embolism;Fibrillary glomerulonephritis;Fibromyalgia;Flushing;Foaming at mouth;Focal cortical resection;Focal dyscognitive seizures;Foetal distress syndrome;Foetal placental thrombosis;Foetor hepaticus;Foreign body embolism;Frontal lobe epilepsy;Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus;Galactose elimination capacity test abnormal;Galactose elimination capacity test decreased;Gamma-glutamyltransferase abnormal;Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased;Gastritis herpes;Gastrointestinal amyloidosis;Gelastic seizure;Generalised onset non-motor seizure;Generalised tonic-clonic seizure;Genital herpes;Genital herpes simplex;Genital herpes zoster;Giant cell arteritis;Glomerulonephritis;Glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative;Glomerulonephritis membranous;Glomerulonephritis rapidly progressive;Glossopharyngeal nerve paralysis;Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome;Glutamate dehydrogenase increased;Glycocholic acid increased;GM2 gangliosidosis;Goodpasture's syndrome;Graft thrombosis;Granulocytopenia;Granulocytopenia neonatal;Granulomatosis with polyangiitis;Granulomatous dermatitis;Grey matter heterotopia;Guanase increased;GuillainBarre syndrome;Haemolytic anaemia;Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis;Haemorrhage;Haemorrhagic ascites;Haemorrhagic disorder;Haemorrhagic pneumonia;Haemorrhagic varicella syndrome;Haemorrhagic vasculitis;Hantavirus pulmonary infection;Hashimoto's encephalopathy;Hashitoxicosis;Hemimegalencephaly;Henoch-Schonlein purpura;HenochSchonlein purpura nephritis;Hepaplastin abnormal;Hepaplastin decreased;Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia;Hepatic amyloidosis;Hepatic artery embolism;Hepatic artery flow decreased;Hepatic artery thrombosis;Hepatic enzyme abnormal;Hepatic enzyme decreased;Hepatic enzyme increased;Hepatic fibrosis marker abnormal;Hepatic fibrosis marker increased;Hepatic function abnormal;Hepatic hydrothorax;Hepatic hypertrophy;Hepatic hypoperfusion;Hepatic lymphocytic infiltration;Hepatic mass;Hepatic pain;Hepatic sequestration;Hepatic vascular resistance increased;Hepatic vascular thrombosis;Hepatic vein embolism;Hepatic vein thrombosis;Hepatic venous pressure gradient abnormal;Hepatic venous pressure gradient increased;Hepatitis;Hepatobiliary scan abnormal;Hepatomegaly;Hepatosplenomegaly;Hereditary angioedema with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency;Herpes dermatitis;Herpes gestationis;Herpes oesophagitis;Herpes ophthalmic;Herpes pharyngitis;Herpes sepsis;Herpes simplex;Herpes simplex cervicitis;Herpes simplex colitis;Herpes simplex encephalitis;Herpes simplex gastritis;Herpes simplex hepatitis;Herpes simplex meningitis;Herpes simplex meningoencephalitis;Herpes simplex meningomyelitis;Herpes simplex necrotising retinopathy;Herpes simplex oesophagitis;Herpes simplex otitis externa;Herpes simplex pharyngitis;Herpes simplex pneumonia;Herpes simplex reactivation;Herpes simplex sepsis;Herpes simplex viraemia;Herpes simplex virus conjunctivitis neonatal;Herpes simplex visceral;Herpes virus

infection;Herpes zoster;Herpes zoster cutaneous disseminated;Herpes zoster infection neurological;Herpes zoster meningitis;Herpes zoster meningoencephalitis;Herpes zoster meningomyelitis;Herpes zoster meningoradiculitis;Herpes zoster necrotising retinopathy;Herpes zoster oticus;Herpes zoster pharyngitis;Herpes zoster reactivation;Herpetic radiculopathy;Histone antibody positive;Hoigne's syndrome;Human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis;Human herpesvirus 6 infection;Human herpesvirus 6 infection reactivation;Human herpesvirus 7 infection;Human herpesvirus 8 infection;Hyperammonaemia;Hyperbilirubinaemia;Hypercholia;Hypergammaglobulinaemia benign monoclonal;Hyperglycaemic seizure;Hypersensitivity;Hypersensitivity vasculitis;Hyperthyroidism;Hypertransaminasaemia;Hyperventilation;Hypoalbuminaemia;H ypocalcaemic seizure;Hypogammaglobulinaemia;Hypoglossal nerve paralysis;Hypoglossal nerve paresis;Hypoglycaemic seizure;Hyponatraemic seizure;Hypotension;Hypotensive crisis;Hypothenar hammer syndrome;Hypothyroidism;Hypoxia;Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia;Idiopathic generalised epilepsy;Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia;Idiopathic neutropenia;Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis;IgA nephropathy;IgM nephropathy;IIIrd nerve paralysis;IIIrd nerve paresis;Iliac artery embolism;Immune thrombocytopenia;Immunemediated adverse reaction;Immune-mediated cholangitis;Immune-mediated cholestasis;Immune-mediated cytopenia;Immune-mediated encephalitis;Immune-mediated encephalopathy;Immune-mediated endocrinopathy;Immune-mediated enterocolitis;Immunemediated gastritis;Immune-mediated hepatic disorder;Immune-mediated hepatitis;Immunemediated hyperthyroidism;Immune-mediated hypothyroidism;Immune-mediated myocarditis;Immune-mediated myositis;Immune-mediated nephritis;Immune-mediated neuropathy;Immune-mediated pancreatitis;Immune-mediated pneumonitis;Immune-mediated renal disorder;Immune-mediated thyroiditis;Immune-mediated uveitis;Immunoglobulin G4 related disease;Immunoglobulins abnormal;Implant site thrombosis;Inclusion body myositis;Infantile genetic agranulocytosis;Infantile spasms;Infected vasculitis;Infective thrombosis;Inflammation;Inflammatory bowel disease;Infusion site thrombosis;Infusion site vasculitis;Injection site thrombosis;Injection site urticaria;Injection site vasculitis;Instillation site thrombosis;Insulin autoimmune syndrome;Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis;Interstitial lung disease;Intracardiac mass;Intracardiac thrombus;Intracranial pressure increased;Intrapericardial thrombosis;Intrinsic factor antibody abnormal;Intrinsic factor antibody positive;IPEX syndrome;Irregular breathing;IRVAN syndrome;IVth nerve paralysis;IVth nerve paresis;JC polyomavirus test positive;JC virus CSF test positive;Jeavons syndrome;Jugular vein embolism;Jugular vein thrombosis;Juvenile idiopathic arthritis;Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy;Juvenile polymyositis;Juvenile psoriatic arthritis;Juvenile spondyloarthritis;Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome;Kawasaki's disease;Kayser-Fleischer ring;Keratoderma blenorrhagica;Ketosisprone diabetes mellitus;Kounis syndrome;Lafora's myoclonic epilepsy;Lambl's excrescences;Laryngeal dyspnoea;Laryngeal oedema;Laryngeal rheumatoid arthritis;Laryngospasm;Laryngotracheal oedema;Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults;LE cells present;Lemierre syndrome;Lennox-Gastaut syndrome;Leucine aminopeptidase increased;Leukoencephalomyelitis;Leukoencephalopathy;Leukopenia;Leukopenia neonatal;Lewis-Sumner syndrome;Lhermitte's sign;Lichen planopilaris;Lichen planus;Lichen sclerosus;Limbic encephalitis;Linear IgA disease;Lip oedema;Lip swelling;Liver function test abnormal;Liver function test decreased;Liver function test increased;Liver induration;Liver injury;Liver iron concentration abnormal;Liver iron concentration

increased;Liver opacity;Liver palpable;Liver sarcoidosis;Liver scan abnormal;Liver tenderness;Low birth weight baby;Lower respiratory tract herpes infection;Lower respiratory tract infection;Lower respiratory tract infection viral;Lung abscess;Lupoid hepatic cirrhosis;Lupus cystitis;Lupus encephalitis;Lupus endocarditis;Lupus enteritis;Lupus hepatitis;Lupus myocarditis;Lupus myositis;Lupus nephritis;Lupus pancreatitis;Lupus pleurisy;Lupus pneumonitis;Lupus vasculitis;Lupus-like syndrome;Lymphocytic hypophysitis;Lymphocytopenia neonatal;Lymphopenia;MAGIC syndrome;Magnetic resonance imaging liver abnormal;Magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction measurement;Mahler sign;Manufacturing laboratory analytical testing issue;Manufacturing materials issue;Manufacturing production issue;Marburg's variant multiple sclerosis;Marchiafava-Bignami disease;Marine Lenhart syndrome;Mastocytic enterocolitis;Maternal exposure during pregnancy;Medical device site thrombosis;Medical device site vasculitis;MELAS syndrome;Meningitis;Meningitis aseptic;Meningitis herpes;Meningoencephalitis herpes simplex neonatal;Meningoencephalitis herpetic;Meningomyelitis herpes;MERS-CoV test;MERS-CoV test negative;MERS-CoV test positive;Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis;Mesenteric artery embolism;Mesenteric artery thrombosis;Mesenteric vein thrombosis;Metapneumovirus infection;Metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease;Metastatic pulmonary embolism;Microangiopathy;Microembolism;Microscopic polyangiitis;Middle East respiratory syndrome;Migraine-triggered seizure;Miliary pneumonia;Miller Fisher syndrome;Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase increased;Mixed connective tissue disease;Model for end stage liver disease score abnormal;Model for end stage liver disease score increased;Molar ratio of total branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine;Molybdenum cofactor deficiency;Monocytopenia;Mononeuritis;Mononeuropathy multiplex;Morphoea;Morvan syndrome;Mouth swelling;Moyamoya disease;Multifocal motor neuropathy;Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome;Multiple sclerosis;Multiple sclerosis relapse;Multiple sclerosis relapse prophylaxis;Multiple subpial transection;Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children;Muscular sarcoidosis;Myasthenia gravis;Myasthenia gravis crisis;Myasthenia gravis neonatal;Myasthenic syndrome;Myelitis;Myelitis transverse;Myocardial infarction;Myocarditis;Myocarditis post infection;Myoclonic epilepsy;Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibres;Myokymia;Myositis;Narcolepsy;Nasal herpes;Nasal obstruction;Necrotising herpetic retinopathy;Neonatal Crohn's disease;Neonatal epileptic seizure;Neonatal lupus erythematosus;Neonatal mucocutaneous herpes simplex;Neonatal pneumonia;Neonatal seizure;Nephritis;Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis;Neuralgic amyotrophy;Neuritis;Neuritis cranial;Neuromyelitis optica pseudo relapse;Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder;Neuromyotonia;Neuronal neuropathy;Neuropathy peripheral;Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa syndrome;Neuropsychiatric lupus;Neurosarcoidosis;Neutropenia;Neutropenia neonatal;Neutropenic colitis;Neutropenic infection;Neutropenic sepsis;Nodular rash;Nodular vasculitis;Noninfectious myelitis;Noninfective encephalitis;Noninfective encephalomyelitis;Noninfective oophoritis;Obstetrical pulmonary embolism;Occupational exposure to communicable disease;Occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2;Ocular hyperaemia;Ocular myasthenia;Ocular pemphigoid;Ocular sarcoidosis;Ocular vasculitis;Oculofacial paralysis;Oedema;Oedema blister;Oedema due to hepatic disease;Oedema mouth;Oesophageal achalasia;Ophthalmic artery thrombosis;Ophthalmic herpes simplex;Ophthalmic herpes zoster;Ophthalmic vein thrombosis;Optic neuritis;Optic

neuropathy;Optic perineuritis;Oral herpes;Oral lichen planus;Oropharyngeal oedema;Oropharyngeal spasm;Oropharyngeal swelling;Osmotic demyelination syndrome;Ovarian vein thrombosis;Overlap syndrome;Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection;Paget-Schroetter syndrome;Palindromic rheumatism;Palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis;Palmoplantar keratoderma;Palpable purpura;Pancreatitis;Panencephalitis;Papillophlebitis;Paracancerous pneumonia;Paradoxical embolism;Parainfluenzae viral laryngotracheobronchitis;Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis;Paraneoplastic pemphigus;Paraneoplastic thrombosis;Paresis cranial nerve;Parietal cell antibody positive;Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria;Partial seizures;Partial seizures with secondary generalisation;Patient isolation;Pelvic venous thrombosis;Pemphigoid;Pemphigus;Penile vein thrombosis;Pericarditis;Pericarditis lupus;Perihepatic discomfort;Periorbital oedema;Periorbital swelling;Peripheral artery thrombosis;Peripheral embolism;Peripheral ischaemia;Peripheral vein thrombus extension;Periportal oedema;Peritoneal fluid protein abnormal;Peritoneal fluid protein decreased;Peritoneal fluid protein increased;Peritonitis lupus;Pernicious anaemia;Petit mal epilepsy;Pharyngeal oedema;Pharyngeal swelling;Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta;Placenta praevia;Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis;Pneumobilia;Pneumonia;Pneumonia adenoviral;Pneumonia cytomegaloviral;Pneumonia herpes viral;Pneumonia influenzal;Pneumonia measles;Pneumonia mycoplasmal;Pneumonia necrotising;Pneumonia parainfluenzae viral;Pneumonia respiratory syncytial viral;Pneumonia viral;POEMS syndrome;Polyarteritis nodosa;Polyarthritis;Polychondritis;Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I;Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II;Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III;Polyglandular disorder;Polymicrogyria;Polymyalgia rheumatica;Polymyositis;Polyneuropathy;Polyneuropathy idiopathic progressive;Portal pyaemia;Portal vein embolism;Portal vein flow decreased;Portal vein pressure increased;Portal vein thrombosis;Portosplenomesenteric venous thrombosis;Post procedural hypotension;Post procedural pneumonia;Post procedural pulmonary embolism;Post stroke epilepsy;Post stroke seizure;Post thrombotic retinopathy;Post thrombotic syndrome;Post viral fatigue syndrome;Postictal headache;Postictal paralysis;Postictal psychosis;Postictal state;Postoperative respiratory distress;Postoperative respiratory failure;Postoperative thrombosis;Postpartum thrombosis;Postpartum venous thrombosis;Postpericardiotomy syndrome;Post-traumatic epilepsy;Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome;Precerebral artery thrombosis;Pre-eclampsia;Preictal state;Premature labour;Premature menopause;Primary amyloidosis;Primary biliary cholangitis;Primary progressive multiple sclerosis;Procedural shock;Proctitis herpes;Proctitis ulcerative;Product availability issue;Product distribution issue;Product supply issue;Progressive facial hemiatrophy;Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy;Progressive multiple sclerosis;Progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis;Prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis;Pruritus;Pruritus allergic;Pseudovasculitis;Psoriasis;Psoriatic arthropathy;Pulmonary amyloidosis;Pulmonary artery thrombosis;Pulmonary embolism;Pulmonary fibrosis;Pulmonary haemorrhage;Pulmonary microemboli;Pulmonary oil microembolism;Pulmonary renal syndrome;Pulmonary sarcoidosis;Pulmonary sepsis;Pulmonary thrombosis;Pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy;Pulmonary vasculitis;Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease;Pulmonary venous thrombosis;Pyoderma gangrenosum;Pyostomatitis vegetans;Pyrexia;Quarantine;Radiation leukopenia;Radiculitis

brachial;Radiologically isolated syndrome;Rash;Rash erythematous;Rash pruritic;Rasmussen encephalitis;Raynaud's phenomenon;Reactive capillary endothelial proliferation;Relapsing multiple sclerosis;Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis;Renal amyloidosis;Renal arteritis;Renal artery thrombosis;Renal embolism;Renal failure;Renal vascular thrombosis;Renal vasculitis;Renal vein embolism;Renal vein thrombosis;Respiratory arrest;Respiratory disorder;Respiratory distress;Respiratory failure;Respiratory paralysis;Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis;Respiratory syncytial virus bronchitis;Retinal artery embolism;Retinal artery occlusion;Retinal artery thrombosis;Retinal vascular thrombosis;Retinal vasculitis;Retinal vein occlusion;Retinal vein thrombosis;Retinol binding protein decreased;Retinopathy;Retrograde portal vein flow;Retroperitoneal fibrosis;Reversible airways obstruction;Reynold's syndrome;Rheumatic brain disease;Rheumatic disorder;Rheumatoid arthritis;Rheumatoid factor increased;Rheumatoid factor positive;Rheumatoid factor quantitative increased;Rheumatoid lung;Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis;Rheumatoid nodule;Rheumatoid nodule removal;Rheumatoid scleritis;Rheumatoid vasculitis;Saccadic eye movement;SAPHO syndrome;Sarcoidosis;SARS-CoV-1 test;SARS-CoV-1 test negative;SARS-CoV-1 test positive;SARS-CoV-2 antibody test;SARS-CoV-2 antibody test negative;SARS-CoV-2 antibody test positive;SARS-CoV-2 carrier;SARS-CoV-2 sepsis;SARS-CoV-2 test;SARSCoV-2 test false negative;SARS-CoV-2 test false positive;SARS-CoV-2 test negative;SARSCoV-2 test positive;SARS-CoV-2 viraemia;Satoyoshi syndrome;Schizencephaly;Scleritis;Sclerodactylia;Scleroderma;Scleroderma associated digital ulcer;Scleroderma renal crisis;Scleroderma-like reaction;Secondary amyloidosis;Secondary cerebellar degeneration;Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis;Segmented hyalinising vasculitis;Seizure;Seizure anoxic;Seizure cluster;Seizure like phenomena;Seizure prophylaxis;Sensation of foreign body;Septic embolus;Septic pulmonary embolism;Severe acute respiratory syndrome;Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy;Shock;Shock symptom;Shrinking lung syndrome;Shunt thrombosis;Silent thyroiditis;Simple partial seizures;Sjogren's syndrome;Skin swelling;SLE arthritis;Smooth muscle antibody positive;Sneezing;Spinal artery embolism;Spinal artery thrombosis;Splenic artery thrombosis;Splenic embolism;Splenic thrombosis;Splenic vein thrombosis;Spondylitis;Spondyloarthropathy;Spontaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome;Status epilepticus;Stevens-Johnson syndrome;Stiff leg syndrome;Stiff person syndrome;Stillbirth;Still's disease;Stoma site thrombosis;Stoma site vasculitis;Stress cardiomyopathy;Stridor;Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Subacute endocarditis;Subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy;Subclavian artery embolism;Subclavian artery thrombosis;Subclavian vein thrombosis;Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy;Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis;Susac's syndrome;Suspected COVID19;Swelling;Swelling face;Swelling of eyelid;Swollen tongue;Sympathetic ophthalmia;Systemic lupus erythematosus;Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index abnormal;Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index decreased;Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index increased;Systemic lupus erythematosus rash;Systemic scleroderma;Systemic sclerosis pulmonary;Tachycardia;Tachypnoea;Takayasu's arteritis;Temporal lobe epilepsy;Terminal ileitis;Testicular autoimmunity;Throat tightness;Thromboangiitis obliterans;Thrombocytopenia;Thrombocytopenic purpura;Thrombophlebitis;Thrombophlebitis migrans;Thrombophlebitis

neonatal;Thrombophlebitis septic;Thrombophlebitis superficial;Thromboplastin antibody positive;Thrombosis;Thrombosis corpora cavernosa;Thrombosis in device;Thrombosis mesenteric vessel;Thrombotic cerebral infarction;Thrombotic microangiopathy;Thrombotic stroke;Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura;Thyroid disorder;Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin increased;Thyroiditis;Tongue amyloidosis;Tongue biting;Tongue oedema;Tonic clonic movements;Tonic convulsion;Tonic posturing;Topectomy;Total bile acids increased;Toxic epidermal necrolysis;Toxic leukoencephalopathy;Toxic oil syndrome;Tracheal obstruction;Tracheal oedema;Tracheobronchitis;Tracheobronchitis mycoplasmal;Tracheobronchitis viral;Transaminases abnormal;Transaminases increased;Transfusion-related alloimmune neutropenia;Transient epileptic amnesia;Transverse sinus thrombosis;Trigeminal nerve paresis;Trigeminal neuralgia;Trigeminal palsy;Truncus coeliacus thrombosis;Tuberous sclerosis complex;Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome;Tumefactive multiple sclerosis;Tumour embolism;Tumour thrombosis;Type 1 diabetes mellitus;Type I hypersensitivity;Type III immune complex mediated reaction;Uhthoff's phenomenon;Ulcerative keratitis;Ultrasound liver abnormal;Umbilical cord thrombosis;Uncinate fits;Undifferentiated connective tissue disease;Upper airway obstruction;Urine bilirubin increased;Urobilinogen urine decreased;Urobilinogen urine increased;Urticaria;Urticaria papular;Urticarial vasculitis;Uterine rupture;Uveitis;Vaccination site thrombosis;Vaccination site vasculitis;Vagus nerve paralysis;Varicella;Varicella keratitis;Varicella post vaccine;Varicella zoster gastritis;Varicella zoster oesophagitis;Varicella zoster pneumonia;Varicella zoster sepsis;Varicella zoster virus infection;Vasa praevia;Vascular graft thrombosis;Vascular pseudoaneurysm thrombosis;Vascular purpura;Vascular stent thrombosis;Vasculitic rash;Vasculitic ulcer;Vasculitis;Vasculitis gastrointestinal;Vasculitis necrotising;Vena cava embolism;Vena cava thrombosis;Venous intravasation;Venous recanalisation;Venous thrombosis;Venous thrombosis in pregnancy;Venous thrombosis limb;Venous thrombosis neonatal;Vertebral artery thrombosis;Vessel puncture site thrombosis;Visceral venous thrombosis;VIth nerve paralysis;VIth nerve paresis;Vitiligo;Vocal cord paralysis;Vocal cord paresis;Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease;Warm type haemolytic anaemia;Wheezing;White nipple sign;XIth nerve paralysis;X-ray hepatobiliary abnormal;Young's syndrome;Zika virus associated Guillain Barre syndrome.

Figure 1 from Exvivo Experiments of Human Ovarian Cancer Ascites-Derived Exosomes Presented by Dendritic Cells Derived from Umbilical Cord Blood for Immunotherapy Treatment Published in Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology

Exosomes-derived from human fibroblasts, labeled with Dil, internalized in melanoma receptor cells. In green we can observe the protein Connexin43 and in blue the nucleus (DAPI).

"Milk exosome augments antibiotic efficacy against mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus"

Mastitis poses a major burden on the dairy industry and is becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the development of antibiotic resistance. And overuse of antibiotics for the treatment of bovine mastitis exacerbates the problems. Antibiotic therapy for mastitis is currently ineffective due to the intracellular persistence of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and less bioavailability of antibiotics at the site of infection. Therefore, the aim of present study was to develop an effective therapeutics for intracellular delivery of antibiotic into mammary epithelial cells to tackle S.aureus. In this study, milk exosomes (mEs) were explored for their unique potential both as drug delivery vehicles and treatment modulators against S.aureus. The milk exosome (mEs), pre-characterized by zetasizer and high resolution transmission electron microscopy were used for encapsulation of D-(-)-α- aminobenzylpenicillin (AMP) antibiotic. The mEs-loaded AMP (mEs-AMP) was contrived and tested against mastitis. The mEs-AMP had a significantly (p < 0.001) higher therapeutic efficacy than unloaded-AMP at the same dosage and frequency of treatment. The mEs-AMP had 4.08-fold lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) than that of AMP, and the mEs-AMPs killed S.aureus more effectively than AMP (74.35% vs 34.46%). The antimicrobial and therapeutic efficacies of mEs-AMP were tested in subclinical and clinical mastitis of Sahiwal cows. Furthermore, mEs-AMP reduced the number of somatic cells (4.53 0.69 to 3.39 0.51 lakh/mL; P 0.001) and bacterial log CFU (2.2 0.15 to 1.7 0.37; p < 0.05) in treated animal milk compared to AMP. Therefore, the mEs-AMP could be used as a therapeutic tool for effective control of mastitis in dairy animals.

NCATS experts helped NIH-supported scientists use a new approach to find drugs that may help prevent the spread of prostate cancer. The top image shows antibodies (labeled with a red dye) that target CD63, a protein found on exosomes. The bottom image shows an advanced prostate cancer cell line that has been genetically engineered to turn on a protein that glows green and attaches to CD63.

Credit: National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Madhu Lal-Nag, Ph.D., and Lauren McGee

ID Card Exosomes.

Communication between cells via EVs

Some three decades ago extracellular vesicles were taken as a bin of garbage, the cell used to get rid of unnecessary proteins and other materials. Later in mid 1990s, exosomes were shown to have immunological function. Since then, many studies were conducted to explore the role of EVs and a new concept was developed that EVs are no more cellular garbage disposals rather an intelligent and effective way of communications among cells that play an important role in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. They carry important information in the form of cargoes consisting of either protein, nucleic acid, microRNA, metabolites etc. that can change the fate of a recipient cell. This image depicts a cell in need of support, thus it releases signals and neighbouring cell aids by releasing EVs that play a distinct role in the destiny of recipient cell.

Bovine milk exosomes up-taken into cytoplasm of HEK-293, do not directly fuse with lysosomes for degradation at 24 hours

Daily milk consumption of ~1-2 cups per day is recommended for healthy human adults, as a safe and nutritious source of calcium, vitamin B12 and animal proteins. Cow’s milk contains exosomes, small membrane-bound vesicles found to mediate cell-to-cell communication through the deliverance of cargo including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids to neighboring or distant tissues. It is supported that the majority of these contents are bioactive, leading to changes in gene expression in human cells and tissues. Studying how bovine milk exosomes are up-taken into human cells and the final destination of their contents is important in understanding how changes in gene expression at the cellular level, may also lead to changes in disease risk throughout the human body. Bovine milk exosome mRNA (Green), HEK-293 nucleus (Blue), HEK-293 Lysosome (Red)

Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) cause a plethora of physiological and pathological changes in target cells, but EV heterogeneity has confounded therapeutic exploitation. This super-resolution image of the particularly large endosomes within a single living fly secondary cell (dashed circle approximates outline) is important for the EV field for two key reasons. Firstly, it reveals exosomes are made in different types of multivesicular endosomes, because intraluminal vesicles are found in non-acidic endosomes, expressing GFP-tagged CD63 (yellow). These are Rab11-labelled recycling endosomes, which produce Rab11-exosomes. LysoTracker Red® (magenta) labels the large acidic lysosome and smaller late endosomes, the established site of exosome production. Secondly, it highlights a powerful conserved exosome biogenesis canvas that can be readily used to dissect the cellular mechanisms leading to Rab11-exosome formation, by utilising the molecular-genetic tools available in the fruit fly. From Fan et al., 2020, EMBO J 39, e103009; image generated by Ben Kroeger.

Spermatheca Secretory Cells expressing EVs to enhance female fly reproductive functions

Spermatheca secretory cells derived exosomes play a major role in the communication between the three sperm storage organs. SSC-derived exosomes can also regulate the function and/or coordinate interactions between the different regions of the female reproductive tract. Production and/or secretion of SSC-derived exosomes are increased post-mating. This increased production/secretion of exosomes allows for the transferring of the right combination and level of small RNA and other molecules to the target cells. This message enhances the coordinated activity of all target cells/tissues in the surrounding. Thus EVs expressions in post mating responses gives us better understanding of cellular communications in both reproduction and aging. Further, to identify new biomarkers in reproductive process.

AFM image of brain exosomes.

The Fig. shows an advanced analysis of immunoregulation by a circuit of exosomes and immune cells that depends on antibody coating of exosomes and their transfer of miRNA-150. The upper portion of the Fig on the right shows the immune synapse binding of human B cell antigen presenting Ragji cells to human clonal Jurkat T cells. The upper right shows results of incubating murine immunosuppressive CD8-pos T suppressor cell-derived primary suppressive exosomes that are antigen-specific due to adsorbed surface antibody free light chains with specificity for ovalbumin peptides, together with the Ragji cells expressing Ovalbumin peptide /MHC complexes on their surface. Within one hour there is formation of a multivesicular body in the distal endosome of the Raji cells containing newly formed secondary suppressive exosomes marked by surface GFP-linked CD81 opposite to the TCR-CD3 complex on the T cells marked by red-labelled anti-CD3 antibody, that analysis shows have surface peptide/MHC specific for the -TCR of the Jurkat T cells. This response depends on delivery of miRNA-150 by the murine primary exosome to the Raji cells. The bottom Figs. show the pair of cells at 24 hrs. when the secondary exosomes have been taken up and are now in the phagolysosome of the T cells whose IFN- cytokine secretion responses are being suppressed by release of yet other mRNAs from the taken up secondary suppressive exosomes.

Uptake of Trypanosoma cruzi exovesicles by Vero cell.

Trypanosoma cruzi releases EVs at all stages of parasite development and these play an important role in host-parasite dynamics and in the pathophysiology of Chagas disease. In the early stages of infection, the contact of T. cruzi with host cells in the bloodstream promotes the release of EVs capable of inhibiting complement attack and increases the infection of parasites to host cells. The interaction between EVs and cells has revealed many important functions of EVs. Due to their size, endocytosis and fusion may be the two most likely mechanisms for exosome uptake. During uptake, bulges of the plasma membrane driven by actin filaments form an invagination that nonspecifically endocytize small particles such as EVs. Each different cell type can use a variety of EVs uptake pathways, but in general EVs uptake appears to be a complex and cooperative process involving a combination of different pathways: phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

"I heart exosomes"

Science is subjective, which makes it more exciting and challenging. A bit of imagination and letting that creative juice run can help the day-to-day mundane life to be more stimulating. For instance, a failed Western blot could be an abstract art or you might find an exosome heart if you let your imagination run wild.

Intracellular processing of exosomes using a horizontal co-culture plate.

The intracellular processing of exogenous exosomes remains unclear. Are endogenous exosomes fused with exogenous exosomes?　Are multiple exogenous exosomes processed together?　Are exogenous exosomes reused? These are just a few of the questions. We created two stable cell lines that simultaneously express CD63 protein and either red or green fluorescent protein and evaluated the intracellular processing of exosomes using a horizontal co-culture plate. The areas that appear yellow indicate that this may be caused by one or a combination of the following three things. 1. Different exogenous exosomes may be processed together. 2. Endogenous exosomes may be fused with exogenous exosomes. 3. Exosome membrane components may be reused.

"Uptake of trophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles by macrophages"

An in-depth understanding of exosome biology is essential to ensure clinical development of exosome based investigational therapeutic products and therefore appreciating the uptake of these particles. To visualize and quantify the cellular uptake, CFSE-labeled EV/Exs were added to cultures of macrophages and their uptake was visualized by confocal microscopy and monitored over 4 hours.

Cancer exosomes

"A galaxy of exosomes"

Exosomes are nano-scale extracellular vesicles produced by all cell types as a means of intercellular communication. They are typically 30-150nm in diameter and are secreted through fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are further defined by expressing tetraspanins proteins like CD81, CD9, and CD63. Their extremely small size makes them difficult to image and characterize by traditional means. This image was created using the ONI nanoimager fluorescence microscope. We are observing nanovesicles present within our XoGlo Pro product tagged with fluorescence antibodies targeting the canonical exosome markers CD81 (magenta), CD9 (yellow), and CD63 (cyan).

"Schematic representation of vesicle formation and transfer of genetic information through extracellular vesciles."

In recent times, several approaches for targeted gene therapy (GT) had been studies. However, the emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a shuttle carrying genetic information between cells has gained a lot of interest in scientific communities. Owing to their higher capabilities in dealing with short sequences of nucleic acid (mRNA, miRNA), proteins, recombinant proteins, exosomes, the most popular form of EVs are viewed as a reliable biological therapeutic conveyers. They have natural access through every biological membrane and can be employed for site-specific and efficient drug delivery without eliciting any immune responses hence, qualifying as an ideal delivery vehicle. Also, there are many research studies conducted in the last few decades on using exosomes-mediated gene therapy into developing an effective therapy with the concept of a higher degree of precision in gene isolation, purification and delivery mechanism loading, delivery and targeting protocols. Here, I discuss the several facets that contribute towards developing an efficient therapeutic regime for gene therapy, highlighting limitations and drawbacks associated with current GT and suggested therapeutic regimes.

Elevator pitch session:

Elena Torreggiani presenting her poster: P18.20 Exosomes derived from human platelet lysate induce MSC proliferation in vitro

E. Torreggiani, F. Perut, L. Roncuzzi, N. Baldini

(Bologna - Italy)

If the test results for a life-threatening disease were somewhere in your trash, you would probably start digging.

KU researchers Yong Zeng and Andrew Godwin believe they have found a way to detect lung cancer in its earliest stages by digging through genetic material your body considers trash — tiny sacs of cellular leftovers called exosomes. By developing a microscopic testing device they call a “lab-on-a-chip,” Zeng and Godwin can analyze exosomes and diagnose cancer from a single drop of blood.

Read more about lab-on-a-chip and its potential benefits here: bit.ly/1B80Qzn

Dr. Carlos Wesley describes the numerous influences on women's hair health. In addition, he details the various treatments that can help reverse female pattern hair loss. Described herein are procedures such as platelet rich plasma (PRP), dutasteride mesotherapy, stem cell therapy, exosomes, biotin, Nutrafol, Viviscal, hair transplantation (FUT and FUE) for women, spironolactone, finasteride for women, ketoconazole, saw palmetto, rogaine (minoxidil) for women, as well as medicated shampoos for women. Explore www.drcarloswesley.com/.

Elevator pitch session:

Elena Torreggiani presenting her poster: P18.20 Exosomes derived from human platelet lysate induce MSC proliferation in vitro

E. Torreggiani, F. Perut, L. Roncuzzi, N. Baldini

(Bologna - Italy)

Corrigan et al. discover that the secondary cells of male Drosophila accessory glands secrete into the seminal fluid small, membrane-bound vesicles called exosomes, which subsequently inhibit the re-mating behavior of female flies. A single secondary cell labeled with the acid-sensitive dye lysotracker-red shows several large intracellular compartments that contain the human exosome marker CD63 (green). One of these compartments (arrow) contains several CD63-positive intralumenal vesicles that can ultimately be released as exosomes.

Image courtesy of Corrigan et al.

Reference: Corrigan et al. (2014) J. Cell Biol. 206:671-688

Published on August 25, 2014.

doi: 10.1083/jcb.201401072

Read the full article online at: jcb.rupress.org/content/206/5/671.full

Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.

Photo by Robert Coelius

Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering

Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.

Photo by Robert Coelius

Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering

liposome gene delivery-As a premier global biotech company, Baseceuticals provides non-viral vectors mediated gene delivery service for our customers. We have assembled a professional research team of wealth knowledge of gene therapy based on the years of experience, providing multiple non-viral vectors for gene delivery with high quality and reliable results. Relying on Baseceuticals' proprietary technologies and mature platform, multiple non-viral methods such as naked DNA, liposomes and exosomes are available for gene delivery systems to meet the various needs. Baseceuticals is engaged in working with you to help you choose the appropriate non-viral vectors and design a detailed solution, expediting your process of project or drug development.

Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.

Photo by Robert Coelius

Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering

Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.

Photo by Robert Coelius

Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering

Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.

Photo by Robert Coelius

Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering

Christian Cawley (subsequent finalist) speaks about his research entitled: CD63 CONFIRMED EXOSOME ISOLATION FROM THE HUMAN EPITHELIAL

OVARIAN CANCER CELL LINES A2780

Speaker Dr. Yoel Sadovsky from University of Pittsburgh talks about exosome-based delivery of placental microRNAs at Monsanto Auditorium on Feb. 24th, 2017 | photo by Jinghong Chen, Bond LSC

Speaker Dr. Yoel Sadovsky from University of Pittsburgh talks about exosome-based delivery of palcental microRNAs at Monsanto Auditorium on Feb. 24th, 2017 | photo by Jinghong Chen, Bond LSC

Mac1 derived exosomes positive for CD-30. Nanogold particle 10nm

Courtesy of Dr. George Baltatzis , Dept. of Pathology, Medical School, University of Athens

Image Details

Instrument used: Other FEI TEM (Morgagni, CM Series, etc.)

Magnification: 200000x

Voltage: 80kV

Spot: 1

UQCCR Exosome Lab head Dr Carlos Salomon travelled to Sydney to speak at the NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre about extracellular vesicles in pregnancy and ovarian cancer.

Supported by Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc.

Second Place

"hBMSCs Exosomes Regulate the Balance of Th17/Treg in Periodontitis Patients"

Chongshan Liao, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

PRESS RELEASE:

www.iadr.org/about/news-reports/press-releases/noy-pinto-...

Dr. Carlos Wesley describes the numerous influences on men's hair health. In addition, he details the various treatments that can help reverse these different processes. Described herein are platelet rich plasma (PRP) for hair, dutasteride mesotherapy, exosomes for hair, topical propecia, ketoconazole, saw palmetto, follicular unit transplant (FUT), follicular unit extraction (FUE), topical finasteride, Viviscal, Neutrafol, and stem cell therapy for hair. Visit www.drcarloswesley.com/.

Are you experiencing hair loss? Rejuvenate 528 Medical Spa specializes in stem cell scar rejuvenation. Have a strong, healthy-looking, and shiny hair. Visit: Rejuvenate528.com

Hyenne et al. reveal that the RAL-1 GTPase regulates the formation and secretion of exosomes. Compared to controls (left), multivesicular bodies are enlarged, but contain fewer intraluminal vesicles, in C. elegans lacking RAL-1 (right). RAL-1 depletion also impairs the subsequent fusion of these multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane, inhibiting the release of the intraluminal vesicles into the extracellular space.

Image courtesy of Hyenne et al.

Reference: Hyenne et al. (2015) J. Cell Biol. 211:27-37

Published on October 12, 2015.

doi: 10.1083/jcb.201504136

Read the full article online at: jcb.rupress.org/content/211/1/27.full

At Regenerative Solutions of NJ, Dr. Spiel utilizes Exosomes from Kimera Labs. If knee pain is derailing your active lifestyle or even your daily activities, then you’re not alone. About 18 million patients visit a doctor or hospital each year due to knee pain in Edison NJ.

Address : 1033 US-46, Clifton, NJ 07013, USA

Phone : (800) 441-5667

Official Website : https://regenerativesolutionsnj.com/

R3 MSK Ultrasound Guided Injection Course

April 22nd in Nashville & August 19th in San Diego

R3 Medical Training is now offering a One Day Training Course to help teach you the following:

Diagnostic Ultrasound: Joint Evaluations for Knee, Shoulder, Hip, Elbow, Wrist, and Ankle.

Joint Injection Techniques: Using Ultrasound Guidance for Musculoskeletal Injections.

Real Procedures: Perform procedures on real patients, and each provider receives a FREE exosome-rich fluid procedure! Visit r3medicaltraining.com/events/ultrasound-guided-injection-...

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes : The Potential for Translational Nanomedicine0

Authors: Aysegul Yilmaz, Irmak Ferah Okkay, Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi

Abstract: Although exosomes were first described as cellular waste in the late 1980s, their role in cellular communication has been revealed by recent studies. In addition to components such as DNA, RNA, and protein, it is thought that it may also be associated with the immune system, as it contains tetraspanins such as CD9, CD81, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Therefore, it has been seen as a new source for immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is one of the methods used for colon cancer, which is one of the most common and deadly cancers, where traditional treatments are insufficient. In our study, we first performed exosome isolation from the CaCo-2 cell line, then lymphocyte (T lymphocyte) activation by the exosome. Then, we counted the activated lymphocytes (10,000, 20,000, 40,000, and 80,000 cells) and applied them to the CaCo-2 cell line in vitro. After 48 hours, we performed viability (MTT), antioxidant (TAC), oxidant (TOS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analyzes. Exosome characterization was demonstrated with TEM, SEM, and AFM images. According to our results, it was seen that the lymphocytes activated by exosomes act at similar rates with the lymphocytes activated by IL-2. In the groups given 80,000 cells, a significant decrease was observed in the viability and antioxidant level of the cancer line, while an increase in oxidant and lactate levels was observed. The tumor-suppressive properties of exosomes obtained from immune cells have been demonstrated in the literature. We have successfully produced this study with our own experience and knowledge of the literature. We have successfully produced this study with our own experience and knowledge of the literature.

Keywords: Exosome, immunotherapy, isolation, T lymphocyte

dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2235994

Extracellular molecules, such as nucleotides, lipids, short peptides or proteins, are released by cells and bind to receptors on the other cells, which are important mediators in cell-to-cell communications in multicellular organisms. In addition to single molecules, eukaryotic cells can also release membrane vesicles into extracellular environment, such as microvesicles, apoptotic blebs and exosomes. www.creative-diagnostics.com/exosomes-pathway.htm.

Hong Kong Tramways double-deck tram No. 93, in an ASCEplus Exosome advertising wrap, passes tram No. 113 in Happy Valley, Hong Kong Island. No. 93 is displaying Happy Valley (跑馬地), the terminus on the loop that circles the Happy Valley Racecourse.