VERA IUSTITIA MAGIS ALIIS QUAM SIBI PRODEST

ET UTILITATES SUAS NEGLIGIT

COMMUNIA EMOLUMENTA PRAEPONENS

La vera giustizia giova più agli altri che a se stessi e trascura il proprio interesse per il bene comune.

True justice is more beneficial to others than to oneself and disregards personal interests for the commonweal

Una delle massime latine della facciata del Seminario di San Miniato.

On the same day that we have Flynn turning on Trump and implicating him in the Trump-Russia scandal, we had our Republican US senators decide to loot the tax structure of this country, turn it around so that only billionaires were represented and could quite literally own the poor. If these changes go through, we'll add a trillion dollars to the deficit and we'll probably have the biggest economic depression in American history. Meanwhile. Trump's own tweets admit he obstructed justice and an email from a top aide to the president, KT McFarland, was released casually mentioning how the Russians threw the election for Trump.

We have a hostile enemy who has committed treason in our White House and, before he's ousted, him and his rich cronies are going to do anything possible to ensure that the majority of the American population suffers. And what will it take for us to get Trump ousted? We have all of the evidence here. The man obstructed justice and committed treason amongst a bunch of other things...let's see, he's a sexual predator, he's violated the Emoluments Clause time and time again and his mafia connections and tax evasion would have him locked up if he was anything but a white man in America already.

Enough!

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“It is time to acknowledge what has become tragically obvious: the Trump administration is essentially acting as a MASSIVE CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE [emphasis added]. It lies, steals, extorts, and murders — all while cloaked in the awesome authority of the state. It is on a crime spree that puts Al Capone to shame. ”

— James Speyer

New York Daily News

18 February 2026.

***************

▶ The editorial continued:

“This is not hyperbole or hyperventilation. It is our reality, as the facts amply demonstrate. This administration has:

• Engaged in breathtaking corruption: as the conservative writer David Frum stated, 'Trump's scale of stealing and bribe-taking has never been remotely paralleled in any democratic country ever before.' ”

***************

▶ In his commentary about the piece, MS NOW commentator Lawrence O’Donnell added:

And the Daily News did not even include in its description of the most powerful crime syndicate in history, all of Donald Trump’s violations of the Emoluments Clause [of the U.S. Constitution] to enrich himself, including accepting the gift of a 747 aircraft from the Middle Eastern dictatorship of Qatar. And the billions of dollars Donald Trump is making in cryptocurrency ventures and other rackets that he is running during his presidency.

Instead, he has seized the voting records of Atlanta voters in Fulton County, Georgia, to set the precedent that he can send the FBI anywhere he wants to seize any voting records, including ballots, at any time. Donald Trump is the first president in history who wants to take the administration of elections away from states and, in effect, count all American ballots cast in every election inside the Trump White House.”

***************

▶ Screenshot of New York Daily News webpage.

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The Hendry Farm Lighthouse was built in 1869 and operated until 1994. It was built to guide marine traffic into Washademoak Lake.

The original light was a kerosene lantern lighted by hand at sunset, but in later times all these lights were electrical devices that were automated, an unpopular move because it deprived the keeper of a small emolument.

Books: www.blurb.com/user/store/archer10

History

Hereford Cathedral School is among the oldest schools in the country. Although a song school may have been attached to the cathedral in Anglo-Saxon times, there is no evidence of the existence of a grammar school until a much later date.

However, it is probable that such a school was established at Hereford Cathedral in the 12th century, possibly as early as the 1130s. Certainly Bishop Gilbert’s letter of 26th December 1384 appointing Richard of Cornwall as headmaster – a letter which has traditionally been regarded as marking the School’s foundation – implies that a grammar school had been in existence for some time, but that it had lapsed through the failure of the then cathedral Chancellor to appoint a Headmaster ‘to the prejudice of Holy Scripture and grave injury to the scholars who desire instruction’.

Little is yet known about the School over the following centuries. Nevertheless, it is clear that during the Tudor and Stuart periods (1485-1714), it attracted generous patrons. It appears to have been rebuilt in the reign of Edward VI (1547-53); and it received considerable emoluments from Queen Elizabeth I in 1583. But its greatest benefactors came in the 17th century when Dean Langford, Roger Philpotts, a former Mayor of Hereford, and Sarah, dowager Duchess of Somerset, all gave sizeable bequests to the school for the foundation of scholarships. When Charles I granted new statutes to the Cathedral in 1637, the School’s endowment was also increased by the grant of a house and garden – on the site of the present School House and yard – in perpetuity for the Headmaster.

The School building in use around this time was described by one local historian as having been ‘a beautiful piece of architecture of very high antiquity’, but it had fallen into such a state of decay that it was rebuilt in the mid-18th century. By 1762 a new schoolroom 80 feet long and 40 feet broad, with windows overlooking the palace yard, had been completed to the south-west of the Cathedral on the site of the old building. This was also used as a music room for the Three Choirs festival and for other public meetings. It lasted some seventy years. Thereafter, work had to be carried on in the Headmaster’s house until the School was allowed to use rooms in the College of the Vicars Choral.

The modern history of the School may be said to begin with the building of class-rooms in 1875 on the site it now occupies, formerly the Canon’s Bakehouse, at the back of School House. The period from the late 19th to the early 21st century has seen a remarkable growth in pupil numbers – from under 100 boys to more than 800 boys and girls (from 3 to 18) and a corresponding increase in staff; an expansion in the number of sites from the one in School Yard to seven around the Close and in Castle Street; the adoption of co-education (in 1970); the integration of the Cathedral Preparatory School (now Hereford Cathedral Junior School, founded in 1898 and moved to its present site in 1925); and the development of purpose-built facilities (including most recently a new sports hall) and the School playing fields at Wyeside.

Hereford Cathedral School may have moved from its original site but it has always been in close proximity to the Cathedral, that great building of Hereford which is its chapel. And although we teach and learn in modern surroundings, we work today with a consciousness that nearly a thousand years of English history looks down upon us. Floreat Schola Herefordensis!

By Canon Dr Howard Tomlinson,

Hereford Cathedral School’s Headmaster 1987 - 2005

www.herefordcs.com/about/about-hcs/history

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CAT:

Vilafamés és un municipi del País Valencià que es troba a la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Limita amb la Vall d'Alba, Cabanes, la Pobla Tornesa, Borriol, Sant Joan de Moró, Costur i les Useres.

Va pertànyer històricament al Maestrat de Montesa. Fou conquistada la plaça el 1233 per les tropes reials, i donada a poblar el 30 d'agost del 1241 a G. Ramon de Viella i d'altres. Englobava dins del seu territori els llocs de Moró i Vall d'Alba (aquest últim s'independitzaria com a municipi el 1925), passant cap el 1264 a poder dels santjoanistes. En fundar-se l'orde de Montesa, va revertir al seu senyoriu, seguint les vicissituds històriques dels pobles montesians. Fou unionista i agermanada, en contra del seu senyor, el maestre. Contra la pròpia orde s'enfrontaria al consistori de Vilafamés l'any 1635, quan hom va sol·licitar a la Santa Seu la compra de la jurisdicció alfonsina, incorporant-se des d'aleshores al Patrimoni Reial. Durant les guerres carlines del XIX Vilafamés fou escenari en repetides ocasions de les escaramusses hagudes entre isabelins i les tropes comandades per Cabrera, Serrador i Forcadell.

ESP:

Villafamés (en valenciano y oficialmente, Vilafamés) es un municipio del País Valencià. Situado en la provincia de Castelló, en la comarca de la Plana Alta. Cuenta con 1.992 habitantes (INE 2008).

Las primeras evidencias de ocupación del entorno de Villafamés se centran en los hallazgos arqueológicos realizados en el llamado “Homo erectus vilafamensis”, donde se localizaron restos antropológicos Sus orígenes se remontan al Pleistoceno Medio, según el descubrimiento de los restos del llamado "homo erectus vilafamensis" en la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font con una antigüedad de 80.000 años. Una continuidad en la ocupación del medio estaría reflejada en la Cova del Matutano, yacimiento del Paleolítico Superior. Las primeras manifestaciones artísticas aparecen con las pinturas esquemáticas de la Edad del Bronce.

Por lo que respecta al núcleo urbano, el mismo topónimo AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota su origen en época musulmana. De este periodo se conservan entre otros elementos, la cimentación del castillo que corona el cerro sobre el que se asienta el municipio y el trazado urbano de la zona contigua al mismo, de estrechas callejuelas tortuosas. Quedan asimismo vestigios de las antiguas fortificaciones constituidas por lienzos de muralla y restos de torres.

Es con la conquista de la musulmana Beni-Hamez por el rey Jaime I de Aragón cuando Villafamés toma identidad histórica propia. Este hecho lleva a que, en 30 de agosto de 1241, Jaime I comisione a Guillem Ramón de Viella para dar a poblar el castillo a Domingo Ballester, A. Cabrera y otros, carta de población que se establece a fuero de Zaragoza. Esta donación será confirmada posteriormente por el propio monarca en Lérida el 21 de febrero de 1242.

Posteriormente se incorpora al patrimonio de los Hospitalarios de San Juan en 1264, tras una permuta real con estos por la villa de Olocau del Rey, que serán sus dueños hasta 1317, fecha en que la villa y el castillo quedan anexionados a la recién creada Orden de Montesa. En 1343, Pedro IV el Ceremonioso, empeña a la orden el mero y mixto imperio, con las correspondientes jurisdicciones, derechos y emolumentos que pertenecían a la corona.

Juan I de Aragón, en 1393, concede a Villafamés el privilegio por el cual el Consejo puede hacer y ordenar todo tipo de establemientos y ordenaciones que considere convenientes con arreglo a los fueros generales del reino.

En las Cortes celebradas en Valencia durante el año 1403, Martín I el Humano dispone dar posesión al maestre de Montesa del mero y mixto imperio de la población, este hecho provocará la protesta airada del Consell en 1404.

Ya en el siglo XVI, en 1519, Carlos I de España promete no separar de la corona la jurisdicción civil y criminal, y el mero y mixto imperio de la villa. Cuando en 1635 culminan las desavenencias surgidas entre los Justicias, de una parte y la orden de otra, el "Consell" cree llegado el momento de solicitar del Papa Inocencio XII autorización para comprar la jurisdicción alfonsina, adquisición que lleva a cabo el 16 de abril por el precio de seis mil libras. A partir de esta fecha, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenamente al patrimonio real, reservándose Montesa la percepción de ciertas primicias y el derecho de habitación sobre el castillo.

Será en el siglo XIX, con los enfrentamientos civiles que siguen a la muerte de Fernando VII, cuando el nombre de Villafamés sonará de nuevo dentro del ámbito histórico como plaza inexpugnable. En marzo de 1837 sufre el primer intento de asalto de las tropas carlistas. El 29 de octubre de 1838 la guarnición de la plaza rechaza una segunda intentona, que se repetirá de nuevo el 3 de enero del siguiente año, esta vez con Cabrera al frente de las tropas, que desde las montañas que dominan la villa comienzan a hostigar a la población, rompiendo fuego contra la ciudadela. En esta ocasión se hizo frente al asedio por parte de los vecinos además de contar con la ayuda de una columna móvil enviada por el Ayuntamiento de Castellón y un destacamento de artillería de marina, muy poco numeroso. Cinco días duraron los continuos enfrentamientos, rechazando la población todos los ataques de Cabrera, hasta que el día 7 la llegada de tropas reales obligó al general carlista a levantar el sitio. Con lo más selecto de sus tropas y recurriendo al auxilio de las de Forcadell, Cabrera intentará el golpe definitivo en abril del mismo año, estableciendo un campamento ante la población. El día 16 se abre una brecha en las murallas, aunque los atacantes son rechazados y resultan infructuosos todos los esfuerzos de tomar la plaza que resultó semi derruida.

"Where Trump runs afoul of the foreign-emoluments clause is that, first and foremost, he is a businessman with significant financial interests and governmental entanglements all over the globe."

And

"Presidents and public officers often utilize blind trusts so as not to violate the foreign-emoluments clause. A truly blind trust involves an arrangement wherein the public officer has no control whatsoever over the assets placed in the trust — that means no communications with, from or about the trust, and no knowledge of the specific assets held for his benefit in the trust. In the case of Trump’s ownership in the Trump Organization, this could be achieved only by a complete liquidation of the assets, with the proceeds to be invested by an independent Trustee, without Trump’s involvement or knowledge. Trump’s decision to continue the business of the Trump Organization, continue to maintain his substantial ownership of the organization and turn the management of it over to his children, is woefully inadequate in addressing the emoluments clause."

time.com/4658633/impeach-donald-trump-congress/

(Yes, another protest pic, but I can't help it! If he'd leave ME alone then I'd leave HIM alone! (giggles) I took this aboard the USS Reprisal

maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Woodbine/118/135/36 What a totally fitting name, right?)

I don't actually celebrate Easter anymore as it's a religious holiday and I'm more spiritual than a proponent of organization (the sign in the background that reads: "Keep State & Religion Separate" is a great protest sign erected to contrast with the gigantic Jesus on the other side of Daley Plaza in Downtown Chicago.)

Anyway, I was still surprised and delighted when I ran into this Easter Bunny a the tax march yesterday. For people who are thinking well geez, it's a problem but is it the biggest reason to protest, I wanted to actually have a conversation about this. Certainly, no...what is happening internationally with our involvement in Russia and Syria especially is, to understate it, alarming. And, of course, there are the hate crimes and the ICE Raids. What about the destruction of the environment that is going to impact everyone in the world?

But, what is happening in America right now is that public education, the arts, libraries, and services for veterans and people with disabilities are being stifled so that Trump can wine and dine and golf and his wife can also steal from the public every day she insists on not living in the White House. In fact, her stay outside of the White House for one year SURPASSES the ENTIRE National Foundation Budget for the Arts (Melania Trump staying at Trump Tower instead of the White House:$182,500,000/year

Budget National Endowment for the Arts:$149,849,000/year)

In fact, there's even a super helpful website that shows how much Trump is stealing from America's tax dollars (while he still refuses to release his own): Is Trump at Mar-a-Lago? :

istrumpatmaralago.org/

If this is starting to remind you of what started happening with Marie Antoinette, you wouldn't be the only one.

But again, yes, there's all kinds of corruptions but isn't the fact that people are dying in Syria worse? Yes, yes, yes, and yes some more. We can protest those things too and we should. These things should not be happening in our names. We must resist these atrocities.

But, I will also point you to the very reasons why the colonists decided they were fed up with their British rule in America...remember that old saying No Taxation Without Representation? Well, that's exactly what is happening...the 98% are paying their taxes while the public good gets nothing of it and the 2% continue to get political policies that reward only them and do NOT pay their taxes. And, let me point you to the historical document that really points to where America sees herself returning to at this time. It's called The Declaration of Independence and I'm sure some of you may have even heard of it.

This document states: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness."

Read that over. Now, read it again. Now, read it out loud. Read it a third time. My guess is it may have been awhile since you read it. Now, read it again.

Now, go ahead and skip to this line: "In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. "

www.ushistory.org/DECLARATION/document/

Does this sound familiar? It should....

Now, my mother's ancestors came from France to fight in the American Revolution. I'm pretty sure they didn't fight for Trump to go golfing every weekend. It is OK to protest multiple things and protesting Taxation Without Representation is one of the major principles America was founded on.

Happy Easter (if you celebrate). I prefer to celebrate the freedom to protest and the patriotism I find in that.

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Wikipedia:

Vilafamés (en valencià i oficialment, Vilafamés) és un municipi de la Comunitat Valenciana, Espanya. Situat a la província de Castelló, a la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Les primeres evidències d'ocupació de l'entorn de Vilafamés se centren en les troballes arqueològiques realitzades en l'anomenat "Homo erectus vilafamensis", on es van localitzar restes antropològiques Els seus orígens es remunten al Plistocè Mitjà, segons el descobriment de les restes de l'anomenat "homo erectus vilafamensis "a la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font amb una antiguitat de 80.000 anys. Una continuïtat en l'ocupació del medi estaria reflectida en la Cova del Matutano, jaciment del Paleolític Superior. Les primeres manifestacions artístiques apareixen amb les pintures esquemàtiques de l'Edat del Bronze.

Pel que fa al nucli urbà, el mateix topònim AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota el seu origen en època musulmana. D'aquest període es conserven entre altres elements, la fonamentació del castell que corona el turó sobre el qual s'assenta el municipi i el traçat urbà de la zona contigua a aquest, d'estrets carrerons tortuosos. Queden així mateix vestigis de les antigues fortificacions constituïdes per llenços de muralla i restes de torres.

És amb la conquesta de la musulmana Beni-Hamez pel rei Jaume I d'Aragó quan Vilafamés pren identitat històrica pròpia. Aquest fet porta a que, el 30 de agost de 1241, Jaume I comissions a Guillem Ramon de Vielha per donar a poblar el castell a Diumenge Ballester, A. Cabrera i altres, carta de població que s'estableix a fur de Saragossa. Aquesta donació serà confirmada posteriorment pel propi monarca a Lleida el 21 de febrer de 1242.

Posteriorment s'incorpora al patrimoni dels Hospitalaris de Sant Joan a 1264, després d'una permuta real amb aquests per la vila d'Olocau del Rei, que seran els seus amos fins 1317, data en què la vila i el castell queden annexionats a la recentment creada Ordre de Montesa. En 1343, Pere IV el Cerimoniós, s'entesta a l'ordre el mer i mixt imperi, amb les corresponents jurisdiccions, drets i emoluments que pertanyien a la corona.

Joan I d'Aragó, en 1393, concedeix a Vilafamés el privilegi pel qual el Consell pot fer i ordenar tot tipus de establemientos i ordenacions que consideri convenients d'acord amb els furs generals del regne.

En les Corts celebrades a València durant l'any 1403, Martí I l'Humà disposa donar possessió al mestre de Montesa del mer i mixt imperi de la població, aquest fet provocarà la protesta irada del Consell en 1404.

Ja al segle XVI, en 1519, Carlos I d'Espanya promet no separar de la corona la jurisdicció civil i criminal, i el mer i mixt imperi de la vila. Quan en 1635 culminen les desavinences sorgides entre els Justícies, per una banda i l'ordre d'una altra, el "Consell" creu arribat el moment de demanar del Papa Innocenci XII autorització per comprar la jurisdicció alfonsina, adquisició que porta a terme el 16 d'abril pel preu de sis mil lliures. A partir d'aquesta data, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenament al patrimoni real, reservant-Montesa la percepció de certes primícies i el dret d'habitació sobre el castillo.Será al segle XIX, amb els enfrontaments civils que segueixen a la mort de Ferran VII, quan el nom de Vilafamés sonarà de nou dins de l'àmbit històric com plaça inexpugnable. Al març de 1837 pateix el primer intent d'assalt de les tropes carlines. El 29 octubre 1838 la guarnició de la plaça rebutja una segona intentona, que es repetirà de nou el 3 de gener del següent any, aquesta vegada amb Cabrera al capdavant de les tropes, que des de les muntanyes que dominen la vila comencen a assetjar a la població, trencant foc contra la ciutadella. En aquesta ocasió es va fer front al setge per part dels veïns a més de comptar amb l'ajuda d'una columna mòbil enviada per l'Ajuntament de Castelló i un destacament d'artilleria de marina, molt poc nombrós. Cinc dies van durar els continus enfrontaments, rebutjant la població tots els atacs de Cabrera, fins que el dia 7 l'arribada de tropes reals va obligar al general carlista a aixecar el lloc. Amb el més selecte de les seves tropes i recorrent a l'auxili de les de Forcadell, Cabrera intentarà el cop definitiu l'abril del mateix any, establint un campament davant la població. El dia 16 s'obre una bretxa en les muralles, encara que els atacants són rebutjats i resulten infructuosos tots els esforços de prendre la plaça que va resultar semi derruïda.

ESP:

Villafamés (en valenciano y oficialmente, Vilafamés) es un municipio de la Comunidad Valenciana, España. Situado en la provincia de Castellón, en la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Las primeras evidencias de ocupación del entorno de Villafamés se centran en los hallazgos arqueológicos realizados en el llamado “Homo erectus vilafamensis”, donde se localizaron restos antropológicos Sus orígenes se remontan al Pleistoceno Medio, según el descubrimiento de los restos del llamado "homo erectus vilafamensis" en la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font con una antigüedad de 80.000 años. Una continuidad en la ocupación del medio estaría reflejada en la Cueva del Matutano, yacimiento del Paleolítico Superior. Las primeras manifestaciones artísticas aparecen con las pinturas esquemáticas de la Edad del Bronce.

Por lo que respecta al núcleo urbano, el mismo topónimo AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota su origen en época musulmana. De este periodo se conservan entre otros elementos, la cimentación del castillo que corona el cerro sobre el que se asienta el municipio y el trazado urbano de la zona contigua al mismo, de estrechas callejuelas tortuosas. Quedan asimismo vestigios de las antiguas fortificaciones constituidas por lienzos de muralla y restos de torres.

Es con la conquista de la musulmana Beni-Hamez por el rey Jaime I de Aragón cuando Villafamés toma identidad histórica propia. Este hecho lleva a que, en 30 de agosto de 1241, Jaime I comisione a Guillem Ramón de Viella para dar a poblar el castillo a Domingo Ballester, A. Cabrera y otros, carta de población que se establece a fuero de Zaragoza. Esta donación será confirmada posteriormente por el propio monarca en Lérida el 21 de febrero de 1242.

Posteriormente se incorpora al patrimonio de los Hospitalarios de San Juan en 1264, tras una permuta real con estos por la villa de Olocau del Rey, que serán sus dueños hasta 1317, fecha en que la villa y el castillo quedan anexionados a la recién creada Orden de Montesa. En 1343, Pedro IV el Ceremonioso, empeña a la orden el mero y mixto imperio, con las correspondientes jurisdicciones, derechos y emolumentos que pertenecían a la corona.

Juan I de Aragón, en 1393, concede a Villafamés el privilegio por el cual el Consejo puede hacer y ordenar todo tipo de establemientos y ordenaciones que considere convenientes con arreglo a los fueros generales del reino.

En las Cortes celebradas en Valencia durante el año 1403, Martín I el Humano dispone dar posesión al maestre de Montesa del mero y mixto imperio de la población, este hecho provocará la protesta airada del Consejo en 1404.

Ya en el siglo XVI, en 1519, Carlos I de España promete no separar de la corona la jurisdicción civil y criminal, y el mero y mixto imperio de la villa. Cuando en 1635 culminan las desavenencias surgidas entre los Justicias, de una parte y la orden de otra, el "Consejo" cree llegado el momento de solicitar del Papa Inocencio XII autorización para comprar la jurisdicción alfonsina, adquisición que lleva a cabo el 16 de abril por el precio de seis mil libras. A partir de esta fecha, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenamente al patrimonio real, reservándose Montesa la percepción de ciertas primicias y el derecho de habitación sobre el castillo.Será en el siglo XIX, con los enfrentamientos civiles que siguen a la muerte de Fernando VII, cuando el nombre de Villafamés sonará de nuevo dentro del ámbito histórico como plaza inexpugnable. En marzo de 1837 sufre el primer intento de asalto de las tropas carlistas. El 29 de octubre de 1838 la guarnición de la plaza rechaza una segunda intentona, que se repetirá de nuevo el 3 de enero del siguiente año, esta vez con Cabrera al frente de las tropas, que desde las montañas que dominan la villa comienzan a hostigar a la población, rompiendo fuego contra la ciudadela. En esta ocasión se hizo frente al asedio por parte de los vecinos además de contar con la ayuda de una columna móvil enviada por el Ayuntamiento de Castellón y un destacamento de artillería de marina, muy poco numeroso. Cinco días duraron los continuos enfrentamientos, rechazando la población todos los ataques de Cabrera, hasta que el día 7 la llegada de tropas reales obligó al general carlista a levantar el sitio. Con lo más selecto de sus tropas y recurriendo al auxilio de las de Forcadell, Cabrera intentará el golpe definitivo en abril del mismo año, estableciendo un campamento ante la población. El día 16 se abre una brecha en las murallas, aunque los atacantes son rechazados y resultan infructuosos todos los esfuerzos de tomar la plaza que resultó semi derruida.

Il Ferragosto è una festività che cade il 15 agosto in concomitanza con la ricorrenza dell'Assunzione di Maria.

In Italia, il giorno di Ferragosto è tradizionalmente dedicata alle gite fuori porta e spesso caratterizzata da lauti pranzi al sacco, grigliate e, data la calura stagionale, da rinfrescanti bagni in acque marine, fluviali o lacustri. Molto diffuso anche l'esodo verso le località montane o collinari, in cerca di refrigerio.

Il termine Ferragosto deriva dalla locuzione latina feriae Augusti (riposo di Augusto) indicante una festività istituita dall'imperatore Augusto nel 18 a.C. che si aggiungeva alle esistenti e antichissime festività cadenti nello stesso mese, come i Consualia, per celebrare i raccolti e la fine dei principali lavori agricoli. L'antico Ferragosto, oltre agli evidenti fini di auto-promozione politica, aveva lo scopo di collegare le principali festività agostane per fornire un adeguato periodo di riposo, anche detto Augustali, necessario dopo le grandi fatiche profuse durante le settimane precedenti.

Nel corso dei festeggiamenti, in tutto l'impero si organizzavano corse di cavalli e gli animali da tiro, asini e muli, venivano dispensati dal lavoro e agghindati con fiori. Tali antiche tradizioni rivivono oggi, pressoché immutate nella forma e nella partecipazione, durante il "Palio dell'Assunta" che si svolge a Siena il 16 agosto.

Nell'occasione, i lavoratori porgevano auguri ai padroni, ottenendo in cambio una mancia: l'usanza si radicò fortemente, tanto che in età rinascimentale fu resa obbligatoria dai decreti pontifici.

In Sicilia si usa preparare per Ferragosto il tipico gelu di muluna, decorato con foglie di limone e fiori di gelsomino.

Like, man, I'm tried of waiting for:

1. An end to American complacency. We've elected The Joker and his white supremacy persecution must come to an end. This is not what our country stands for.

2. Robert Mueller to gather enough evidence between the childhood prostitution, the Russian mafia ties to swing an election, the clear violations of the Emoluments Clause time and time again to bring this Joker to trial.

3. Less popular ones follow but the democratic party to get their act together. To stop cow-towing to centrists and start standing for something.

4. People to stop building cities with infrastructure that is unsafe to bicyclists.

5 People to realize that this whole "trickle down economics" doesn't actually work and that business corporations are the same threatening structures that deny their employees pay and job security when fleeing hurricanes, are responsible for massive work labor issues where people don't get paid for fair labor, allow toxic waste to be dumped causing communities to have cancer. and never actually give back to the same city communities giving them corporate weathfare. We can't give the woman on the street who can't find a job any money to feed her five children because we have to give it all to a billion dollar industry who makes live toxic for everyone it has contact with? Ok, got it. No,

6. Edupreneuers just waiting to capitalize on another disaster like Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans to radically profit off of privatizing and charterizing new cities and screwing over children and working class families.

7. DINO: Democrats in Name Only who support charters and vouchers or old school money launderers instead of looking at research and funding public education to get a clue and some integrity.

8. People to stop saying they love animals and start saying they love their pet only because, let's face it, when you eat animals and don't have to, that's not a great display of love. Are you a cannibal who eats your spouse or longterm partner as well? I am guessing (hopefully) probably not)

10. Men to stop trying to control the bodies of women.

11. The GOP to take a stand on anything, even when a white supremacist represents their party and they claim to not be racist while plotting continuously to take away health care from the working poor.

12. People to stop hatefully and rigidly adhering to typical gender identities and somehow having the nerve to feel "threatened" by nonconformists who don't identify purely as male or female or what they are born with organ wise.

13. The racist, white supremacist jerks who wouldn't know what the Statue of Liberty stood for if she suddenly came to life and hit them in their faces to literally age out and die so that we could actually have a chance of making America great again truly and surely. But, let's face it, Donald Trump only wanted to make America white again.

14. People ignoring Climate Change/Global warming until it literally damages their lives and livelihoods. Wake up, pay attention to Science before it's too late.

15.Republicans to get a clue and work with the democrats to impeach the Joker that has taken my very country hostage and make a new amendment for a new election in times when a so called Democratic Nation has been taken over by a hostile nation.

www.toniduarte.tk

Toni Duarte Freelance Photographer

Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media

without my explicit permission.

© All rights reserved

Contac: toniduarte[a]cmail.cat

Wikipedia:

Vilafamés (en valencià i oficialment, Vilafamés) és un municipi de la Comunitat Valenciana, Espanya. Situat a la província de Castelló, a la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Les primeres evidències d'ocupació de l'entorn de Vilafamés se centren en les troballes arqueològiques realitzades en l'anomenat "Homo erectus vilafamensis", on es van localitzar restes antropològiques Els seus orígens es remunten al Plistocè Mitjà, segons el descobriment de les restes de l'anomenat "homo erectus vilafamensis "a la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font amb una antiguitat de 80.000 anys. Una continuïtat en l'ocupació del medi estaria reflectida en la Cova del Matutano, jaciment del Paleolític Superior. Les primeres manifestacions artístiques apareixen amb les pintures esquemàtiques de l'Edat del Bronze.

Pel que fa al nucli urbà, el mateix topònim AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota el seu origen en època musulmana. D'aquest període es conserven entre altres elements, la fonamentació del castell que corona el turó sobre el qual s'assenta el municipi i el traçat urbà de la zona contigua a aquest, d'estrets carrerons tortuosos. Queden així mateix vestigis de les antigues fortificacions constituïdes per llenços de muralla i restes de torres.

És amb la conquesta de la musulmana Beni-Hamez pel rei Jaume I d'Aragó quan Vilafamés pren identitat històrica pròpia. Aquest fet porta a que, el 30 de agost de 1241, Jaume I comissions a Guillem Ramon de Vielha per donar a poblar el castell a Diumenge Ballester, A. Cabrera i altres, carta de població que s'estableix a fur de Saragossa. Aquesta donació serà confirmada posteriorment pel propi monarca a Lleida el 21 de febrer de 1242.

Posteriorment s'incorpora al patrimoni dels Hospitalaris de Sant Joan a 1264, després d'una permuta real amb aquests per la vila d'Olocau del Rei, que seran els seus amos fins 1317, data en què la vila i el castell queden annexionats a la recentment creada Ordre de Montesa. En 1343, Pere IV el Cerimoniós, s'entesta a l'ordre el mer i mixt imperi, amb les corresponents jurisdiccions, drets i emoluments que pertanyien a la corona.

Joan I d'Aragó, en 1393, concedeix a Vilafamés el privilegi pel qual el Consell pot fer i ordenar tot tipus de establemientos i ordenacions que consideri convenients d'acord amb els furs generals del regne.

En les Corts celebrades a València durant l'any 1403, Martí I l'Humà disposa donar possessió al mestre de Montesa del mer i mixt imperi de la població, aquest fet provocarà la protesta irada del Consell en 1404.

Ja al segle XVI, en 1519, Carlos I d'Espanya promet no separar de la corona la jurisdicció civil i criminal, i el mer i mixt imperi de la vila. Quan en 1635 culminen les desavinences sorgides entre els Justícies, per una banda i l'ordre d'una altra, el "Consell" creu arribat el moment de demanar del Papa Innocenci XII autorització per comprar la jurisdicció alfonsina, adquisició que porta a terme el 16 d'abril pel preu de sis mil lliures. A partir d'aquesta data, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenament al patrimoni real, reservant-Montesa la percepció de certes primícies i el dret d'habitació sobre el castillo.Será al segle XIX, amb els enfrontaments civils que segueixen a la mort de Ferran VII, quan el nom de Vilafamés sonarà de nou dins de l'àmbit històric com plaça inexpugnable. Al març de 1837 pateix el primer intent d'assalt de les tropes carlines. El 29 octubre 1838 la guarnició de la plaça rebutja una segona intentona, que es repetirà de nou el 3 de gener del següent any, aquesta vegada amb Cabrera al capdavant de les tropes, que des de les muntanyes que dominen la vila comencen a assetjar a la població, trencant foc contra la ciutadella. En aquesta ocasió es va fer front al setge per part dels veïns a més de comptar amb l'ajuda d'una columna mòbil enviada per l'Ajuntament de Castelló i un destacament d'artilleria de marina, molt poc nombrós. Cinc dies van durar els continus enfrontaments, rebutjant la població tots els atacs de Cabrera, fins que el dia 7 l'arribada de tropes reals va obligar al general carlista a aixecar el lloc. Amb el més selecte de les seves tropes i recorrent a l'auxili de les de Forcadell, Cabrera intentarà el cop definitiu l'abril del mateix any, establint un campament davant la població. El dia 16 s'obre una bretxa en les muralles, encara que els atacants són rebutjats i resulten infructuosos tots els esforços de prendre la plaça que va resultar semi derruïda.

ESP:

Villafamés (en valenciano y oficialmente, Vilafamés) es un municipio de la Comunidad Valenciana, España. Situado en la provincia de Castellón, en la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Las primeras evidencias de ocupación del entorno de Villafamés se centran en los hallazgos arqueológicos realizados en el llamado “Homo erectus vilafamensis”, donde se localizaron restos antropológicos Sus orígenes se remontan al Pleistoceno Medio, según el descubrimiento de los restos del llamado "homo erectus vilafamensis" en la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font con una antigüedad de 80.000 años. Una continuidad en la ocupación del medio estaría reflejada en la Cueva del Matutano, yacimiento del Paleolítico Superior. Las primeras manifestaciones artísticas aparecen con las pinturas esquemáticas de la Edad del Bronce.

Por lo que respecta al núcleo urbano, el mismo topónimo AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota su origen en época musulmana. De este periodo se conservan entre otros elementos, la cimentación del castillo que corona el cerro sobre el que se asienta el municipio y el trazado urbano de la zona contigua al mismo, de estrechas callejuelas tortuosas. Quedan asimismo vestigios de las antiguas fortificaciones constituidas por lienzos de muralla y restos de torres.

Es con la conquista de la musulmana Beni-Hamez por el rey Jaime I de Aragón cuando Villafamés toma identidad histórica propia. Este hecho lleva a que, en 30 de agosto de 1241, Jaime I comisione a Guillem Ramón de Viella para dar a poblar el castillo a Domingo Ballester, A. Cabrera y otros, carta de población que se establece a fuero de Zaragoza. Esta donación será confirmada posteriormente por el propio monarca en Lérida el 21 de febrero de 1242.

Posteriormente se incorpora al patrimonio de los Hospitalarios de San Juan en 1264, tras una permuta real con estos por la villa de Olocau del Rey, que serán sus dueños hasta 1317, fecha en que la villa y el castillo quedan anexionados a la recién creada Orden de Montesa. En 1343, Pedro IV el Ceremonioso, empeña a la orden el mero y mixto imperio, con las correspondientes jurisdicciones, derechos y emolumentos que pertenecían a la corona.

Juan I de Aragón, en 1393, concede a Villafamés el privilegio por el cual el Consejo puede hacer y ordenar todo tipo de establemientos y ordenaciones que considere convenientes con arreglo a los fueros generales del reino.

En las Cortes celebradas en Valencia durante el año 1403, Martín I el Humano dispone dar posesión al maestre de Montesa del mero y mixto imperio de la población, este hecho provocará la protesta airada del Consejo en 1404.

Ya en el siglo XVI, en 1519, Carlos I de España promete no separar de la corona la jurisdicción civil y criminal, y el mero y mixto imperio de la villa. Cuando en 1635 culminan las desavenencias surgidas entre los Justicias, de una parte y la orden de otra, el "Consejo" cree llegado el momento de solicitar del Papa Inocencio XII autorización para comprar la jurisdicción alfonsina, adquisición que lleva a cabo el 16 de abril por el precio de seis mil libras. A partir de esta fecha, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenamente al patrimonio real, reservándose Montesa la percepción de ciertas primicias y el derecho de habitación sobre el castillo.Será en el siglo XIX, con los enfrentamientos civiles que siguen a la muerte de Fernando VII, cuando el nombre de Villafamés sonará de nuevo dentro del ámbito histórico como plaza inexpugnable. En marzo de 1837 sufre el primer intento de asalto de las tropas carlistas. El 29 de octubre de 1838 la guarnición de la plaza rechaza una segunda intentona, que se repetirá de nuevo el 3 de enero del siguiente año, esta vez con Cabrera al frente de las tropas, que desde las montañas que dominan la villa comienzan a hostigar a la población, rompiendo fuego contra la ciudadela. En esta ocasión se hizo frente al asedio por parte de los vecinos además de contar con la ayuda de una columna móvil enviada por el Ayuntamiento de Castellón y un destacamento de artillería de marina, muy poco numeroso. Cinco días duraron los continuos enfrentamientos, rechazando la población todos los ataques de Cabrera, hasta que el día 7 la llegada de tropas reales obligó al general carlista a levantar el sitio. Con lo más selecto de sus tropas y recurriendo al auxilio de las de Forcadell, Cabrera intentará el golpe definitivo en abril del mismo año, estableciendo un campamento ante la población. El día 16 se abre una brecha en las murallas, aunque los atacantes son rechazados y resultan infructuosos todos los esfuerzos de tomar la plaza que resultó semi derruida.

After the recent upper nineties and hundreds of our early June orange climate warming, I thought I better head for the river walk and the deep shade at Golden Ponds. I invited EPA Secretary Pruett into the shade but after listening to his mass of lies, I kicked his butt into the direct sun to roast. He even declared paper towel production was up high enough to toss to all the friendlies in North Korea! Screw all of 'em. Perhaps TheRump can open a beach resort tower in North Korea and realize great profit from more emoluments.

Meanwhile, I'll continue to hide in the shade until I cool off or the West Nile mosquito find me. It used to be that summer evenings and nights were deliciously cool in the St. Vrain area. Further, It does not look like the will be many clouds in this scene rolling from the divide to provide afternoon cooling.

This is my favorite cottonwood along the river walk at Golden Ponds Park and Recreation Area in Longmont. It stands right next to one to the park picnic pavilions complete with picnic tables for the odd respite from a walk around the area. The spillway on the first pond is nearing completion after all this time after the flood.

The Donald has a tendency to plunk down buildings all over the place, prominently emblazoned with his name.

I chose to photograph a part of the building that does not have his name on it, as far as I can see...

MONASTERIO SANTA MARÍA DE LAS CUEVAS Y MUSEO DE ARTE (ISLA DE LA CARTUJA)

La denominada Isla de la Cartuja -que en realidad no fue quasi tal hasta 1982- está en estrecha relación con el río Guadalquivir desde siempre: sus frecuentes inundaciones han impedido la habitabilidad de esta zona de la que no contamos con testimonios prehistóricos -aparte algún pequeño poblado calcolítico cercano, situado, en todo caso, a cotas algo mas elevadas- ni antiguos -con excepción de una necrópolis romana, encontrada bajo un potente manto de deposiciones fluviales-. Como contrapartida, gracias a los buenos barros de esta margen del río, se vinculó a la alfarería, actividad unida a Sevilla desde la antigüedad (baste recordar que las patronas de la ciudad, las Santas Justa y Rufina, mártires romanas del siglo III, eran alfareras), constatándose, a través de las excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas previamente a la EXPO´92, la existencia de numerosos hornos cerámicos almohades, de los que uno de ellos está integrado en las actuales instalaciones del Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico.

Sin embargo, a partir de 1248 cambió la situación: según la leyenda (no existe documentación textual o arqueológica que lo avale) en dicho año se halló, en un pozo de extracción de arcilla de los que habitualmente se denominan «cuevas de alfarero», una imagen de la virgen que, por el lugar de su descubrimiento, fue llamada Santa María de las Cuevas, dando con ello origen al nombre del posterior monasterio. Al objeto de rendirle culto, se construyó una pequeña ermita que quedó, inicialmente, bajo el cuidado de monjes franciscanos, para pasar después a manos de cartujos. La devoción de esta imagen, encontrada de forma tan «milagrosa», creció tanto que en 1400 el obispo hispalense Gonzalo de Mena comenzó la construcción de un templo para albergarla con propiedad, cuyo ambicioso proyecto arquitectónico hubo de paralizarse al año siguiente, debido a la muerte del obispo y la derivación de los emolumentos destinados a las obras, para las campañas militares del Infante de Antequera. En 1410, el prohombre sevillano Per Afán de Ribera propuso patrocinar las obras, que fueron reanudadas bajo la condición de exhumar y trasladar los restos mortales del obispo de Mena -que había sido, según su voluntad, enterrado en la Cartuja- y eliminar sus blasones -un lucero de ocho puntas que aún puede verse en algunos espacios del exterior (Fig.1)-, con el fin de dejar expedito el lugar a la familia Ribera. Las obras continuaron hasta finales del siglo XVIII, tanto por cuestiones inherentes a la comunidad monástica, como por los estropicios que generaban las frecuentes crecidas del río y, en 1755, por el terremoto de Lisboa, que afectó en gran manera las edificaciones.

La Cartuja de Santa María de las Cuevas se configuró como un centro muy rico debido, principalmente, a las donaciones y herencias de los grandes linajes sevillanos, de suerte que tanto en su arquitectura, como en los bienes artísticos que atesoraba, y en las demás propiedades (Gambogaz, Casasluengas…) que iba sumando a su haber, se configuró como un núcleo de gran importancia no exclusivamente religioso, sino también social. En realidad, era una pequeña urbe, encerrada entre sus muros (construidos más para defenderla de las inundaciones que de posibles invasores) y casi totalmente autárquica: de facto lo único que se necesitaba del exterior era el trigo ya que las aproximadamente 12 ha. del predio no resultaban suficientes para su cultivo. Por lo demás, había huertos colectivos e individuales, tanto para monjes como para legos; herbolarios para cultivar las plantas medicinales al uso en la farmacopea de la época; no comían carne de mamíferos o volátiles, pero sí peces, de manera que contaban con una prebenda papal para pescar en el Guadalquivir todo lo que necesitaran y, además, tenían galapagueros, ya que las tortugas se consideraban animales de agua y, por tanto, comestibles. Así mismo, existían todas las instalaciones que la vida cotidiana podía requerir: silos, molinos (uno de ellos musealizado en la entrada del IAPH, tahonas, carpinterías… y mantenían a personal civil, en amplio número, para realizar aquellas faenas que no recaían en la comunidad monacal.

También contaba con dos hospederías, una para familiares y peregrinos y otra para las visitas ilustres; una gran biblioteca y dos cocinas de las cuales en la exterior, denominada de la carne, se podían cocinar productos cárnicos para los huéspedes.

El prestigio de la Cartuja fue creciendo, lo que acarreó la venida de muchos personajes ilustres: desde Isabel I, casi todos los monarcas españoles han visitado el monasterio y, en alguna ocasión, han efectuado una estadía más larga. Y también los mayores representantes del arte y la cultura: Murillo, Zurbarán (que realizó un programa iconográfio exprofeso para la Cartuja, Santa Teresa (quién en el transcurso de un arrebato místico solicitó que se le construyera una capilla a Santa Ana, no obstante ya existir otra), Arias Montano, Martínez Montañés… y, así mismo, la familia Colón tuvo un gran vínculo con este monasterio: el Almirante, según se cree, estuvo por mucho tiempo consultando su magnífica biblioteca, previamente a reunirse con la reina Católica en Salamanca, manteniendo hasta su muerte un estrecho contacto, que le llevó a nombrar al prior como confesor y albacea de su hijo Hernando. También se dice que este sembró el ombú traído por el padre de tierras americanas, que aun perdura en el paseo al que ha dado nombre. Finalmente, Cristóbal Colón se enterró en suelo cartujo, aunque posteriormente fuera trasladado, posiblemente, a Santo Domingo. Esta relación biunívoca fue determinante a la hora de elegir a la Cartuja como Pabellón Real durante la EXPO´92.

Sin embargo, no todo fueron luces para la Cartuja en sus siglos de oro (XVI-XVII): contra todo pronóstico, por cuanto la vida de los recluidos monjes pareciera estar al margen de las maldades del mundo exterior, también sucedieron aquí hechos reprobables: un joven fraile se suicidó al no poder soportar los rigores que imponía el prior del momento; y poco tiempo después, un monje desconforme por no adquirir el grado de presbítero, asesinó de forma terrible al prior y a un lego que se interpuso en su camino. El homicida iba a ser trasladado a la cárcel para su ulterior ejecución, pero los altos estamentos eclesiásticos se interpusieron, de manera que el reo permaneció 50 años recluidos en su propia celda hasta su muerte.

No obstante, los cartujos realizaban innumerables obras de caridad, como la de repartir pan todas las mañanas a los menesterosos que esperaban a las puertas del monasterio… Pero de entre todas ellas, la labor social que más reconocimiento les otorgó fue la de cuidar a los infantes «enhechados», es decir, a los niños expósitos que dejaban abandonados en las inmediaciones.

En el año 1540 se contabilizaban en la comunidad 24 frailes -lo que representaba una gran población al sumarles legos y seglares-, aunque poco después comenzó un lento e inexorable declive. El primer gran revés le vino de la mano del Conde-Duque de Olivares, que se apropió de la Cartuja hasta que, después de 10 años de litigios, le fue devuelta la propiedad a la orden religiosa.

Sin embargo, sería en 1810 con la invasión francesa, cuando la Cartuja sufrió el mayor desastre de su historia: fueron grandes los daños estructurales que soportó el conjunto, al ser dedicado a cuartel -concretamente la iglesia a cuadra- (como cosa «buena» decir que su cerca fue fortificada para mayor defensa del acuartelamiento), si bien la peor parte se la llevaron los bienes muebles de que era contenedora, al quedar totalmente desvalijada. Los frailes, en su huida, intentaron proteger todos aquellos tesoros que pudieron, para lo cual se dividieron en dos grupos y unos en barco por el Guadalquivir, con la intención de llegar a Cádiz y otros por tierra, en caballerías, con la idea de alcanzar Portugal atravesando la sierra de Huelva, portaron consigo tantos objetos artísticos y valiosos como pudieron, pero la suerte no les acompañó: a los que iban por el río, rápidamente los interceptaron los franceses, desposeyéndoles de todo, y a los que se fueron por tierra, que sí llegaron hasta el país vecino, el regente Juan de Portugal les arrebató los objetos litúrgicos y demás enseres de metales valiosos para fundirlos y acuñar moneda.

Un año después de la expulsión francesa en 1812, el intendente de Sevilla saca a subasta la Cartuja; sin embargo, en 1814 con Fernando VII, los cartujos volvieron. Bajo esas circunstancias, los frailes se dedicaron intensamente a reparar, en lo posible, los daños causados por las tropas napoleónicas, manteniéndose en esa situación hasta 1816. A partir de esta fecha, con los sucesivos cambios políticos, los escasos frailes que todavía permanecían en el monasterio vivieron en situación de semiclandestinidad: en 1820 Fernando VII firma la Constitución de 1812, dando por disuelta oficialmente la congregación, aunque los religiosos, pertinaces, continuaron en estos lares, restableciéndose la orden en 1823. Sin embargo, con la desamortización de Mendizábal en 1835-36, su exclaustración fue definitiva, cerrando con ello el capítulo monacal de la Cartuja.

Esther Núñez Pariente de León

Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico

PLEASE, NO invitations or self promotions, THEY WILL BE DELETED. My photos are FREE to use, just give me credit and it would be nice if you let me know, thanks.

The Hendry Farm Lighthouse was built in 1869 and operated until 1994. It was built to guide marine traffic into Washademoak Lake.

The original light was a kerosene lantern lighted by hand at sunset, but in later times all these lights were electrical devices that were automated, an unpopular move because it deprived the keeper of a small emolument.

www.toniduarte.tk

Toni Duarte Freelance Photographer

Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media

without my explicit permission.

© All rights reserved

Contac: toniduarte[a]cmail.cat

Wikipedia:

Vilafamés (en valencià i oficialment, Vilafamés) és un municipi de la Comunitat Valenciana, Espanya. Situat a la província de Castelló, a la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Les primeres evidències d'ocupació de l'entorn de Vilafamés se centren en les troballes arqueològiques realitzades en l'anomenat "Homo erectus vilafamensis", on es van localitzar restes antropològiques Els seus orígens es remunten al Plistocè Mitjà, segons el descobriment de les restes de l'anomenat "homo erectus vilafamensis "a la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font amb una antiguitat de 80.000 anys. Una continuïtat en l'ocupació del medi estaria reflectida en la Cova del Matutano, jaciment del Paleolític Superior. Les primeres manifestacions artístiques apareixen amb les pintures esquemàtiques de l'Edat del Bronze.

Pel que fa al nucli urbà, el mateix topònim AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota el seu origen en època musulmana. D'aquest període es conserven entre altres elements, la fonamentació del castell que corona el turó sobre el qual s'assenta el municipi i el traçat urbà de la zona contigua a aquest, d'estrets carrerons tortuosos. Queden així mateix vestigis de les antigues fortificacions constituïdes per llenços de muralla i restes de torres.

És amb la conquesta de la musulmana Beni-Hamez pel rei Jaume I d'Aragó quan Vilafamés pren identitat històrica pròpia. Aquest fet porta a que, el 30 de agost de 1241, Jaume I comissions a Guillem Ramon de Vielha per donar a poblar el castell a Diumenge Ballester, A. Cabrera i altres, carta de població que s'estableix a fur de Saragossa. Aquesta donació serà confirmada posteriorment pel propi monarca a Lleida el 21 de febrer de 1242.

Posteriorment s'incorpora al patrimoni dels Hospitalaris de Sant Joan a 1264, després d'una permuta real amb aquests per la vila d'Olocau del Rei, que seran els seus amos fins 1317, data en què la vila i el castell queden annexionats a la recentment creada Ordre de Montesa. En 1343, Pere IV el Cerimoniós, s'entesta a l'ordre el mer i mixt imperi, amb les corresponents jurisdiccions, drets i emoluments que pertanyien a la corona.

Joan I d'Aragó, en 1393, concedeix a Vilafamés el privilegi pel qual el Consell pot fer i ordenar tot tipus de establemientos i ordenacions que consideri convenients d'acord amb els furs generals del regne.

En les Corts celebrades a València durant l'any 1403, Martí I l'Humà disposa donar possessió al mestre de Montesa del mer i mixt imperi de la població, aquest fet provocarà la protesta irada del Consell en 1404.

Ja al segle XVI, en 1519, Carlos I d'Espanya promet no separar de la corona la jurisdicció civil i criminal, i el mer i mixt imperi de la vila. Quan en 1635 culminen les desavinences sorgides entre els Justícies, per una banda i l'ordre d'una altra, el "Consell" creu arribat el moment de demanar del Papa Innocenci XII autorització per comprar la jurisdicció alfonsina, adquisició que porta a terme el 16 d'abril pel preu de sis mil lliures. A partir d'aquesta data, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenament al patrimoni real, reservant-Montesa la percepció de certes primícies i el dret d'habitació sobre el castillo.Será al segle XIX, amb els enfrontaments civils que segueixen a la mort de Ferran VII, quan el nom de Vilafamés sonarà de nou dins de l'àmbit històric com plaça inexpugnable. Al març de 1837 pateix el primer intent d'assalt de les tropes carlines. El 29 octubre 1838 la guarnició de la plaça rebutja una segona intentona, que es repetirà de nou el 3 de gener del següent any, aquesta vegada amb Cabrera al capdavant de les tropes, que des de les muntanyes que dominen la vila comencen a assetjar a la població, trencant foc contra la ciutadella. En aquesta ocasió es va fer front al setge per part dels veïns a més de comptar amb l'ajuda d'una columna mòbil enviada per l'Ajuntament de Castelló i un destacament d'artilleria de marina, molt poc nombrós. Cinc dies van durar els continus enfrontaments, rebutjant la població tots els atacs de Cabrera, fins que el dia 7 l'arribada de tropes reals va obligar al general carlista a aixecar el lloc. Amb el més selecte de les seves tropes i recorrent a l'auxili de les de Forcadell, Cabrera intentarà el cop definitiu l'abril del mateix any, establint un campament davant la població. El dia 16 s'obre una bretxa en les muralles, encara que els atacants són rebutjats i resulten infructuosos tots els esforços de prendre la plaça que va resultar semi derruïda.

ESP:

Villafamés (en valenciano y oficialmente, Vilafamés) es un municipio de la Comunidad Valenciana, España. Situado en la provincia de Castellón, en la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Las primeras evidencias de ocupación del entorno de Villafamés se centran en los hallazgos arqueológicos realizados en el llamado “Homo erectus vilafamensis”, donde se localizaron restos antropológicos Sus orígenes se remontan al Pleistoceno Medio, según el descubrimiento de los restos del llamado "homo erectus vilafamensis" en la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font con una antigüedad de 80.000 años. Una continuidad en la ocupación del medio estaría reflejada en la Cueva del Matutano, yacimiento del Paleolítico Superior. Las primeras manifestaciones artísticas aparecen con las pinturas esquemáticas de la Edad del Bronce.

Por lo que respecta al núcleo urbano, el mismo topónimo AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota su origen en época musulmana. De este periodo se conservan entre otros elementos, la cimentación del castillo que corona el cerro sobre el que se asienta el municipio y el trazado urbano de la zona contigua al mismo, de estrechas callejuelas tortuosas. Quedan asimismo vestigios de las antiguas fortificaciones constituidas por lienzos de muralla y restos de torres.

Es con la conquista de la musulmana Beni-Hamez por el rey Jaime I de Aragón cuando Villafamés toma identidad histórica propia. Este hecho lleva a que, en 30 de agosto de 1241, Jaime I comisione a Guillem Ramón de Viella para dar a poblar el castillo a Domingo Ballester, A. Cabrera y otros, carta de población que se establece a fuero de Zaragoza. Esta donación será confirmada posteriormente por el propio monarca en Lérida el 21 de febrero de 1242.

Posteriormente se incorpora al patrimonio de los Hospitalarios de San Juan en 1264, tras una permuta real con estos por la villa de Olocau del Rey, que serán sus dueños hasta 1317, fecha en que la villa y el castillo quedan anexionados a la recién creada Orden de Montesa. En 1343, Pedro IV el Ceremonioso, empeña a la orden el mero y mixto imperio, con las correspondientes jurisdicciones, derechos y emolumentos que pertenecían a la corona.

Juan I de Aragón, en 1393, concede a Villafamés el privilegio por el cual el Consejo puede hacer y ordenar todo tipo de establemientos y ordenaciones que considere convenientes con arreglo a los fueros generales del reino.

En las Cortes celebradas en Valencia durante el año 1403, Martín I el Humano dispone dar posesión al maestre de Montesa del mero y mixto imperio de la población, este hecho provocará la protesta airada del Consejo en 1404.

Ya en el siglo XVI, en 1519, Carlos I de España promete no separar de la corona la jurisdicción civil y criminal, y el mero y mixto imperio de la villa. Cuando en 1635 culminan las desavenencias surgidas entre los Justicias, de una parte y la orden de otra, el "Consejo" cree llegado el momento de solicitar del Papa Inocencio XII autorización para comprar la jurisdicción alfonsina, adquisición que lleva a cabo el 16 de abril por el precio de seis mil libras. A partir de esta fecha, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenamente al patrimonio real, reservándose Montesa la percepción de ciertas primicias y el derecho de habitación sobre el castillo.Será en el siglo XIX, con los enfrentamientos civiles que siguen a la muerte de Fernando VII, cuando el nombre de Villafamés sonará de nuevo dentro del ámbito histórico como plaza inexpugnable. En marzo de 1837 sufre el primer intento de asalto de las tropas carlistas. El 29 de octubre de 1838 la guarnición de la plaza rechaza una segunda intentona, que se repetirá de nuevo el 3 de enero del siguiente año, esta vez con Cabrera al frente de las tropas, que desde las montañas que dominan la villa comienzan a hostigar a la población, rompiendo fuego contra la ciudadela. En esta ocasión se hizo frente al asedio por parte de los vecinos además de contar con la ayuda de una columna móvil enviada por el Ayuntamiento de Castellón y un destacamento de artillería de marina, muy poco numeroso. Cinco días duraron los continuos enfrentamientos, rechazando la población todos los ataques de Cabrera, hasta que el día 7 la llegada de tropas reales obligó al general carlista a levantar el sitio. Con lo más selecto de sus tropas y recurriendo al auxilio de las de Forcadell, Cabrera intentará el golpe definitivo en abril del mismo año, estableciendo un campamento ante la población. El día 16 se abre una brecha en las murallas, aunque los atacantes son rechazados y resultan infructuosos todos los esfuerzos de tomar la plaza que resultó semi derruida.

Emoluments Office

PLEASE, NO invitations or self promotions, THEY WILL BE DELETED. My photos are FREE to use, just give me credit and it would be nice if you let me know, thanks.

The Hendry Farm Lighthouse was built in 1869 and operated until 1994. It was built to guide marine traffic into Washademoak Lake.

The original light was a kerosene lantern lighted by hand at sunset, but in later times all these lights were electrical devices that were automated, an unpopular move because it deprived the keeper of a small emolument.

A few weeks ago, I made a list of churches that were on the Grade I list at least, so enabling me to pick a couple of churches to visit.

We did this, but finding two targets closed, Jools looked at the map and compared the list and found that Nettlestead was nearby despite being a different postal area.

It happens.

So, we drove over, heading out of Maidstone heading west, the church should have been on our left hand side. As we neared the church, I spotted the lych gate on the road with a footpath heading down the valley side.

I parked on the side of the road and go to investigate, down the path to the row of trees, and through a gap in a wall was the chuchyard with the church standing stark against the grey sky.

The tower looked Norman, large and squat, but the question was: would the porch door be unlocked?

It was!

Inside was dark and gloomy, so much so I could hardly see into eh chancel. I found a light switch that turned on two lights at the west end, then spent ten minutes looking for the main bank of switches, finding it at last behind the organ.

The tower is 13th century, and the nave/chancel is 15th, some of the windows of the nave date from the 15th century, and are very nice indeed.

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Tucked away down a straight path, to the north of Nettlestead Place and west of the River Medway, this small church is intriguing and full of character. The oldest part of the church is the tower, dating from the thirteenth century. This is now attached to a church completely rebuilt in the first half of the fifteenth century by the Pympe family, great supporters of the Woodville family and tenants of threw Dukes of Buckingham. The reason why everyone should visit the church is to see the contemporary glass installed in the huge Perpendicular windows which march down the nave. The Pympes arms may be seen, as well as those of their overlords and other families with whom they were associated. Reginald Pympe (1448-1530) was seen as a threat to Richard III but he lived to enjoy happy times in the reign of Henry VII. What was broken at the Reformation was skilfully restored and augmented by Ward and Hughes in the early 20th century. There are two lovely monuments on the east wall of the nave - to Katherine and Elizabeth Scott, one 16th and one 17th century.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Nettlestead

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NETTLESTED.

SOUTHWARD from watringbury lies Nettlested, called in Domesday, Nedested.

This PARISH lies on the western bank of the Medway, which is its eastern boundary, whence the ground rises up to the grounds of Roydon-hall, at the opposite side of it. It is within the district of the Weald. The situation is low, and rather of a gloomy aspect, from the number of spreading and losty oaks, and elm trees interspersed throughout it; the soil a fertile clay, consisting much of it of rich grazing land like that already described in the adjoining parish of East Peckham, though it is equally fertile for the growth of corn and hops in the upper parts of it. The high road from Maidstone through Watringbury to Tunbridge, branches off from Watringbury, and leads through this parish, not far from the bank of the river; in the northern part of it is the church, and at some distance from it the remains of the antient Place bonse, by which it appears to have been built of stone, with handsome sized gothic windows; on a stone portal, in the west front is the date 1587, probably that of some large repair or addition made to it, as the other parts of the building carry with them marks of much greater antiquity. The grand entrance to the house from the river is yet standing. The form of the antient gardens with the ponds are yet remaining. The mansion appears to have been spacious and noble, equal to the respectable families who once resided in it, though now it is for the most part over-run with weeds and spontaneous shrubs, and bears with it every mark of that vicissitude and ruin which is the inevitable lot of the transitous labours of man, however his utmost endeavours may have been exerted to prevent it. It is now made use of as an oast to dry hops, and for a labourere to dwell in, the occupier of the manor farm living in a modern house between it and the church, hence the road leads through the village built at Nettlested-green, whence it divides, that to the left leading towards the river at Twyfordbridge, and the other strait forward through Hailstreet to it at Brandt-bridge, both leading towards the southern parts of the Weald and Suffex. The groves of young oaks, elms, and other trees, planted along the borders of the river Medway, contribute greatly to the beauty of the scenery, which is considerably heightened by the rich gardens of hops, and the dif ferent dwellings and cottages intervening at frequent spaces between them.

This parish, with others in this neighbourhood, was antiently bound to contribute to the repair of the fifth pier of Rochester bridge.

IN THE REIGN of William the Conqueror, this place was part of the possessions of the king's halfbrother, Odo, bishop of Baieux and earl of Kent, under the general title of whose lands it is thus entered in the survey of Domesday, taken about the year 1080.

Haimo holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Nedestede. It was taxed at three sulings. The arable land is six carucates. In demesne there is one, and fourteen villeins, having five carucates. There is a church, and fourteen servants, and two mills of fourteen shillings, and a fishery of two shillings, and seven acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of thirty-five bogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth eight pounds, afterwards six pounds, now eight pounds and five shillings. Norman held it of king Edward.

Of this manor the bishop has thirty shillings and two houses.

And again in another place, in the same record:

Adam holds of the bishop (of Baieux) one yoke in Pimpa. The arable land is . . . He has there half a carucate, with two servants, and four acres of meadow and half a fishery, untaxed; wood for the pannage of six bogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth six shillings, and afterwards five shillings, now ten shillings, yet it pays fifteen shillings. Godric held it of king Edward.

By another entry in the same book it appears, that Rayner, or Rannulf de Columbels, who held the manor of West Farleigh under the bishop, as one suling, held likewise another part of this estate, for after the description of his holding that manor it thus continues.

Of this suling Rayner (de Columbus) holds one yoke of the bishop in the manor of Pimpe, and he has there one carucate with nine servants, and three acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of four hogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, and afterwards, it was worth twenty shillings, now forty shillings. Alnod Cilt held it of king Edward.

On the disgrace of the bishop of Baieux, about four years after the taking of the above survey, all his estates became confiscated to the crown, and these mentioned above, which comperhended the manors of Nettlested, with those of Hylth and Pimpe, were afterwards held of the Clares, earls of Gloucester, as chief lords of the fee, by the eminent family of Pimpe, who took their name from the latter of them, making it the principal seat of their residence, though they had another seat afterwards in East Farleigh, in this neighbourhood, and a third at Alhallows, in the hundred of Hoo. They bore for their arms, Gules, two bars argent, a chief vaire, as they now remain painted in the windows of this church.

Richard de Pimpe held these manors in the reigns of king Edward I. and II. and his descendant, Sir Philip de Pimpe, was a man of eminence and property in this county, as appears by his being one of those, who in the 11th year of king Edward III. were, in respect to their estates, assessed to furnish a guard for the defence of the sea coasts; towards which Sir Philip was ordered to provide two men at arms. (fn. 1)

His widow Joane married John de Coloigne, who, together with her son, Sir Thomas de Pimpe, paid respective aid for their lands in Nettlested, and adjoining to it, in the 20th year of king Edward III. that is to say,

"For the manor of Nettlested, the manor of Hylth and Hylth park, with other lands in Nettlested and Hylth, for the manor of Pimpe, in Nettlested, Crongebery, and Pimpe, all which were held of the earl of Gloucester, as chief lord of the see.

William, son of Sir Thomas de Pimpe, possessed Nettlested, and kept his Shrievalty here in the 37th, 45th, and 49th years of king Edward III. in which year he died, and his son, Reginald de Pimpe, of Pimpe's-court, in East Farleigh, on his death, served that office the remainder of that year.

His descendants continued to reside at Pimpe'scourt, in this parish, two of whom, Reginald and John Pimpe, unsuccessfully engaging, with others, in assisting Henry, duke of Buckingham, against king Richard III. were attainted, and their estates were declared forfeited to the crown. But on the death of king Richard, and the earl of Richmond's attaining the crown, they were restored in blood and estates. Reginald Pimpe died without male issue, leaving an only daughter and heir Anne, for whom an act had passed in the 1st year of that reign, and she married to Sir John Scott, of Scotts-hall, and John Pimpe, in the 2d year of king Henry VII. kept his Shrievalty at Pimpe's-court, in East Farleigh. He died in the 11th year of that reign, anno 1495, being then possessed of the manor, with the advowson of the church of Nettlested, the manor of Hilthe, and also the manor of Pimpe, with its appurtenances, in this parish and Yalding, and certain other lands and tenements in Yalding, all held of the duchess of Buckingham. He left an only daughter and heir, Winifred, married to Sir John Rainsford, who in her right possessed this manor. He died S.P. 1st Elizabeth, leaving his wife surviving, who appears by the escheat rolls to have been a lunatie, and to have died possessed of these manors and estates in the 18th year of that reign; when Sir Thomas Scott, of Scotts-hall, (grandson of Sir John Scott above-mentioned) seems to have succeeded to them, as her next of kin, and his second son, Sir John Scott, possessed it afterwards, and resided at Nettlested, which by the date remaining on the ruins of it, he seems to have made great additions to. He was twice married, but left issue by neither of his wives, and these manors and their appurtenances, came on his death to his brother, Edward Scott, esq. of Scottshall, whose descendant, George Scott, esq. of Scottshall, alienated the manors of Nettlested, Health and Pimpe, with the mansion and advowson of the church of Nettlested, by authority of an act of parliament passed anno 10 and 11 William III. to Sir Philip Boteler, bart. of Teston, whose son, Sir Philip Boteler, bart. died possessed of them in 1772, having by his will devised one moiety of his estates to Mrs. Elizabeth Bouverie, of Chart Sutton, and the other moiety to Elizabeth, viscountess dowager of Folkestone, and William Bouverie, earl of Radnor, both since deceased; and on a partition of his estates between them, the manors and estates of Nettlested, with the appendant advowson, were among others. allotted to Mrs. Elizabeth Bouverie, now of T'eston, the present possessor of them.

THE MANOR of LOMEWOOD, alias Laysers, formerly called Lomewood, alias Bromes, in this parish, was part of the possessions of the family of Clare, earls of Gloucester, and was settled by one of them on the priory of Black Canons, at Tunbridge, in this county.

This manor continued part of the revenues of the above priory till its dissolution in the 16th year of king Henry VIII. After which the king, in his 17th year, granted the above priory, with others then suppressed for the like purpose, together with all their manors, lands, and possessions, to Cardinal Wolsey, for the better endowment of his college, called Cardinal college, in Oxford.

But four years afterwards, the cardinal being cast in a præmunire, all the possessions of the college, which through want of time had not been firmly settled on it, became forfeited to the crown, (fn. 2) and the king, in his 27th year, granted this manor of Lomewood, alias Le Bromys, with all lands, &c. belonging to it in this parish, to Sir Edward Nevill, third son of George Nevill, lord Abergavenny, who, in consideration of a marriage to be had between his daughter Katherine, and George Roydon, son and heir apparent of Thomas Roydon, esq. of East Peckham, and of a certain sum paid to him, conveyed it, by the name of Cardinals lands, called Bromes, in Lomewood, to Thomas Roydon above-mentioned.

On the death of whose sons without issue, his five daughters became his coheirs; the second of whom, Elizabeth, as part of her share of the inheritance, entitled her husband, William Twysden, esq. of Chelmington, to this manor, then held in capite, and in his descendants it has continued down to Sir William Jarvis Twysden, bart. of Roydon-hall, in East Peckham, who is the present possessor of it.

Charities.

JOHN THUNDER, about the year 1756, gave by will 5s. worth of bread, to be distributed yearly on Good Friday, to the poor of this parish for forty years, which term is now expired.

Nettlested is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the dioceseof Rochester and deanryof Malling.

The church, which stands at the east side of the village, is dedicated to St. Mary. It is a small but handsome building, with a low pointed tower or steeple. There are good remains of painted glass in it.

The church of Nettlested was always esteemed an appendage to the manor, and as such is now in the patronage of Mrs. Elizabeth Bouverie, of Teston.

¶Edmund, bishop of Rochester, anno 1486, at the instance of John Pimpe, esq. lord of the manor, and patron of the church of Barmingjett, united that church to this of Nettlested; and decreed, that after such union the former should not be esteemed as a church, but as a chapel, dependent, united, and annexed to this church of Nettlested; the rector of which and his successors should for the future have and enjoy all profits, tithes, and emoluments, &c. belonging to the church of Barmingjett, and convert and freely dispose of the same to his and their own proper uses for ever. And he decreed, that the rector and his successors should in future pay yearly to the bishop of Rochester and his successors, twenty pence, and to the archdeacon twelve pence yearly, in lieu of such payments as belonged to them of antient custom from the church of Barmingjett, before the annexing and consolidating of the same. (fn. 3)

In which situation it continues at this time; the rector of Nettlested being presented, instituted and inducted to, the rectory of Nettlested, with the chapel of Barmingjett annexed.

It is valued in the king's books, with the chapel of Barmingjett annexed, at 12l. 10s. 10d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 5s. 1d.

The learned Sir Roger Twysden, who lived in the reigns of king James and Charles I. in his discourse on the Weald, says, that in the time of the lady Golding, who hired the tithes of this parish, Nettlested was held to be in the Weald, and she denied the tithe of wood accordingly; yet the rector of it affirmed then to Sir Roger, that all, who had wood in the parish, paid tithe of it at that time to him, excepting himself.

The parsonage-house is a large antient well timbered building, having a court-yard before it, and an antient gateway, through which is the entrance to it from the high road.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol5/pp118-126

I can't stand it! I found that recent BoCo Biker beside the Apple Valley foothills road in Boulder County; I keep an eye out for the unusual and found this on the net. Who knew that when Trump was in England, lambasting NATO as a Putin hench stooge, he toured the countryside making his stand against the ecosystem and future life on earth. Here's the absolute proof of him damaging the ecosystem. The congress can't even find rape, charity, emoluments or campaign charges. He's a lot sloppy then a proffessional Maffioso! Here's one! Boy, are the fossil industry's pockets ever stuffed for buying (almost) all our politicans per a nod from SCROTUS!

I won't apologize for this because a friend edited and gave it to me. I further pumped the smoke and sky, making it my own personal artwork.

Pictures here are everywhere. I evaded the trend for yet another break. I returned and found my class of shots at the vertical end to the Colorado plains then switched to editing oldies.

Is that Gretta driving?

The Grade I Listed ruins of St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester, Gloucestershire.

St Oswald's Priory was founded by Æthelflæd, daughter of Alfred the Great, and her husband Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, in the late 880s or the 890s.

St Peter's Abbey had been founded in Gloucester about 679 by Osric, ruler of the Hwicce, and at the end of the ninth century Æthelflæd and Æthelred founded a new minster at a different location in Gloucester, also initially dedicated to St Peter. In 909 a combined West Saxon and Mercian raid into Danish territory resulted in the translation of the bones of St Oswald to the new church from Bardney Abbey in Lincolnshire, and the priory was renamed St Oswald's in his honour.

St Oswald's, founded when Gloucester was an important new burh, at first enjoyed royal favour, and both Æthelflæd and Æthelred were buried there. Æthelflæd's nephew, the future King Æthelstan, was brought up at their court, and according to a charter only preserved in a transcript dating from 1304, in 925 Æthelstan granted privileges to St Oswald's "according to a pact of paternal piety which formerly he pledged with Æthelred". Æthelstan was a major benefactor of St Oswald's, and he may have commissioned grave covers for the tombs of Æthelflæd and Æthelred.

However, the priory soon declined into obscurity. Late in the reign of King Cnut its estates were used as an endowment for a royal clerk. In 1089 Serlo, the Norman abbot of the original St Peter's, began an ambitious new church (later Gloucester Cathedral) to replace the old minster, and St Oswald's, its emoluments much reduced, became a minor house of Augustinian canons. The monastery was suppressed in 1536, and became the parish church of St Catherine, but this was destroyed in a Civil War siege in 1643.

Information Source:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Oswald%27s_Priory,_Gloucester

From the Trump Atrium of Manhattan’s Trump Tower, with its Trump Directory indicating the presence of a Trump Bar, a Trump Grill, a Trump Café, Trump’s Ice Cream Parlor and Trump Events, I discovered that there was also a Trump Store, where these Trump Gold (chocolate) bars were on display.

As the peak of the Depression hit in1930, Longmont's City Council authorized construction of a new diesel-powered generating plant, the Longmont Municipal Light and Power Plant, on the west side of Main Street at the Colorado and Southern rail lines along First Avenue. The city still has its own power and fiber cable utilities making it a hot bed of socialism that many cities want to duplicate. I appears that a Longmont coalition is marketing private cheese imorts to embrace. The yellow sign, lower left, is an attempt to stop gravel mining in the valley, as if we had taxable bottom land left.

At the time Longmont upped the city power system but was Longmont immune to the country's downturn even though the Ku Klux Klan took control of the city five years earlier? Perhaps the power plant was make-do work for complicit contractor buddies. That would be about the same as mobbed up scofflaws in NYC like the orangeman-in-chief who is laundering filthy Ukrainian and Russkie mob funds. Watch my right hand very carefully while the left hand shuffles emoluments to the tune of $500 million and a $1 billion. All hail the grifter-in-charge! History is hard to learn and harder to digest. Judging by the welcome sign, this is no place TheRump would be able to stand; he'd never go for the slightest melonin or immigrants like Meloninia. Don't tell him the stuff is just organic chemistry and it never comes up orange.

Diesel prices rose soon enough and choked the economics of the plant. Did the Koch brother's daddy leave fingerprints? It was obviously transferred into private hands by some cheesy contract, thus the modern signage. It clearly offers another spot to drink oneself under the table. At least they also offer a repast to ameliorate intoxication's stupors. When done, the incapacitated can get out into the busy traffic on Main. It looks like someone tossed a brick bat through a window pane. They were probably in an imported cheese frenzy and thought they could sneak in as a train rumbled past.

I set out specially to shoot the plant to replace a shot of a Bonneville power plant image in my family history in the Rockies for our genealogy. As an illustration, it hits home much better. I am building the family history because I was shamed into the family genealogy project by my cousin. Ah well, I have all the tools to do it and can pass it on, I'm creeping up on 200 pages of pictures, documents, genealogy, cemetery markers and family area history. That should be slightly more valuable than a vial of blood for the descendants that could plunk them in jail when cops search the blood banks... genealogical re-gifting indeed! Of course re-gifting isn't in the dictionary. HA!

When out shooting the old Longmont power plant, I parked in the back and rounded the building south only to discover the really talented fencing required to enclose the plot. I had to stop and look it over twice. It clearly took some fancy snipping to clip holes for this tree to emerge. This bring the question of why the tree needed to stay in place. This is real curiosity. Does the fence have more integrity than the tree? Which came first, the tree or the fence? It seems to me that a feller could climb the tree and hop the fence.

As the peak of the Depression hit in1930, Longmont's City Council authorized construction of a new diesel-powered generating plant, the Longmont Municipal Light and Power Plant, on the west side of Main Street at the Colorado and Southern rail lines along First Avenue. The city still has its own power and fiber cable utilities making it a hot bed of socialism that many cities want to duplicate. It appears that a Longmont coalition is marketing private cheese imports to embrace.

At the time Longmont improved the city power system but was Longmont immune to the country's down turn even though the Ku Klux Klan took control of the city five years earlier? Perhaps the power plant was make-do work for complicit contractor buddies. That would be about the same as mobbed up scofflaws in NYC like the orangeman-in-chief who is laundering filthy Ukranian and Russkie mob funds. Watch my right hand very carefully while the left hand shuffles emoluments to the tune of $500 million and a $1 billion. All hail the grifter-in-charge! History is hard to learn and harder to digest. Judging by the welcome sign, this is no place TheRump would be able to stand; he'd never go for the slightest melonin or immigrants like Meloninia. Don't tell him melonin is just organic chemistry and it never comes up orange.

Diesel prices rose soon enough and choked the economics of the plant. Did the Koch brother's daddy leave fingerprints? It was obviously transferred into private hands by some cheesy contract, thus the modern signage. It clearly offers another spot to drink oneself under the table. At least they also offer a repast to ameliorate intoxication's stupors. When done, the incapacitated can get out into the busy traffic on Main. It looks like someone tossed a brick bat through a window pane. They were probably in an imported cheese frenzy and thought they could sneak in as a train rumbled past.

I set out specially to shoot the plant to replace a shot of a Bonneville power plant image in my family history in the Rockies. As an illustration, it hits home much better. I am building the family history because I was shamed into the family genealogy project by my cousin. Ah well, I have all the tools to do it and can pass it on, I'm creeping up on 200 pages of pictures, documents, genealogy, cemetery markers and family area history. That should be slightly more valuable than a vial of blood for the descendants that could plunk them in jail when cops search the blood banks... genealogical re-gifting indeed! Of course re-gifting isn't in the dictionary. HA!

PLEASE, NO invitations or self promotions, THEY WILL BE DELETED. My photos are FREE to use, just give me credit and it would be nice if you let me know, thanks.

The Hendry Farm Lighthouse was built in 1869 and operated until 1994. It was built to guide marine traffic into Washademoak Lake.

The original light was a kerosene lantern lighted by hand at sunset, but in later times all these lights were electrical devices that were automated, an unpopular move because it deprived the keeper of a small emolument.

Here's another house shot a block east of the last #517 Collyer house. I had to bail on shooting east-side houses and buzz over a block to the BNSF rails in the middle of Atwood. I heard the horns. When he blasted his horn right at me, it really frazzled me although I was ready. I suppose they had to up the RR volumes what with Tesla drivers asleep for a half hour.

I should have shot it on the other side as the engineer handed the gal her Amazon delivery. Sheesh. All the working folk in America need a second job to pick up all the taxes for the grifters. What's your second and third gig?

Originally founded in 1871, Colorado Central rails finally started "construction of its connecting line between Longmont and UP's mainline near Cheyenne" to end the rail terminus in Longmont. Of course, every western town wanted rail access in that era while today when we could use commuter transportation while everyone else wants it gone. Those rails curled from the river bottom, north up the bluff and up here on Atwood Street. No wonder Longmont started expanding to the west, leaving direct rail delivery access to eastern Longmont... and to the ears. Rural home delivery of your ordered goods is only at the depot or on Atwood, though. Be ready for the quick hand off from the train as BNSF rolls by. Hearing protection is highly recommended. Deaf is better. Housing futures are well down over here, while at the same time Emoluments skyrocketed in the last couple of years. Hmmm!

I shot the old 420 Grant St. house where recently married couple, Bill and Edna, announced their return to Longmont and Long Island marriage to Longmonters, the 320 Sunset street house and now here's another oldie. I found the 517 Collyer Street - Charles Lewis house where Ernest and Alice Kiteley, Bill's parents, took up housekeeping by 1908. This house that is disappearing has little importance. I knocked but they could not hear me.

Snapping mew pictures always sends me out when my interest flags.

Well I got to a nice park bench over at Roger's Grove but the fireworks is probably still at least a half to an hour away. This snap in my new direction shows weather skipping overhead and out east. Although I set down my camera to pray mightily for rain from the evening orange god, America's orange god doesn't believe in climate change. The dice were loaded and the clouding skipped over us. Has Trump checked the level of the coastal waters around Mar a Lago lately? He's boss and can order an emoluments seawall built by the Secret Service around the place. Otherwise, anything wet would work around here.

Boy, is Trump ever giving my orange evening cloud shots a terrible name!

According to the city's web site: "Roger's Grove Nature Area consists of 54.9 acres adjacent to the St. Vrain Greenway and includes Fairgrounds Lake, trails, a shelter, outdoor amphitheater, restrooms, native landscaping, demonstration gardens and an apple grove with fruit free for your harvest! Design and construction of the nature area was primarily funded by the Roger and Roberta Jones Foundation. Roger Jones (1915-1995), enjoyed walking along the river with his wife Roberta (1913-1992). Both educators in the St. Vrain Valley School system, the Jones' wanted to contribute an environment for children and adults to visit, learn and enjoy. Roger's Grove was developed as a nature area, arboretum and outdoor learning center. Additional funding came from the Colorado Lottery and Great Outdoors Colorado."

I hauled along my medium telephoto-zoom that I like to hand hold for light and fireworks shows. My sky shots were all going to be constrained by the mild telephoto. I wanted the evening to replay the year I took shelter under a Roger's Grove tree during the heavenly sprinkle. Tell the Pruett Parade that we need ANY sort of a sprinkle around here; it might help wet all of Colorado's forest fires. If you are interested in moving to Colorado's Rockies, I have some brand new WIDE OPEN spaces just for you.

Das HERTIE - Institut in Tübingen beherbergt auch einige Primaten zu Forschungszwecken.

Die Öffentlichkeit wusste bis dahin nichts davon!

Das Regierungspräsidium Tübingen genehmigt diese Forschung bereitwillig.

Das Wissen wird aber unter Verschluss gehalten und der Öffentlichkeit vorenthalten.

Das Verschweigen von Forschung ist nicht die Aufgabe einer öffentlichen Behörde.

Weiss es die Stiftung?

Forschungsansätze, welche in Tübingen momentan auf dem Prüfstand sind:

Tübingen hat mehr Affen als mancher Zoo.

50 Primaten gelten als gesichert; es können auch über 70 sein!

Das Max-Planck Institut in Tübingen kündigt eine

neue Ausrichtung ihrer Forschung an.

Sie wollen zukünftig Nagetiere verwenden.

Wer soll das kontrollieren?

----

illumination stairways of the Hertie Institution Tübingen

about 10 meters high

Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung

Das Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung ("HIH") wurde mit fördernden Mitteln aus der gemeinnützigen Hertie-Stiftung in Tübingen gegründet. Aufgrund der engen Integration mit der Abteilung für Neurologie und daher mit dem Zentrum für Neurologie es ermöglicht die optimale Abstimmung zwischen Grundlagenforschung und medizinische Anwendung. Dies lieferte die Grundlage für die Einrichtung eines Instituts für die Erforschung der neurologischen Störungen, auf internationaler Ebene eine führende Position einnimmt. Geplante Forschungsprojekte für Hirnforschung werden zusammengeführt, und innovative Formen der Organisation, Zusammenarbeit und Emolument auf Basis des breiten interdisziplinären gefördert werden. Das Institut befindet sich auf dem Schnarrenberg.

°°°°

Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research

www.medizin.uni-tuebingen.de/en/Patients/Institutes/Herti...

As a centre for science and research, Tübingen occupies a leading position worldwide. This is due to the Institutes of the Faculty of Medicine and the University Hospital and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research. Thanks to the attractive research projects and special promotion programmes, the Faculty's scientists have been able to acquire every year numerous sponsors from Foundations and Research Promotion Organisations for their work.

°°°

Als Zentrum für Wissenschaft und Forschung nimmt Tübingen eine führende Position weltweit. Dies liegt an den Instituten der medizinischen Fakultät und das Universitätsklinikum und das Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung. Dank der attraktiven Forschungsprojekten und spezielle Förderprogramme konnten Wissenschaftler der Fakultät jedes Jahr zahlreiche Sponsoren von Stiftungen und Einrichtungen für die Promotion von Forschung für ihre Arbeit erwerben.

Sir Thomas Brisbane:

Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane (1773-1860), governor, was born on 23 July 1773 at Brisbane House, near Largs, Ayrshire, son of a family of ancient Scottish lineage. He was educated by tutors and attended both the University of Edinburgh and the English Academy, Kensington. In 1789 he was commissioned an ensign in the 38th Regiment, which next year he joined in Ireland; there he struck up a long and profitable friendship with a fellow subaltern, Arthur Wellesley. From 1793 to 1798 he served in Flanders as a captain, from 1795 to 1799 in the West Indies as a major, and from 1800 to 1803 he commanded the 69th Regiment in Jamaica as a lieutenant-colonel, earning high praise from the governor, Sir George Nugent. From 1803 to 1805 he served in England, but when the 69th was ordered to India went on half-pay in Scotland because of his health.

He then was able to indulge his interest in astronomy, which he developed after nearly being involved in a shipwreck in 1795, and in 1808 he built at Brisbane House the second observatory in Scotland. In 1810 he was promoted colonel and elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and in 1812 at Wellington's request he was promoted brigadier-general. He commanded a brigade which was heavily engaged in the battles of the Peninsular war from Vittoria to Toulouse, and continued to practise his astronomy so that in Wellington's words, he 'kept the time of the army'. In 1815 he was created a K.C.B., received the thanks of parliament, and commanded a brigade in the American war. From 1815 to 1818 he commanded a division in the army of occupation in France and in 1817 he was created a K.C.H. (G.C.H., 1831). He returned to England in 1818 and next year married Anna Maria, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Hay Makdougall of Makerstoun, Scotland, whose surname he added to his own by letters patent on 14 August 1826. In 1815 he applied for appointment as governor of New South Wales, but the post was not then vacant; in November 1820 on Wellington's advice Brisbane, then in command of the Munster district in Ireland, was appointed. He arrived in the colony on 7 November 1821 and took over from Governor Lachlan Macquarie on 1 December.

Brisbane's policies for the colony were usually sensible answers to pressing problems, based on Commissioner John Thomas Bigge's report and the instructions derived from it, modified by his own impressions. Though he was on good terms with Macquarie he condemned the latter's 'system' and told Earl Bathurst later that he had changed New South Wales in so many ways that if Macquarie had returned 'he would not have recognised the place'.

When Brisbane arrived 340,000 acres (137,593 ha) of promised grants had still to be located and there were many confused permissive occupancies and nebulous promises. Lands were occupied and transferred without legal title, and boundary disputes seemed never ending. Proper survey was essential for a workable policy of alienation to be evolved, and the Ripon regulations of 1831 were made to a large extent possible by the practical development of the policies which Brisbane had implemented.

In 1822 he issued tickets-of-occupation which enabled land to be immediately occupied without a preliminary survey and graziers to be given security against trespass without the land being permanently alienated. Additional assistant surveyors were appointed to reduce arrears in the surveying and granting of land, but Brisbane promised land only to those with the inclination and ability to use it productively, forbade the acceptance of chits signed by irresponsible persons as valid titles, and gave tickets-of-occupation only when extra stock had actually been obtained. He granted land to sons of established settlers only if their fathers' properties had been considerably improved, and to immigrants in proportion to their capital. He was reluctant to make grants to his newly-appointed officials, even though this subjected him 'to a most unpleasant feeling'. In order to promote settlement of the colony by settlers who really wanted to improve the land and to deter speculators with fictitious capital, he insisted that grantees should maintain one convict labourer, free of expense to the Crown, for every 100 acres (40 ha) they were given, and he maintained this rule against criticism from the Colonial Office that it would hamper settlement. Brisbane insisted that although the regulation had been temporarily unpopular genuine settlers did not oppose it, for convict servants were coming to be looked on as a boon. It would help to control the intense demand for land, though even that check would not be sufficient. 'Not a cow calves in the colony but her owner applies for an additional grant in consequence of the increase in his stock', he wrote. 'Every person to whom a grant is made receives it as the payment of a debt; everyone to whom one is refused turns my implacable enemy'. He asked the British government 'to fix an invariable proportion of land to be cultivated in every grant' and to appoint a Commission of Escheat, for without it, since a judgment by Barron Field, the 'clearing and cultivating clauses' in the grants had become 'a dead letter'. The instructions on the disposal of crown lands which were sent from London in January 1825 owed so much to Brisbane's advice that he found 'great satisfaction' in noticing 'the very prominent similarity' between them and the practice he had been following in New South Wales.

Acting on one of Bigge's suggestions Brisbane in 1824 had begun selling crown lands, at 5s. an acre. 'While the system of free grants exists, there is little chance of extensive improvement taking place generally in the colony, as the improver of land can never enter the market in competition with the individual who gets his land for nothing', Brisbane told Bathurst. Between May and December 1825 more than 500,000 acres (202,345 ha) were sold. In land policy Brisbane had recognized the need to encourage men of capital, though at the same time opposing over-lavish land grants. Seeing the need for consolidation rather than expansion, and for more accurate surveys of the settled areas, he gave less encouragement to land exploration than either his predecessors or successors, but he continued, as instructed, to organize coastal surveys.

Brisbane received from Bathurst full instructions on convict affairs, derived from Bigge's report. These were based on the belief that Macquarie had been too lenient and too extravagant, and Brisbane conscientiously carried them out. He rigidly adhered to the rules against the premature granting of tickets-of-leave. He reduced the number of road-gangs, whose members often indulged in dissipation and crime, and the numbers employed on public works in Sydney, and organized in their place gangs to clear land for settlers in return for payment to the government; this greatly speeded up the rate of clearing. He ordered convict mechanics to be hired instead of being assigned; this brought in revenue and made for a more efficient distribution of labour. He established new centres of secondary punishment as Bigge had recommended, first at Moreton Bay and later at Bathurst's suggestion on Norfolk Island, and he sent educated convicts to be confined first at Bathurst and later at Wellington valley, but he opposed excessive corporal punishment, reprieved many prisoners sentenced to death and was criticized by Bathurst for his improvidence in granting pardons.

Brisbane set up an agricultural training college and was the first patron of the New South Wales Agricultural Society, founded in 1822, which among other activities, financed the importation of livestock. On Bathurst's instructions, he drastically reduced the assistance given to new settlers and so, by making it virtually impracticable to begin farming without capital, helped to improve production. He conducted experiments in growing Virginian tobacco, Georgian cotton, Brazilian coffee and New Zealand flax, but unfortunately without much success.

Brisbane looked forward to getting the 'Colony on to its own Resources' and regarded the achievement of economy in government expenditure as one of his major successes. In 1822, on the advice of Frederick Goulburn, colonial secretary, and William Wemyss, deputy commissary general, he initiated currency reforms by which commissariat payments were to be made in dollars at a fixed value of 5s. or about one-eighth above their intrinsic value. This attempt to set up a dollar standard was intended both to reduce expenditure and to provide the colony with a coinage which would prevent a repetition of the issue of store receipts as practised by the former commissary, Frederick Drennan, and it would discourage imports by depreciating the local currency. But the system was not a success and after the terms on which the dollars would be received had been modified the dollar standard was replaced by a sterling exchange standard on instructions sent from London in July 1825. In 1823 all commissariat supplies were called by tender, though the introduction of price competition hurt small farmers and favoured the larger ones; when only three month's grain was bought by tender, instead of a year's at a fixed price, a minor depression occurred, but this was partly due to the suddenness of the change.

Brisbane was devout and broadminded in religious matters, and prepared to support any sect that did not threaten the state. He encouraged Wesleyan societies, advocated and gave financial aid to the Roman Catholics, but opposed what he regarded as extravagant demands by the Presbyterians, considering them wealthy enough to build their own church. He supported Bible and tract societies. He attempted to encourage education by appointing a director-general of all government public schools, but this was quashed by the Colonial Office. He believed that clergy, like government officials, should not indulge in private trade, which of course made him unpopular with Samuel Marsden. His policy towards Aboriginals was ambivalent. On one occasion he ordered some to be shot; on another he imposed martial law beyond the Blue Mountains because of 'the aggressions of the Native Blacks'. However, he favoured compensating them for lost land, and in 1825 granted the London Missionary Society 10,000 acres (4047 ha) as an Aboriginal reserve.

Like other governors, Brisbane found the emancipist-exclusive quarrel a major difficulty, and the success of many of his policies was vitiated because some of his officials ignored him and favoured the exclusives. Brisbane himself did not have great faith in the future of a colony based on emancipists; but though he preferred the large-scale immigration of free settlers, especially those with capital, his cautious liberalism was to the emancipists' tastes. Unlike the exclusives, they gave him a warm farewell. Brisbane appears to have believed, as he said at a public meeting just before he left, that free institutions could be safely established in New South Wales. In 1824 he did not apply any censorship when William Charles Wentworth's Australian began publication, and ended control of the Gazette by government officials. He ordered the holding of Courts of Quarter Sessions at which there would be trial by jury, an experiment which Chief Justice (Sir) Francis Forbes reported to have been very successful; they were abolished by the Act of 1828, but not before the exclusives had grossly misused them at Parramatta in their vendetta against Henry Grattan Douglass. The Legislative Council set up by the New South Wales Act of 1823, which began meeting in August 1824, operated calmly under his rule and began the process of reducing the powers of the governor from the autocracy of the past.

At first Brisbane had too few men to do the work of government; by 1824 he found himself with a number of departmental heads appointed independently of him, varying in ability, at odds with each other and the government. He thought Judge Barron Field and Judge-Advocate (Sir) John Wylde responsible for much of the party feeling in the colony, and was heartily glad to see them go in 1824, but John Oxley, Saxe Bannister and Frederick Goulburn were also sources of trouble. Men like George Druitt, John Jamison, Marsden, John Dunmore Lang, the Macarthurs and the Blaxlands frequently made vicious misrepresentations in London about Brisbane's administration. They gave the governor much to contend with and, though he 'evinced a forbearance amounting to Stoicism', in the end he felt compelled to remove some 'exclusive' magistrates for grossly improper behaviour. It was partly to counter their misrepresentations that he sent Dr Douglass to London in February 1824, but his patronage of Douglass, who was in trouble with the War Office, in the end contributed to his recall. Brisbane did not find Goulburn easy to work with and in January 1824 asked for an assistant-secretary. Goulburn refused to carry out some of Brisbane's instructions; he suppressed letters or answered them without reference to the governor; on 19 April 1824 he even claimed that the governor's proclamations and orders were invalid unless they went through his department. Such conduct Brisbane clearly could not countenance and he protested to the Colonial Office; the reply in December was the recall of both governor and secretary, and in November 1825 Brisbane departed.

Brisbane did not concern himself with all the details of his administration; but a governor could no longer attend to everything. The colony had expanded in size in recent years, and Macquarie had ruined his health and peace of mind by a concern with every administrative detail and petty squabble as Governor (Sir) Ralph Darling was soon to do also. Brisbane had worked well with Lieutenant-Governors William Sorell and (Sir) George Arthur in Van Diemen's Land, which was still under his jurisdiction, and he had no trouble there. Unfriendly contemporaries, Marsden, Archdeacon Thomas Scott and the Macarthurs, found Brisbane amiable, impartial but weak. His enemies accused him of a lack of interest in the colony, but this was untrue. Judge Forbes, whom he found 'a great blessing', praised his work; an emancipist address on his departure spoke of 'a mild, an unpartial, and a firm administration'; but soon afterwards John Dunmore Lang was to make what became the standard comment on his governorship; 'a man of the best intentions, but disinclined to business, and deficient in energy'. Of the quality of his intentions there is little doubt: highly patriotic, and regarding New South Wales as being of considerable moral, political and strategic value to the United Kingdom, he was genuinely concerned in its future progress. The stock criticisms, that he was weak and lacked interest in administrative detail, either because he was lazy or more concerned with 'star-gazing', are very misleading. 'In place of passing my time in the Observatory or shooting Parrots, I am seldom employed in either. And Altho' I rise oftener at 5 o'clock in the Morning than after, I cannot get thro' the various and arduous duties of my Government', he wrote. Brisbane had been a very respected and successful soldier, as indicated by Nugent's admiration and Wellington's occasional recorded praise and continued championship. Brisbane's dispatches are permeated with bitter realism about the greed and duplicity of leading colonists, and his policies for the colony were usually sensible. He was ready to delegate work to subordinates who were too often untrustworthy, but he was extremely diligent in the duties which he undertook himself as pertinent to his office. Sensitive, respectful to others, and never vindictive, he was rather out of his element when surrounded by the arrogance of the New South Wales magistracy, the disloyalty and factiousness of officials and the explosive rifts in colonial society. At the same time a more forceful man, living in Sydney not Parramatta, who ignored his wife and infant family (two of whom were born in the colony and a third on the voyage home), would probably have had more success in overcoming his difficulties. It was an unhappy period in Brisbane's life and, as Wellington commented on his recall, 'there are many brave men not fit to be governors of colonies'.

His astronomical activities had continued in Australia and indeed were probably a reason for his seeking the appointment. He built an observatory at Parramatta and made the first observations of stars in the southern hemisphere since Lacaille's in 1751-52 of which he published an account. 'Science' was 'not allowed to flag'. When he departed he left his astronomical instruments and 349 volumes of his scientific library to the colony, as he wanted his name to be associated with 'the furtherance of Science'; but he had had to leave most of his observatory work to Christian Rümker. There is little reference to astronomy in his letters after 1823, but he kept up his interest and in 1828 reported on the subject to the Royal Society, London. His astronomical achievements indeed brought him as much fame as his military and vice-regal career. When in 1823 Oxford University made him a D.C.L. he wrote that 'no Roman General ever felt prouder of the Corona Triumphatus … than I do on this occasion'. In 1826 he built another observatory at Makerstoun. Later he became president of the Edinburgh Astronomical Institution and did much to make the Edinburgh Royal Observatory highly efficient. In 1832 he was elected president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in succession to Sir Walter Scott. In 1836 he was created a baronet, in 1837 awarded a G.C.B. and in 1841 promoted general. In 1826 he had been given command of the 34th Regiment; in 1836 he was offered the command of the troops in the North American colonies, but refused on grounds of ill health, as he did in 1838 when offered the Indian command. In 1858, when he was 'the oldest officer in the Army' he twice sought a field-marshal's baton; but though asked for without emolument it was refused. Much of his later life was occupied in paternal works at Largs. He improved its drainage, endowed a parish school and the Largs Brisbane Academy. Predeceased by his four children, he died on 27 January 1860, after enjoying locally great popularity and respect. The city of Brisbane, Queensland’s capital since 1859, was founded as a convict settlement in 1824, and it and its river were named for the governor at the suggestion of the explorer Oxley, the first European to survey the area. Brisbane himself visited the new settlement that year. It was declared a town in 1834 and opened for free settlement in 1839.

Source: Australian Dictionary of Biography.

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Sir Thomas Brisbane:

Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane (1773-1860), governor, was born on 23 July 1773 at Brisbane House, near Largs, Ayrshire, son of a family of ancient Scottish lineage. He was educated by tutors and attended both the University of Edinburgh and the English Academy, Kensington. In 1789 he was commissioned an ensign in the 38th Regiment, which next year he joined in Ireland; there he struck up a long and profitable friendship with a fellow subaltern, Arthur Wellesley. From 1793 to 1798 he served in Flanders as a captain, from 1795 to 1799 in the West Indies as a major, and from 1800 to 1803 he commanded the 69th Regiment in Jamaica as a lieutenant-colonel, earning high praise from the governor, Sir George Nugent. From 1803 to 1805 he served in England, but when the 69th was ordered to India went on half-pay in Scotland because of his health.

He then was able to indulge his interest in astronomy, which he developed after nearly being involved in a shipwreck in 1795, and in 1808 he built at Brisbane House the second observatory in Scotland. In 1810 he was promoted colonel and elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and in 1812 at Wellington's request he was promoted brigadier-general. He commanded a brigade which was heavily engaged in the battles of the Peninsular war from Vittoria to Toulouse, and continued to practise his astronomy so that in Wellington's words, he 'kept the time of the army'. In 1815 he was created a K.C.B., received the thanks of parliament, and commanded a brigade in the American war. From 1815 to 1818 he commanded a division in the army of occupation in France and in 1817 he was created a K.C.H. (G.C.H., 1831). He returned to England in 1818 and next year married Anna Maria, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Hay Makdougall of Makerstoun, Scotland, whose surname he added to his own by letters patent on 14 August 1826. In 1815 he applied for appointment as governor of New South Wales, but the post was not then vacant; in November 1820 on Wellington's advice Brisbane, then in command of the Munster district in Ireland, was appointed. He arrived in the colony on 7 November 1821 and took over from Governor Lachlan Macquarie on 1 December.

Brisbane's policies for the colony were usually sensible answers to pressing problems, based on Commissioner John Thomas Bigge's report and the instructions derived from it, modified by his own impressions. Though he was on good terms with Macquarie he condemned the latter's 'system' and told Earl Bathurst later that he had changed New South Wales in so many ways that if Macquarie had returned 'he would not have recognised the place'.

When Brisbane arrived 340,000 acres (137,593 ha) of promised grants had still to be located and there were many confused permissive occupancies and nebulous promises. Lands were occupied and transferred without legal title, and boundary disputes seemed never ending. Proper survey was essential for a workable policy of alienation to be evolved, and the Ripon regulations of 1831 were made to a large extent possible by the practical development of the policies which Brisbane had implemented.

In 1822 he issued tickets-of-occupation which enabled land to be immediately occupied without a preliminary survey and graziers to be given security against trespass without the land being permanently alienated. Additional assistant surveyors were appointed to reduce arrears in the surveying and granting of land, but Brisbane promised land only to those with the inclination and ability to use it productively, forbade the acceptance of chits signed by irresponsible persons as valid titles, and gave tickets-of-occupation only when extra stock had actually been obtained. He granted land to sons of established settlers only if their fathers' properties had been considerably improved, and to immigrants in proportion to their capital. He was reluctant to make grants to his newly-appointed officials, even though this subjected him 'to a most unpleasant feeling'. In order to promote settlement of the colony by settlers who really wanted to improve the land and to deter speculators with fictitious capital, he insisted that grantees should maintain one convict labourer, free of expense to the Crown, for every 100 acres (40 ha) they were given, and he maintained this rule against criticism from the Colonial Office that it would hamper settlement. Brisbane insisted that although the regulation had been temporarily unpopular genuine settlers did not oppose it, for convict servants were coming to be looked on as a boon. It would help to control the intense demand for land, though even that check would not be sufficient. 'Not a cow calves in the colony but her owner applies for an additional grant in consequence of the increase in his stock', he wrote. 'Every person to whom a grant is made receives it as the payment of a debt; everyone to whom one is refused turns my implacable enemy'. He asked the British government 'to fix an invariable proportion of land to be cultivated in every grant' and to appoint a Commission of Escheat, for without it, since a judgment by Barron Field, the 'clearing and cultivating clauses' in the grants had become 'a dead letter'. The instructions on the disposal of crown lands which were sent from London in January 1825 owed so much to Brisbane's advice that he found 'great satisfaction' in noticing 'the very prominent similarity' between them and the practice he had been following in New South Wales.

Acting on one of Bigge's suggestions Brisbane in 1824 had begun selling crown lands, at 5s. an acre. 'While the system of free grants exists, there is little chance of extensive improvement taking place generally in the colony, as the improver of land can never enter the market in competition with the individual who gets his land for nothing', Brisbane told Bathurst. Between May and December 1825 more than 500,000 acres (202,345 ha) were sold. In land policy Brisbane had recognized the need to encourage men of capital, though at the same time opposing over-lavish land grants. Seeing the need for consolidation rather than expansion, and for more accurate surveys of the settled areas, he gave less encouragement to land exploration than either his predecessors or successors, but he continued, as instructed, to organize coastal surveys.

Brisbane received from Bathurst full instructions on convict affairs, derived from Bigge's report. These were based on the belief that Macquarie had been too lenient and too extravagant, and Brisbane conscientiously carried them out. He rigidly adhered to the rules against the premature granting of tickets-of-leave. He reduced the number of road-gangs, whose members often indulged in dissipation and crime, and the numbers employed on public works in Sydney, and organized in their place gangs to clear land for settlers in return for payment to the government; this greatly speeded up the rate of clearing. He ordered convict mechanics to be hired instead of being assigned; this brought in revenue and made for a more efficient distribution of labour. He established new centres of secondary punishment as Bigge had recommended, first at Moreton Bay and later at Bathurst's suggestion on Norfolk Island, and he sent educated convicts to be confined first at Bathurst and later at Wellington valley, but he opposed excessive corporal punishment, reprieved many prisoners sentenced to death and was criticized by Bathurst for his improvidence in granting pardons.

Brisbane set up an agricultural training college and was the first patron of the New South Wales Agricultural Society, founded in 1822, which among other activities, financed the importation of livestock. On Bathurst's instructions, he drastically reduced the assistance given to new settlers and so, by making it virtually impracticable to begin farming without capital, helped to improve production. He conducted experiments in growing Virginian tobacco, Georgian cotton, Brazilian coffee and New Zealand flax, but unfortunately without much success.

Brisbane looked forward to getting the 'Colony on to its own Resources' and regarded the achievement of economy in government expenditure as one of his major successes. In 1822, on the advice of Frederick Goulburn, colonial secretary, and William Wemyss, deputy commissary general, he initiated currency reforms by which commissariat payments were to be made in dollars at a fixed value of 5s. or about one-eighth above their intrinsic value. This attempt to set up a dollar standard was intended both to reduce expenditure and to provide the colony with a coinage which would prevent a repetition of the issue of store receipts as practised by the former commissary, Frederick Drennan, and it would discourage imports by depreciating the local currency. But the system was not a success and after the terms on which the dollars would be received had been modified the dollar standard was replaced by a sterling exchange standard on instructions sent from London in July 1825. In 1823 all commissariat supplies were called by tender, though the introduction of price competition hurt small farmers and favoured the larger ones; when only three month's grain was bought by tender, instead of a year's at a fixed price, a minor depression occurred, but this was partly due to the suddenness of the change.

Brisbane was devout and broadminded in religious matters, and prepared to support any sect that did not threaten the state. He encouraged Wesleyan societies, advocated and gave financial aid to the Roman Catholics, but opposed what he regarded as extravagant demands by the Presbyterians, considering them wealthy enough to build their own church. He supported Bible and tract societies. He attempted to encourage education by appointing a director-general of all government public schools, but this was quashed by the Colonial Office. He believed that clergy, like government officials, should not indulge in private trade, which of course made him unpopular with Samuel Marsden. His policy towards Aboriginals was ambivalent. On one occasion he ordered some to be shot; on another he imposed martial law beyond the Blue Mountains because of 'the aggressions of the Native Blacks'. However, he favoured compensating them for lost land, and in 1825 granted the London Missionary Society 10,000 acres (4047 ha) as an Aboriginal reserve.

Like other governors, Brisbane found the emancipist-exclusive quarrel a major difficulty, and the success of many of his policies was vitiated because some of his officials ignored him and favoured the exclusives. Brisbane himself did not have great faith in the future of a colony based on emancipists; but though he preferred the large-scale immigration of free settlers, especially those with capital, his cautious liberalism was to the emancipists' tastes. Unlike the exclusives, they gave him a warm farewell. Brisbane appears to have believed, as he said at a public meeting just before he left, that free institutions could be safely established in New South Wales. In 1824 he did not apply any censorship when William Charles Wentworth's Australian began publication, and ended control of the Gazette by government officials. He ordered the holding of Courts of Quarter Sessions at which there would be trial by jury, an experiment which Chief Justice (Sir) Francis Forbes reported to have been very successful; they were abolished by the Act of 1828, but not before the exclusives had grossly misused them at Parramatta in their vendetta against Henry Grattan Douglass. The Legislative Council set up by the New South Wales Act of 1823, which began meeting in August 1824, operated calmly under his rule and began the process of reducing the powers of the governor from the autocracy of the past.

At first Brisbane had too few men to do the work of government; by 1824 he found himself with a number of departmental heads appointed independently of him, varying in ability, at odds with each other and the government. He thought Judge Barron Field and Judge-Advocate (Sir) John Wylde responsible for much of the party feeling in the colony, and was heartily glad to see them go in 1824, but John Oxley, Saxe Bannister and Frederick Goulburn were also sources of trouble. Men like George Druitt, John Jamison, Marsden, John Dunmore Lang, the Macarthurs and the Blaxlands frequently made vicious misrepresentations in London about Brisbane's administration. They gave the governor much to contend with and, though he 'evinced a forbearance amounting to Stoicism', in the end he felt compelled to remove some 'exclusive' magistrates for grossly improper behaviour. It was partly to counter their misrepresentations that he sent Dr Douglass to London in February 1824, but his patronage of Douglass, who was in trouble with the War Office, in the end contributed to his recall. Brisbane did not find Goulburn easy to work with and in January 1824 asked for an assistant-secretary. Goulburn refused to carry out some of Brisbane's instructions; he suppressed letters or answered them without reference to the governor; on 19 April 1824 he even claimed that the governor's proclamations and orders were invalid unless they went through his department. Such conduct Brisbane clearly could not countenance and he protested to the Colonial Office; the reply in December was the recall of both governor and secretary, and in November 1825 Brisbane departed.

Brisbane did not concern himself with all the details of his administration; but a governor could no longer attend to everything. The colony had expanded in size in recent years, and Macquarie had ruined his health and peace of mind by a concern with every administrative detail and petty squabble as Governor (Sir) Ralph Darling was soon to do also. Brisbane had worked well with Lieutenant-Governors William Sorell and (Sir) George Arthur in Van Diemen's Land, which was still under his jurisdiction, and he had no trouble there. Unfriendly contemporaries, Marsden, Archdeacon Thomas Scott and the Macarthurs, found Brisbane amiable, impartial but weak. His enemies accused him of a lack of interest in the colony, but this was untrue. Judge Forbes, whom he found 'a great blessing', praised his work; an emancipist address on his departure spoke of 'a mild, an unpartial, and a firm administration'; but soon afterwards John Dunmore Lang was to make what became the standard comment on his governorship; 'a man of the best intentions, but disinclined to business, and deficient in energy'. Of the quality of his intentions there is little doubt: highly patriotic, and regarding New South Wales as being of considerable moral, political and strategic value to the United Kingdom, he was genuinely concerned in its future progress. The stock criticisms, that he was weak and lacked interest in administrative detail, either because he was lazy or more concerned with 'star-gazing', are very misleading. 'In place of passing my time in the Observatory or shooting Parrots, I am seldom employed in either. And Altho' I rise oftener at 5 o'clock in the Morning than after, I cannot get thro' the various and arduous duties of my Government', he wrote. Brisbane had been a very respected and successful soldier, as indicated by Nugent's admiration and Wellington's occasional recorded praise and continued championship. Brisbane's dispatches are permeated with bitter realism about the greed and duplicity of leading colonists, and his policies for the colony were usually sensible. He was ready to delegate work to subordinates who were too often untrustworthy, but he was extremely diligent in the duties which he undertook himself as pertinent to his office. Sensitive, respectful to others, and never vindictive, he was rather out of his element when surrounded by the arrogance of the New South Wales magistracy, the disloyalty and factiousness of officials and the explosive rifts in colonial society. At the same time a more forceful man, living in Sydney not Parramatta, who ignored his wife and infant family (two of whom were born in the colony and a third on the voyage home), would probably have had more success in overcoming his difficulties. It was an unhappy period in Brisbane's life and, as Wellington commented on his recall, 'there are many brave men not fit to be governors of colonies'.

His astronomical activities had continued in Australia and indeed were probably a reason for his seeking the appointment. He built an observatory at Parramatta and made the first observations of stars in the southern hemisphere since Lacaille's in 1751-52 of which he published an account. 'Science' was 'not allowed to flag'. When he departed he left his astronomical instruments and 349 volumes of his scientific library to the colony, as he wanted his name to be associated with 'the furtherance of Science'; but he had had to leave most of his observatory work to Christian Rümker. There is little reference to astronomy in his letters after 1823, but he kept up his interest and in 1828 reported on the subject to the Royal Society, London. His astronomical achievements indeed brought him as much fame as his military and vice-regal career. When in 1823 Oxford University made him a D.C.L. he wrote that 'no Roman General ever felt prouder of the Corona Triumphatus … than I do on this occasion'. In 1826 he built another observatory at Makerstoun. Later he became president of the Edinburgh Astronomical Institution and did much to make the Edinburgh Royal Observatory highly efficient. In 1832 he was elected president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in succession to Sir Walter Scott. In 1836 he was created a baronet, in 1837 awarded a G.C.B. and in 1841 promoted general. In 1826 he had been given command of the 34th Regiment; in 1836 he was offered the command of the troops in the North American colonies, but refused on grounds of ill health, as he did in 1838 when offered the Indian command. In 1858, when he was 'the oldest officer in the Army' he twice sought a field-marshal's baton; but though asked for without emolument it was refused. Much of his later life was occupied in paternal works at Largs. He improved its drainage, endowed a parish school and the Largs Brisbane Academy. Predeceased by his four children, he died on 27 January 1860, after enjoying locally great popularity and respect. The city of Brisbane, Queensland’s capital since 1859, was founded as a convict settlement in 1824, and it and its river were named for the governor at the suggestion of the explorer Oxley, the first European to survey the area. Brisbane himself visited the new settlement that year. It was declared a town in 1834 and opened for free settlement in 1839.

Source: Australian Dictionary of Biography.

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Wikipedia:

Vilafamés (en valencià i oficialment, Vilafamés) és un municipi de la Comunitat Valenciana, Espanya. Situat a la província de Castelló, a la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Les primeres evidències d'ocupació de l'entorn de Vilafamés se centren en les troballes arqueològiques realitzades en l'anomenat "Homo erectus vilafamensis", on es van localitzar restes antropològiques Els seus orígens es remunten al Plistocè Mitjà, segons el descobriment de les restes de l'anomenat "homo erectus vilafamensis "a la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font amb una antiguitat de 80.000 anys. Una continuïtat en l'ocupació del medi estaria reflectida en la Cova del Matutano, jaciment del Paleolític Superior. Les primeres manifestacions artístiques apareixen amb les pintures esquemàtiques de l'Edat del Bronze.

Pel que fa al nucli urbà, el mateix topònim AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota el seu origen en època musulmana. D'aquest període es conserven entre altres elements, la fonamentació del castell que corona el turó sobre el qual s'assenta el municipi i el traçat urbà de la zona contigua a aquest, d'estrets carrerons tortuosos. Queden així mateix vestigis de les antigues fortificacions constituïdes per llenços de muralla i restes de torres.

És amb la conquesta de la musulmana Beni-Hamez pel rei Jaume I d'Aragó quan Vilafamés pren identitat històrica pròpia. Aquest fet porta a que, el 30 de agost de 1241, Jaume I comissions a Guillem Ramon de Vielha per donar a poblar el castell a Diumenge Ballester, A. Cabrera i altres, carta de població que s'estableix a fur de Saragossa. Aquesta donació serà confirmada posteriorment pel propi monarca a Lleida el 21 de febrer de 1242.

Posteriorment s'incorpora al patrimoni dels Hospitalaris de Sant Joan a 1264, després d'una permuta real amb aquests per la vila d'Olocau del Rei, que seran els seus amos fins 1317, data en què la vila i el castell queden annexionats a la recentment creada Ordre de Montesa. En 1343, Pere IV el Cerimoniós, s'entesta a l'ordre el mer i mixt imperi, amb les corresponents jurisdiccions, drets i emoluments que pertanyien a la corona.

Joan I d'Aragó, en 1393, concedeix a Vilafamés el privilegi pel qual el Consell pot fer i ordenar tot tipus de establemientos i ordenacions que consideri convenients d'acord amb els furs generals del regne.

En les Corts celebrades a València durant l'any 1403, Martí I l'Humà disposa donar possessió al mestre de Montesa del mer i mixt imperi de la població, aquest fet provocarà la protesta irada del Consell en 1404.

Ja al segle XVI, en 1519, Carlos I d'Espanya promet no separar de la corona la jurisdicció civil i criminal, i el mer i mixt imperi de la vila. Quan en 1635 culminen les desavinences sorgides entre els Justícies, per una banda i l'ordre d'una altra, el "Consell" creu arribat el moment de demanar del Papa Innocenci XII autorització per comprar la jurisdicció alfonsina, adquisició que porta a terme el 16 d'abril pel preu de sis mil lliures. A partir d'aquesta data, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenament al patrimoni real, reservant-Montesa la percepció de certes primícies i el dret d'habitació sobre el castillo.Será al segle XIX, amb els enfrontaments civils que segueixen a la mort de Ferran VII, quan el nom de Vilafamés sonarà de nou dins de l'àmbit històric com plaça inexpugnable. Al març de 1837 pateix el primer intent d'assalt de les tropes carlines. El 29 octubre 1838 la guarnició de la plaça rebutja una segona intentona, que es repetirà de nou el 3 de gener del següent any, aquesta vegada amb Cabrera al capdavant de les tropes, que des de les muntanyes que dominen la vila comencen a assetjar a la població, trencant foc contra la ciutadella. En aquesta ocasió es va fer front al setge per part dels veïns a més de comptar amb l'ajuda d'una columna mòbil enviada per l'Ajuntament de Castelló i un destacament d'artilleria de marina, molt poc nombrós. Cinc dies van durar els continus enfrontaments, rebutjant la població tots els atacs de Cabrera, fins que el dia 7 l'arribada de tropes reals va obligar al general carlista a aixecar el lloc. Amb el més selecte de les seves tropes i recorrent a l'auxili de les de Forcadell, Cabrera intentarà el cop definitiu l'abril del mateix any, establint un campament davant la població. El dia 16 s'obre una bretxa en les muralles, encara que els atacants són rebutjats i resulten infructuosos tots els esforços de prendre la plaça que va resultar semi derruïda.

ESP:

Villafamés (en valenciano y oficialmente, Vilafamés) es un municipio de la Comunidad Valenciana, España. Situado en la provincia de Castellón, en la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Las primeras evidencias de ocupación del entorno de Villafamés se centran en los hallazgos arqueológicos realizados en el llamado “Homo erectus vilafamensis”, donde se localizaron restos antropológicos Sus orígenes se remontan al Pleistoceno Medio, según el descubrimiento de los restos del llamado "homo erectus vilafamensis" en la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font con una antigüedad de 80.000 años. Una continuidad en la ocupación del medio estaría reflejada en la Cueva del Matutano, yacimiento del Paleolítico Superior. Las primeras manifestaciones artísticas aparecen con las pinturas esquemáticas de la Edad del Bronce.

Por lo que respecta al núcleo urbano, el mismo topónimo AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota su origen en época musulmana. De este periodo se conservan entre otros elementos, la cimentación del castillo que corona el cerro sobre el que se asienta el municipio y el trazado urbano de la zona contigua al mismo, de estrechas callejuelas tortuosas. Quedan asimismo vestigios de las antiguas fortificaciones constituidas por lienzos de muralla y restos de torres.

Es con la conquista de la musulmana Beni-Hamez por el rey Jaime I de Aragón cuando Villafamés toma identidad histórica propia. Este hecho lleva a que, en 30 de agosto de 1241, Jaime I comisione a Guillem Ramón de Viella para dar a poblar el castillo a Domingo Ballester, A. Cabrera y otros, carta de población que se establece a fuero de Zaragoza. Esta donación será confirmada posteriormente por el propio monarca en Lérida el 21 de febrero de 1242.

Posteriormente se incorpora al patrimonio de los Hospitalarios de San Juan en 1264, tras una permuta real con estos por la villa de Olocau del Rey, que serán sus dueños hasta 1317, fecha en que la villa y el castillo quedan anexionados a la recién creada Orden de Montesa. En 1343, Pedro IV el Ceremonioso, empeña a la orden el mero y mixto imperio, con las correspondientes jurisdicciones, derechos y emolumentos que pertenecían a la corona.

Juan I de Aragón, en 1393, concede a Villafamés el privilegio por el cual el Consejo puede hacer y ordenar todo tipo de establemientos y ordenaciones que considere convenientes con arreglo a los fueros generales del reino.

En las Cortes celebradas en Valencia durante el año 1403, Martín I el Humano dispone dar posesión al maestre de Montesa del mero y mixto imperio de la población, este hecho provocará la protesta airada del Consejo en 1404.

Ya en el siglo XVI, en 1519, Carlos I de España promete no separar de la corona la jurisdicción civil y criminal, y el mero y mixto imperio de la villa. Cuando en 1635 culminan las desavenencias surgidas entre los Justicias, de una parte y la orden de otra, el "Consejo" cree llegado el momento de solicitar del Papa Inocencio XII autorización para comprar la jurisdicción alfonsina, adquisición que lleva a cabo el 16 de abril por el precio de seis mil libras. A partir de esta fecha, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenamente al patrimonio real, reservándose Montesa la percepción de ciertas primicias y el derecho de habitación sobre el castillo.Será en el siglo XIX, con los enfrentamientos civiles que siguen a la muerte de Fernando VII, cuando el nombre de Villafamés sonará de nuevo dentro del ámbito histórico como plaza inexpugnable. En marzo de 1837 sufre el primer intento de asalto de las tropas carlistas. El 29 de octubre de 1838 la guarnición de la plaza rechaza una segunda intentona, que se repetirá de nuevo el 3 de enero del siguiente año, esta vez con Cabrera al frente de las tropas, que desde las montañas que dominan la villa comienzan a hostigar a la población, rompiendo fuego contra la ciudadela. En esta ocasión se hizo frente al asedio por parte de los vecinos además de contar con la ayuda de una columna móvil enviada por el Ayuntamiento de Castellón y un destacamento de artillería de marina, muy poco numeroso. Cinco días duraron los continuos enfrentamientos, rechazando la población todos los ataques de Cabrera, hasta que el día 7 la llegada de tropas reales obligó al general carlista a levantar el sitio. Con lo más selecto de sus tropas y recurriendo al auxilio de las de Forcadell, Cabrera intentará el golpe definitivo en abril del mismo año, estableciendo un campamento ante la población. El día 16 se abre una brecha en las murallas, aunque los atacantes son rechazados y resultan infructuosos todos los esfuerzos de tomar la plaza que resultó semi derruida.

Sir Thomas Brisbane:

Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane (1773-1860), governor, was born on 23 July 1773 at Brisbane House, near Largs, Ayrshire, son of a family of ancient Scottish lineage. He was educated by tutors and attended both the University of Edinburgh and the English Academy, Kensington. In 1789 he was commissioned an ensign in the 38th Regiment, which next year he joined in Ireland; there he struck up a long and profitable friendship with a fellow subaltern, Arthur Wellesley. From 1793 to 1798 he served in Flanders as a captain, from 1795 to 1799 in the West Indies as a major, and from 1800 to 1803 he commanded the 69th Regiment in Jamaica as a lieutenant-colonel, earning high praise from the governor, Sir George Nugent. From 1803 to 1805 he served in England, but when the 69th was ordered to India went on half-pay in Scotland because of his health.

He then was able to indulge his interest in astronomy, which he developed after nearly being involved in a shipwreck in 1795, and in 1808 he built at Brisbane House the second observatory in Scotland. In 1810 he was promoted colonel and elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and in 1812 at Wellington's request he was promoted brigadier-general. He commanded a brigade which was heavily engaged in the battles of the Peninsular war from Vittoria to Toulouse, and continued to practise his astronomy so that in Wellington's words, he 'kept the time of the army'. In 1815 he was created a K.C.B., received the thanks of parliament, and commanded a brigade in the American war. From 1815 to 1818 he commanded a division in the army of occupation in France and in 1817 he was created a K.C.H. (G.C.H., 1831). He returned to England in 1818 and next year married Anna Maria, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Hay Makdougall of Makerstoun, Scotland, whose surname he added to his own by letters patent on 14 August 1826. In 1815 he applied for appointment as governor of New South Wales, but the post was not then vacant; in November 1820 on Wellington's advice Brisbane, then in command of the Munster district in Ireland, was appointed. He arrived in the colony on 7 November 1821 and took over from Governor Lachlan Macquarie on 1 December.

Brisbane's policies for the colony were usually sensible answers to pressing problems, based on Commissioner John Thomas Bigge's report and the instructions derived from it, modified by his own impressions. Though he was on good terms with Macquarie he condemned the latter's 'system' and told Earl Bathurst later that he had changed New South Wales in so many ways that if Macquarie had returned 'he would not have recognised the place'.

When Brisbane arrived 340,000 acres (137,593 ha) of promised grants had still to be located and there were many confused permissive occupancies and nebulous promises. Lands were occupied and transferred without legal title, and boundary disputes seemed never ending. Proper survey was essential for a workable policy of alienation to be evolved, and the Ripon regulations of 1831 were made to a large extent possible by the practical development of the policies which Brisbane had implemented.

In 1822 he issued tickets-of-occupation which enabled land to be immediately occupied without a preliminary survey and graziers to be given security against trespass without the land being permanently alienated. Additional assistant surveyors were appointed to reduce arrears in the surveying and granting of land, but Brisbane promised land only to those with the inclination and ability to use it productively, forbade the acceptance of chits signed by irresponsible persons as valid titles, and gave tickets-of-occupation only when extra stock had actually been obtained. He granted land to sons of established settlers only if their fathers' properties had been considerably improved, and to immigrants in proportion to their capital. He was reluctant to make grants to his newly-appointed officials, even though this subjected him 'to a most unpleasant feeling'. In order to promote settlement of the colony by settlers who really wanted to improve the land and to deter speculators with fictitious capital, he insisted that grantees should maintain one convict labourer, free of expense to the Crown, for every 100 acres (40 ha) they were given, and he maintained this rule against criticism from the Colonial Office that it would hamper settlement. Brisbane insisted that although the regulation had been temporarily unpopular genuine settlers did not oppose it, for convict servants were coming to be looked on as a boon. It would help to control the intense demand for land, though even that check would not be sufficient. 'Not a cow calves in the colony but her owner applies for an additional grant in consequence of the increase in his stock', he wrote. 'Every person to whom a grant is made receives it as the payment of a debt; everyone to whom one is refused turns my implacable enemy'. He asked the British government 'to fix an invariable proportion of land to be cultivated in every grant' and to appoint a Commission of Escheat, for without it, since a judgment by Barron Field, the 'clearing and cultivating clauses' in the grants had become 'a dead letter'. The instructions on the disposal of crown lands which were sent from London in January 1825 owed so much to Brisbane's advice that he found 'great satisfaction' in noticing 'the very prominent similarity' between them and the practice he had been following in New South Wales.

Acting on one of Bigge's suggestions Brisbane in 1824 had begun selling crown lands, at 5s. an acre. 'While the system of free grants exists, there is little chance of extensive improvement taking place generally in the colony, as the improver of land can never enter the market in competition with the individual who gets his land for nothing', Brisbane told Bathurst. Between May and December 1825 more than 500,000 acres (202,345 ha) were sold. In land policy Brisbane had recognized the need to encourage men of capital, though at the same time opposing over-lavish land grants. Seeing the need for consolidation rather than expansion, and for more accurate surveys of the settled areas, he gave less encouragement to land exploration than either his predecessors or successors, but he continued, as instructed, to organize coastal surveys.

Brisbane received from Bathurst full instructions on convict affairs, derived from Bigge's report. These were based on the belief that Macquarie had been too lenient and too extravagant, and Brisbane conscientiously carried them out. He rigidly adhered to the rules against the premature granting of tickets-of-leave. He reduced the number of road-gangs, whose members often indulged in dissipation and crime, and the numbers employed on public works in Sydney, and organized in their place gangs to clear land for settlers in return for payment to the government; this greatly speeded up the rate of clearing. He ordered convict mechanics to be hired instead of being assigned; this brought in revenue and made for a more efficient distribution of labour. He established new centres of secondary punishment as Bigge had recommended, first at Moreton Bay and later at Bathurst's suggestion on Norfolk Island, and he sent educated convicts to be confined first at Bathurst and later at Wellington valley, but he opposed excessive corporal punishment, reprieved many prisoners sentenced to death and was criticized by Bathurst for his improvidence in granting pardons.

Brisbane set up an agricultural training college and was the first patron of the New South Wales Agricultural Society, founded in 1822, which among other activities, financed the importation of livestock. On Bathurst's instructions, he drastically reduced the assistance given to new settlers and so, by making it virtually impracticable to begin farming without capital, helped to improve production. He conducted experiments in growing Virginian tobacco, Georgian cotton, Brazilian coffee and New Zealand flax, but unfortunately without much success.

Brisbane looked forward to getting the 'Colony on to its own Resources' and regarded the achievement of economy in government expenditure as one of his major successes. In 1822, on the advice of Frederick Goulburn, colonial secretary, and William Wemyss, deputy commissary general, he initiated currency reforms by which commissariat payments were to be made in dollars at a fixed value of 5s. or about one-eighth above their intrinsic value. This attempt to set up a dollar standard was intended both to reduce expenditure and to provide the colony with a coinage which would prevent a repetition of the issue of store receipts as practised by the former commissary, Frederick Drennan, and it would discourage imports by depreciating the local currency. But the system was not a success and after the terms on which the dollars would be received had been modified the dollar standard was replaced by a sterling exchange standard on instructions sent from London in July 1825. In 1823 all commissariat supplies were called by tender, though the introduction of price competition hurt small farmers and favoured the larger ones; when only three month's grain was bought by tender, instead of a year's at a fixed price, a minor depression occurred, but this was partly due to the suddenness of the change.

Brisbane was devout and broadminded in religious matters, and prepared to support any sect that did not threaten the state. He encouraged Wesleyan societies, advocated and gave financial aid to the Roman Catholics, but opposed what he regarded as extravagant demands by the Presbyterians, considering them wealthy enough to build their own church. He supported Bible and tract societies. He attempted to encourage education by appointing a director-general of all government public schools, but this was quashed by the Colonial Office. He believed that clergy, like government officials, should not indulge in private trade, which of course made him unpopular with Samuel Marsden. His policy towards Aboriginals was ambivalent. On one occasion he ordered some to be shot; on another he imposed martial law beyond the Blue Mountains because of 'the aggressions of the Native Blacks'. However, he favoured compensating them for lost land, and in 1825 granted the London Missionary Society 10,000 acres (4047 ha) as an Aboriginal reserve.

Like other governors, Brisbane found the emancipist-exclusive quarrel a major difficulty, and the success of many of his policies was vitiated because some of his officials ignored him and favoured the exclusives. Brisbane himself did not have great faith in the future of a colony based on emancipists; but though he preferred the large-scale immigration of free settlers, especially those with capital, his cautious liberalism was to the emancipists' tastes. Unlike the exclusives, they gave him a warm farewell. Brisbane appears to have believed, as he said at a public meeting just before he left, that free institutions could be safely established in New South Wales. In 1824 he did not apply any censorship when William Charles Wentworth's Australian began publication, and ended control of the Gazette by government officials. He ordered the holding of Courts of Quarter Sessions at which there would be trial by jury, an experiment which Chief Justice (Sir) Francis Forbes reported to have been very successful; they were abolished by the Act of 1828, but not before the exclusives had grossly misused them at Parramatta in their vendetta against Henry Grattan Douglass. The Legislative Council set up by the New South Wales Act of 1823, which began meeting in August 1824, operated calmly under his rule and began the process of reducing the powers of the governor from the autocracy of the past.

At first Brisbane had too few men to do the work of government; by 1824 he found himself with a number of departmental heads appointed independently of him, varying in ability, at odds with each other and the government. He thought Judge Barron Field and Judge-Advocate (Sir) John Wylde responsible for much of the party feeling in the colony, and was heartily glad to see them go in 1824, but John Oxley, Saxe Bannister and Frederick Goulburn were also sources of trouble. Men like George Druitt, John Jamison, Marsden, John Dunmore Lang, the Macarthurs and the Blaxlands frequently made vicious misrepresentations in London about Brisbane's administration. They gave the governor much to contend with and, though he 'evinced a forbearance amounting to Stoicism', in the end he felt compelled to remove some 'exclusive' magistrates for grossly improper behaviour. It was partly to counter their misrepresentations that he sent Dr Douglass to London in February 1824, but his patronage of Douglass, who was in trouble with the War Office, in the end contributed to his recall. Brisbane did not find Goulburn easy to work with and in January 1824 asked for an assistant-secretary. Goulburn refused to carry out some of Brisbane's instructions; he suppressed letters or answered them without reference to the governor; on 19 April 1824 he even claimed that the governor's proclamations and orders were invalid unless they went through his department. Such conduct Brisbane clearly could not countenance and he protested to the Colonial Office; the reply in December was the recall of both governor and secretary, and in November 1825 Brisbane departed.

Brisbane did not concern himself with all the details of his administration; but a governor could no longer attend to everything. The colony had expanded in size in recent years, and Macquarie had ruined his health and peace of mind by a concern with every administrative detail and petty squabble as Governor (Sir) Ralph Darling was soon to do also. Brisbane had worked well with Lieutenant-Governors William Sorell and (Sir) George Arthur in Van Diemen's Land, which was still under his jurisdiction, and he had no trouble there. Unfriendly contemporaries, Marsden, Archdeacon Thomas Scott and the Macarthurs, found Brisbane amiable, impartial but weak. His enemies accused him of a lack of interest in the colony, but this was untrue. Judge Forbes, whom he found 'a great blessing', praised his work; an emancipist address on his departure spoke of 'a mild, an unpartial, and a firm administration'; but soon afterwards John Dunmore Lang was to make what became the standard comment on his governorship; 'a man of the best intentions, but disinclined to business, and deficient in energy'. Of the quality of his intentions there is little doubt: highly patriotic, and regarding New South Wales as being of considerable moral, political and strategic value to the United Kingdom, he was genuinely concerned in its future progress. The stock criticisms, that he was weak and lacked interest in administrative detail, either because he was lazy or more concerned with 'star-gazing', are very misleading. 'In place of passing my time in the Observatory or shooting Parrots, I am seldom employed in either. And Altho' I rise oftener at 5 o'clock in the Morning than after, I cannot get thro' the various and arduous duties of my Government', he wrote. Brisbane had been a very respected and successful soldier, as indicated by Nugent's admiration and Wellington's occasional recorded praise and continued championship. Brisbane's dispatches are permeated with bitter realism about the greed and duplicity of leading colonists, and his policies for the colony were usually sensible. He was ready to delegate work to subordinates who were too often untrustworthy, but he was extremely diligent in the duties which he undertook himself as pertinent to his office. Sensitive, respectful to others, and never vindictive, he was rather out of his element when surrounded by the arrogance of the New South Wales magistracy, the disloyalty and factiousness of officials and the explosive rifts in colonial society. At the same time a more forceful man, living in Sydney not Parramatta, who ignored his wife and infant family (two of whom were born in the colony and a third on the voyage home), would probably have had more success in overcoming his difficulties. It was an unhappy period in Brisbane's life and, as Wellington commented on his recall, 'there are many brave men not fit to be governors of colonies'.

His astronomical activities had continued in Australia and indeed were probably a reason for his seeking the appointment. He built an observatory at Parramatta and made the first observations of stars in the southern hemisphere since Lacaille's in 1751-52 of which he published an account. 'Science' was 'not allowed to flag'. When he departed he left his astronomical instruments and 349 volumes of his scientific library to the colony, as he wanted his name to be associated with 'the furtherance of Science'; but he had had to leave most of his observatory work to Christian Rümker. There is little reference to astronomy in his letters after 1823, but he kept up his interest and in 1828 reported on the subject to the Royal Society, London. His astronomical achievements indeed brought him as much fame as his military and vice-regal career. When in 1823 Oxford University made him a D.C.L. he wrote that 'no Roman General ever felt prouder of the Corona Triumphatus … than I do on this occasion'. In 1826 he built another observatory at Makerstoun. Later he became president of the Edinburgh Astronomical Institution and did much to make the Edinburgh Royal Observatory highly efficient. In 1832 he was elected president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in succession to Sir Walter Scott. In 1836 he was created a baronet, in 1837 awarded a G.C.B. and in 1841 promoted general. In 1826 he had been given command of the 34th Regiment; in 1836 he was offered the command of the troops in the North American colonies, but refused on grounds of ill health, as he did in 1838 when offered the Indian command. In 1858, when he was 'the oldest officer in the Army' he twice sought a field-marshal's baton; but though asked for without emolument it was refused. Much of his later life was occupied in paternal works at Largs. He improved its drainage, endowed a parish school and the Largs Brisbane Academy. Predeceased by his four children, he died on 27 January 1860, after enjoying locally great popularity and respect. The city of Brisbane, Queensland’s capital since 1859, was founded as a convict settlement in 1824, and it and its river were named for the governor at the suggestion of the explorer Oxley, the first European to survey the area. Brisbane himself visited the new settlement that year. It was declared a town in 1834 and opened for free settlement in 1839.

Source: Australian Dictionary of Biography.

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Link: Trump's Populism

The Constitution is the ultimate law in the U.S.

Specifically in this case:

Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution, any civil officer of the United States — including the president — can be removed from their position for “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”

This alleged president can not decide whether he will be under the Constitution or not.

Otherwise, he would be a dictator.

Maybe in his egocentric world he is. He believes that he has absolute authority over all federal investigations.

Both Nixon and Clinton were held by Congress to be impeachable for obstruction of justice.

What makes this president so special that he alone will decide if he has committed any crimes and that he can pardon himself if anyone finds him guilty?

Hopefully, the coming elections will change the balance of power in Congress and hold this Archie Bunker administration in check until 2020. Or, the senators and representatives will find their morality and ignore party affiliations to remember their oaths to uphold the Constitution, and not their party platforms.

www.nationalmemo.com/trump-asserts-dictatorial-power-powe...

www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2018/05/22/tru...

www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2018/05/15/trum...

slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/06/impeach-donald-trump-...

www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2018/05/22/tru...

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Wikipedia:

Vilafamés (en valencià i oficialment, Vilafamés) és un municipi de la Comunitat Valenciana, Espanya. Situat a la província de Castelló, a la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Les primeres evidències d'ocupació de l'entorn de Vilafamés se centren en les troballes arqueològiques realitzades en l'anomenat "Homo erectus vilafamensis", on es van localitzar restes antropològiques Els seus orígens es remunten al Plistocè Mitjà, segons el descobriment de les restes de l'anomenat "homo erectus vilafamensis "a la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font amb una antiguitat de 80.000 anys. Una continuïtat en l'ocupació del medi estaria reflectida en la Cova del Matutano, jaciment del Paleolític Superior. Les primeres manifestacions artístiques apareixen amb les pintures esquemàtiques de l'Edat del Bronze.

Pel que fa al nucli urbà, el mateix topònim AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota el seu origen en època musulmana. D'aquest període es conserven entre altres elements, la fonamentació del castell que corona el turó sobre el qual s'assenta el municipi i el traçat urbà de la zona contigua a aquest, d'estrets carrerons tortuosos. Queden així mateix vestigis de les antigues fortificacions constituïdes per llenços de muralla i restes de torres.

És amb la conquesta de la musulmana Beni-Hamez pel rei Jaume I d'Aragó quan Vilafamés pren identitat històrica pròpia. Aquest fet porta a que, el 30 de agost de 1241, Jaume I comissions a Guillem Ramon de Vielha per donar a poblar el castell a Diumenge Ballester, A. Cabrera i altres, carta de població que s'estableix a fur de Saragossa. Aquesta donació serà confirmada posteriorment pel propi monarca a Lleida el 21 de febrer de 1242.

Posteriorment s'incorpora al patrimoni dels Hospitalaris de Sant Joan a 1264, després d'una permuta real amb aquests per la vila d'Olocau del Rei, que seran els seus amos fins 1317, data en què la vila i el castell queden annexionats a la recentment creada Ordre de Montesa. En 1343, Pere IV el Cerimoniós, s'entesta a l'ordre el mer i mixt imperi, amb les corresponents jurisdiccions, drets i emoluments que pertanyien a la corona.

Joan I d'Aragó, en 1393, concedeix a Vilafamés el privilegi pel qual el Consell pot fer i ordenar tot tipus de establemientos i ordenacions que consideri convenients d'acord amb els furs generals del regne.

En les Corts celebrades a València durant l'any 1403, Martí I l'Humà disposa donar possessió al mestre de Montesa del mer i mixt imperi de la població, aquest fet provocarà la protesta irada del Consell en 1404.

Ja al segle XVI, en 1519, Carlos I d'Espanya promet no separar de la corona la jurisdicció civil i criminal, i el mer i mixt imperi de la vila. Quan en 1635 culminen les desavinences sorgides entre els Justícies, per una banda i l'ordre d'una altra, el "Consell" creu arribat el moment de demanar del Papa Innocenci XII autorització per comprar la jurisdicció alfonsina, adquisició que porta a terme el 16 d'abril pel preu de sis mil lliures. A partir d'aquesta data, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenament al patrimoni real, reservant-Montesa la percepció de certes primícies i el dret d'habitació sobre el castillo.Será al segle XIX, amb els enfrontaments civils que segueixen a la mort de Ferran VII, quan el nom de Vilafamés sonarà de nou dins de l'àmbit històric com plaça inexpugnable. Al març de 1837 pateix el primer intent d'assalt de les tropes carlines. El 29 octubre 1838 la guarnició de la plaça rebutja una segona intentona, que es repetirà de nou el 3 de gener del següent any, aquesta vegada amb Cabrera al capdavant de les tropes, que des de les muntanyes que dominen la vila comencen a assetjar a la població, trencant foc contra la ciutadella. En aquesta ocasió es va fer front al setge per part dels veïns a més de comptar amb l'ajuda d'una columna mòbil enviada per l'Ajuntament de Castelló i un destacament d'artilleria de marina, molt poc nombrós. Cinc dies van durar els continus enfrontaments, rebutjant la població tots els atacs de Cabrera, fins que el dia 7 l'arribada de tropes reals va obligar al general carlista a aixecar el lloc. Amb el més selecte de les seves tropes i recorrent a l'auxili de les de Forcadell, Cabrera intentarà el cop definitiu l'abril del mateix any, establint un campament davant la població. El dia 16 s'obre una bretxa en les muralles, encara que els atacants són rebutjats i resulten infructuosos tots els esforços de prendre la plaça que va resultar semi derruïda.

ESP:

Villafamés (en valenciano y oficialmente, Vilafamés) es un municipio de la Comunidad Valenciana, España. Situado en la provincia de Castellón, en la comarca de la Plana Alta.

Las primeras evidencias de ocupación del entorno de Villafamés se centran en los hallazgos arqueológicos realizados en el llamado “Homo erectus vilafamensis”, donde se localizaron restos antropológicos Sus orígenes se remontan al Pleistoceno Medio, según el descubrimiento de los restos del llamado "homo erectus vilafamensis" en la Cova de Dalt del Tossal de la Font con una antigüedad de 80.000 años. Una continuidad en la ocupación del medio estaría reflejada en la Cueva del Matutano, yacimiento del Paleolítico Superior. Las primeras manifestaciones artísticas aparecen con las pinturas esquemáticas de la Edad del Bronce.

Por lo que respecta al núcleo urbano, el mismo topónimo AVilahameç, ABeniffamez, denota su origen en época musulmana. De este periodo se conservan entre otros elementos, la cimentación del castillo que corona el cerro sobre el que se asienta el municipio y el trazado urbano de la zona contigua al mismo, de estrechas callejuelas tortuosas. Quedan asimismo vestigios de las antiguas fortificaciones constituidas por lienzos de muralla y restos de torres.

Es con la conquista de la musulmana Beni-Hamez por el rey Jaime I de Aragón cuando Villafamés toma identidad histórica propia. Este hecho lleva a que, en 30 de agosto de 1241, Jaime I comisione a Guillem Ramón de Viella para dar a poblar el castillo a Domingo Ballester, A. Cabrera y otros, carta de población que se establece a fuero de Zaragoza. Esta donación será confirmada posteriormente por el propio monarca en Lérida el 21 de febrero de 1242.

Posteriormente se incorpora al patrimonio de los Hospitalarios de San Juan en 1264, tras una permuta real con estos por la villa de Olocau del Rey, que serán sus dueños hasta 1317, fecha en que la villa y el castillo quedan anexionados a la recién creada Orden de Montesa. En 1343, Pedro IV el Ceremonioso, empeña a la orden el mero y mixto imperio, con las correspondientes jurisdicciones, derechos y emolumentos que pertenecían a la corona.

Juan I de Aragón, en 1393, concede a Villafamés el privilegio por el cual el Consejo puede hacer y ordenar todo tipo de establemientos y ordenaciones que considere convenientes con arreglo a los fueros generales del reino.

En las Cortes celebradas en Valencia durante el año 1403, Martín I el Humano dispone dar posesión al maestre de Montesa del mero y mixto imperio de la población, este hecho provocará la protesta airada del Consejo en 1404.

Ya en el siglo XVI, en 1519, Carlos I de España promete no separar de la corona la jurisdicción civil y criminal, y el mero y mixto imperio de la villa. Cuando en 1635 culminan las desavenencias surgidas entre los Justicias, de una parte y la orden de otra, el "Consejo" cree llegado el momento de solicitar del Papa Inocencio XII autorización para comprar la jurisdicción alfonsina, adquisición que lleva a cabo el 16 de abril por el precio de seis mil libras. A partir de esta fecha, Vilafamés queda incorporada plenamente al patrimonio real, reservándose Montesa la percepción de ciertas primicias y el derecho de habitación sobre el castillo.Será en el siglo XIX, con los enfrentamientos civiles que siguen a la muerte de Fernando VII, cuando el nombre de Villafamés sonará de nuevo dentro del ámbito histórico como plaza inexpugnable. En marzo de 1837 sufre el primer intento de asalto de las tropas carlistas. El 29 de octubre de 1838 la guarnición de la plaza rechaza una segunda intentona, que se repetirá de nuevo el 3 de enero del siguiente año, esta vez con Cabrera al frente de las tropas, que desde las montañas que dominan la villa comienzan a hostigar a la población, rompiendo fuego contra la ciudadela. En esta ocasión se hizo frente al asedio por parte de los vecinos además de contar con la ayuda de una columna móvil enviada por el Ayuntamiento de Castellón y un destacamento de artillería de marina, muy poco numeroso. Cinco días duraron los continuos enfrentamientos, rechazando la población todos los ataques de Cabrera, hasta que el día 7 la llegada de tropas reales obligó al general carlista a levantar el sitio. Con lo más selecto de sus tropas y recurriendo al auxilio de las de Forcadell, Cabrera intentará el golpe definitivo en abril del mismo año, estableciendo un campamento ante la población. El día 16 se abre una brecha en las murallas, aunque los atacantes son rechazados y resultan infructuosos todos los esfuerzos de tomar la plaza que resultó semi derruida.

Ayer tuve una pesadilla que me inspiró una idea...

¿Por qué no le proponemos a los políticos que sigan cobrando sus modestos emolumentos, sus pensiones vitalicias, sus prebendas, sus privilegios, a cambio de que no hagan nada más, que no saquen nuevas leyes ni ideas revolucionarias? Que no hagan nada, que nos dejen como estamos. Sería maravilloso. Yo estoy dispuesto a pagar mi parte con tal de que no se muevan, que no urdan planes de choque ni medidas extraordinarias, ni no pitillos ni 10 kms./hora menos. Ni chorradas por el estilo. Que no conviertan a España en el hazmerreir del mundo.

En casita, echando la siesta y viendo Gran Hermano, o chateando con la Merkel y el Obama, pero quietos y calladitos.. Que nos dejen como estamos, por Dios, que peor ya es difícil.

¡Por favor, en nombre del pueblo, quedaros en casita, que os pagaremos igual por ello!

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#terrorist #Taliban #jihad #MexicanWall #racism #jihad #nobannowall #confederateflag #Nazi #Islam #Freedom #AmericanNaziParty #TheRollingStones #Democrat #CivilRights #Idiot #abortion #tinfoilhatsociety #tyrant #foxnews #MerylStreep #Liberal #SaturdayNightLive #AlecBaldwin #MelissaMcCarthy #AdolfHitler #BenitoMussolini #Dictator #Megalomaniac #KingComplex #Demagogue #Narcissist #Delusional #Nuts #Oligarch #Populist #tyrant #Narcissistic #Autocracy #Oligarchy #DelusionsofGrandeur #GodComplex #MangoMussolini #DerPumpkinfuhrer #Apocalypse #NuclearButton #OvalOffice #civilliberties #goldenshowers #tinyhands #discrimination #TrumpGate #freedomandjusticeforall #TheBible #JesusChrist #The12Apostles #FredPhelps #GodHatesFags #WestboroBaptistChurch #RedNeck #ScienceFiction, #rapistsandmurderers #antiGay #homophobe #dinosaurs #religiousright #AmericanFamilyAssociation #hategroup #BruceJenner #CaitlynJenner #BarbieandKen #Mattel #PopeFrancis #QueenElizabeth #KeepYourPeckerUp #PatRobertson #BatteredWomanSyndrome #FranklinGraham #Cracker #JudyGarland #TheWizardofOz #BarbraStreisand #BettyWhite #MarilynMonroe #ValleyoftheDolls #PeytonPlace #DowntonAbbey #MaggieSmith #JudyDench #EvaGreen #MissPeregrine #DarylDixon #jabbathehutt #EmperorPalpatine #StarWars #StarTrek #RickGrimes #TeaParty #GlennBeck #RushLimbaugh #fakeNews #politicallyincorrect #BillMaher #AngelaMerkel #TheresaMay #RosieODonnell #MegynKelly #TheManchurianCandidate #BadCombOver #commemorativecoin #collectorsitem #ebay #buffalonewyork #artvoice #carlpaladino #byecarl #OutrageFatigue #hotair #weaponsofmassdestruction #motherofallbombs #farts #farting #robertmueller #bombingsyria #kellyanneconway #brettkavanaugh #sexualassault #harrassment #metoo #supremecourt #kanyewest #kimkardashian #idiot #incoherent #dumptrump2020 #rosegardenmassacre #ivankatrump #jaredKushner #Donaldtrumpjr #erictrump #Stephenmiller #mitchMcConnell #Williambarr #KellyAnneConway #KayleighMcEnany #LyingBitches #sarahhuckabeesanders #sexdrugsandrockandroll #Death #Dying #GrimReaper #AlternativeFacts #liarliarpantsonfire #masturbation #jerkoff #Disinfectant #Purell #Re-election2020 #God #Lysol #Coronavirus #SteveBannon #syphiliticskinlesions #Pandemic #DrAnthonySFauci #MikePence #Death #dying #AsktheMortician #pneumonia #infection #flu, #influenza, #quarantine #socialdistancing #6feet #HopeHicks #WilliamBarr #handsanitizer #trumpslies #wipes #narcissisticpersonalitydisorder #deathtoll #stayathome #workfromhome #homeschooling #ventilator #medicalmask #novelcoronavirus #sociallydistant #SeanHannity #FakeNews #TuckerCarlson #infectiousdisease #FoxNews #CNN #epidemic #CDC #AndrewCuomo #CenterForDiseaseControl #worldhealthorganization #recession #depression #contagious #ProudBoys

Newsflash: Donald Trump is a poor leader. This isn't a revelation to most Americans. When confronted with a life or death situation, he's failing us with his convoluted statements and false information. And, we thought it was bad when he tried to strong-arm Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenski. He has referred to COVID-19 as the "Chinese virus" because he's angry China accused the US military of concocting this plague. He's completely oblivious to the racist nature of his remarks, and is ignorant of the repercussions they are having for Asian-Americans and Asians living in this country. Personal attacks replace common sense and caution.

The President has likened the coronavirus to the common cold. When he falsely suggested the anti-malarial drug, hydroxychloroquine could be effective in treating the disease without any clear evidence, he put us in peril. And, in fact, one person has already died after self-medicating with that drug. Medical professionals know there are no easy answers. Developing successful drugs and vaccines takes rigorous testing. Dr. Anthony Fauci, Head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, finds himself in a tough spot. He stands next to Trump as the country's medical expert and listens to the President's inaccuracies, knowing he can't just "jump in front of the microphone and push him down." Trump's need to be front and center and always right takes precedence over facts. He is the authority and anyone who challenges him with those facts is suspect.

Now the President is suggesting he'll loosen restrictions on self-quarantine and social distancing by Easter in order to get the country back to work. Republican Texas Lt. Governor Dan Patrick suggested the welfare of senior citizens should be sacrificed to save the country. And, rightwing commentator and former Fox News host Glenn Beck said, "I would rather have my children stay home and all of us who are over 50 go in and keep this economy going and working. Even if we all get sick, I would rather die than kill the country."

Why is the economy suddenly more important than the health and well-being of the people? Simple answer: the President sees "his" economy as the golden ring to his re-election. With the stock market in freefall, that ring has turned to lead. And, Trump is rightfully afraid. In addition, his hotels are losing money during this crisis. And, he has even implied his businesses could benefit from a government stimulus package. The founders of our country included the Emoluments Clause in our Constitution to prevent a government official from personally benefiting from government aid. We have come to expect this self-serving attitude from Trump. Too bad the GOP sees no problem in his actions.

I have learned not to trust anything the President says. He's inconsistent, minimizes the danger, and often paints an inaccurate picture of the severity of this situation. He is, and will be remembered as one of the most ineffectual and self-absorbed leaders we've ever had. I can't breathe when he sucks up all the air. And, right now, that breath of fresh air would be our country's best medicine.

See the rest of the posters from the Chamomile Tea Party! Digital high res downloads are free here (click the down arrow on the lower right side of the image). Other options are available. And join our Facebook group.

Follow the history of our country's political intransigence from 2010-2018 through a six-part exhibit of these posters on Google Arts & Culture.

MULLER, P.L. (1896). Onze Gouden Eeuw. De Republiek der Vereenigde Nederlanden in haar bloeitijd. Deel I: De opkomst. UNGER, J.H.W (Illustraties). A.W. Sijthoff, Leiden.

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De Admiraliteit van Amsterdam was de grootste van de vijf admiraliteiten ten tijde van de Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden. Het beleid van de verschillende admiraliteiten werd in sterke mate beïnvloed door gewestelijke belangen. Ieder gewest probeerde zo veel mogelijk handel naar zich toe te trekken en een oogje toe te knijpen bij overtreding van de regels. Vooral de Admiraliteit in Amsterdam was actief in het aanhouden van schepen. Inkomsten door plundering of buit droogden op in de achttiende eeuw.

Toen het Comité tot de Zaken der Marine op 27 februari 1795 de Colleges ter Admiraliteit verving, zijn de lagere ambtenaren gehandhaafd; de officieren werden ontslagen en konden opnieuw solliciteren.

Aanvankelijk was Amsterdam ingedeeld bij de Admiraliteit voor het Zuiderkwartier van Holland die in Rotterdam gevestigd was. Bij een reorganisatie van het zeewezen onder Robert Dudley op 26 juli 1586 werd Amsterdam, samen met het Noorderkwartier van Holland, Friesland, Utrecht en Gelderland ondergebracht in één admiraliteit, die gevestigd zou worden in Hoorn. Hoorn verzette zich met Enkhuizen en Medemblik tegen de aanstelling van de gecommitteerden ter admiraliteit door de Staten van Holland in plaats van door de steden zelf. De gecommitteerden kwamen niet verder dan Amsterdam en begonnen daar op 28 augustus 1586 met hun werkzaamheden, tevens het begin van de Amsterdamse Admiraliteit.

Het conflict werd beëindigd door een compromis. Nadat de Westfriese steden hun verzet tegen de inmenging van buitenaf hadden opgegeven, werd Hoorn in 1589 zetel van een eigen admiraliteitscollege. Op 14 juni 1597 werd door de Staten-Generaal van de Nederlanden de bestaande situatie vastgelegd waarbij zowel Hoorn als Amsterdam een eigen admiraliteit behielden. Het gebied waarvoor Amsterdam verantwoordelijk was, werd beperkt tot de stad zelf, het Gooi, Utrecht en de Gelderse kwartieren Arnhem en de Graafschap Zutphen. Deze als voorlopig bedoelde regeling bleef tot het eind van de Republiek in stand.

Organisatie en ontwikkeling

Het fronton van het Prinsenhof door Jan Gijseling Sr (1662). In het fronton zijn onder andere de Hollandse Leeuw, die het wapen van het hoge College vasthoudt en de Hollandse Tuin bewaakt.

De Admiraliteit van Amsterdam werd volgens de besluiten uit 1597 bestuurd door zeven gecommitteerde raden, waarvan er vier benoemd werden door de Staten van Holland en drie door andere gewesten. Dit aantal veranderde later en in 1739 telde het college 12 leden, waarvan zes uit Holland en één uit ieder van de zes andere gewesten. In de Admiraliteit van Amsterdam hadden bijna altijd oud-burgemeesters zitting. Het traktement bedroeg 1000 gulden per jaar. In de praktijk was de beloning vaak veel hoger door allerlei emolumenten en vergoedingen. Vooral zetels in de Admiraliteiten in Amsterdam en Rotterdam stonden als zeer lucratief te boek. Door onderlinge ruil bleven de regenten langer aan dan de bedoeling was. Volgens een Groningse gecommitteerde was het geen hexemeesterswerk en verbleef hij er met genoegen.

De bewindhebbers zetelden in het Prinsenhof of het Zeekantoor (na 1795) aan de Oudezijds Voorburgwal, een voormalig klooster, dat na de Alteratie als schermschool, logement en na de brand in 1652 als stadhuis werd gebruikt. Als admiraal-generaal nam de prins bij voorkeur zijn intrek in het gebouw der Admiralteit. Daar was hij rechtens heer en meester en behoefde geen gastvrijheid van de stad aan te nemen. Dit heeft er zeker toe bijgedragen dat het gebouw de naam Prinsenhof verkreeg en behield.

In 1632 en in de jaren 1636-37 wilde stadhouder Frederik Hendrik meer eenheid in de strijd tegen Vlaanderen brengen door de blokkadevloot niet door de vijf admiraliteitscolleges te laten uitrusten maar door een centrale organisatie. De vloot zou slechts in een plaats, Hellevoetsluis, uitgerust mogen worden en daartoe werden speciale directeuren benoemd. Het doel was de efficiency te verhogen, maar het systeem werkte van geen kant en vooral Holland en Amsterdam verzetten zich.

Amsterdam had zich ontwikkeld tot de belangrijkste van alle admiraliteiten en sprong vaak bij als de andere admiraliteiten tekorten hadden. In 1652 werden door de Admiraliteit van de Maze schepen in Amsterdam gehuurd om ingezet te kunnen worden in de Eerste Engelse Oorlog.

In 1656 kwam de Admiraliteit in het bezit van het gehele gebouw. Ferdinand Bol leverde een viertal schilderijen voor de verfraaiing van het interieur. Philips Vingboons ontwierp een aantal fraaie huizen voor hoge functionarissen van de Admiraliteit. In 1924 verscheen daar nieuwbouw.

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After pledging on a Bible to uphold The Constitution of the United States, like all newly elected Presidents must do, Donald Trump in 2019 called the Emoluments Clause in The Constitution "phony". Donald Trump's blatant lying with impunity screams no respect for America and Americans. He's a virulent stain that's eroding our country. Check out www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-qKnvioXHc

BTW, Donald Trump has said numerous times that the second Article of The Constitution of the United States gives him the right to do anything he wants. You can read for yourself it's a lie. For your convenience here is a link to one of many websites (you can skip Article Two Section One if you like; it describes how the Electoral College works):

constitutionus.com/

His claim about Article 2 encompasses two things: not knowing the Constitution, and a grab for the power of a king. Obviously he doesn't know why there was an American Revolution nor that power is purposely distributed among three branches of government, Legislative, Executive and Judicial, designed to check one another. In any case Trump is both inept and treasonous. Get him and his flunkies out of our democracy!