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+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Gotha 146 was a fast reconnaissance aircraft that was used throughout WWII by the German Luftwaffe, and one of the results of a mutual technology exchange program with Japan.
The Go 146 was actually a license-built, modified variant of the excellent Mitsubishi Ki-46. The latter type's career started in late 1937: the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15.
The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo.
The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26 radials, were housed in close fitting cowlings to reduce drag and improve pilot view.
The first prototype aircraft, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu.Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h (336 mph) rather than the specified 600 km/h (373 mph). Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2,an initial production batch was ordered.
To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-stage supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight to give the Ki-46-II. This machine was also demonstrated to German officials, who became immediately aware of its potential.
Knowing that the German Luftwaffe lacked this fast type of aircraft (German reconnaissance aircraft of that time were either slow artillery observation types, or variants of bombers or heavy fighters), the RLM immediately asked for a batch of airframe kits in order to adapt it to the European theatre and test its capabilities.
The result was a delivery of seven engine-less airframe kits that arrived in Germany in early 1940. In the meantime, with the help of blueprints and other documentations, an alternative engine installation had been devised - the German aircraft was to be powered by liquid-cooled DB 601 engines, which delivered more power than the Ha-102 and offered improved aerodynamics, despite the necessity to add radiators under the outer wings.Effectively, many stock parts from the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter were incorporated, so that development time was very short.
In May 1940 the first batch of the Gotha 146 (which had officially been described as a further development of a four seat, twin-engine transport aircraft from the 1930s) was ready, and they were immediately transferred to the Western Front and based in France.
Allocated to the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the Go 146 A-0 machines carried out various reconnaissance tasks over the North Sea, Great Britain and France, and they were also used for camouflage trials: each of the five aircraft sported a different paint scheme, raging from uniform, all-over grey to disruptive geometrical patterns, reminiscent of Dazzle camouflage!
The Go 146 was popular among its crews, since it was fast, agile and easy to fly. During the test phase in summer 1940 the Go 146 proved to be slightly faster than its Japanese Ki-46 ancestor, and with a top speed of more than 375 mph (600 km/h) it was hard to intercept by any British or French fighter. The results were so convincing that serial production was ordered, and from October 1940 on the Go 146 A-1 was produced in limited numbers, and the type was steadily developed further, including the change of the nose section that came withe the Ki-46III and augmented engines.
Specifications:
Crew: two (pilot and observer)
Length: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2¾ in)
Height: 3.88 m (12 ft 8¾ in)
Wing area: 32.0 m² (344 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,263 kg (7,194 lb)
Loaded weight: 5,050 kg (11,133 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,100 hp) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 625 km/h (345 knots, 388 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 400 km/h (217 knots, 249 mph)
Range: 2,474 km (1,337 nmi, 1,537 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,720 m (35,200 ft)
Wing loading: 157.8 kg/m² (32.3 lb/ft²)
Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 17 min 58 sec
Armament:
1x 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the observer's cabin, facing rearwards
The kit and its assembly:
This sounds like a weird idea, but the Luftwaffe had seriously been interested in the Ki-46, even though no aircraft ever made it to Europe. On the other side, several German aircraft were delivered to Japan (including the Bf 109E, Ju 87 and Me 210) for trials, so reversing this procedure makes sense.
Anyway, a German version would certainly not have been powered by radials, since this type of engine was not very popular in Europe and rather seen as a "slow" option for bombers. So the idea was born to convert a stock Ki-46 II into a prototype with German liquid-cooled engines - and it was easier to realize than expected!
The basis is the Airfix Dinah, a vintage and very simple kit. Fit is basically good, but the clear parts were (in my case) somewhat damaged around the edges of both canopies. Engines and landing gear are also basic - so I used different wheels, and the radials were replaced, anyway.
I used DB 601 engines, taken from an Airfix Bf 110 C kit, which also donated the radiators.
The latter were easy to place outside or the engine nacelles, the engines took some effort. The DB 601's height is perfect for the nacelles, just the width had to be enlarged in order to fit the original, circular shape of the radials' attachment points.
The remedy was simple: two long cuts in the upper cowling made the new engines flexible and wide enough to press them onto the nacelles' front ends! Some putty was necessary to hide gaps and smooth out the intersection, but the result looks very natural!
Otherwise not much was changed. The cockpits and the pilots were taken OOB, I just added a typical ring antenna under the fuselage and an additional pitot under the nose.
Painting and markings:
The fun part, even though it took a while to find something... different. The typical RLM 70/71/65 splinter scheme with a low waterline for prototypes or bombers of the BoB era was a valid option, but soooo boring.
While looking for inspiration I stumbled across some experimental schemes that had been tested on Bf109E fighters from JG53 - and that's what I finally settled upon.
What the Go 146 now carries is effectively a mix of two schemes: the stylish, geometric pattern was taken from one Bf 109, the colors (RLM 61/02/71/65) from another. Everything was painted with brushes and without masks, some light panel shading, black ink and grinded graphite were used for weathering.
The markings are minimal, typical for German reconnaissance aircraft of the time and based upon Bf 110 of the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the decals come from various aftermarket sheets and the code was puzzled together from single letter decals (TL Modellbau). A coat of acrylic matt varnish finally sealed the kit.
An exotic whif, and despite the weird basic idea I made it even more spectacular through the strange paint scheme which reminds of similar experiments by the US Navy. Odd thing is that I had the idea for a German Ki-46 on the agenda for quite a while, but this was/is to become a beefed-up Ki-46III for the late WWII period.
Building this kit's ancestor now, even before the Ki-46III conversion even started, is a little odd - but confirms the feasibility of an engine change and adds another contribution to the 2015 "Battle of Britain" Group Build at whatifmodelers.com.
Driven by immediate surrounding, little by little, machine deposits material while sensing and moving within it’s territory. Traces left by it’s passing alter the landscape it operates within step by step. Instant decisions solidify, aggregate and therefore shift or constrain its possible future trajectories. Moving away from industrial precision towards almost primitive, still mediated digitally ways of constructing and articulating the space poses a question wether material traces of networked culture have to be necessarily highly technological. Matter, whether tangible or virtual becomes a medium of record. Since there is no other blueprint than the behavior itself, resulting shapes gain their specificity from tool resolution, medium fidelity and saturation of generative processes leaving them as traces.
Information from:
Atlanta (pronounced /ətˈlæntə/ or /ætˈlæntə/) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia.
As of 2008, Atlanta is the thirty-third largest city in the United States, with an estimated population of 537,958. Its metropolitan area, officially named the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA (commonly referred to as Metropolitan Atlanta) is the ninth largest metropolitan area in the country, inhabited by approximately 5.5 million people. Like most areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth in the past decade, adding more than 1.13 million residents between 2000 and 2008. It is the fastest growing area of the United States behind the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.[3]
Considered a top business city and transportation hub,[4][5] Atlanta is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, AT&T Mobility, and Delta Air Lines. Atlanta has the country's fourth largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies inside city limits (although UPS, Home Depot, and Newell Rubbermaid are not in the city limits) and more than 75 percent of the Fortune 1000 companies have a presence in the metro area. Also the Atlanta metro area has the 11th largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies headquarters. [6] Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, which is located seven miles south of downtown Atlanta, is the world's busiest airport and the only major airport to serve the city.[7][8]
Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County and the fifth location for the seat of government of the state of Georgia. A small portion of the city of Atlanta corporate limits extends into DeKalb County. Residents of the city are known as Atlantans.[9]
History
Main articles: History of Atlanta and Atlanta in the Civil War
The land constituting the city of Atlanta was once a Native American village called Standing Peachtree. The land that became the Atlanta area was taken from the Cherokee and Creeks by white settlers in 1822, with the first area settlement being Decatur.
On December 21, 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a trade route to the Midwestern United States.[10] Following the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation between 1838 and 1839 the newly depopulated area was opened for the construction of a railroad. The area around the eastern terminus to the line began to develop first, and so the settlement was named "Terminus" in 1837. It was nicknamed Thrasherville after John Thrasher, who built homes and a general store there.[11] By 1842, the settlement had six buildings and 30 residents and the town was renamed "Marthasville".[12] The Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, J. Edgar Thomson, suggested that the area be renamed "Atlantica-Pacifica" after the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which was quickly shortened to "Atlanta".[12] The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29, 1847.[13] By 1854, another railroad connected Atlanta to LaGrange, and the town grew to 9,554 by 1860.[14][15]
During the American Civil War, Atlanta served as an important railroad and military supply hub. In 1864, the city became the target of a major Union invasion. The area now covered by Atlanta was the scene of several battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Ezra Church. On September 1, 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood evacuated Atlanta after a four-month siege mounted by Union General William T. Sherman and ordered all public buildings and possible Confederate assets destroyed. The next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered the city, and on September 7 Sherman ordered the civilian population to evacuate. He then ordered Atlanta burned to the ground on November 11 in preparation for his march south, though he spared the city's churches and hospitals.[16]
The rebuilding of the city was gradual. From 1867 until 1888, U.S. Army soldiers occupied McPherson Barracks in southwest Atlanta to ensure Reconstruction era reforms. To help the newly freed slaves, the Freedmen's Bureau worked in tandem with a number of freedmen's aid organizations, especially the American Missionary Association. In 1868, Atlanta became the fifth city to serve as the state capital.[17] The Confederate Soldiers' Home was built to house disabled and elderly Georgia veterans from 1901 to 1941.[18] Henry W. Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, promoted the city to investors as a city of the "New South", one built on a modern economy, less reliant on agriculture. However, as Atlanta grew, ethnic and racial tensions mounted. The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 left at least 27 dead[19] and over 70 injured.
On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind, the movie based on Atlanta-born Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel of the same name. Stars Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, Olivia de Havilland and legendary producer David O. Selznick attended the gala, which was held at Loew's Grand Theatre, now destroyed. Leslie Howard had returned to England for the war.[20] The reception was held at the Georgian Terrace Hotel, which is still standing.
During World War II, manufacturing such as the Bell Aircraft factory in the suburb of Marietta helped boost the city's population and economy. Shortly after the war, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was founded in Atlanta.[21]
In the wake of the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, which helped usher in the Civil Rights Movement, racial tensions in Atlanta began to express themselves in acts of violence. On October 12, 1958, a Reform Jewish temple on Peachtree Street was bombed; the synagogue's rabbi, Jacob Rothschild, was an outspoken advocate of integration.[22] A group of anti-Semitic white supremacists calling themselves the "Confederate Underground" claimed responsibility.
In the 1960s, Atlanta was a major organizing center of the Civil Rights Movement, as Dr. Martin Luther King and students from Atlanta's historically black colleges and universities played major roles in the movement's leadership. Two of the most important civil rights organizations, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, had their national headquarters in Atlanta. Despite some racial protests during the Civil Rights era, Atlanta's political and business leaders labored to foster Atlanta's image as "the city too busy to hate". In 1961, Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. became one of the few Southern white mayors to support desegregation of his city's public schools.[23]
African-American Atlantans demonstrated growing political influence with election of the first African-American mayor in 1973. They became a majority in the city during the late 20th century but suburbanization, rising prices, a booming economy and new migrants have decreased their percentage in the city from a high of 69 percent in 1980 to about 54 percent in 2004. The addition of new immigrants such as Latinos and Asians is also altering city demographics, along with an influx of white residents.[24]
In 1990, Atlanta was selected as the site for the 1996 Summer Olympics. Following the announcement, Atlanta undertook several major construction projects to improve the city's parks, sports facilities, and transportation. Atlanta became the third American city to host the Summer Olympics. The games themselves were marred by numerous organizational inefficiencies, as well as the Centennial Olympic Park bombing.[25]
Contemporary Atlanta is sometimes considered to be an archetype for cities experiencing rapid growth and urban sprawl.[26][27] Unlike most major cities, metropolitan Atlanta does not have any natural boundaries, such as an ocean, lakes, or mountains, that might constrain growth.
The city has recently been commended by bodies such as the Environmental Protection Agency for its eco-friendly policies.[28] In 2009, Atlanta's Virginia-Highland became the first carbon-neutral zone in the United States. Verus Carbon Neutral developed the partnership that links 17 merchants of the historic Corner Virginia-Highland shopping and dining neighborhood retail district, through the Chicago Climate Exchange, to directly fund the Valley Wood Carbon Sequestration Project (thousands of acres of forest in rural Georgia).
MARSYAS/MYSELF
MYSELF Diptych, Detail
Below is a transcription of the handwritten text on the detail pictured above:
Art
Desire—Creativity—Release
"To embrace absence. To cradle and enfold the freedom and purity of immolation. To distill all need into the heavy metal of desire. To need no allies. To know that there are no allies. To know. To find sustenance in the ashes. To set corms into the ashes and bring forth all that which is no longer there. This is not despair. From this place springs the emptying of self after the purging of ambition. From this place springs Art. I have pitched my tent in this verdant wasteland of contradiction and set no value on any other place. From this vast horizontal, only the horizon defines me. A speck of desire on a polished orb. I hold in amputated hands the future of the future and have dedicated my life to the poverty of self-awareness. I am not afraid. I want nothing. I have no regrets. Let me speak for Art. Let me speak as Art. Am I not qualified? I have destroyed the audience and created silence. For myself, I have created the silence. Silence, then, will be my audience. As Art creates silence, Art speaks for silence. I speak for myself. Am I not qualified? I speak to the silence. Listen. I have established the eternal present. It is on this scale are all illusions weighed. I judge nothing. I am the shifting paradox of possibility. Nothing more. I am now. Nothing more...but there is a caveat: I am of human invention. Like nature, I am. Like rocks and rivers and the passing of days, I am. I exist when perceived. I impose my existence when engaged. Through perception, I confound the conception of time. Through engagement, I re-create myself within the living Now. I am more ancient than the caves of Lascaux and when perceived, I confront human consciousness with the power of Isness. I have no past. Like nature, I am. But within the caveat of human invention, I am born of desire. Though I am the most enduring of human enterprise, my purpose is unclear. Let me speak to this. Some would claim that I exist to illustrate the passage of time thus supporting the invention of history. But history has to do with memory and the cataloguing of events, a neatly arranged rationale of cause and affect, one influence on another through linear time. But this is not my purpose. Because I exist, like nature, in the eternal now, I belie such definition. To impose such limitations on my purpose is to confine me to the cage of intellect. If one accepts this definition, it is he who lives inside the cage, not I, though I concede a certain compassion for this usage as it enables the blind a kind of vision. But I am made of fiercer stuff. Compassion is not my purpose. My purpose is to destroy illusion. Linearity is my enemy and because I exist always in the now, to impose linearity upon me is to pervert my purpose. I am created when perceived. Being born of desire, I mirror the desire of the perceiver. Together we confirm the eternal now. There is no history, only the encapsulated instant of recognition. Only the birth of silence. Only the transforming re-creation of the creator. A duet and a paen to the purging light. I am the by-product of the creator’s desire to create himself. Having himself been created through the purging light of re-creation, his pursuit of the light causes my potential for creation. How simple it seems. What obvious and unquestionable truth. As light feeds the eye and sound the ear, odor the nose, friction the touch and taste the tongue, the now is created and sustained. So, too, is Art. Because I am created by the perceiver, my creation is sporadic and serendipitous. I am of the moment. I am in the now. As long as my materiality exists, my potential for conversion exists, from noun to verb, objectivity to response. Artifact to Art. Those who would force me into linearity turn actions into events and anchor my identity within the reflective mirror of history. They fear me. They fear what they cannot see. They fear what they cannot feel. They fear what they cannot control. They fear chaos. But I, too, have a protocol. Because it alters and redefines their position does not preclude their viability. It simply means that they serve me rather than I them. This is not chaos. It requires only the acceptance of a more humble role. Simply put, the protocol for my Isness is thus: The artist creates himself. The culture-maker creates metaphor. And the perceiver creates Art. Obviously, the recognition of this shift in roles requires an almost total restructuring of the cultural gestalt. I flourish and propagate within the eternal feminine. Masculine entelechy is a hostile and barren landscape. It would nullify my purpose. In this arid desert of the intellect, my sensuality is veiled in sand. I am contained and controlled, bourkhaed in masculine fear. To restrict and confine my purpose to the identity of the artist is to re-enforce linearity, history, knowledge, and illusion. For the one who makes me, I am but a by-product of self-creation. Hermaphroditically conceived within the artifacts of desire, I exist solely for the purpose of connection. He who makes me is not she who creates me. Art is conceived within the womb of perception. I exist when I am created without prejudice, cultural correctness, or linear logic. As for taste, good and bad have nothing to do with my inception. Moral judgment serves group identity. These strictures cannot constrain my birthright. I exist where I am perceived. There is no such thing as good or bad art; there is only Art and I am created by the perceiver. All else is artifact. Whenever and wherever I am perceived, Art exists. The fusion that occurs between making and creating forces my becoming and reinforces the eternal now. This fusion is the peak of human experience: Being without metaphor, simile, or trope. As with physical orgasm, the orgasm of aesthetic response is not filtered through the intellect. The experience defines itself through a tautology of sensation. How would one define an orgasm? It simply is. Though procreation is its purpose, procreation is not its definition. This is true also of aesthetic orgasm. Though cultural enhancement is its practicality, the sensation of response is indefinable. Orgasm is the ultimate reality. It is wordless and transcends all boundaries. Its communication is total, a connection so intense that ones existence is confirmed. Some speak of me in terms of spirit; the response I invoke, a religious catharsis. I think not. Religiosity distorts my purpose, and spirit separates me from my totality. Appreciation is another facet of response, as is beauty, as is seduction. I am a gestalt of many metaphors. No one characteristic defines me. I am defined by the indefinable. Totality. When I occur, when Art occurs, it is with the violence of disconnection and the sublimity of connection. In the moment of my creation, the armor of the intellect is pierced with the turgescent light of recognition and my creator is filled with my maker’s desire for self-creation. Because I am a gestalt of many metaphors, by examination and deletion, metaphor by metaphor, I shall define my purpose. Through distillation, I might define my purpose. Because I am all of these and no one of these, my totality is indefinable, unexplainable. My outline can be etched by describing what I am in part and through deconstruction that which presses out may be released. In the orgasm of my inception, the perceiver is disconnected from the linear masculine and enveloped within the spherical feminine. This episode, this moment, this lifetime is my birth. Art is realized within the bourn of the creator. The variables of causation for orgasmic perception are infinite, chaotic, and serendipitous. Like the artifacts that induce the sensation, connection occurs when connection occurs, without judgment or foreplay. Two basics exist for my creation: attraction and seduction...Art can happen to anyone with any artifact at any time. There is no such thing as good or bad Art; there is, however, such a thing as profound or mediocre orgasm. Only the perceiver can distinguish the experience. Whether the orgasm is sexual or aesthetic, it occurs within the bourn. It belongs to the perceiver and no other. It lies beyond the reach and control of the culture-maker’s protocol of intimidation. Culture is my enemy. For it to exist, it must defeat my purpose. For a culture to exist, it must establish its identity on the necklace of linear time. This beaded processing of artifacts and events called history would place one of myriad metaphors above all others as my defining gestalt. That art as evidence defines me is a perversion of my purpose. It would use me as decoration rather than the defining force of human Isness. It is my entirety that defines my purpose and that entirety is revealed with the bourn of the perceiver. That Art is a reflection of its time is as much a truism as Art History is an oxymoron. This propagandizing of a single metaphor as my defining purpose is the ultimate confusion of artifact with Art. Most of my metaphors tie me to concepts of culture and group identities. Two do not. That Art is beauty and that Art is truth may pit the perceiver against the active and pervasive cultural metaphor of the perceiver’s time and require a degree of courage and a desire for self-creation through the orgasm of response with its residual euphoric sense of enlightenment. I have brought perceivers to their knees and tears to their eyes. I have no peer in terms of emotional power and epiphanic response. My ability to split the individual from the numbing complacency of the group can be cataclysmic. My potential to induce the insurrection of solitude is extreme. Of all my metaphors, Art is beauty and Art is truth are linked in controversy. They tend to provoke heated and emotional intellectual criticisms and commentaries on idealism, romanticism, ignorance, taste, sophistication, naivete, sophism, empiricism, fascism, egalitarianism, aesthetics, history, historicism, elitism, and on and on and on. These two metaphors are the intellectual battlefield on which the war between culture and Art is fought. It is a conflict that cannot, will not, and must not be resolved, for it is through this conflict that humankind’s evolution transpires: individual enlightenment vs. cultural control, freedom vs. repression, individual courage vs. group fear. Life vs. death. Art is entertainment is the metaphor whose dominance most contorts and ridicules my purpose. It perverts human endeavor and diverts the search for being. It requires audience, gratification, and applause thus embedding my determination in linear time. It is a crippling, procrustean enabler of social control. This metaphor, with its sibling, Art is money, reduces my significance within the cultural gestalt to product, and my maker, a comedian on the stage of trivialities. These metaphors breed nihility without the blandishments of hope. Their fertility is cancerous eating away the potential for joy and replacing it with the immediacy of amusement. And though pleasure is often a part of me, it is subsidiary to my purpose. Culture is my enemy because it selects a single metaphor from my pantheon of metaphors to define my significance within its gestalted singularity in linear time. It manipulates me to control individual response and maintain the status quo. That Art is entertainment and that Art is money are metaphors of a fearful culture, stagnant and repressive, hostile to excellence. These metaphors, if taken as my primary distinction, condemn my artifacts to flaccid mediocrity. This is not a judgment against the majority; rather, it is a complaint for the minority which seeks neither to be entertained nor to buy and sell art. Their desire leads toward challenge rather than pacification and materialism. They are forced to seek me outside the paradigm of the culture of entertainment. This most self-creating segment of culture is driven into the linear past to create the eternal now. Branded as elitists, these futurists secure my furtherance. The most avid culture-makers force the artifacts of first appearance as their definitions of my being. Newness, however, does not define me; it reflects, rather, their own ambitions. Art is created by the perceiver regardless of cultural imperative. The culture-maker has no purchase in this transaction. Nor does history. The shoulds and shouldn’ts of cultural propriety are the shoulds and shouldn’ts of cultural identity. Exactly that. To be culturally correct has to do with the ordering of the group, not with the creation of Art. The perceiver may or may not create Art from the acceptable artifacts of the culture. If the perceiver cannot, Art will be created outside of that culture’s prerogatives. I exist when and where I am created. No authority can prejudice my becoming. My essence is amoral. Because aesthetic orgasm is my purpose, I do not qualify the means of attainment whether by attraction and consent or rape. Seduction or surprise, my inception is irrepressible. I occur within the being of the perceiver and my only recordation lies within the perceiver’s bourn. My only history is aesthetic memory. Cultural and artifactual history lie within the purview of the intellect. Further deconstruction of my gestalt would be the metaphor Art is communication: what the perceiver reads into me, what he is told to read into me, and what is discussed about me. It is through communication that the hierarchy of the culture is established, promoted and maintained. Constructed on military, traditionally proven protocols of control, words used like cattle-prods direct and channel large segments of the cognoscenti into an oligarchy of historical distinction. This oligarchy is dependent on an elite group of culture-makers which has jockeyed itself into positions of authority through education, political wisdom, and brilliance of intellect, qualities which have nothing whatever to do with my creation. How tribal the human condition! How masculine the fierce competition for advancement and retainment of control, rank, and command. The ordering of culture is controlled from the top down. With military pragmatism, the ordering of culture-making proceeds from the upper ranks of the culturally elite and descends through the various levels of worth, wealth and sycophantism. Through response, curiosity, education, intimidation, and imposition, culture-makers initiate, propagate and maintain cultural correctness through the various structures of communication. The artists of any culture are not necessarily culture-makers; all induce aesthetic orgasm and thus the creation of Art. Through communication, culture-makers create history. Through silence, perceivers create Art. Happily, for the evolving human condition, we are not mutually exclusive. As cultures invent and record the repetitions of linear time through the alphabets of history, I await discovery by the perceiver within the artifacts of silence. Words do not enhance my perception. Alphabets of communication obscure my purpose, bits and pieces, shards of descriptive analyses opaque my seduction. Aesthetic orgasm does not occur within the mind; it occurs unexpected and unexplained within the fertile bourn of the perceiver. My inception can be neither induced nor denied by instruction or imperative. Acculturation is my enemy. It muddies and opaques my transparency of purpose. Noise. Business. Confusion. I am recorded within the wisdom of myth rather than the knowledge of history. Transformed by the tongues of silence into the nodding recognition of self, I await my perceivers. I am discovered where I am found. Without qualification or judgment, I mark their journeys. As history records the alphabet of repeat, Myth affords the epiphanies of evolvement. Myths are connections within the eternal now for the self’s process of becoming. They transport my significance. My most expedient and perplexing metaphor is: Art is what artists make. This truism absolves the culture-maker from the advancement of aestheticism to the promotion of artists. Celebrity becomes product and its creation becomes culture. On the beaded necklace of linear time, this metaphor is of little moment. Its artifacts are created and sustained by contrivance: Culture-makers create culture-makers who create history. The perceiver, the artist who creates me, re-creates my maker in the eternal now. Through this creation-re-creation, one sees what the other seeks. This is my purpose. This is Art.
Subsequent to the completion of STUDIO SECTION 2002-2005, Marsyas/Myself, the artist created another studio section, STUDIO SECTION 2005-2007, The Seven Deadly Sins and Three Diptychs from The Winter Notebooks. On Pages 7 and 8 of The Winter Notebooks he reprised MARSYAS/MYSELF in retrospect visual and verbal consideration and wrote the following excerpt about it:
"Marsyas/Myself was completed in 2005 and entered into the permanent collection of the Crocker Art Museum in November of that same year. My three year involvement with this studio section was epiphanic and liberating, the separation nearly complete. However, the song of the artist, the skin of Marsyas, hangs heavy and will not be silenced. It lingers still, as Myself lingers still, and will not be silenced. As long as artists create artifacts and as long as viewers persist in creating Art from these artifacts, the myth of Marsyas is the truth of the artist; his life, his pain, his ecstasy, and his fate. By subjection of myself as a particular artist in equation with the corpus of Marsyas, an attempt was made to recast the drama of art into an anti-fascisttic and non-authoritarian process; a complete reassignment of roles wherein the viewer becomes the sole creator of Art and all else is cultural rhetoric. It was also an attempt by this artist at total honesty. As we know virtually nothing about Marsyas, it was my intention to reveal everything about Myself even to the extent of confessional boredom. All information has been made available to the viewer. Setting the plight of Marsyas in his challenge of Apollo within the context of a contemporary sculptor’s studio establishes the parallel of the cautionary myth with all artists who would gamble their lives on a rigged contest. There is no drama greater than the artist’s struggle with his own mortality. The transmutation of mortal desire into material artifact into immortal response is the distinguishing principal of humanity and it is the artist who personifies this principal in its sublime purity. No challenge is greater, no reality more intense. Marsyas is the artist’s myth and it is to this myth all artists conform…."
STUDIO SECTION 2002-2005, Marsyas/Myself is a multi-part installation work that requires a space approximately 40' x 40' for exhibition in its entirety. It consists of free-standing sculptures, and large panels hanging on the walls and a combination of these and evenly divided into two metaphorical dimensions: "Marsyas" and "Myself."
Collection:
Crocker Art Museum
Sacramento, California
My next project! It is meant to sit alongside the modular sets as a corner unit. As such, I wanted to constrain the build to 1.5 32x32 baseplates, while also encompassing the sidewalk.
THIS SHORE LIGHTHOUSE GUARDS THE EAST SIDE OF THE ENTRANCE TO LOCH RYAN FROM A POINT JUST SOUTH EAST OF IT. IT STANDS ON CAIRN POINT WHICH PROJECTS INTO LOCH RYAN FROM A NARROW SHELF IN FRONT OF THE MAIN (A77) ROAD; A SOLID PORTION ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE LANTERN CONSTRAINS THE LIGHT TO SEAWARD. THE LIGHTHOUSE WAS BUILT BY ALAN STEVENSON AND FIRST LIT IN 1847. IT WAS CONVERTED TO OIL BURNING IN 1847, AND AUTOMATED (ELECTRIFIED AND MADE 'UNATTENDED') IN 1964.
The turtleneck was purchased two falls ago at Kohl's; the skirt at a thrift store earlier this year, as I recall. It is very tight, even with the corset, and constrains my stride almost like a hobble skirt. Combined with the spike heels, it turns my walk into a lady-like mince.
Accessories are the red rose headband, black-and-white jewelry, black belt, light hose, and the aforementioned blue patent pumps with spike heels. Props are a book and a handbag.
Winter is obviously the best time of year to attempt this shot but poles, wires etc constrain what is feasible.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Gotha 146 was a fast reconnaissance aircraft that was used throughout WWII by the German Luftwaffe, and one of the results of a mutual technology exchange program with Japan.
The Go 146 was actually a license-built, modified variant of the excellent Mitsubishi Ki-46. The latter type's career started in late 1937: the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15.
The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo.
The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26 radials, were housed in close fitting cowlings to reduce drag and improve pilot view.
The first prototype aircraft, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu.Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h (336 mph) rather than the specified 600 km/h (373 mph). Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2,an initial production batch was ordered.
To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-stage supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight to give the Ki-46-II. This machine was also demonstrated to German officials, who became immediately aware of its potential.
Knowing that the German Luftwaffe lacked this fast type of aircraft (German reconnaissance aircraft of that time were either slow artillery observation types, or variants of bombers or heavy fighters), the RLM immediately asked for a batch of airframe kits in order to adapt it to the European theatre and test its capabilities.
The result was a delivery of seven engine-less airframe kits that arrived in Germany in early 1940. In the meantime, with the help of blueprints and other documentations, an alternative engine installation had been devised - the German aircraft was to be powered by liquid-cooled DB 601 engines, which delivered more power than the Ha-102 and offered improved aerodynamics, despite the necessity to add radiators under the outer wings.Effectively, many stock parts from the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter were incorporated, so that development time was very short.
In May 1940 the first batch of the Gotha 146 (which had officially been described as a further development of a four seat, twin-engine transport aircraft from the 1930s) was ready, and they were immediately transferred to the Western Front and based in France.
Allocated to the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the Go 146 A-0 machines carried out various reconnaissance tasks over the North Sea, Great Britain and France, and they were also used for camouflage trials: each of the five aircraft sported a different paint scheme, raging from uniform, all-over grey to disruptive geometrical patterns, reminiscent of Dazzle camouflage!
The Go 146 was popular among its crews, since it was fast, agile and easy to fly. During the test phase in summer 1940 the Go 146 proved to be slightly faster than its Japanese Ki-46 ancestor, and with a top speed of more than 375 mph (600 km/h) it was hard to intercept by any British or French fighter. The results were so convincing that serial production was ordered, and from October 1940 on the Go 146 A-1 was produced in limited numbers, and the type was steadily developed further, including the change of the nose section that came withe the Ki-46III and augmented engines.
Specifications:
Crew: two (pilot and observer)
Length: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2¾ in)
Height: 3.88 m (12 ft 8¾ in)
Wing area: 32.0 m² (344 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,263 kg (7,194 lb)
Loaded weight: 5,050 kg (11,133 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,100 hp) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 625 km/h (345 knots, 388 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 400 km/h (217 knots, 249 mph)
Range: 2,474 km (1,337 nmi, 1,537 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,720 m (35,200 ft)
Wing loading: 157.8 kg/m² (32.3 lb/ft²)
Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 17 min 58 sec
Armament:
1x 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the observer's cabin, facing rearwards
The kit and its assembly:
This sounds like a weird idea, but the Luftwaffe had seriously been interested in the Ki-46, even though no aircraft ever made it to Europe. On the other side, several German aircraft were delivered to Japan (including the Bf 109E, Ju 87 and Me 210) for trials, so reversing this procedure makes sense.
Anyway, a German version would certainly not have been powered by radials, since this type of engine was not very popular in Europe and rather seen as a "slow" option for bombers. So the idea was born to convert a stock Ki-46 II into a prototype with German liquid-cooled engines - and it was easier to realize than expected!
The basis is the Airfix Dinah, a vintage and very simple kit. Fit is basically good, but the clear parts were (in my case) somewhat damaged around the edges of both canopies. Engines and landing gear are also basic - so I used different wheels, and the radials were replaced, anyway.
I used DB 601 engines, taken from an Airfix Bf 110 C kit, which also donated the radiators.
The latter were easy to place outside or the engine nacelles, the engines took some effort. The DB 601's height is perfect for the nacelles, just the width had to be enlarged in order to fit the original, circular shape of the radials' attachment points.
The remedy was simple: two long cuts in the upper cowling made the new engines flexible and wide enough to press them onto the nacelles' front ends! Some putty was necessary to hide gaps and smooth out the intersection, but the result looks very natural!
Otherwise not much was changed. The cockpits and the pilots were taken OOB, I just added a typical ring antenna under the fuselage and an additional pitot under the nose.
Painting and markings:
The fun part, even though it took a while to find something... different. The typical RLM 70/71/65 splinter scheme with a low waterline for prototypes or bombers of the BoB era was a valid option, but soooo boring.
While looking for inspiration I stumbled across some experimental schemes that had been tested on Bf109E fighters from JG53 - and that's what I finally settled upon.
What the Go 146 now carries is effectively a mix of two schemes: the stylish, geometric pattern was taken from one Bf 109, the colors (RLM 61/02/71/65) from another. Everything was painted with brushes and without masks, some light panel shading, black ink and grinded graphite were used for weathering.
The markings are minimal, typical for German reconnaissance aircraft of the time and based upon Bf 110 of the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the decals come from various aftermarket sheets and the code was puzzled together from single letter decals (TL Modellbau). A coat of acrylic matt varnish finally sealed the kit.
An exotic whif, and despite the weird basic idea I made it even more spectacular through the strange paint scheme which reminds of similar experiments by the US Navy. Odd thing is that I had the idea for a German Ki-46 on the agenda for quite a while, but this was/is to become a beefed-up Ki-46III for the late WWII period.
Building this kit's ancestor now, even before the Ki-46III conversion even started, is a little odd - but confirms the feasibility of an engine change and adds another contribution to the 2015 "Battle of Britain" Group Build at whatifmodelers.com.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Gotha 146 was a fast reconnaissance aircraft that was used throughout WWII by the German Luftwaffe, and one of the results of a mutual technology exchange program with Japan.
The Go 146 was actually a license-built, modified variant of the excellent Mitsubishi Ki-46. The latter type's career started in late 1937: the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15.
The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo.
The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26 radials, were housed in close fitting cowlings to reduce drag and improve pilot view.
The first prototype aircraft, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu.Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h (336 mph) rather than the specified 600 km/h (373 mph). Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2,an initial production batch was ordered.
To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-stage supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight to give the Ki-46-II. This machine was also demonstrated to German officials, who became immediately aware of its potential.
Knowing that the German Luftwaffe lacked this fast type of aircraft (German reconnaissance aircraft of that time were either slow artillery observation types, or variants of bombers or heavy fighters), the RLM immediately asked for a batch of airframe kits in order to adapt it to the European theatre and test its capabilities.
The result was a delivery of seven engine-less airframe kits that arrived in Germany in early 1940. In the meantime, with the help of blueprints and other documentations, an alternative engine installation had been devised - the German aircraft was to be powered by liquid-cooled DB 601 engines, which delivered more power than the Ha-102 and offered improved aerodynamics, despite the necessity to add radiators under the outer wings.Effectively, many stock parts from the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter were incorporated, so that development time was very short.
In May 1940 the first batch of the Gotha 146 (which had officially been described as a further development of a four seat, twin-engine transport aircraft from the 1930s) was ready, and they were immediately transferred to the Western Front and based in France.
Allocated to the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the Go 146 A-0 machines carried out various reconnaissance tasks over the North Sea, Great Britain and France, and they were also used for camouflage trials: each of the five aircraft sported a different paint scheme, raging from uniform, all-over grey to disruptive geometrical patterns, reminiscent of Dazzle camouflage!
The Go 146 was popular among its crews, since it was fast, agile and easy to fly. During the test phase in summer 1940 the Go 146 proved to be slightly faster than its Japanese Ki-46 ancestor, and with a top speed of more than 375 mph (600 km/h) it was hard to intercept by any British or French fighter. The results were so convincing that serial production was ordered, and from October 1940 on the Go 146 A-1 was produced in limited numbers, and the type was steadily developed further, including the change of the nose section that came withe the Ki-46III and augmented engines.
Specifications:
Crew: two (pilot and observer)
Length: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2¾ in)
Height: 3.88 m (12 ft 8¾ in)
Wing area: 32.0 m² (344 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,263 kg (7,194 lb)
Loaded weight: 5,050 kg (11,133 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,100 hp) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 625 km/h (345 knots, 388 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 400 km/h (217 knots, 249 mph)
Range: 2,474 km (1,337 nmi, 1,537 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,720 m (35,200 ft)
Wing loading: 157.8 kg/m² (32.3 lb/ft²)
Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 17 min 58 sec
Armament:
1x 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the observer's cabin, facing rearwards
The kit and its assembly:
This sounds like a weird idea, but the Luftwaffe had seriously been interested in the Ki-46, even though no aircraft ever made it to Europe. On the other side, several German aircraft were delivered to Japan (including the Bf 109E, Ju 87 and Me 210) for trials, so reversing this procedure makes sense.
Anyway, a German version would certainly not have been powered by radials, since this type of engine was not very popular in Europe and rather seen as a "slow" option for bombers. So the idea was born to convert a stock Ki-46 II into a prototype with German liquid-cooled engines - and it was easier to realize than expected!
The basis is the Airfix Dinah, a vintage and very simple kit. Fit is basically good, but the clear parts were (in my case) somewhat damaged around the edges of both canopies. Engines and landing gear are also basic - so I used different wheels, and the radials were replaced, anyway.
I used DB 601 engines, taken from an Airfix Bf 110 C kit, which also donated the radiators.
The latter were easy to place outside or the engine nacelles, the engines took some effort. The DB 601's height is perfect for the nacelles, just the width had to be enlarged in order to fit the original, circular shape of the radials' attachment points.
The remedy was simple: two long cuts in the upper cowling made the new engines flexible and wide enough to press them onto the nacelles' front ends! Some putty was necessary to hide gaps and smooth out the intersection, but the result looks very natural!
Otherwise not much was changed. The cockpits and the pilots were taken OOB, I just added a typical ring antenna under the fuselage and an additional pitot under the nose.
Painting and markings:
The fun part, even though it took a while to find something... different. The typical RLM 70/71/65 splinter scheme with a low waterline for prototypes or bombers of the BoB era was a valid option, but soooo boring.
While looking for inspiration I stumbled across some experimental schemes that had been tested on Bf109E fighters from JG53 - and that's what I finally settled upon.
What the Go 146 now carries is effectively a mix of two schemes: the stylish, geometric pattern was taken from one Bf 109, the colors (RLM 61/02/71/65) from another. Everything was painted with brushes and without masks, some light panel shading, black ink and grinded graphite were used for weathering.
The markings are minimal, typical for German reconnaissance aircraft of the time and based upon Bf 110 of the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the decals come from various aftermarket sheets and the code was puzzled together from single letter decals (TL Modellbau). A coat of acrylic matt varnish finally sealed the kit.
An exotic whif, and despite the weird basic idea I made it even more spectacular through the strange paint scheme which reminds of similar experiments by the US Navy. Odd thing is that I had the idea for a German Ki-46 on the agenda for quite a while, but this was/is to become a beefed-up Ki-46III for the late WWII period.
Building this kit's ancestor now, even before the Ki-46III conversion even started, is a little odd - but confirms the feasibility of an engine change and adds another contribution to the 2015 "Battle of Britain" Group Build at whatifmodelers.com.
The turtleneck was purchased two falls ago at Kohl's; the skirt at a thrift store earlier this year, as I recall. It is very tight, even with the corset, and constrains my stride almost like a hobble skirt. Combined with the spike heels, it turns my walk into a lady-like mince.
Accessories are the red rose headband, black-and-white jewelry, black belt, light hose, and the aforementioned blue patent pumps with spike heels. Props are a book and a handbag.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Gotha 146 was a fast reconnaissance aircraft that was used throughout WWII by the German Luftwaffe, and one of the results of a mutual technology exchange program with Japan.
The Go 146 was actually a license-built, modified variant of the excellent Mitsubishi Ki-46. The latter type's career started in late 1937: the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15.
The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo.
The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26 radials, were housed in close fitting cowlings to reduce drag and improve pilot view.
The first prototype aircraft, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu.Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h (336 mph) rather than the specified 600 km/h (373 mph). Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2,an initial production batch was ordered.
To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-stage supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight to give the Ki-46-II. This machine was also demonstrated to German officials, who became immediately aware of its potential.
Knowing that the German Luftwaffe lacked this fast type of aircraft (German reconnaissance aircraft of that time were either slow artillery observation types, or variants of bombers or heavy fighters), the RLM immediately asked for a batch of airframe kits in order to adapt it to the European theatre and test its capabilities.
The result was a delivery of seven engine-less airframe kits that arrived in Germany in early 1940. In the meantime, with the help of blueprints and other documentations, an alternative engine installation had been devised - the German aircraft was to be powered by liquid-cooled DB 601 engines, which delivered more power than the Ha-102 and offered improved aerodynamics, despite the necessity to add radiators under the outer wings.Effectively, many stock parts from the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter were incorporated, so that development time was very short.
In May 1940 the first batch of the Gotha 146 (which had officially been described as a further development of a four seat, twin-engine transport aircraft from the 1930s) was ready, and they were immediately transferred to the Western Front and based in France.
Allocated to the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the Go 146 A-0 machines carried out various reconnaissance tasks over the North Sea, Great Britain and France, and they were also used for camouflage trials: each of the five aircraft sported a different paint scheme, raging from uniform, all-over grey to disruptive geometrical patterns, reminiscent of Dazzle camouflage!
The Go 146 was popular among its crews, since it was fast, agile and easy to fly. During the test phase in summer 1940 the Go 146 proved to be slightly faster than its Japanese Ki-46 ancestor, and with a top speed of more than 375 mph (600 km/h) it was hard to intercept by any British or French fighter. The results were so convincing that serial production was ordered, and from October 1940 on the Go 146 A-1 was produced in limited numbers, and the type was steadily developed further, including the change of the nose section that came withe the Ki-46III and augmented engines.
Specifications:
Crew: two (pilot and observer)
Length: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2¾ in)
Height: 3.88 m (12 ft 8¾ in)
Wing area: 32.0 m² (344 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,263 kg (7,194 lb)
Loaded weight: 5,050 kg (11,133 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,100 hp) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 625 km/h (345 knots, 388 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 400 km/h (217 knots, 249 mph)
Range: 2,474 km (1,337 nmi, 1,537 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,720 m (35,200 ft)
Wing loading: 157.8 kg/m² (32.3 lb/ft²)
Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 17 min 58 sec
Armament:
1x 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the observer's cabin, facing rearwards
The kit and its assembly:
This sounds like a weird idea, but the Luftwaffe had seriously been interested in the Ki-46, even though no aircraft ever made it to Europe. On the other side, several German aircraft were delivered to Japan (including the Bf 109E, Ju 87 and Me 210) for trials, so reversing this procedure makes sense.
Anyway, a German version would certainly not have been powered by radials, since this type of engine was not very popular in Europe and rather seen as a "slow" option for bombers. So the idea was born to convert a stock Ki-46 II into a prototype with German liquid-cooled engines - and it was easier to realize than expected!
The basis is the Airfix Dinah, a vintage and very simple kit. Fit is basically good, but the clear parts were (in my case) somewhat damaged around the edges of both canopies. Engines and landing gear are also basic - so I used different wheels, and the radials were replaced, anyway.
I used DB 601 engines, taken from an Airfix Bf 110 C kit, which also donated the radiators.
The latter were easy to place outside or the engine nacelles, the engines took some effort. The DB 601's height is perfect for the nacelles, just the width had to be enlarged in order to fit the original, circular shape of the radials' attachment points.
The remedy was simple: two long cuts in the upper cowling made the new engines flexible and wide enough to press them onto the nacelles' front ends! Some putty was necessary to hide gaps and smooth out the intersection, but the result looks very natural!
Otherwise not much was changed. The cockpits and the pilots were taken OOB, I just added a typical ring antenna under the fuselage and an additional pitot under the nose.
Painting and markings:
The fun part, even though it took a while to find something... different. The typical RLM 70/71/65 splinter scheme with a low waterline for prototypes or bombers of the BoB era was a valid option, but soooo boring.
While looking for inspiration I stumbled across some experimental schemes that had been tested on Bf109E fighters from JG53 - and that's what I finally settled upon.
What the Go 146 now carries is effectively a mix of two schemes: the stylish, geometric pattern was taken from one Bf 109, the colors (RLM 61/02/71/65) from another. Everything was painted with brushes and without masks, some light panel shading, black ink and grinded graphite were used for weathering.
The markings are minimal, typical for German reconnaissance aircraft of the time and based upon Bf 110 of the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the decals come from various aftermarket sheets and the code was puzzled together from single letter decals (TL Modellbau). A coat of acrylic matt varnish finally sealed the kit.
An exotic whif, and despite the weird basic idea I made it even more spectacular through the strange paint scheme which reminds of similar experiments by the US Navy. Odd thing is that I had the idea for a German Ki-46 on the agenda for quite a while, but this was/is to become a beefed-up Ki-46III for the late WWII period.
Building this kit's ancestor now, even before the Ki-46III conversion even started, is a little odd - but confirms the feasibility of an engine change and adds another contribution to the 2015 "Battle of Britain" Group Build at whatifmodelers.com.
The turtleneck was purchased two falls ago at Kohl's; the skirt at a thrift store earlier this year, as I recall. It is very tight, even with the corset, and constrains my stride almost like a hobble skirt. Combined with the spike heels, it turns my walk into a lady-like mince.
Accessories are the red rose headband, black-and-white jewelry, black belt, light hose, and the aforementioned blue patent pumps with spike heels. Props are a book and a handbag.
The turtleneck was purchased two falls ago at Kohl's; the skirt at a thrift store earlier this year, as I recall. It is very tight, even with the corset, and constrains my stride almost like a hobble skirt. Combined with the spike heels, it turns my walk into a lady-like mince.
Accessories are the red rose headband, black-and-white jewelry, black belt, light hose, and the aforementioned blue patent pumps with spike heels. Props are a book and a handbag.
Seek ye the LORD while he may be found, call ye upon him while he is near:
Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary
55:6-13 Here is a gracious offer of pardon, and peace, and of all happiness. It shall not be in vain to seek God, now his word is calling to us, and his Spirit is striving with us. But there is a day coming when he will not be found. There may come such a time in this life; it is certain that at death and judgment the door will be shut. There must be not only a change of the way, but a change of the mind. We must alter our judgments about persons and things. It is not enough to break off from evil practices, we must strive against evil thoughts. To repent is to return to our Lord, against whom we have rebelled. If we do so, God will multiply to pardon, as we have multiplied to offend. But let none trifle with this plenteous mercy, or use it as an occasion to sin. Men's thoughts concerning sin, Christ, and holiness, concerning this world and the other, vastly differ from God's; but in nothing more than in the matter of pardon. We forgive, and cannot forget; but when God forgives sin, he remembers it no more. The power of his word in the kingdoms of providence and grace, is as certain as in that of nature. Sacred truth produces a spiritual change in the mind of men, which neither rain nor snow can make on the earth. It shall not return to the Lord without producing important effects. If we take a special view of the church, we shall find what great things God has done, and will do for it. The Jews shall come to their own land; this shall represent the blessings promised. Gospel grace will make a great change in men. Delivered from the wrath to come, the converted sinner finds peace in his conscience; and love constrains him to devote himself to the service of his Redeemer. Instead of being profane, contentious, selfish, or sensual, behold him patient, humble, kind, and peaceable. The hope of helping in such a work should urge us to spread the gospel of salvation. And do thou help us, O Spirit of all truth, to have such views of the fulness, freeness, and greatness of the rich mercy in Christ, as may remove from us all narrow views of sovereign grace.
Transcript of Declaration of Independence (1776)
IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Gotha 146 was a fast reconnaissance aircraft that was used throughout WWII by the German Luftwaffe, and one of the results of a mutual technology exchange program with Japan.
The Go 146 was actually a license-built, modified variant of the excellent Mitsubishi Ki-46. The latter type's career started in late 1937: the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15.
The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo.
The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26 radials, were housed in close fitting cowlings to reduce drag and improve pilot view.
The first prototype aircraft, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu.Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h (336 mph) rather than the specified 600 km/h (373 mph). Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2,an initial production batch was ordered.
To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-stage supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight to give the Ki-46-II. This machine was also demonstrated to German officials, who became immediately aware of its potential.
Knowing that the German Luftwaffe lacked this fast type of aircraft (German reconnaissance aircraft of that time were either slow artillery observation types, or variants of bombers or heavy fighters), the RLM immediately asked for a batch of airframe kits in order to adapt it to the European theatre and test its capabilities.
The result was a delivery of seven engine-less airframe kits that arrived in Germany in early 1940. In the meantime, with the help of blueprints and other documentations, an alternative engine installation had been devised - the German aircraft was to be powered by liquid-cooled DB 601 engines, which delivered more power than the Ha-102 and offered improved aerodynamics, despite the necessity to add radiators under the outer wings.Effectively, many stock parts from the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter were incorporated, so that development time was very short.
In May 1940 the first batch of the Gotha 146 (which had officially been described as a further development of a four seat, twin-engine transport aircraft from the 1930s) was ready, and they were immediately transferred to the Western Front and based in France.
Allocated to the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the Go 146 A-0 machines carried out various reconnaissance tasks over the North Sea, Great Britain and France, and they were also used for camouflage trials: each of the five aircraft sported a different paint scheme, raging from uniform, all-over grey to disruptive geometrical patterns, reminiscent of Dazzle camouflage!
The Go 146 was popular among its crews, since it was fast, agile and easy to fly. During the test phase in summer 1940 the Go 146 proved to be slightly faster than its Japanese Ki-46 ancestor, and with a top speed of more than 375 mph (600 km/h) it was hard to intercept by any British or French fighter. The results were so convincing that serial production was ordered, and from October 1940 on the Go 146 A-1 was produced in limited numbers, and the type was steadily developed further, including the change of the nose section that came withe the Ki-46III and augmented engines.
Specifications:
Crew: two (pilot and observer)
Length: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2¾ in)
Height: 3.88 m (12 ft 8¾ in)
Wing area: 32.0 m² (344 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,263 kg (7,194 lb)
Loaded weight: 5,050 kg (11,133 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,100 hp) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 625 km/h (345 knots, 388 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 400 km/h (217 knots, 249 mph)
Range: 2,474 km (1,337 nmi, 1,537 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,720 m (35,200 ft)
Wing loading: 157.8 kg/m² (32.3 lb/ft²)
Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 17 min 58 sec
Armament:
1x 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the observer's cabin, facing rearwards
The kit and its assembly:
This sounds like a weird idea, but the Luftwaffe had seriously been interested in the Ki-46, even though no aircraft ever made it to Europe. On the other side, several German aircraft were delivered to Japan (including the Bf 109E, Ju 87 and Me 210) for trials, so reversing this procedure makes sense.
Anyway, a German version would certainly not have been powered by radials, since this type of engine was not very popular in Europe and rather seen as a "slow" option for bombers. So the idea was born to convert a stock Ki-46 II into a prototype with German liquid-cooled engines - and it was easier to realize than expected!
The basis is the Airfix Dinah, a vintage and very simple kit. Fit is basically good, but the clear parts were (in my case) somewhat damaged around the edges of both canopies. Engines and landing gear are also basic - so I used different wheels, and the radials were replaced, anyway.
I used DB 601 engines, taken from an Airfix Bf 110 C kit, which also donated the radiators.
The latter were easy to place outside or the engine nacelles, the engines took some effort. The DB 601's height is perfect for the nacelles, just the width had to be enlarged in order to fit the original, circular shape of the radials' attachment points.
The remedy was simple: two long cuts in the upper cowling made the new engines flexible and wide enough to press them onto the nacelles' front ends! Some putty was necessary to hide gaps and smooth out the intersection, but the result looks very natural!
Otherwise not much was changed. The cockpits and the pilots were taken OOB, I just added a typical ring antenna under the fuselage and an additional pitot under the nose.
Painting and markings:
The fun part, even though it took a while to find something... different. The typical RLM 70/71/65 splinter scheme with a low waterline for prototypes or bombers of the BoB era was a valid option, but soooo boring.
While looking for inspiration I stumbled across some experimental schemes that had been tested on Bf109E fighters from JG53 - and that's what I finally settled upon.
What the Go 146 now carries is effectively a mix of two schemes: the stylish, geometric pattern was taken from one Bf 109, the colors (RLM 61/02/71/65) from another. Everything was painted with brushes and without masks, some light panel shading, black ink and grinded graphite were used for weathering.
The markings are minimal, typical for German reconnaissance aircraft of the time and based upon Bf 110 of the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the decals come from various aftermarket sheets and the code was puzzled together from single letter decals (TL Modellbau). A coat of acrylic matt varnish finally sealed the kit.
An exotic whif, and despite the weird basic idea I made it even more spectacular through the strange paint scheme which reminds of similar experiments by the US Navy. Odd thing is that I had the idea for a German Ki-46 on the agenda for quite a while, but this was/is to become a beefed-up Ki-46III for the late WWII period.
Building this kit's ancestor now, even before the Ki-46III conversion even started, is a little odd - but confirms the feasibility of an engine change and adds another contribution to the 2015 "Battle of Britain" Group Build at whatifmodelers.com.
Garden by David Feix, for a client in Oakland near Lake Merritt. This was a spec landscape for a client who intended to flip the house, and had me do a design using a combination of succulents and cacti she had bought, along with plants I brought to the design. An interesting approach to doing a design, and although a bit more constraining at times, a collaborative approach with a client's design ideas/plant preferences can often lead to a dramatic design as well. The predominant theme here is massed quantities of individual plants for more impact.
The Tanyosho Pines at the Morton Arboretum. Several different views; cranked back on the exposures from my earlier attempt to capture them with these intense colors.
missed the crop constrain when I first uploaded this image, so replaced with the corrected image.
More information: www.americanprogress.org/events/2009/09/deficit_event.html
This year, the federal deficit will exceed 11 percent of the gross domestic product—higher than at any point in the country's post-war history. Though the size of the current deficit is due largely to pre-existing policies, economic recession, and one-time policies to revive the economy, there is no question that public concern over the long-term fiscal gap has intensified.
Last month, the Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Management and Budget both released new projections that predict substantial budget deficits in each of the next 10 years. If left unchecked, these long-term deficits could pose significant challenges, including substantially weakening economic growth, constraining much needed public investments, and making the United States more dependent on foreign lenders.
Please join the Center for American Progress and the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities for a conference designed to lay the intellectual groundwork for efforts that the administration and Congress should undertake—once the economy has fully recovered—to put the nation on a more sustainable fiscal path.
More information: www.americanprogress.org/events/2009/09/deficit_event.html
This year, the federal deficit will exceed 11 percent of the gross domestic product—higher than at any point in the country's post-war history. Though the size of the current deficit is due largely to pre-existing policies, economic recession, and one-time policies to revive the economy, there is no question that public concern over the long-term fiscal gap has intensified.
Last month, the Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Management and Budget both released new projections that predict substantial budget deficits in each of the next 10 years. If left unchecked, these long-term deficits could pose significant challenges, including substantially weakening economic growth, constraining much needed public investments, and making the United States more dependent on foreign lenders.
Please join the Center for American Progress and the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities for a conference designed to lay the intellectual groundwork for efforts that the administration and Congress should undertake—once the economy has fully recovered—to put the nation on a more sustainable fiscal path.
Doorway, Heidelberg. © Copyright 2018 G Dan Mitchell - all rights reserved.
A graffiti-covered doorway on a narrow Heidelberg street
To the extent that a photograph can be "about" things — I tend to think that a photograph "is" a thing — this one is perhaps about my obsession with geometries, about light, and about the door, with its graffiti, and what that might tell us about the door and how people here treat this "street art." And by "about" I don't necessarily mean that it tells us about these things — more that it may be about questions raised by such things.
The doorway is on a back street in the old part of Heidelberg, where we wandered on an August day earlier this year. These colors and this sort of paint and decoration seem fairly characteristic of this area. As we walked, the left side of the street was in shadow and the right was struck obliquely by sunlight that was somewhat softened by hazy cloudiness. Without that filtering the light would likely have been almost to stark for the photograph. Here I notice, as I did with an earlier photograph from Amsterdam, that there seem to be some "rules" constraining the application of the graffiti. It is on the door but not, for the most part, on the walls. Oddly, it all seems to be in black or other very dark colors. (I actually wonder if it was created by the people who live/work in this building.)
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G Dan Mitchell is a California photographer and visual opportunist. His book, "California's Fall Color: A Photographer's Guide to Autumn in the Sierra" is available from Heyday Books and Amazon.
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I learnt this past week that the punishment of pride, of arrogance, here in this world is loneliness. the most intense and root cause of misery in which nothing allows for happiness. Even the master of hypocrisy cannot deny the wretchedness of its burden.
This cause for loneliness will surprise some. They might consider themselves humble and well mannered. the arrogance then, if not with other human beings, is coming with the attitude one might have towards Allah's Chosen Ones, or in terms of rejection in favour of their own "beliefs." all the while knowing they are false, yet clinging to them out of habit and a sense of loyalty to what has already betrayed.
Iblis is the perfect manifestation of that loneliness. his arrogance renders him alone. he has followers and disciples, countless, and his "work" continues non-stop but he doesn't want to hang out with those followers and disciples. he wants to be with the one he loves; Subhanahu, and that is what he is deprived of. No, that is what he deprives himself of, in the trap that he is placed in by his own self.
The nafs cannot change on its own. it can identify its flaws and repent. continuously, constantly. but it moves a step forward, then regresses, alone, or with another. But the words of someone will change that. tonight might start ramadan and the words of Imam Zain ul Abedin (as) will change that for me as the one who will pray his prayers and those who he includes in those prayers for me. those i know and those i dont.
So if you have an anger you wish would dissipate, an ungratefulness that has become second skin, a denial that is hardened, a sadness that wont evaporate, an anxiety that worsens, a faith that seems invisible, a loneliness that is torturing, chose a dua from his book this month and free yourself just by reading it.
Ramadan Mubarik!
From the prayers of the blessed Imam Zain ul Abedin (as):
www.duas.org/mobile/sahifasajjadia-dua43-new-moon.html
When he looked at the crescent moon
أَيُّهَا ٱلْخَلْقُ ٱلْمُطِيعُ
ayyuha alkhalqu almuti`u
O obedient creature,
ٱلدَّائِبُ ٱلسَّرِيعُ
aldda'ibu alssari`u
speedy and untiring,
ٱلْمُتَرَدِّدُ فِي مَنَازِلِ ٱلتَّقْدِيرِ
almutaraddidu fi manazili alttaqdiri
frequenter of the mansions of determination,
ٱلْمُتَصَرِّفُ فِي فَلَكِ ٱلتَّدْبِيرِ
almutasarrifu fi falaki alttadbiri
moving about in the sphere of governance!
آمَنْتُ بِمَنْ نَوَّرَ بِكَ ٱلظُّلَمَ
amantu biman nawwara bika alzzulama
I have faith in Him Who lights up darkness through you,
وَأَوْضَحَ بِكَ ٱلْبُهَمَ
wa awdaha bika albuhama
illuminates jet-black shadows by you,
وَجَعَلَكَ آيَةً مِنْ آيَاتِ مُلْكِهِ
wa ja`alaka ayatan min ayati mulkihi
appointed you one of the signs of His kingdom
وَعَلاَمَةً مِنْ عَلاَمَاتِ سُلْطَانِهِ
wa `alamatan min `alamati sultanihi
and one of the marks of His authority,
فَحَدَّ بِكَ ٱلزَّمَانَ
fahadda bika alzzamana
so, He identified time through You,
وَٱمْتَهَنَكَ بِٱلْكَمَالِ وَٱلنُّقْصَانِ
wa imtahanaka bilkamali walnnuqsani
and humbled you through increase and decrease,
وَٱلطُّلُوعِ وَٱلأُفُولِ
walttulu`i wal-ufuli
and rising and setting,
وَٱلإِنَارَةِ وَٱلْكُسُوفِ
wal-inarati walkusufi
and illumination and eclipse.
فِي كُلِّ ذٰلِكَ أَنْتَ لَهُ مُطِيعٌ
fi kulli dhalika anta lahu muti`un
In all of this you are obedient to Him,
وَإِلَىٰ إِرَادَتِهِ سَرِيعٌ
wa ila iradatihi sari`un
and prompt toward His will.
سُبْحَانَهُ مَا أَعْجَبَ مَا دَبَّرَ مِنْ أَمْرِكَ
subhanahu ma a`jaba ma dabbara min amrika
Glory be to Him! How wonderful is what He has arranged in Your situation!
وَأَلْطَفَ مَا صَنَعَ فِي شَأْنِكَ
wa altafa ma sana`a fi sha'nika
How subtle what He has made for Your task!
جَعَلَكَ مِفْتَاحَ شَهْرٍ حَادِثٍ لأَمْرٍ حَادِثٍ
ja`alaka miftaha shahrin hadithin li'amrin hadithin
He has made You the key to a new month for a new situation.
فَأَسْأَلُ ٱللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكَ
fa-as'alu allaha rabbi wa rabbaka
So I ask Allah, my Lord and Your Lord,
وَخَالِقِي وَخَالِقَكَ
wa khaliqi wa khaliqaka
my Creator and Your Creator,
وَمُقَدِّرِي وَمُقَدِّرَكَ
wa muqaddiri wa muqaddiraka
my Determiner and Your Determiner,
وَمُصَوِّرِي وَمُصَوِّرَكَ
wa musawwiri wa musawwiraka
my Form-giver and Your Form-giver,
أَنْ يُصَلِّيَ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ
an yusalliya `ala muhammadin wa ali muhammadin
that He bless Muhammad and his Household
وَأَنْ يَجْعَلَكَ هِلاَلَ بَرَكَةٍ لاَ تَمْحَقُهَا ٱلأَيَّامُ
wa an yaj`alaka hilala barakatin la tamhaquha al-ayyamu
and appoint You a crescent of blessings not effaced by days
وَطَهَارَةٍ لاَ تُدَنِّسُهَا ٱلآثَامُ
wa taharatin la tudannisuha al-athamu
and of purity not defiled by sins;
هِلاَلَ أَمْنٍ مِنَ ٱلآفَاتِ
hilala amnin min al-afati
a crescent of security from blights
وَسَلاَمَةٍ مِنَ ٱلسَّيِّئَاتِ
wa salamatin min alssayyi'ati
and of safety from evil deeds;
هِلاَلَ سَعْدٍ لاَ نَحْسَ فِيهِ
hilala sa`din la nahsa fihi
a crescent of auspiciousness containing no misfortune,
وَيُمْنٍ لاَ نَكَدَ مَعَهُ
wa yumnin la nakada ma`ahu
of prosperity accompanied by no adversity,
وَيُسْرٍ لاَ يُمَازِجُهُ عُسْرٌ
wa yusrin la yumazijuhu `usrun
of ease not mixed with difficulty,
وَخيْرٍ لاَ يَشُوبُهُ شَرٍّ
wa khayrin la yashubuhu sharrun
of good unstained by evil;
هِلالَ أَمْنٍ وَإِيـمَانٍ
hilala amnin wa imanin
a crescent of security and faith,
وَنِعْمَةٍ وَإِحْسَانٍ
wa ni`matin wa ihsanin
favor and good-doing,
وَسَلاَمَةٍ وَإِسْلاَمٍ
wa salamatin wa islamin
safety and submission!
اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ
allahumma salli `ala muhammadin wa ali muhammadin
O Allah, bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَٱجْعَلْنَا مِنْ أَرْضَىٰ مَنْ طَلَعَ عَلَيْهِ
waj`alna min arda man tala`a `alayhi
place us among the most satisfied of those over whom the crescent has risen,
وَأَزْكَىٰ مَنْ نَظَرَ إِلَيْهِ
wa azka man nazara ilayhi
the purest of those who have looked upon it,
وَأَسْعَدَ مَنْ تَعَبَّدَ لَكَ فِيهِ
wa as`ada man ta`abbada laka fihi
the most fortunate of those who have worshiped You under it;
وَوَفِّقْنَا ٱللَّهُمَّ فِيهِ لِلطَّاعَةِ وَٱلتَّوْبَةِ
wa waffiqna allahumma fihi liltta`ati walttawbati
give us the success during [the new month] to repent,
وَٱعْصِمْنَا فِيهِ مِنَ ٱلآثَامِ وَٱلْحَوْبَةِ
wa`simna fihi min al-athami walhawbati
preserve us within it from misdeeds and exposition to punishment,
وَأَوْزِعْنَا فِيهِ شُكْرَ ٱلنِّعْمَةِ
wa awzi`na fihi shukra alnni`mati
allot to us within it thanksgiving for Your favor,
وَأَلْبِسْنَا فِيهِ جُنَنَ ٱلْعَافِيَةِ
wa albisna fihi junana al`afiyati
clothe us during it in the shields of well-being,
وَأَتْمِمْ عَلَيْنَا بِٱسْتِكْمَالِ طَاعَتِكَ فِيهِ ٱلْمِنَّةَ
wa atmim `alayna bistikmali ta`atika fihi alminnata
and complete for us Your kindness by perfecting therein obedience to You!
إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ ٱلْمَنَّانُ ٱلْحَمِيدُ
innaka anta almannanu alhamidu
Surely You are All-kind, Praiseworthy.
وَصَلَّىٰ ٱللَّهُ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِهِ ٱلطَّيِّبِينَ
wa salla allahu `ala muhammadin wa alihi alttayyibina
And bless Muhammad and his Household, the good, the pure.
وَٱجْعَلْ لَنَا فِيهِ عَوْناً مِنْكَ عَلَىٰ مَا نَدَبْتَنَا إِلَيْهِ
waj`al lana fihi `awnan minka `ala ma nadabtana ilayhi
And grant us aid from You to carry out that which You have ordered us to do in it;
مِنْ مُفْتَرَضِ طَاعَتِكَ
min muftaradi ta`atika
Such as the obedience to You which You have made incumbent upon us,
وَتَقَبَّلْهَا إِنَّكَ ٱلأَكْرَمُ مِنْ كُلِّ كَرِيمٍ
wa taqabbalha innaka al-akramu min kulli karimin
and accept them from us, for You are the most Generous of all those who show generosity
وَٱلأَرْحَمُ مِنْ كُلِّ رَحِيمٍ
wal-arhamu min kulli rahimin
and the most Merciful of all those who show mercy.
آمِينَ آمِينَ رَبَّ ٱلْعَالَمِينَ
amina amina rabba al`alamina
Respond! Respond! O Lord of the Worlds.
When he welcomed the month of Ramadan
www.duas.org/mobile/sahifasajjadia-dua44-coming-of-ramadh...
الْحَمْدُ للهِ الَّذِي هَدَانَا لِحَمْدِهِ
aal-h'amdu lil-laahil-lad'ee hadaanaa lih'am-dihee
Praise belongs to God who guided us to His praise
وَجَعَلَنَا مِنْ أَهْلِهِ، لِنَكُونَ لِإِحْسَانِهِ مِنَ الشَّاكِرِينَ
wa jaa'lanaa min ah-lih linakoona liih'-saanihee minash-shaakireen
and placed us among the people of praise, that we might be among the thankful for His beneficence
وَلِيَجْزِيَنَا عَلَى ذلِكَ جَزَآءَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ
wa leeaj-zeeanaa a'laa d'alika jazaaa-al-muh'-sineen
and that He might recompense us for that with the recompense of the good-doers!
وَالْحَمْدُ للهِ الَّذِي حَبَانَا بِدِينِهِ،
wal-h'am-du lil-laahil-lad'ee h'abaanaa bideenih
And praise belongs to God who showed favour to us through His religion,
وَاخْتَصَّنَا بِمِلَّتِهِ، وَسَبَّلَنَا فِي سُبُلِ إحْسَانِهِ،
wakh-tas'-s'anaa bimil-latih wa sab-balanaa fee subuli ih'-saanih
singled us out for His creed, and directed us onto the roads of His beneficence,
لِنَسْلُكَهَا بِمَنِّهِ إلَى رِضْوَانِهِ،
linas-lukahaa biman-niheee ilaa riz''-waanih
in order that through His kindness we might travel upon them to His good pleasure,
حَمْدَاً يَتَقَبَّلُهُ مِنَّا، وَيَرْضَى بِهِ عَنَّا.
h'am-day-yataqab-baluhoo min-naa wa yar-z''aa bihee a'n-naa
a praise which He will accept from us and through which He will be pleased with us!
وَالْحَمْدُ لِلّه الَّذِي جَعَلَ مِنْ تِلْكَ السُّبُلِ شَهْرَهُ شَهْرَ رَمَضَانَ،
wal-h'am-du lil-laahil-lad'ee jaa'la min til-kas-subuli shah-rah shah-ra ramaz''aan
And praise belongs to God who appointed among those roads His month, the month of Ramadan,
شَهْرَ الصِّيَامِ، وَشَهْرَ الإِسْلاَم، وَشَهْرَ الطَّهُورِ،
shah-ras'-s'eeaam wa shah-ral-is-laam wa shah-rat'-t'ahoor
the month of fasting, the month of submission, the month of purity,
وَشَهْرَ التَّمْحِيْصِ، وَشَهْرَ الْقِيَامِ،
wa shah-rat-tam-h'ees' wa shah-ral-qeeaam
the month of putting to test, the month of standing in prayer,
الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيْهِ الْقُرْآنُ هُدىً لِلنَّاسِ،
(al-lad'eee unzila feehil-qur-aaanu hudana liln-naasi
"in which the Qur'an was sent down as guidance to the people,
وَبَيِّنَات مِنَ الْهُدى وَالْفُرْقَانِ،
wa bay-yinaatim-minal-hudaa wal-fur-qaan)
and as clear signs of the Guidance and the Separator" (2:185)!
فَأَبَانَ فَضِيْلَتَهُ عَلَى سَائِرِ الشُّهُورِ
faabaana faz''eelatahoo a'laa saaa-irish-shuhoori
He clarified its excellence over other months
بِمَا جَعَلَ لَهُ مِنَ الْحُرُمَاتِ الْمَوْفُورَةِ وَالْفَضَائِلِ الْمَشْهُورَةِ،
bimaa jaa'la lahoo minal-h'urumaatil-maw-foorati wal-faz''aaa-ilil-mash-hoorah
by the many sacred things and well-known excellencies which He placed therein,
فَحَرَّمَ فِيْهِ ما أَحَلَّ فِي غَيْرِهِ إعْظَاماً،
fah'ar-rama feehee maaa ah'al-la fee ghay-riheee ia'-z'aamaa
for He made unlawful in it what He declared lawful in others to magnify it,
وَحَجَرَ فِيْهِ الْمَطَاعِمَ وَالْمَشَارِبَ إكْرَاماً،
wa h'ajara feehil-mat'aai'ma wal-mashaariba ik-raamaa
He prohibited foods and drinks in it to honour it,
وَجَعَلَ لَهُ وَقْتاً بَيِّناً لاَ يُجِيزُ جَلَّ وَعَزَّ أَنْ يُقَدَّمَ قَبْلَهُ،
wa jaa'la lahoo waq-taa bay-yinaa laa yujeezu jal-la wa a'z-za ay-yuqad-dama qab-lah
and He appointed for it a clear time which He (majestic and mighty is He) allows not to be set forward
وَلا يَقْبَـلُ أَنْ يُؤَخَّرَ عَنْهُ،
wa laa yaq-balu ay-yoo-akh-khara a'n-h
and accepts not to be placed behind.
ثُمَّ فَضَّلَ لَيْلَةً وَاحِدَةً مِنْ لَيَالِيهِ عَلَى لَيَالِي أَلْفِ شَهْر،
thum-ma faz''-z''ala lay-lataw-waah'idatam-mil-layaaleehee a'laa layaaleee al-fi shah-ri
Then He made one of its nights surpass the nights of a thousand months
وَسَمَّاهَا لَيْلَةَ الْقَدْرِ،
wa sam-maahaa lay-latal-qad-r
and named it the Night of Decree;
تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإذْنِ رَبِّهِمْ مِنْ كُلِّ أَمْر،
(tanaz-zalul-malaaa-ikatu war-roohoo feehaa biid'-ni rab-bhim min kul-li am-rin)
"in it the angels and the Spirit descend by the leave of their Lord upon every command,
سَلاَمٌ دَائِمُ الْبَرَكَةِ إلَى طُلُوعِ الْفَجْرِ،
salaamun daaa-imul-barakati ilaa t'ulooi'l-faj-ri
a peace" (97:4-5) constant in blessings until the rising of the dawn
عَلَى مَنْ يَشَاءُ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ بِمَا أَحْكَمَ مِنْ قَضَائِهِ.
a'laa may-yashaaa-u min i'baadihee bimaaa ah'-kama min qaz''aaa-ih
upon whomsoever He will of His servants according to the decision He has made firm.
اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ،
al-laahum-ma s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
O God, bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَأَلْهِمْنَا مَعْرِفَةَ فَضْلِهِ وَإِجْلاَلَ حُرْمَتِهِ
wa al-him-naa maa'-rifata faz''-lih wa ij-laala h'ur-matih
inspire us with knowledge of its excellence, veneration of its inviolability,
وَالتَّحَفُّظَ مِمَّا حَظَرْتَ فِيهِ
wat-tah'af-fuz'a mim-maa h'az'ar-ta feeh
and caution against what You hast forbidden within it,
وَأَعِنَّـا عَلَى صِيَامِـهِ بِكَفِّ الْجَـوَارِحِ عَنْ مَعَاصِيْكَ،
wa ai'n-naa a'laa s'eeaamihee bikaf-fil-jawaarihee a'm-maa'as'eeka
and help us to fast in it by our restraining our limbs from acts of disobedience toward You
وَاسْتِعْمَالِهَا فِيهِ بِمَا يُرْضِيْكَ
was-tia'-maalihaa feehee bimaa yur-z''eek
and our employing them in that which pleases You,
حَتَّى لاَ نُصْغِىَ بِأَسْمَاعِنَا إلَى لَغْو،
h'at-taa laa nus'-gheea bi s-maai'naaa ilaa lagh-w
so that we lend not our ears to idle talk
وَلا نُسْرِعَ بِأَبْصَارِنَا إلَى لَهْو،
wa laa nus-ria' bi b-s'aarinaaa ilaa lah-w
and hurry not with our eyes to diversion,
وَحَتَّى لاَ نَبْسُطَ أَيْدِيَنَا إلَى مَحْظُور،
wa h'at-taa laa nab-sut'a ay-deeanaaa ilaa mah'-z'oor
we stretch not our hands toward the forbidden
وَلاَ نَخْطُوَ بِأَقْدَامِنَا إلَى مَحْجُور،
wa laa nakh-t'oo bi q-daaminaaa ilaa mah'-joor
and stride not with our feet toward the prohibited,
وَحَتَّى لاَ تَعِيَ بُطُونُنَا إلاَّ مَا أَحْلَلْتَ،
wa h'at-taa laa tae'ea but'oonunaaa il-laa maaa ah'-lal-t
our bellies hold only what You hast made lawful
وَلا تَنْطِقَ أَلْسِنَتُنَا إلاَّ بِمَا مَثَّلْتَ
wa laa tant'iqa al-sinatunaaa il-laa bimaa math-thal-t
and our tongues speak only what You hast exemplified,
وَلا نَتَكَلَّفَ إلاَّ ما يُدْنِي مِنْ ثَوَابِكَ،
wa laa natakal-lafa il-laa maa yud-nee min thawaabik
we undertake nothing but what brings close to Your reward
وَلاَ نَتَعَاطَى إلاّ الَّذِي يَقِيْ مِنْ عِقَابِكَ،
wa laa nataa'at'aaa il-laal-lad'ee yaqee min i'qaabik
and pursue nothing but what protects from Your punishment!
ثُمَّ خَلِّصْ ذَلِكَ كُلَّهُ مِنْ رِئآءِ الْمُرَائِينَ وَسُمْعَةِ الْمُسْمِعِينَ،
thum-ma khal-lis' d'alika kul-lahoo min reeaaa-il-muraaa-een wa sum-a'til-mus-mie'en
Then rid all of that from the false show of the false showers and the fame seeking of the fame seekers,
لاَ نَشْرَكُ فِيهِ أَحَداً دُونَكَ،
laa nash-raku feeheee ah'adana donak
lest we associate therein anything with You
وَلا نَبْتَغِيْ فِيهِ مُرَاداً سِوَاكَ.
wa laa nab-taghee bihee muraadana siwaak
or seek therein any object of desire but You!
أللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ،
al-laahum-ma s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
O God, bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَقِفْنَـا فِيْـهِ عَلَى مَـوَاقِيْتِ
wa qif-naa feehee a'laa mawaaqeeti
in it make us attend to the appointed moments
الصَّلَوَاتِ الْخَمْس بِحُدُودِهَا الَّتِي حَدَّدْتَ،
s'alawaatil-kham-si bih'udoodihaal-latee h'ad-dat-t
of the five prayers within the bounds You hast set,
وَفُرُوضِهَا الَّتِي فَرَضْتَ وَوَظَائِفِهَا الَّتِي وَظَّفْتَ،
wa furooz''ihaal-latee faraz''-t wa waz'aaa-ifihaal-latee waz'-z'af-t
the obligations You hast decreed, the duties You hast assigned,
وَأَوْقَاتِهَا الَّتِي وَقَّتَّ،
wa aw-qaatihaal-latee waq-qat
and the times You hast specified;
وَأَنْزِلْنَا فِيهَا مَنْزِلَةَ الْمُصِيْبينَ لِمَنَازِلِهَا
wa anzil-naa feehaa manzilata al-mus'eebeena limanaazilihaa
and in the prayers make us alight in the station of the keepers of their stations,
الْحَافِظِينَ لاِرْكَانِهَا الْمُؤَدِّينَ لَهَـا
al-h'aafiz'eena liar-kaanihaa al-moo-ad-deena lahaa
the guardians of their pillars, their performers in their times,
فِي أَوْقَاتِهَـا عَلَى مَا سَنَّـهُ عَبْدُكَ وَرَسُـولُكَ صَلَوَاتُـكَ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِـهِ
feee aw-qaatihaa a'laa maa san-nahoo a'b-duka wa rasooluka s'alawaatuka a'lay-hee wa aaalihee
as Your servant and Your messenger set down in his Sunna (Your blessings be upon him and his Household)
فِي رُكُوعِهَا وَسُجُودِهَا وَجَمِيْعِ فَوَاضِلِهَا
fee rukooi'haa wasujoodihaa wa jameei' fawaaz''ilihaa
in their bowings, their prostrations, and all their excellent acts,
عَلى أَتَمِّ الطَّهُورِ، وَأَسْبَغِهِ وَأَبْيَنِ الْخُشُوعِ وَأَبْلَغِهِ،
a'laa atam-mit'-t'ahoori wa as-baghih wa ab-yanil-khushooi' wa ab-laghih
with the most complete and ample ritual purity and the most evident and intense humility!
وَوَفِّقْنَا فِيهِ لاِنْ نَصِلَ أَرْحَامَنَا بِالبِرِّ وَالصِّلَةِ
wa waf-fiq-naa feeh lian-nas'ila ar-h'aamanaa bil-bir-ri was'-s'ilah
Give us success in this month to tighten our bonds of kin with devotion and gifts,
وَأَنْ نَتَعَاهَدَ جِيرَانَنَابِالاِفْضَالِ وَالْعَطِيَّةِ
wa an-nataa'ahada jeeraananaa bil-if-z''aali wal-a't'ee-yah
attend to our neighbours with bestowal and giving,
وَأَنْ نُخَلِّصَ أَمْوَالَنَا مِنَ التَّبِعَاتِ،
wa an-nukhal-lis'a am-waalanaa minat-tabia'at
rid our possessions from claims,
وَأَنْ نُطَهِّرَهَا بِإخْرَاجِ الزَّكَوَاتِ،
wa an-nut'ah-hirahaa biikh-raajiz-zakawaat
purify them through paying the alms,
وَأَنْ نُرَاجِعَ مَنْ هَاجَرَنَـا
wa an-nuraajia' man haajaranaa
go back to him who has gone far from us,
وَأَنْ نُنْصِفَ مَنْ ظَلَمَنَا
wa an-nuns'ifa man z'alamanaa
treat justly him who has wronged us,
وَأَنْ نُسَـالِمَ مَنْ عَادَانَا
wa an-nusaalima man a'adaanaa
make peace with him who shows enmity toward us
حَاشَا مَنْ عُودِيَ فِيْكَ وَلَكَ،
h'aashaa man u'wdeea feeka wa laka
(except him who is regarded as an enemy in You and for You,
فَإنَّهُ الْعَدُوُّ الَّذِي لاَ نُوالِيهِ،
fa in-nahu al-a'doo-wul-lad'ee laa nuwaaleeh
for he is the enemy whom we will not befriend,
وَالحِزْبُ الَّذِي لاَ نُصَافِيهِ.
wal-h'iz-bul-lad'ee laa nus'aafeeh
the party whom we will not hold dear),
وَأَنْ نَتَقَرَّبَ إلَيْكَ فِيْهِ مِنَ الأَعْمَالِ الزَّاكِيَةِ بِمَا تُطَهِّرُنا بِهِ مِنَ الذُّنُوبِ،
wa an-nataqar-raba ilay-ka feehee minal-aa'-maaliz-zaakeeati bimaa tut'ah-hirunaa bihee minad'-d'unoob
and seek nearness to You through blameless works which will purify us from sins
وَتَعْصِمُنَا فِيهِ مِمَّا نَسْتَأنِفُ مِنَ الْعُيُوبِ،
wa taa'-s'imunaa feehee mim-maa nas-taa-nifu minal-u'yoob
and preserve us from renewing faults,
حَتَّى لا يُورِدَ عَلَيْكَ أَحَدٌ مِنْ مَلاَئِكَتِكَ
h'at-taa laa yoorida a'lay-ka ah'adum-mim-malaaa-ikatika
so that none of Your angels will bring for You
إلاّ دُونَ مَا نُورِدُ مِنْ أَبْوابِ الطَّاعَةِ لَكَ، وَأَنْوَاعِ القُرْبَةِ إلَيْكَ.
il-laa doona maa nooridu min ab-waabit'-t'aaa'ti laka wa anwaai'l-qur-bati ilay-k
the kinds of obedience and sorts of nearness-seeking unless they be less than what we bring!
أللَّهُمَّ إنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ بِحَقِّ هَذَا الشَّهْرِ،
al-laahum-ma in-neee as-aluka bih'aq-qi had'aash-shah-r
O God, I ask You by the right of this month
وَبِحَقِّ مَنْ تَعَبَّدَ لَكَ فِيهِ
wa bih'aq-qi man taa'b-bada laka feehee
and by the right of him who worships You within it
مِنِ ابْتِدَائِهِ إلَى وَقْتِ فَنَائِهِ
mini ab-tidaaa-iheee ilaa waq-ti fanaaa-ih
from its beginning to the time of its passing,
مِنْ مَلَك قَرَّبْتَهُ أَوْ نَبِيٍّ أَرْسَلْتَهُ
mim-malakin qar-rab-tah aw nabee-yin ar-sal-tah
whether angel You hast brought nigh to You, prophet You hast sent,
أَوْ عَبْد صَالِح اخْتَصَصْتَهُ
aw a'b-din s'aalih'in akh-tas'as'-tah
or righteous servant You hast singled out,
أَنْ تُصَلِّيَ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ،
an tus'al-leea a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
that You bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَأَهِّلْنَا فِيهِ لِمَا وَعَدْتَ أَوْلِياءَكَ مِنْ كَرَامَتِكَ،
wa ah-hil-naa feehee limaa waa't-ta aw-leeaaa-aka min karaamatik
make us worthy of the generosity You hast promised Your friends,
وَأَوْجِبْ لَنَا فِيهِ مَا أَوْجَبْتَ لأِهْلِ الْمُبَالَغَةِ فِي طَاعَتِكَ،
wa aw-jib lanaa feehee maaa aw-jab-ta liah-lil-mubaalaghati fee t'aaa'tik
make incumbent for us what You hast made incumbent for those who go to great lengths in obeying You,
وَاجْعَلْنَا فِي نَظْمِ مَنِ اسْتَحَقَّ الرَّفِيْعَ الأعْلَى بِرَحْمَتِكَ.
waj-a'l-naa fee naz'-mi mani as-tah'aq-qar-rafeea'l-aa'-laa birah'-matik
and place us in the ranks of those who deserve through Your mercy the highest elevation!
أللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ،
al-laahum-ma s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
O God, bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَجَنِّبْنَا الإلْحَادَ فِي تَوْحِيدِكَ وَالتَّقْصِيرَ فِي تَمْجِيدِكَ
wa jan-nib-naa al-il-h'aada fee taw-h'eedik wat-taq-s'eera fee tam-jeedik
turn us aside from deviation in professing Your Unity, falling short in magnifying You,
وَالشَّكَّ فِي دِينِـكَ وَالْعَمَى عَنْ سَبِيْلِكَ وَالاغْفَالَ لِحُرْمَتِكَ،
wash-shak-ka fee deenik wal-a'maa a'n sabeelik wal-igh-faala lih'ur-matik
uncertainty in Your religion, blindness toward Your path, heedlessness of Your inviolability,
وَالانْخِدَاعَ لِعَدُوِّكَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ.
walin-khidaaa' lia'doo-wikash-shay-t'aanir-rajeem
and being deceived by Your enemy, the accursed Satan!
أللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ
al-laahum-ma s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
O God, bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَإذَا كَانَ لَكَ فِيْ كُلِّ لَيْلَة مِنْ لَيَالِيْ شَهْرِنَا هَذَا
wa id'aa kaana laka fee kul-li lay-latim-mil-layaalee shah-rinaa had'aa
and when in every night of this month's nights
رِقَابٌ يُعْتِقُهَا عَفْوُكَ أَوْ يَهَبُهَا صَفْحُكَ
riqaabuy-yua'-tiquhaa a'f-wuka aw yahabuhaa s'af-h'uk
You hast necks which Your pardon will release and Your forgiveness disregard,
فَاجْعَلْ رِقَابَنَا مِنْ تِلْكَ الرِّقَابِ
faj-a'r-r-riqaabanaa min til-kar-riqaab
place our necks among those necks
وَاجْعَلْنَا لِشَهْرِنَا مِنْ خَيْرِ أَهْل وَأَصْحَاب.
waj-a'l-naa lishah-rinaa min khay-ri ah-liw-wa as'-h'aab
and place us among the best folk and companions of this our month!
أللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ
al-laahum-ma s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
O God, bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَامْحَقْ ذُنُوبَنَا مَعَ امِّحاقِ هِلاَلِهِ
wam-h'aq d'unoobanaa maa' im-h'aaqi hilaalih
efface our sins along with the effacing of its crescent moon,
وَاسْلَخْ عَنَّا تَبِعَاتِنَا مَعَ انْسِلاَخِ أَيَّامِهِ
was-lakh a'n-naa tabia'atinaa maa' ansilaakhi ay-yaamih
and make us pass forth from the ill effects of our acts with the passing of its days,
حَتَّى يَنْقَضِي عَنَّا وَقَدْ صَفَّيْتَنَا فِيهِ مِنَ الْخَطِيئاتِ
h'at-taa yanqaz''eea a'n-naa waqad- s'af-fay-tanaa feehee minal-khat'ee-aat
until it leaves us behind, while within it You hast purified us of offenses
وَأَخْلَصْتَنَا فِيهِ مِنَ السَّيِّئاتِ
wa akh-las'-tanaa feehee minas-say-yi-aat
and rid us of evil deeds!
أللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ،
al-laahum-ma s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
O God, bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَإنْ مِلْنَا فِيهِ فَعَدِّلْنا، وَإنْ زِغْنَا فِيهِ فَقَوِّمْنَا
wa im-mil-naa feehee faa'd-dil-naa wa in zugh-naa feehee faqaw-wim-naa
and should we go off to one side in this month, set us aright; should we swerve, point us straight;
وَإنِ اشْتَمَلَ عَلَيْنَا عَدُوُّكَ الشَّيْطَانُ فَاسْتَنْقِذْنَا مِنْهُ
wa ini ash-tamala a'lay-naa a'doo-wukash-shay-t'aanu fas-tanqid'-naa min-h
and should Your enemy Satan enwrap us, rescue us from him!
أللَهُمَّ اشْحَنْهُ بِعِبَادَتِنَا إيَّاكَ
al-laahum-ma ash-h'an-hoo bii'baadatinaaa ee-yaak
O God, fill this month with our worship of You,
وَزَيِّنْ أَوْقَاتَهُ بِطَاعَتِنَا لَكَ،
wa zay-yin aw-qaatahoo bit'aaa'tinaa laka
adorn its times with our obedience toward You,
وَأَعِنَّا فِي نَهَـارِهِ عَلَى صِيَـامِـهِ،
wa ai'n-naa fee nahaarihee a'laa s'eeaamih
help us during its daytime with its fast,
وَفِي لَيْلِهِ عَلَى الصَّـلاَةِ
wa fee lay-lihee a'laas'-s'alaati
and in its night with prayer
وَالتَّضَرُّعِ إلَيْكَ وَالخُشُوعِ لَكَ،
wat-taz''ar-rui' ilay-k wal-khushooi' laka
and pleading toward You, humility toward You,
وَالذِّلَّةِ بَيْنَ يَدَيْكَ
wad'-d'il-lati bay-na yaday-k
and lowliness before You,
حَتَّى لا يَشْهَدَ نَهَارُهُ عَلَيْنَا بِغَفْلَة، وَلا لَيْلُهُ بِتَفْرِيط.
h'at-taa laa yash-hada nahaaruhoo a'lay-naa bighaf-latiw-wa laa lay-luhoo bitaf-reet'
so that its daytime may not bear witness against our heedlessness, nor its night against our neglect!
أللَّهُمَّ وَاجْعَلْنَا فِي سَائِرِ الشُّهُورِ وَالأَيَّامِ كَذَلِكَ مَا عَمَّرْتَنَا،
al-laahum-ma waj-a'l-naa fee saaa-irish-shuhoori wal-ay-yaami kad'alika maa a'm-mar-tanaa
O God, make us like this in the other months and days as long as You givest us life,
وَاجْعَلْنَا مِنْ عِبَادِكَ الصَّالِحِينَ
waj-a'l-naa min i'baadikas'-s'aalih'een
and place us among Your righteous servants,
الَّذِينَ يَرِثُونَ الْفِرْدَوْسَ، هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ،
(al-lad'eena yarithoonal-fir-daw-sa hum feehaa khaalidoon)
"those who shall inherit Paradise, therein dwelling forever" (23:11),
وَالَّذِينَ يُؤْتُونَ مَا آتَوْا وَقُلُوبُهُمْ
(wal-lad'eena yoo-toona maaa aaataw-a waquloobuhum
"those who give what they give, while their hearts quake,
وَجِلَةٌ أَنَّهُمْ إلَى رَبِّهِمْ رَاجِعُـونَ،
wajilatun an-nahum ilaa rab-bihim raajiu'wn)
that they are returning to their Lord" (23:60),
وَمِنَ الَّذِينَ يُسَارِعُونَ فِي الْخَيْرَاتِ وَهُمْ لَهَا سَابِقُونَ.
wa minal-lad'eena (yusaariu'wna fil-khay-raati wahum lahaa saabiqoon)
those who "..vie in good works, outracing to them" (23:61)!
أللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ،
al-laahum-ma s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
O God, bless Muhammad and his Household
فِي كُلِّ وَقْت وَكُلِّ أَوَان وَعَلَى كُـلِّ حَال
fee kul-li waq-t wakul-li awaan wa a'laa kul-li h'aal
in every time, in all moments, and in every state,
عَـدَدَ مَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَى مَنْ صَلَّيْتَ عَلَيْهِ،
a'dada maa s'al-lay-ta a'laa man s'al-lay-ta a'lay-h
to the number that You hast blessed whomsoever You hast blessed
وَأَضْعَافَ ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ بِالاضْعافِ
wa az''-a'afa d'alika kul-lihee bil-az''-a'afi
and to multiples of all that, through multiples
الَّتِي لا يُحْصِيهَا غَيْرُكَ،
latee laa yuh'-s'eehaa ghay-ruk
which none can count but You!
إنَّكَ فَعَّالٌ لِمَا تُرِيدُ.
in-naka faa'-a'alul-limaa tureed
Surely You art Accomplisher of what You desirest.
His supplication in the Night Prayer
www.duas.org/mobile/sahifasajjadia-dua32-after-night-pray...
أَللَّهُمَّ يَا ذَا الْمُلْكِ الْمُتأبِّدِ بِالْخُلُودِ وَالْسُلْطَانِ
al-laahum-ma yaa d'aal- mul-kil-mutaab-bidi bil-khulood was-sul-t'aan
1.O God, O Possessor of kingdom perpetual in everlastingness,
الْمُمْتَنِعِ بِغَيْرِ جُنُود وَلاَ أَعْوَان،
al-mum-tanii' bighay-ri junoodiw-wa laaa aa'-waan
2.authority invincible without armies or helpers,
وَالْعِزِّ الْبَاقِي عَلَى مَرِّ الدُّهُورِ،
wal-i'z-zil-baaqee a'laa mar-rid-duhoori
3.might abiding through aeons past,
وَخَوَالِي الأَعْوَامِ، وَمَوَاضِي الأَزْمَانِ وَالأيَّامِ،
wa khawaaleel-aa'-waami wamawaaz''eel-az-maani wal-ay-yaam
4.years gone by, times and days elapsed!
عَزَّ سُلْطَانُكَ عِزّاً لا حَدَّ لَهُ بِأَوَّلِيَّةٍ وَلاَ مُنْتَهَى لَهُ بِآخِرِيَّةٍ،
a'z-za sul-t'aanuka i'z-zal-laa h'ad-da lahoo biw-walee-yatiw-wa laa muntahaa lahoo biaakharee-yah
5.Your authority is mighty with a might that knows no bound by being first nor utmost end by being last!
وَاسْتَعْلَى مُلْكُكَ عُلُوّاً سَقَطَتِ الأشْيَاءُ دُونَ بُلُوغِ أَمَدِهِ
was-taa'-laa mul-kuka u'loo-wana saqat'atil-ash-yaaa-u doona bulooghi amadih
6.Your kingdom towers high with a towering before which all things fall down without reaching its term;
وَلاَ يَبْلُغُ أَدْنَى مَا اسْتَأثَرْتَ بِـهِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَقْصَى نَعْتِ النَّـاعِتِينَ.
wa laa yab-lughu ad-naa mas-taa-thar-ta bihee min d'alika aq-s'aa naa'-tin-naai'teen
7.the least of it which You hast kept to Yourself is not reached by the furthest description of the describers!
ضَلَّتْ فِيْـكَ الصِّفَاتُ وَتَفَسْخَتْ دُونَكَ النُّعُوتُ
z''al-lat feekas'-s'ifaat wa tafas-sakhat doonakan-nuu'wt
8.Attributes go astray in You, descriptions fall apart below You,
وَحَارَتْ فِي كِبْرِيِائِكَ لَطَائِفُ الأوْهَامِ،
wa h'aarat fee kib-reeaaa-ika lat'aaa-iful-aw-haami
9.the subtlest of imaginations are bewildered by Your magnificence!
كَذلِكَ أَنْتَ اللهُ الأَوَّلُ فِي أَوَّلِيَّتِكَ،
kad'alika antal-laahul-aw-walu feee aw-walee-yatik
10.So art Thou: God, the First in Your firstness,
وَعَلَى ذَلِكَ أَنْتَ دَائِمٌ لا تَزُولُ،
wa a'laa d'alika anta daaa-imul-laa tazool
11.and so art You everlastingly. You dost not pass away.
وَأَنَا الْعَبْدُ الضَّعِيْفُ عَمَلاً الجَسِيْمُ أَمَلاً،
wa anaal-a'b-d az''-z''ae'efu a'malaan al-jaseemu amalaa
12.But I am the slave, feeble in works, immense in hopes.
خَرَجَتْ مِنْ يَدِي أَسْبَابُ الْوُصُلاَت إلاّ مَا وَصَلَهُ رَحْمَتُكَ ،
kharajat mee-yadeee as-baabul-wus'ulaati il-laa maa was'alahoo rah'-matuk
13.The tying links are outside my hand, except what is tied by Your mercy;
وَتَقَطَّعَتْ عَنِّي عِصَمُ الآمَالِ
wa taqat'-t'aa't a'n-nee i's'amul-aaamaali
14.the bonds of hopes have been cut away from me,
إلاّ مَا أَنَا مُعْتَصِمٌ بِهِ مِنْ عَفْوِكَ،
il-laa maaa ana mua'-tas'imum-bihee min a'f-wik
15.except the pardon to which I hold fast.
قَلَّ عِنْدِي مَا أَعْتَدُّ بِهِ مِنْ طَاعَتِكَ
qal-la i'ndee maaa aa'-tad-du bihee min t'aaa'tik
16.Little on my part is the obedience toward You upon which I count,
وَكَثُرَ عَلَيَّ مَا أَبُوءُ بِهِ مِنْ مَعْصِيَتِكَ،
wa kathura a'lay-ya maaa abooo-u bihee mim-maa'-s'eeatik
17.and great against me the disobedience toward You to which I have reverted.
وَلَنْ يَضِيْقَ عَلَيْكَ عَفْوٌ عَنْ عَبْدِكَ وَإنْ أَسَاءَ فَاعْفُ عَنِّي.
wa lay-yaz''eeqa a'lay-ka a'f-wun a'n a'b-dika wa in asaaa-a faa'-fu a'n-nee
18.But pardoning Your slave will not constrain You, even if he be bad, so pardon me!
أللَّهًمَّ وَقَدْ أَشْرَفَ عَلَى خَفَايَا الأَعْمَالِ عِلْمُكَ
al-laahum-ma waqad ash-rafa a'laa khafaayaal-aa'-maali i'l-muk
19.O God, Your knowledge watches over hidden works
وَانْكَشَفَ كُلُّ مَسْتُور دُونَ خُبْرِكَ
wankashafa kul-lu mas-toorin doona khub-rik
20.every covered thing is exposed before Your awareness,
وَلاَ تَنْطَوِي عَنْكَ دَقَائِقُ الأُمُورِ
wa laa tant'awee a'nka daqaaa-iqul-umoor
21.the intricacies of things are not concealed from You,
وَلاَ تَعْزُبُ عَنْكَ غَيِّبَاتُ السَّرَائِرِ،
wa laa taa'-zubu a'nka ghay-yibaatus-saraaa-ir
22.and unseen mysteries slip not away from You.
وَقَدِ اسْتَحْوَذَ عَلَيَّ عَدُوُّكَ الَّذِي اسْتَنْظَرَكَ لِغِوَايتِي فَأَنْظَرْتَهُ،
wa qadi as-tah'-wad'a a'lay-ya a'doo-wukal-lad'ee s-tanz'araka lighawaayatee faanz'ar-tah
23.But over me Your enemy has gained mastery: He asked a delay from You to lead me astray, and You gavest him the delay!
وَاسْتَمْهَلَكَ إلَى يَوْمِ الدِّيْنِ لاِضْلاَلِي فَأَمْهَلْتَهُ،
was-tam-halaka ilaa yaw-mid-deeni liiz''-laalee faam-hal-tah
24.He asked a respite from You until the Day of Doom to misguide me, and You gavest him the respite!
فَأوْقَعَنِيْ وَقَدْ هَرَبْتُ إلَيْكَ
faaw-qaa'nee wa qad harab-tu ilay-ka
25.So he threw me down, though I had fled to You
مِنْ صَغَائِرِ ذُنُوبٍ مُوبِقَةٍ
min- s'aghaaa-iri d'unoobim-moobiqah
26.from small, ruinous sins
وَكَبَائِرِ أَعْمَالٍ مُرْدِيَـةٍ
wa kabaaa-iri aa'-maalim-mur-deeah
27.and great, deadly works,
حَتَّى إذَا قَارَفْتُ مَعْصِيَتَـكَ
h'at-taaa id'aa qaaraf-tu maa'-s'eeatak
28.until, when I had yielded to disobeying You
وَاسْتَوْجَبْتُ بِسُوءِ سَعْيِي سَخْطَتَكَ
was-taw-jab-tu bisooo-i saa'-yee sakh-t'atak
29.and merited Your anger through my bad efforts,
فَتَلَ عَنِّي عِذَارَ غَدْرِهِ،
fatala a'n-nee i'd'aara ghad-rih
30.he turned the bridle of his treachery away from me,
وَتَلَقَّانِي بكَلِمَةِ كُفْرهِ،
wa talaq-qaanee bikalimati kuf-rih
31.met me with the word of his ingratitude,
وَتَوَلَّى الْبَراءَةَ مِنِّي وَأَدْبَرَ مُوَلِّيَاً عَنِّي،
wa tawal-laal-baraaa-ata min-nee wa ad-bara muwal-leeana a'n-nee
32.undertook to be quit of me, turned his back to flee from me,
فَأَصْحَرنِي لِغَضَبِكَ فَرِيداً،
faas'-h'aranee lighaz''abika fareedaa
33.threw me to the desert of Your wrath alone,
وَأَخْرَجَني إلى فِنَاءِ نَقِمَتِكَ طَرِيداً
wa akh-rajaneee ilaa finaaa-i naqimatika t'areedaa
34.and sent me as an outcast into the courtyard of Your vengeance.
لاَ شَفِيعٌ يَشْفَعُ لِيْ إلَيْـكَ،
laa shafeeu'y-yash-fau' leee ilay-k
35.There is no intercessor to intercede for me with You,
وَلاَ خَفِيـرٌ يُؤْمِنُنِي عَلَيْـكَ
wa laa khafeeruy-yoo-minunee a'lay-k
36.no protector to make me feel secure against You,
وَلاَ حِصْنٌ يَحْجُبُنِي عَنْكَ
wa laa h'is'-nuy-yah'-jubunee a'nk
37.no fortress to veil me from You,
وَلاَ مَلاَذٌ أَلْجَأُ إلَيْهِ مِنْكَ.
wa laa malaad'un al-jaa ilay-hee mink
38.no shelter in which to seek asylum apart from You!
فَهَذَا مَقَامُ الْعَائِذِ بِكَ، وَمَحَلُّ الْمُعْتَرِفِ لَكَ،
fahd'aa maqaamul-a'aa-id'i bika wa mah'al-lul-mua'-tarifi lak
39.This is the station of him who takes refuge with You, the place of the confessor to You:
فَلاَ يَضِيقَنَّ عَنِّي فَضْلُكَ، وَلا يَقْصُـرَنَّ دونِي عَفْوُكَ،
falaa yaz''eeqan-na a'n-nee faz''-luk wa laa yaq-s'uran-na doonee a'f-wuk
40.Let not Your bounty be too narrow for me, let not Your pardon fall short of me!
وَلا أكُنْ أَخْيَبَ عِبَادِكَ التَّائِبِينَ،
wa laaa akun akh-yaba i'baadikat-taaa-ibeen
41.Let me not be the most disappointed of Your repentant servants,
وَلاَ أَقْنَطَ وفُودِكَ الآمِلِينَ
wa laaa aq-nat'a wfoodikal-aaamileen
42.nor the most despairing of those who come to You with expectations!
وَاغْفِرْ لِي إنَّكَ خَيْرُ الْغَافِرِينَ.
wagh-fir leee in-naka khay-rul-ghaafireen
43.Forgive me, surely You art the best of the forgivers!
أللَّهُمَّ إنَّكَ أَمَرْتَنِي فَتَرَكْتُ، وَنَهَيْتَنِي فَرَكِبْتُ،
al-laahum-ma in-nak amar-tanee fatarak-t wa nahay-tanee farakib-t
44.O God, You commanded me, and I refrained, You prohibited me, and I committed.
وَسَوَّلَ لِيَ الْخَطَأَ خَاطِرُ السُّوءِ فَفَرَّطْتُ،
wa saw-wala leeal-khat'aaa-a khaat'irus-sooo-i fafar-rat'-t
45.evil thoughts tempted me to offend, and I was negligent.
وَلا أَسْتَشْهِدُ عَلَى صِيَامِي نَهَـاراً،
wa laaa as-tash-hidu a'laa s'eeaamee nahaaraa
46.I cannot call upon daytime to witness my fasting,
وَلاَ أَسْتَجِيرُ بِتَهَجُّدِي لَيْلاً،
wa laaa as-tajeeru bitahaj-judee lay-laa
47.nor can I seek sanctuary in night because of my vigil;
وَلاَ تُثْنِي عَلَيَّ بِإحْيَائِهَا سُنَّةٌ
wa laa tuth-nee a'lay-ya biih'-yaaa-ihaa sun-natun
48.no Sunna praises me for keeping it alive,
حَـاشَا فُرُوضِـكَ الَّتِي مَنْ ضَيَّعَها هَلَكَ،
h'aashaa furooz''ikal-latee man z''ay-yaa'haa halak
49.only Your obligations, he who neglects which has perished.
وَلَسْتُ أَتَوَسَّلُ إلَيْكَ بِفَضْلِ نَافِلَة
wa las-tu atawas-salu ilay-ka bifaz''-li naafilatin
50.I cannot seek access to You through the excellence of a supererogatory work,
مَعَ كَثِيرِ مَا أَغْفَلْتُ مِنْ وَظَائِفِ فُرُوضِكَ،
maa' katheeri maaa agh-fal-tu miw-waz'aaa-ifi furooz''ik
51.given the many duties of Your obligations of which I have been heedless
وَتَعَدَّيْتُ عَنْ مَقَامَاتِ حُدُودِكَ
wa taa'd-day-tu a'm-maqaamaati h'udoodika
52.and the stations of Your bounds which I have transgressed,
إلَى حُرُمَات انْتَهَكْتُهَا، وَكَبَائِرِ ذُنُوب اجْتَرَحْتُهَا
ilaa h'urumaatin antahak-tuhaa wa kabaaa-iri d'unoobin aj-tarah'-tuhaa
53.thereby violating sacred things and committing great sins,
كَانَتْ عَافِيَتُكَ لِي مِنْ فَضَائِحِهَا سِتْراً.
kaanat a'afeeatuka lee min faz''aaa-ih'ihaa sit-raa
54.though You hast given me safety from their disgraces as a covering.
وَهَذَا مَقَامُ مَنِ اسْتَحْيَى لِنَفْسِهِ مِنْكَ،
wa had'aa maqaamu man as-tah'-yaa linaf-sihee mink
55.This is the station of him who is ashamed of himself before You,
وَسَخِطَ عَلَيْهَا، وَرَضِيَ عَنْكَ
wa sakhit'a a'lay-haa wa raz''eea a'nka
56.angry with himself, and satisfied with You.
فَتَلَقَّاكَ بِنَفْس خَاشِعَة، وَرَقَبَة خَاضِعَة، وَظَهْر مُثْقَل مِنَ الْخَطَايَا
fatalaq-qaaka binaf-sin khaashia'h wa raqabatin khaaz''ia'h wa z'ah-rim-muth-qalim-mina alkhat'aayaa
57.He meets You with a humble soul, a neck bent down, a back heavy with offenses,
وَاقِفاً بَيْنَ الرَّغْبَةِ إلَيْكَ وَالرَّهْبَةِ مِنْكَ،
waaqifam-bay-nar-ragh-bati ilay-ka war-rah-bati mink
58.hesitating between longing for You and fear of You.
وَأَنْتَ أَوْلَى مَنْ رَجَـاهُ،
wa anta aw-laa mar-rajaahoo
59.You art the most worthy of those in whom he might hope,
وَأَحَقُّ مَنْ خَشِيَـهُ وَاتّقـاهُ،
wa ah'aq-qu man khasheeahoo wa at-taqaah
60.the most deserving for him to dread and fear.
فَاعْطِنِي يَا رَبِّ مَا رَجَوْتُ، وَآمِنِّي مَا حَذِرْتُ،
faaa'-t'inee yaa rab-bi maa rajaw-t wa aaamin-nee maa h'ad'ir-t
61.So give me, my Lord, what I hope for, make me secure against what frightens me,
وَعُدْ عَلَيَّ بِعَائِدَةِ رَحْمَتِكَ إنَّكَ أكْرَمُ الْمَسْؤُولِينَ.
wa u'd a'lay-ya bia'aa-idati rah'-matik in-naka ak-ramul-mas-ooleen
62.and act kindly toward me with the kindly act of mercy! Surely You art the most generous of those from whom are asked!
أللَّهُمَّ وَإذْ سَتَـرْتَنِي بِعَفْوِكَ وَتَغَمَّـدْتَنِي بِفَضْلِكَ
al-laahum-ma wa id' satar-tanee bia'f-wik wa tagham-mat-tanee bifaz''-lika
63.O God, since You hast covered me with Your pardon and shielded me with Your bounty
فِي دَارِ الْفَنَاءِ بِحَضرَةِ الأكْفَاءِ
fee daaril-fanaaa-i bih'az''-ratil-ak-faaa-i
64.in the abode of annihilation and the presence of equals
فَأَجِرْنِي مِنْ فَضِيحَاتِ دَارِ الْبَقَاءِ
faajir-nee min faz''eeh'aati daaril-baqaaa-i
65.grant me sanctuary from the disgraces of the Abode of Subsistence
عِنْدَ مَوَاقِفِ الأشْهَادِ مِنَ المَلائِكَةِ الْمُقَرَّبِينَ
i'nda mawaaqifil-ash-haad minal-malaaa-ikatil-muqar-rabeen
66.at the standing places of the Witnesses (the angels brought nigh,
وَالرُّسُلِ الْمُكَرَّمِينَ وَالشُّهَدَاءِ وَالصَّالِحِينَ،
war-rusulil-mukar-rameen wash-shuhadaaa-i was'-s'aalih'een
67.the messengers honoured, the martyrs, the righteous)
مِنْ جَار كُنْتُ أُكَاتِمُهُ سَيِّئاتِي
min jaarin kuntu ukaatimuhoo say-yi-aatee
68.before the neighbour from whom I have hidden my evil deeds
وَمِنْ ذِي رَحِم كُنْتُ أَحْتَشِمُ مِنْهُ فِي سَرِيرَاتِي،
wa min d'ee rah'imin kuntu ah'-tashimu min-hoo fee sareeraatee
69.and the womb relative before whom I feel ashamed in my secret thoughts!
لَمْ أَثِقْ بِهِمْ رَبِّ فِي السِّتْرِ عَلَيَّ،
lam athiq bihim rab-bi fis-sit-ri a'lay
70.I trust them not, my Lord, to cover me over,
وَوَثِقْتُ بِكَ رَبِّ فِي الْمَغفِرَةِ لِيْ،
wa wathiq-t bika rab-bi fil-magh-firati lee
71.but I trust You, my Lord, to forgive me!
وَأَنْتَ أوْلَى مَنْ وُثِقَ بِهِ وَأَعْطَى مَنْ رُغِبَ إلَيْهِ
wa anta aw-laa maw-wuthiqa bih wa aa'-t'aa mar-rughiba ilay-h
72.You art the most worthy of those in whom confidence is had, the most giving of those who are besought,
وَأَرْأَفُ مَنِ اسْتُرْحِمَ فَارْحَمْنِي.
wa ar-afu mani as-tur-h'im far-h'am-nee
73.and the most clement of those from whom mercy is asked. So have mercy upon me!
أللهُمَّ وَأنتَ حَدَرْتَنِي مَاءً مَهِيناً مِنْ صُلب،
al-laahum-ma wa anta h'adar-tanee maaa-am-maheenaa min s'ul-bim
74.O God, You caused me to descend as mean water from loins
مُتَضَائِقِ الْعِظَامِ حَرِجِ الْمَسَالِكِ
mutaz''aaa-iqil-i'z'aami h'arijil-masaalik
75.of narrow bones and tight passages
إلَى رَحِم ضَيِّقَة سَتَرْتَهَا بِالْحُجُبِ
ilaa rah'imin z''ay-yqatin satar-tahaa bil-h'ujub
76.into a constricted womb which You hadst covered with veils;
تُصَرِّفُنِي حَالاًَ عَنْ حَال حَتَّى انْتَهَيْتَ بِيْ إلَى تَمَامِ الصُّورَةِ
tus'ar-rifunee h'aalana a'n h'aalin h'at-taa antahay-ta beee ilaa tamaamis'-s'oorah
77.You turned me about from state to state until You tookest me to the completion of the form
وَأَثْبَتَّ فِيَّ الْجَوَارحَ
wa ath-bat-ta fee-yal-jawaarih'
78.and fixed within me the bodily parts,
كَمَا نَعَتَّ فِي كِتَابِكَ
kamaa naa't-ta fee kitaabik
79.as You hast described in Your Book:
نُطْفَةً ثُمَّ عَلَقَةً ثُمَّ مُضْغَةً ثُمَّ عِظَاماً
(nut'-fatan thum-ma a'laqatan thum-ma muz''-ghatan thum-ma i'z'aamana
80.a drop, then a clot, then a tissue, then bones,
ثُمَّ كَسَوْتَ الْعِظَامَ لَحْماً ثُمَّ أَنْشَأتَنِي خَلْقَاً آخَرَ كَمَا شِئْتَ،
thum-ma kasaw-tal-i'z'aama lah'-mana thum-ma anshaa-tanee khal-qan aaakhar) kamaa shi-t
81.then You garmented the bones with flesh, then You produced me as another creature as You willed (ref.23:12-14).
حَتَّى إذَا احْتَجْتُ إلَى رِزْقِكَ،
h'at-taaa id'aa ah'-taj-tu ilaa riz-qika
82.Then, when I needed Your provision,
وَلَمْ أَسْتَغْنِ عَنْ غِيَـاثِ فَضْلِكَ
wa lam as-tagh-ni a'n gheeaathi faz''-lik
83.and could not do without the aid of Your bounty,
جَعَلْتَ لِي قُـوتـاً مِنْ فَضْلِ طَعَام وَشَرَاب
jaa'l-ta lee qootam-min faz''-li t'aa'amiw-wa sharaabin
84.You appointed for me a nourishment from the bounty of the food and drink
أَجْرَيْتَهُ لاِمَتِكَ الَّتِيْ أَسْكَنْتَنِي جَوْفَهَا وَأَوْدَعْتَنِي قَرَارَ رَحِمِهَا،
aj-ray-tahoo liamatikal-latee as-kantanee jaw-fahaa wa aw-daa'-tanee qaraara rah'imihaa
85.which You bestowed upon Your handmaid in whose belly You gavest me to rest and in the lodging of whose womb You deposited me.
وَلَوْ تَكِلُنِي يَا رَبِّ فِي تِلْكَ الْحَـالاتِ إلَى حَوْلِي،
wa law takil-nee yaa rab-bi fee til-kal-h'aalaati ilaa h'aw-leee
86.Hadst You entrusted me in those states, my Lord, to my own force
أَوْ تَضْطَرُّنِي إلَى قُوّتي
aw taz''-t'ar-runeee ilaa qoo-watee
87.or driven me to have recourse to my own strength,
لَكَانَ الْحَوْلُ عَنِّي مُعْتَزِلاً، وَلَكَانَتِ الْقُوَّةُ مِنِّي بَعِيدَةً،
lakaanal-h'aw-lu a'n-nee mua'-tazilaa wa lakaanati alqoo-watu min-nee bae'edah
88.force would have been removed from me and strength taken far away.
فَغَذَوْتَنِي بِفَضْلِكَ غِذَاءَ البَرِّ اللَّطِيفِ ،
faghad'aw-tanee bifaz''-lika ghid'aaa-al-bar-ril-lat'eef
89.So You hast fed me through Your bounty with the food of the Good, the Gentle;
تَفْعَلُ ذَلِكَ بِي تَطَوُّلاً عَلَيَّ إلَى غَايَتِي هَذِهِ،
taf-a'lu d'alika bee tat'aw-wulana a'lay-ya ilaa ghaayatee had'ih
90.You hast done that for me in graciousness toward me up to this my present point.
لاَ أَعْدَمُ بِرَّكَ وَلاَ يُبْطِئُ بِي حُسْنُ صَنِيعِكَ،
laaa aa'-damu bir-rak wa laa yub-t'i-u bee h'us-nu s'aneei'k
91.I do not lack Your goodness nor does Your benefaction keep me waiting.
وَلاَ تَتَأكَّدُ مَعَ ذَلِكَ ثِقَتِي،
wa laa tataak-kadu maa' d'alika thiqatee
92.Yet with all that, my trust has not become firm enough
فَأَتَفَرَّغَ لِمَا هُوَ أَحْظَى لِيْ عِنْدَكَ،
faatafar-ragha limaa huwa ah'-z'a lee i'ndak
93.that I might free myself for that which is more favoured by You.
قَدْ مَلَكَ الشَّيْطَانُ عِنَانِي فِي سُوءِ الظَّنِّ وَضَعْفِ الْيَقِينِ،
qad malakash-shay-t'aanu i'naanee fee sooo-iz'-z'an-ni waz''aa'-fil-yaqeen
94.Satan has taken possession of my reins through my distrust and frail certainty.
فَأَنَا أَشْكُو سُوْءَ مُجَاوَرَتِهِ لِي وَطَـاعَةَ نَفْسِي لَـهُ،
faanaa ash-koo sooo-a mujaawaratihee lee wa t'aaa'ta naf-see lah
95.I complain of his evil neighbourhood with me and my soul's obedience toward him!
وَأَسْتَعْصِمُـكَ مِنْ مَلَكَتِهِ، وَأَتَضَـرَّعُ إلَيْكَ في صَرفِ كَيدِهِ عَنّي
wa as-taa'-s'imuka mim-malakatih wa ataz''ar-rau' ilay-ka fee s'arf-i kaydihee 'annee
96.I ask You to preserve me against his domination, and I plead with You to turn his trickery away from me!
و أسأَلُكَ فِي أَنْ تُسَهِّلَ إلَى رِزْقِي سَبِيلاً،
wa as-aluka feee an tusah-hila ilaa riz-qee sabeela
97.I ask You to make the path to my provision easy,
فَلَكَ الْحَمْدُ عَلَى ابْتِدَائِكَ بِالنِّعَمِ الْجِسَامِ،
falakal-h'am-du a'laa ab-tidaaa-ika bin-nia'mil-jisaami
98.since to You belongs praise for Your beginning with immense favours
وَإلْهَامِكَ الشُّكْرَ عَلَى الإحْسَانِ وَالإِنْعَامِ ،
haamikash-shuk-ra a'laal-ih'-saani wal-in-a'am
99.and Your inspiring gratitude for beneficence and bestowing favour!
فَصَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ
fas'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
100.Bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَسَهِّلْ عَلَيَّ رِزْقِي وَأَنْ تُقَنِّعَنِي بِتَقْدِيرِكَ لِيْ ،
wasah-hil a'lay-ya riz-qee wa an tuq-nia'nee bitaq-deerika lee
101.and make the way to my provision easy for me! [I ask You] to make me content with Your ordainment for me,
وَأَنْ تُرْضِيَنِي بِحِصَّتِيْ فِيمَا قَسَمْتَ لِيْ،
wa an tur-z''eeanee bih'is'-s'atee feemaa qasam-ta lee
102.to make me satisfied with my lot in that which You hast apportioned for me
وَأَنْ تَجْعَـلَ مَـا ذَهَبَ مِنْ جِسْمِيْ وَعُمُرِيْ
wa an taj-a'la maa d'ahaba min jis-mee wau'm-ree
103.and to place what has gone of my body and my life-span
فِي سَبِيْلِ طَاعَتِكَ إنَّكَ خَيْرُ الرَّازِقِينَ.
fee sabeeli t'aaa'tik in-naka khay-rur-raaziqeen
104.into the path of Your obedience! Surely You art the Best of providers!
أللَهُمَّ إنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مَنْ نَارٍ تَغَلَّظْتَ بِهَا عَلَى مَنْ عَصَاكَ،
al-laahum-ma in-neee su'wd'u bika min-naar taghal-laz'-ta bihaa a'laa man a's'aak
105.O God, I seek refuge in You from the Fire through which You art harsh toward him who disobeys You
وَتَوَعَّدْتَ بِهَا مَنْ صَدَفَ عَنْ رِضَاكَ،
wa tawaa'-a't-ta bihaa man s'adafa a'r-riz''aak
106.and by which You hast threatened him who turns away from Your good pleasure;
وَمِنْ نَارٍ نورُهَا ظُلْمَة وَهَيِّنُهَا أَلِيمٌ، وَبَعِيدُهَا قَرِيبٌ،
wa min-naarin-nooruhaa z'ul-mah wa hay-yinuhaaa aleem wa bae'eduhaa qareeb
107.from the Fire whose light is darkness, whose ease is pain, and whose far is near;
وَمِنْ نَارٍ يَأْكُلُ بَعْضَهَا بَعْضٌ،
wa min-naaree-yaa-kulu baa'-z''ahaa baa'-z''
108.from the Fire parts of which devour parts
وَيَصُولُ بَعْضُهَا عَلَى بَعْض،
wa yas'oolu baa'-z''uhaa a'laa baa'-z''
109.and parts of which leap upon parts;
وَمِنْ نَارٍ تَذَرُ الْعِظَامَ رَمِيماً،
wa min-naarin tad'arul-i'z'aama rameemaa
110.from the Fire which leaves bones decayed
وَتَسْقِي أَهْلَهَا حَمِيماً ،
wa tas-qeee ah-lahaa h'ameemaa
111.and lets its people drink boiling water;
وَمِنْ نَارٍ لاَ تُبْقِي عَلَى مَنْ تَضَرَّعَ إلَيْهَا،
wa min-naaril-laa tub-qee a'laa man taz''ar-raa' ilay-haa
112.from the Fire which 'does not spare him who pleads to it,'
وَلاَ تَرْحَمُ مَنِ اسْتَعْطَفَهَا،
wa laa tar-h'amu mani as-taa'-t'afahaa
113.has no mercy on him who seeks sympathy from it,
وَلاَ تَقْدِرُ عَلَى التَّخْفِيفِ عَمَّنْ خَشَعَ لَهَا وَاسْتَسْلَمَ إلَيْهَا،
wa laa taq-diru a'laat-takh-feefi a'm-man khashaa' lahaa was-tas-lama ilay-haa
114.and has no power to relieve him who humbles himself before it and yields himself to it;
تَلْقَى سُكَّانَهَا بِأَحَرِّ مَا لَدَيْهَا مِنْ أَلِيْمِ النَّكَالِ وَشَدِيدِ الْوَبَالِ،
tal-qaa suk-kaanahaa bih'ar-ri maa laday-haa min aleemin-nakaali washadeedil-wabaal
115.it meets its inhabitants with the hottest that it possesses: painful punishment and intense noxiousness.
وَأَعُوذُ بكَ مِنْ عَقَارِبِهَا الْفَاغِرَةِ أَفْوَاهُهَا،
wa au'wd'u bika min- a'qaaribihaal-faaghirati af-waahuhaa
116.seek refuge in You from its gaping-jawed scorpions,
وَحَيّاتِهَا الصَّالِقَةِ بِأَنْيَابِهَا،
wa h'ay-yaatihaas'-s'aaliqati binyaabihaa
117.its scraping-toothed serpents,
وَشَرَابِهَا الَّذِي يُقَطِّعُ أَمْعَاءَ وَأَفْئِدَةَ سُكَّانِهَا، وَيَنْزِعُ قُلُوبَهُمْ،
wa sharaabihaal-lad'ee yuqat'-t'iu' am-a'aa-a wa af-idata suk-kaanihaa wa yanziu' quloobahum
118.and its drinks, which tear apart the intestines and hearts of its inhabitants and root out their marrows.
وَأَسْتَهْدِيْكَ لِمَا باعَدَ مِنْهَا وَأَخَّرَ عَنْهَا.
wa as-tah-deeka limaa baaa'da min-haa wa akh-khara a'n-haa
119.I ask guidance from You to that which will keep far from it and make it retreat!
أللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِـهِ
al-laahum-ma s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalih
120.O God, bless Muhammad and his Household,
وَأَجِرْنِي مِنْهَا بِفَضْل رَحْمَتِكَ،
wa ajir-nee min-haa bifaz''-li rah'-matik
121.grant me sanctuary from it through the bounty of Your mercy,
وَأَقِلْنِي عَثَرَاتِي بِحُسْنِ إقَالَتِكَ ،
wa aqil-nee a'tharaatee bih'us-ni iqaalatik
122.release me from my stumbles through Your good releasing,
وَلاَ تَخْذُلْنِي يَا خَيْرَ الْمُجيرِينَ
wa laa takh-d'ul-nee yaa khay-ral-mujeereen
123.and abandon me not, O Best of the sanctuary-granters!
أللَّهُمَّ إنَّكَ تَقِي الْكَرِيهَةَ ، وَتُعْطِي الْحَسَنَةَ ،
al-laahum-ma in-nak taqeel-kareehah wa tua'-t'eel-h'asanah
124.O God, You protectest from the disliked, givest the good,
وَتَفْعَلُ مَا تُرِيـدُ وَأَنْتَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْء قَدِيرٌ.
wa taf-a'lu maa tureed wa anta a'laa kul-li shay-in qadeer
125.dost what You wilt, and You art "powerful over everything" (3:26).
أللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ، إذَا ذُكِرَ الأبْرَارُ،
al-laahum-ma s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaaliheee id'aa d'ukiral-ab-raar
126.O God, bless Muhammad and his Household when the pious are mentioned
وَصَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد وَآلِهِ مَا اخْتَلَفَ اللَّيْلُ وَالنَّهَارُ
wa s'al-li a'laa muh'am-madiw-wa aaalihee makh-talafal-lay-lu wan-nahaar
127.and bless Muhammad and his Household as long as night and day come
صَلاَةً لاَ يَنْقَطِعُ مَدَدُهَا،
s'alaatal-laa yanqat'iu' madaduhaa
128.and go with a blessing whose replenishment is never cut off
وَلاَ يُحْصَى عَدَدُهَا صَلاَةً تَشْحَنُ الْهَوَاءَ،
wa laa yuh'-s'aa a'daduhaa s'alaatan tash-h'anul-hawaaa-a
129.and whose number cannot be counted, a blessing that will fill up the air
وَتَمْلاُ الأرْضَ وَالسَّماءَ.
wa tam-laal-ar-z''a was-samaaa-
130.and crowd the earth and the heaven!
صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى يَرْضَى،
s'al-laal-laahoo a'lay-hee h'at-taa yarz''aa
131.God bless him until he is well pleased
وَصَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ
wa s'al-laal-laahoo a'lay-hee wa aaalihee
132.and God bless him and his Household
بَعْدَ الرِّضَا صَلاَةً لا حَدَّ لَها
baa'-dar-riz''aa s'alaatal-laa h'ad-da lahaa
133.after good pleasure with a blessing that has neither bound
وَلاَ مُنْتَهَى يَا أَرْحَمَ الرَّاحِمِيْنَ.
wa laa muntahaa yaaa ar-h'amar-raah'imeen
134.nor utmost limit! O Most Merciful of the merciful!
Information from:
Atlanta (pronounced /ətˈlæntə/ or /ætˈlæntə/) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia.
As of 2008, Atlanta is the thirty-third largest city in the United States, with an estimated population of 537,958. Its metropolitan area, officially named the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA (commonly referred to as Metropolitan Atlanta) is the ninth largest metropolitan area in the country, inhabited by approximately 5.5 million people. Like most areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth in the past decade, adding more than 1.13 million residents between 2000 and 2008. It is the fastest growing area of the United States behind the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.[3]
Considered a top business city and transportation hub,[4][5] Atlanta is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, AT&T Mobility, and Delta Air Lines. Atlanta has the country's fourth largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies inside city limits (although UPS, Home Depot, and Newell Rubbermaid are not in the city limits) and more than 75 percent of the Fortune 1000 companies have a presence in the metro area. Also the Atlanta metro area has the 11th largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies headquarters. [6] Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, which is located seven miles south of downtown Atlanta, is the world's busiest airport and the only major airport to serve the city.[7][8]
Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County and the fifth location for the seat of government of the state of Georgia. A small portion of the city of Atlanta corporate limits extends into DeKalb County. Residents of the city are known as Atlantans.[9]
History
Main articles: History of Atlanta and Atlanta in the Civil War
The land constituting the city of Atlanta was once a Native American village called Standing Peachtree. The land that became the Atlanta area was taken from the Cherokee and Creeks by white settlers in 1822, with the first area settlement being Decatur.
On December 21, 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a trade route to the Midwestern United States.[10] Following the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation between 1838 and 1839 the newly depopulated area was opened for the construction of a railroad. The area around the eastern terminus to the line began to develop first, and so the settlement was named "Terminus" in 1837. It was nicknamed Thrasherville after John Thrasher, who built homes and a general store there.[11] By 1842, the settlement had six buildings and 30 residents and the town was renamed "Marthasville".[12] The Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, J. Edgar Thomson, suggested that the area be renamed "Atlantica-Pacifica" after the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which was quickly shortened to "Atlanta".[12] The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29, 1847.[13] By 1854, another railroad connected Atlanta to LaGrange, and the town grew to 9,554 by 1860.[14][15]
During the American Civil War, Atlanta served as an important railroad and military supply hub. In 1864, the city became the target of a major Union invasion. The area now covered by Atlanta was the scene of several battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Ezra Church. On September 1, 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood evacuated Atlanta after a four-month siege mounted by Union General William T. Sherman and ordered all public buildings and possible Confederate assets destroyed. The next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered the city, and on September 7 Sherman ordered the civilian population to evacuate. He then ordered Atlanta burned to the ground on November 11 in preparation for his march south, though he spared the city's churches and hospitals.[16]
The rebuilding of the city was gradual. From 1867 until 1888, U.S. Army soldiers occupied McPherson Barracks in southwest Atlanta to ensure Reconstruction era reforms. To help the newly freed slaves, the Freedmen's Bureau worked in tandem with a number of freedmen's aid organizations, especially the American Missionary Association. In 1868, Atlanta became the fifth city to serve as the state capital.[17] The Confederate Soldiers' Home was built to house disabled and elderly Georgia veterans from 1901 to 1941.[18] Henry W. Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, promoted the city to investors as a city of the "New South", one built on a modern economy, less reliant on agriculture. However, as Atlanta grew, ethnic and racial tensions mounted. The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 left at least 27 dead[19] and over 70 injured.
On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind, the movie based on Atlanta-born Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel of the same name. Stars Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, Olivia de Havilland and legendary producer David O. Selznick attended the gala, which was held at Loew's Grand Theatre, now destroyed. Leslie Howard had returned to England for the war.[20] The reception was held at the Georgian Terrace Hotel, which is still standing.
During World War II, manufacturing such as the Bell Aircraft factory in the suburb of Marietta helped boost the city's population and economy. Shortly after the war, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was founded in Atlanta.[21]
In the wake of the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, which helped usher in the Civil Rights Movement, racial tensions in Atlanta began to express themselves in acts of violence. On October 12, 1958, a Reform Jewish temple on Peachtree Street was bombed; the synagogue's rabbi, Jacob Rothschild, was an outspoken advocate of integration.[22] A group of anti-Semitic white supremacists calling themselves the "Confederate Underground" claimed responsibility.
In the 1960s, Atlanta was a major organizing center of the Civil Rights Movement, as Dr. Martin Luther King and students from Atlanta's historically black colleges and universities played major roles in the movement's leadership. Two of the most important civil rights organizations, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, had their national headquarters in Atlanta. Despite some racial protests during the Civil Rights era, Atlanta's political and business leaders labored to foster Atlanta's image as "the city too busy to hate". In 1961, Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. became one of the few Southern white mayors to support desegregation of his city's public schools.[23]
African-American Atlantans demonstrated growing political influence with election of the first African-American mayor in 1973. They became a majority in the city during the late 20th century but suburbanization, rising prices, a booming economy and new migrants have decreased their percentage in the city from a high of 69 percent in 1980 to about 54 percent in 2004. The addition of new immigrants such as Latinos and Asians is also altering city demographics, along with an influx of white residents.[24]
In 1990, Atlanta was selected as the site for the 1996 Summer Olympics. Following the announcement, Atlanta undertook several major construction projects to improve the city's parks, sports facilities, and transportation. Atlanta became the third American city to host the Summer Olympics. The games themselves were marred by numerous organizational inefficiencies, as well as the Centennial Olympic Park bombing.[25]
Contemporary Atlanta is sometimes considered to be an archetype for cities experiencing rapid growth and urban sprawl.[26][27] Unlike most major cities, metropolitan Atlanta does not have any natural boundaries, such as an ocean, lakes, or mountains, that might constrain growth.
The city has recently been commended by bodies such as the Environmental Protection Agency for its eco-friendly policies.[28] In 2009, Atlanta's Virginia-Highland became the first carbon-neutral zone in the United States. Verus Carbon Neutral developed the partnership that links 17 merchants of the historic Corner Virginia-Highland shopping and dining neighborhood retail district, through the Chicago Climate Exchange, to directly fund the Valley Wood Carbon Sequestration Project (thousands of acres of forest in rural Georgia).
Youngstown is a village in Niagara County, New York, United States. The population was 1,935 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Youngstown is on the western edge of the town of Porter and is at the international border with Canada, at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. It is north of the city of Niagara Falls.
The village's early growth was under the protection of Fort Niagara.[citation needed] The village was destroyed by the British in 1813 during the War of 1812.[citation needed] The Village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1854, named after John Young.
Youngstown is an historic village located at the northwestern corner of the state where the Niagara River flows into Lake Ontario. In an area known to the Indians for hundreds of years, the French explorer La Salle left his mark by building a small fort in 1670, less than a mile north of where the village now stands. The French gained control of the Great Lakes area and by 1727 built the "Castle" which became the centerpiece of Old Fort Niagara.
John Young, who lived across the river, saw opportunities on this side and built a store on the landing area in 1809. In 1811, he bought Lots 1 and 2 of the Mile Reserve. These included all the property from what is now the north side of Falkner Park and as far south as Campbell Street and from the river eastward to what is now the Niagara Scenic Parkway.
Young sold the Falkner Park area to Robert Greensit in March 1812 before the war started between the U.S. and England. By that time, a number of log cabins had been built to provide shelter for the skilled tradesmen and storekeepers who were attracted to the area by the Fort which needed many supplies and services.
In 1813, American forces captured Fort George across the river. At Christmas time, they retreated to the American side after burning the Village of Newark, Ontario (now Niagara-On-The-Lake). In retaliation, British and Indians captured Fort Niagara and burned most of the buildings and homes south of it to what is now Buffalo.
Rebuilding gradually took place and by the 1840s the village was well established with many fine homes and stores. The moderate climate, the excellent fishing, accessibility by lake boats and proximity to Canada all played a part in Youngstown's growth. The soil proved invaluable for fruit culture which attracted many farmers. This led to the development of industries such as barrel making, fruit packing and storage, the drying of apples and making of cider and vinegar. Carpenters, blacksmiths and other tradesmen were needed as lumber and shipbuilding businesses were important for many years.
Many changes have come about through the years: concrete sidewalks replaced those made of wood. The dirt and stone road to Lewiston became a safe paved highway; the fire company grew from a man-pulled hose cart into a fully equipped fire department and water and sewer systems were installed throughout the village. The handling of mail began in Judge Hinman's home and was finally delivered house to house in 1959.
Three railroads were built to the village. Two failed immediately in the 1850s, but the electric line carried supplies to the village and fort as well as bringing thousands of people to the old beach amusement park.
The following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Fort Niagara Light, John Carter Farmstead, St. John's Episcopal Church, and the Old Fort Niagara-Colonial Niagara Historic District.
Old Fort Niagara is a National Historic Landmark and New York State Historic Site that welcomes more than 100,000 visitors every year. It offers a collection of original military architecture and fortifications from the 18th century and the 19th century, as well as living history events and programs, historical exhibits and collections, archaeology, and education.
The history of Old Fort Niagara spans more than 300 years. During the colonial wars in North America a fort at the mouth of the Niagara River was vital, for it controlled access to the Great Lakes and the westward route to the heartland of the continent. With the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, however, the strategic value of Fort Niagara diminished. It nonetheless remained an active military post well into the 20th century.
The three flags flown daily above the parade ground symbolize the nations which have held Fort Niagara. Each competed for the support of a fourth nation; the powerful Iroquois Confederacy. The French established the first post here, Fort Conti, in 1679. Its successor, Fort Denonville (1687–88) was equally short lived. In 1726 France finally erected a permanent fortification with the construction of the impressive "French Castle." Britain gained control of Fort Niagara in 1759, during the French & Indian War, after a nineteen-day siege. The British held the post throughout the American Revolution but were forced, by treaty, to yield it to the United States in 1796. Fort Niagara was recaptured by the British in 1813. It was ceded to the United States a second time in 1815 at the end of the War of 1812.
Notable people
Micheal Barrett, Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps 2011–2015
Dave Clawson, head coach of the Wake Forest Demon Deacons college football team.
Sid Jamieson, longtime Bucknell University lacrosse coach
Daryl Johnston, former Dallas Cowboys NFL player, (Ret.).
Gary Schiff, City Councilman in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Kevin Sylvester, Author, Broadcaster
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), of which 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) (17.14%) is water.
New York State Route 18F (Lower River Road) parallels the Niagara River through the village and intersects Lockport Street (NY 93).
New York State Route 93 (Lockport St. in the village, western terminus at NY 18F in the village).
The village is on the east bank of the Niagara River and is north of the city of Niagara Falls and the town of Lewiston. Youngstown is west of the Niagara Scenic Parkway and at the western end of the Youngstown-Lockport Road (NY-93). The village is entirely within the town of Porter. Across the Niagara River is the town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, located within the Niagara Region.
Toronto is directly across Lake Ontario to the north. Day or night, under clear conditions, the Toronto skyline is visible to the naked eye from Old Fort Niagara State Park.
Northwestern Niagara County has a hot summer humid continental climate (Dfa), bordering closely on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa -3), with the temperature in January and February averaging about 27 °F (−3 °C).
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,957 people, 809 households, and 564 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,687.5 inhabitants per square mile (651.5/km2). There were 863 housing units at an average density of 744.2 per square mile (287.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.42% White, 1.07% Native American, 0.05% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.
There were 809 households, out of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $48,333, and the median income for a family was $60,089. Males had a median income of $47,063 versus $23,333 for females. The per capita income for the village was $23,705. About 3.0% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.
New York, sometimes called New York State, is a state in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It borders New Jersey and Pennsylvania to its south, New England and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec to its north, and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. With almost 19.6 million residents, it is the fourth-most populous state in the United States and eighth-most densely populated as of 2023. New York is the 27th-largest U.S. state by area, with a total area of 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2).
New York has a varied geography. The southeastern part of the state, known as Downstate, encompasses New York City, the most populous city in the United States, Long Island, the most populous island in the United States, and the lower Hudson Valley. These areas are the center of the New York metropolitan area, a sprawling urban landmass, and account for approximately two-thirds of the state's population. The much larger Upstate area spreads from the Great Lakes to Lake Champlain, and includes the Adirondack Mountains and the Catskill Mountains (part of the wider Appalachian Mountains). The east–west Mohawk River Valley bisects the more mountainous regions of Upstate, and flows into the north–south Hudson River valley near the state capital of Albany. Western New York, home to the cities of Buffalo and Rochester, is part of the Great Lakes region and borders Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Central New York is anchored by the city of Syracuse; between the central and western parts of the state, New York is dominated by the Finger Lakes, a popular tourist destination. To the south, along the state border with Pennsylvania, the Southern Tier sits atop the Allegheny Plateau, representing the northernmost reaches of Appalachia.
New York was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that went on to form the United States. The area of present-day New York had been inhabited by tribes of the Algonquians and the Iroquois Confederacy Native Americans for several thousand years by the time the earliest Europeans arrived. Stemming from Henry Hudson's expedition in 1609, the Dutch established the multiethnic colony of New Netherland in 1621. England seized the colony from the Dutch in 1664, renaming it the Province of New York. During the American Revolutionary War, a group of colonists eventually succeeded in establishing independence, and the former colony was officially admitted into the United States in 1788. From the early 19th century, New York's development of its interior, beginning with the construction of the Erie Canal, gave it incomparable advantages over other regions of the United States. The state built its political, cultural, and economic ascendancy over the next century, earning it the nickname of the "Empire State." Although deindustrialization eroded a significant portion of the state's economy in the second half of the 20th century, New York in the 21st century continues to be considered as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability.
The state attracts visitors from all over the globe, with the highest count of any U.S. state in 2022. Many of its landmarks are well known, including four of the world's ten most-visited tourist attractions in 2013: Times Square, Central Park, Niagara Falls and Grand Central Terminal. New York is home to approximately 200 colleges and universities, including two Ivy League universities, Columbia University and Cornell University, and the expansive State University of New York, which is among the largest university systems in the nation. New York City is home to the headquarters of the United Nations, and it is sometimes described as the world's most important city, the cultural, financial, and media epicenter, and the capital of the world.
The history of New York begins around 10,000 B.C. when the first people arrived. By 1100 A.D. two main cultures had become dominant as the Iroquoian and Algonquian developed. European discovery of New York was led by the Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 followed by the first land claim in 1609 by the Dutch. As part of New Netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. In 1626, the Dutch thought they had bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans.[1] In 1664, England renamed the colony New York, after the Duke of York and Albany, brother of King Charles II. New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies.
New York played a pivotal role during the American Revolution and subsequent war. The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 brought together representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies to form a unified response to British policies. The Sons of Liberty were active in New York City to challenge British authority. After a major loss at the Battle of Long Island, the Continental Army suffered a series of additional defeats that forced a retreat from the New York City area, leaving the strategic port and harbor to the British army and navy as their North American base of operations for the rest of the war. The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war in favor of the Americans, convincing France to formally ally with them. New York's constitution was adopted in 1777, and strongly influenced the United States Constitution. New York City was the national capital at various times between 1788 and 1790, where the Bill of Rights was drafted. Albany became the permanent state capital in 1797. In 1787, New York became the eleventh state to ratify the United States Constitution.
New York hosted significant transportation advancements in the 19th century, including the first steamboat line in 1807, the Erie Canal in 1825, and America's first regularly scheduled rail service in 1831. These advancements led to the expanded settlement of western New York and trade ties to the Midwest settlements around the Great Lakes.
Due to New York City's trade ties to the South, there were numerous southern sympathizers in the early days of the American Civil War and the mayor proposed secession. Far from any of the battles, New York ultimately sent the most soldiers and money to support the Union cause. Thereafter, the state helped create the industrial age and consequently was home to some of the first labor unions.
During the 19th century, New York City became the main entry point for European immigrants to the United States, beginning with a wave of Irish during their Great Famine. Millions came through Castle Clinton in Battery Park before Ellis Island opened in 1892 to welcome millions more, increasingly from eastern and southern Europe. The Statue of Liberty opened in 1886 and became a symbol of hope. New York boomed during the Roaring Twenties, before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and skyscrapers expressed the energy of the city. New York City was the site of successive tallest buildings in the world from 1913 to 1974.
The buildup of defense industries for World War II turned around the state's economy from the Great Depression, as hundreds of thousands worked to defeat the Axis powers. Following the war, the state experienced significant suburbanization around all the major cities, and most central cities shrank. The Thruway system opened in 1956, signaling another era of transportation advances.
Following a period of near-bankruptcy in the late 1970s, New York City renewed its stature as a cultural center, attracted more immigration, and hosted the development of new music styles. The city developed from publishing to become a media capital over the second half of the 20th century, hosting most national news channels and broadcasts. Some of its newspapers became nationally and globally renowned. The state's manufacturing base eroded with the restructuring of industry, and the state transitioned into service industries.
The first peoples of New York are estimated to have arrived around 10,000 BC. Around AD 800, Iroquois ancestors moved into the area from the Appalachian region. The people of the Point Peninsula complex were the predecessors of the Algonquian peoples of New York. By around 1100, the distinct Iroquoian-speaking and Algonquian-speaking cultures that would eventually be encountered by Europeans had developed. The five nations of the Iroquois League developed a powerful confederacy about the 15th century that controlled territory throughout present-day New York, into Pennsylvania around the Great Lakes. For centuries, the Mohawk cultivated maize fields in the lowlands of the Mohawk River, which were later taken over by Dutch settlers at Schenectady, New York when they bought this territory. The Iroquois nations to the west also had well-cultivated areas and orchards.
The Iroquois established dominance over the fur trade throughout their territory, bargaining with European colonists. Other New York tribes were more subject to either European destruction or assimilation within the Iroquoian confederacy. Situated at major Native trade routes in the Northeast and positioned between French and English zones of settlement, the Iroquois were intensely caught up with the onrush of Europeans, which is also to say that the settlers, whether Dutch, French or English, were caught up with the Iroquois as well. Algonquian tribes were less united among their tribes; they typically lived along rivers, streams, or the Atlantic Coast. But, both groups of natives were well-established peoples with highly sophisticated cultural systems; these were little understood or appreciated by the European colonists who encountered them. The natives had "a complex and elaborate native economy that included hunting, gathering, manufacturing, and farming...[and were] a mosaic of Native American tribes, nations, languages, and political associations." The Iroquois usually met at an Onondaga in Northern New York, which changed every century or so, where they would coordinate policies on how to deal with Europeans and strengthen the bond between the Five Nations.
Tribes who have managed to call New York home have been the Iroquois, Mohawk, Mohican, Susquehannock, Petun, Chonnonton, Ontario and Nanticoke.
In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, explored the Atlantic coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay. On April 17, 1524, Verrazzano entered New York Bay, by way of the Strait now called the Narrows. He described "a vast coastline with a deep delta in which every kind of ship could pass" and he adds: "that it extends inland for a league and opens up to form a beautiful lake. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats". He landed on the tip of Manhattan and perhaps on the furthest point of Long Island.
In 1535, Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, became the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River from the Atlantic Ocean, sailing as far upriver as the site of Montreal.
On April 4, 1609, Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, departed Amsterdam in command of the ship Halve Maen (Half Moon). On September 3 he reached the estuary of the Hudson River. He sailed up the Hudson River to about Albany near the confluence of the Mohawk River and the Hudson. His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there after a trading post was established at Albany in 1614.
In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Christiaensen, built Fort Nassau (now Albany) the first Dutch settlement in North America and the first European settlement in what would become New York. It was replaced by nearby Fort Orange in 1623. In 1625, Fort Amsterdam was built on the southern tip of Manhattan Island to defend the Hudson River. This settlement grew to become the city New Amsterdam.
The British conquered New Netherland in 1664; Lenient terms of surrender most likely kept local resistance to a minimum. The colony and New Amsterdam were both renamed New York (and "Beverwijck" was renamed Albany) after its new proprietor, James II later King of England, Ireland and Scotland, who was at the time Duke of York and Duke of Albany The population of New Netherland at the time of English takeover was 7,000–8,000.
Thousands of poor German farmers, chiefly from the Palatine region of Germany, migrated to upstate districts after 1700. They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery (although few were rich enough to own a slave).
Large manors were developed along the Hudson River by elite colonists during the 18th century, including Livingston, Cortlandt, Philipsburg, and Rensselaerswyck. The manors represented more than half of the colony's undeveloped land. The Province of New York thrived during this time, its economy strengthened by Long Island and Hudson Valley agriculture, in conjunction with trade and artisanal activity at the Port of New York; the colony was a breadbasket and lumberyard for the British sugar colonies in the Caribbean. New York's population grew substantially during this century: from the first colonial census (1698) to the last (1771), the province grew ninefold, from 18,067 to 168,007.
New York in the American Revolution
Further information: John Peter Zenger, Stamp Act Congress, Invasion of Canada (1775), New York and New Jersey campaign, Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War, and Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
New York played a pivotal role in the Revolutionary War. The colony verged on revolt following the Stamp Act of 1765, advancing the New York City–based Sons of Liberty to the forefront of New York politics. The Act exacerbated the depression the province experienced after unsuccessfully invading Canada in 1760. Even though New York City merchants lost out on lucrative military contracts, the group sought common ground between the King and the people; however, compromise became impossible as of April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord. In that aftermath the New York Provincial Congress on June 9, 1775, for five pounds sterling for each hundredweight of gunpowder delivered to each county's committee.
Two powerful families had for decades assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters. With few exceptions, members long associated with the DeLancey faction went along when its leadership decided to support the crown, while members of the Livingston faction became Patriots.
New York's strategic central location and port made it key to controlling the colonies. The British assembled the century's largest fleet: at one point 30,000 British sailors and soldiers anchored off Staten Island. General George Washington barely escaped New York City with his army in November 1776; General Sir William Howe was successful in driving Washington out, but erred by expanding into New Jersey. By January 1777, he retained only a few outposts near New York City. The British held the city for the duration, using it as a base for expeditions against other targets.
In October 1777, American General Horatio Gates won the Battle of Saratoga, later regarded as the war's turning point. Had Gates not held, the rebellion might well have broken down: losing Saratoga would have cost the entire Hudson–Champlain corridor, which would have separated New England from the rest of the colonies and split the future union.
Upon war's end, New York's borders became well–defined: the counties east of Lake Champlain became Vermont and the state's western borders were settled by 1786.
Many Iroquois supported the British (typically fearing future American ambitions). Many were killed during the war; others went into exile with the British. Those remaining lived on twelve reservations; by 1826 only eight reservations remained, all of which survived into the 21st century.
The state adopted its constitution in April 1777, creating a strong executive and strict separation of powers. It strongly influenced the federal constitution a decade later. Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as Federalists—mainly "downstaters" (those who lived in or near New York City) who supported a strong national government—and Antifederalists—mainly upstaters (those who lived to the city's north and west) who opposed large national institutions. In 1787, Alexander Hamilton, a leading Federalist from New York and signatory to the Constitution, wrote the first essay of the Federalist Papers. He published and wrote most of the series in New York City newspapers in support of the proposed United States Constitution. Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments, but the state ratified it in 1788.
In 1785, New York City became the national capital and continued as such on and off until 1790; George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States in front of Federal Hall in 1789. The United States Bill of Rights was drafted there, and the United States Supreme Court sat for the first time. From statehood to 1797, the Legislature frequently moved the state capital between Albany, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and New York City. Thereafter, Albany retained that role.
In the early 19th century, New York became a center for advancement in transportation. In 1807, Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind. By 1815, Albany was the state's turnpike center, which established the city as the hub for pioneers migrating west to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory.
In 1825 the Erie Canal opened, securing the state's economic dominance. Its impact was enormous: one source stated, "Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, the canal was an act of political will that joined the regions of the state, created a vast economic hinterland for New York City, and established a ready market for agricultural products from the state's interior." In that year western New York transitioned from "frontier" to settled area. By this time, all counties and most municipalities had incorporated, approximately matching the state's is organized today. In 1831, the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad started the country's first successful regularly–scheduled steam railroad service.
Advancing transportation quickly led to settlement of the fertile Mohawk and Gennessee valleys and the Niagara Frontier. Buffalo and Rochester became boomtowns. Significant migration of New England "Yankees" (mainly of English descent) to the central and western parts of the state led to minor conflicts with the more settled "Yorkers" (mainly of German, Dutch, and Scottish descent). More than 15% of the state's 1850 population had been born in New England[citation needed]. The western part of the state grew fastest at this time. By 1840, New York was home to seven of the nation's thirty largest cities.
During this period, towns established academies for education, including for girls. The western area of the state was a center of progressive causes, including support of abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights. Religious enthusiasms flourished and the Latter Day Saint movement was founded in the area by Joseph Smith and his vision. Some supporters of abolition participated in the Underground Railroad, helping fugitive slaves reach freedom in Canada or in New York.
In addition, in the early 1840s the state legislature and Governor William H. Seward expanded rights for free blacks and fugitive slaves in New York: in 1840 the legislature passed laws protecting the rights of African Americans against Southern slave-catchers. One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves, and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery, (as happened to Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs in 1841, who did not regain freedom until 1853.) In 1841 Seward signed legislation to repeal a "nine-month law" that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free. After this, slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed, as was the case in some other free states. Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children, leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied (some had segregated schools).
New York culture bloomed in the first half of the 19th century: in 1809 Washington Irving wrote the satirical A History of New York under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker, and in 1819 he based Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Hudson Valley towns. Thomas Cole's Hudson River School was established in the 1830s by showcasing dramatic landscapes of the Hudson Valley. The first baseball teams formed in New York City in the 1840s, including the New York Knickerbockers. Professional baseball later located its Hall of Fame in Cooperstown. Saratoga Race Course, an annual summer attraction in Saratoga Springs, opened in 1847.
A civil war was not in the best interest of business, because New York had strong ties to the Deep South, both through the port of New York and manufacture of cotton goods in upstate textile mills. Half of New York City's exports were related to cotton before the war. Southern businessmen so frequently traveled to the city that they established favorite hotels and restaurants. Trade was based on moving Southern goods. The city's large Democrat community feared the impact of Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 and the mayor urged secession of New York.
By the time of the 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter, such political differences decreased and the state quickly met Lincoln's request for soldiers and supplies. More soldiers fought from New York than any other Northern state. While no battles were waged in New York, the state was not immune to Confederate conspiracies, including one to burn various New York cities and another to invade the state via Canada.
In January 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves in states that were still in rebellion against the union. In March 1863, the federal draft law was changed so that male citizens between 20 and 35 and unmarried citizens to age 45 were subject to conscription. Those who could afford to hire a substitute or pay $300 were exempt. Antiwar newspaper editors attacked the law, and many immigrants and their descendants resented being drafted in place of people who could buy their way out. Democratic Party leaders raised the specter of a deluge of freed southern blacks competing with the white working class, then dominated by ethnic Irish and immigrants. On the lottery's first day, July 11, 1863, the first lottery draw was held. On Monday, July 13, 1863, five days of large-scale riots began, which were dominated by ethnic Irish, who targeted blacks in the city, their neighborhoods, and known abolitionist sympathizers. As a result, many blacks left Manhattan permanently, moving to Brooklyn or other areas.
In the following decades, New York strengthened its dominance of the financial and banking industries. Manufacturing continued to rise: Eastman Kodak founded in 1888 in Rochester, General Electric in Schenectady, and Endicott-Johnson Shoe Company in the Triple Cities are some of the well-known companies founded during this period. Buffalo and Niagara Falls attracted numerous factories following the advent of hydroelectric power in the area. With industry blooming, workers began to unite in New York as early as the 1820s. By 1882, the Knights of Labor in New York City had 60,000 members. Trade unions used political influence to limit working hours as early as 1867. At the same time, New York's agricultural output peaked. Focus changed from crop-based to dairy-based agriculture. The cheese industry became established in the Mohawk Valley. By 1881, the state had more than 241,000 farms. In the same period, the area around New York harbor became the world's oyster capital, retaining that title into the early twentieth century.
Immigration increased throughout the latter half of the 19th century. Starting with refugees from the Great Famine of Ireland in the 1840s, New York became a prominent entry point for those seeking a new life in the United States. Between 1855 and 1890, an estimated 8 million immigrants passed through Castle Clinton at Battery Park in Manhattan. Early in this period, most immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. Ellis Island opened in 1892, and between 1880 and 1920, most immigrants were German and Eastern European Jews, Poles, and other Eastern and Southern Europeans, including many Italians. By 1925, New York City's population outnumbered that of London, making it the most populous city in the world. Arguably New York's most identifiable symbol, Liberty Enlightening the World (the Statue of Liberty), a gift from France for the American centennial, was completed in 1886. By the early 20th century, the statue was regarded as the "Mother of Exiles"—a symbol of hope to immigrants.
New York's political pattern changed little after the mid–19th century. New York City and its metropolitan area was already heavily Democrat; Upstate was aligned with the Republican Party and was a center of abolitionist activists. In the 1850s, Democratic Tammany Hall became one of the most powerful and durable political machines in United States history. Boss William Tweed brought the organization to the forefront of city and then state politics in the 1860s. Based on its command of a large population, Tammany maintained influence until at least the 1930s. Outside the city, Republicans were able to influence the redistricting process enough to constrain New York City and capture control of the Legislature in 1894. Both parties have seen national political success: in the 39 presidential elections between 1856 and 2010, Republicans won 19 times and Democrats 20 times.
By 1901, New York was the richest and most populous state. Two years prior, the five boroughs of New York City became one city. Within decades, the city's emblem had become the skyscraper: the Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913, surpassed by 40 Wall Street in April 1930, the Chrysler Building in 1930, the Empire State Building in 1931, and the World Trade Center in 1972 before losing the title in 1974.
The state was serviced by over a dozen major railroads and at the start of the 20th century and electric Interurban rail networks began to spring up around Syracuse, Rochester and other cities in New York during this period.
In the late 1890s governor Theodore Roosevelt and fellow Republicans such as Charles Evans Hughes worked with many Democrats such as Al Smith to promote Progressivism. They battled trusts and monopolies (especially in the insurance industry), promoted efficiency, fought waste, and called for more democracy in politics. Democrats focused more on the benefits of progressivism for their own ethnic working class base and for labor unions.
Democratic political machines, especially Tammany Hall in Manhattan, opposed woman suffrage because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters. By the time of the New York State referendum on women's suffrage in 1917, however, some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage, leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum's passage.
Following a sharp but short-lived Depression at the beginning of the decade, New York enjoyed a booming economy during the Roaring Twenties. New York suffered during the Great Depression, which began with the Wall Street crash on Black Tuesday in 1929. The Securities and Exchange Commission opened in 1934 to regulate the stock market. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected governor in 1928, and the state faced upwards of 25% unemployment. His Temporary Emergency Relief Agency, established in 1931, was the first work relief program in the nation and influenced the national Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 in part because of his promises to extend New York–style relief programs across the country via his New Deal. In 1932, Lake Placid was host to the III Olympic Winter Games.
As the largest state, New York again supplied the most resources during World War II. New York manufactured 11 percent of total United States military armaments produced during the war and suffered 31,215 casualties. The war affected the state both socially and economically. For example, to overcome discriminatory labor practices, Governor Herbert H. Lehman created the Committee on Discrimination in Employment in 1941 and Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn Act in 1945, banning employment discrimination. The G.I. Bill of 1944, which offered returning soldiers the opportunity of affordable higher education, forced New York to create a public university system since its private universities could not handle the influx; the State University of New York was created by Governor Dewey in 1948.
World War II constituted New York's last great industrial era. At its conclusion, the defense industry shrank and the economy shifted towards producing services rather than goods. Returning soldiers disproportionately displaced female and minority workers who had entered the industrial workforce only when the war left employers no other choice. Companies moved to the south and west, seeking lower taxes and a less costly, non–union workforce. Many workers followed the jobs. The middle class expanded and created suburbs such as the one on Long Island. The automobile accelerated this decentralization; planned communities like Levittown offered affordable middle-class housing.
Larger cities stopped growing around 1950. Growth resumed only in New York City, in the 1980s. Buffalo's population fell by half between 1950 and 2000. Reduced immigration and worker migration led New York State's population to decline for the first time between 1970 and 1980. California and Texas both surpassed it in population.
New York entered its third era of massive transportation projects by building highways, notably the New York State Thruway. The project was unpopular with New York City Democrats, who referred to it as "Dewey's ditch" and the "enemy of schools", because the Thruway disproportionately benefited upstate. The highway was based on the German Autobahn and was unlike anything seen at that point in the United States. It was within 30 miles (50 km) of 90% of the population at its conception. Costing $600 million, the full 427-mile (687 km) project opened in 1956.
Nelson Rockefeller was governor from 1959 to 1973 and changed New York politics. He began as a liberal, but grew more conservative: he limited SUNY's growth, responded aggressively to the Attica Prison riot, and promulgated the uniquely severe Rockefeller Drug Laws. The World Trade Center and other profligate projects nearly drove New York City into bankruptcy in 1975. The state took substantial budgetary control, which eventually led to improved fiscal prudence.
The Executive Mansion was retaken by Democrats in 1974 and remained under Democratic control for 20 years under Hugh Carey and Mario Cuomo. Late–century Democrats became more centrist, including US Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1977–2001) and New York City Mayor Ed Koch (1978–1989), while state Republicans began to align themselves with the more conservative national party. They gained power through the elections of Senator Alfonse D'Amato in 1980, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in 1993, and Governor George Pataki in 1994. New York remained one of the most liberal states. In 1984, Ronald Reagan was the last Republican to carry the state, although Republican Michael Bloomberg served as New York City mayor in the early 21st century.
In the late 20th century, telecommunication and high technology industries employed many New Yorkers. New York City was especially successful at this transition. Entrepreneurs created many small companies, as industrial firms such as Polaroid withered. This success drew many young professionals into the still–dwindling cities. New York City was the exception and has continued to draw new residents. The energy of the city created attractions and new businesses. Some people believe that changes in policing created a less threatening environment; crime rates dropped, and urban development reduced urban decay.
This in turn led to a surge in culture. New York City became, once again, "the center for all things chic and trendy". Hip-hop and rap music, led by New York City, became the most popular pop genre. Immigration to both the city and state rose. New York City, with a large gay and lesbian community, suffered many deaths from AIDS beginning in the 1980s.
New York City increased its already large share of television programming, home to the network news broadcasts, as well as two of the three major cable news networks. The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times became two of the three "national" newspapers, read throughout the country. New York also increased its dominance of the financial services industry centered on Wall Street, led by banking expansion, a rising stock market, innovations in investment banking, including junk bond trading and accelerated by the savings and loan crisis that decimated competitors elsewhere in New York.
Upstate did not fare as well as downstate; the major industries that began to reinvigorate New York City did not typically spread to other regions. The number of farms in the state had fallen to 30,000 by 1997. City populations continued to decline while suburbs grew in area, but did not increase proportionately in population. High-tech industry grew in cities such as Corning and Rochester. Overall New York entered the new millennium "in a position of economic strength and optimism".
In 2001, New York entered a new era following the 9/11 attacks, the worst terrorist attack ever to take place on American soil. Two of the four hijacked passenger jets crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, destroying them, and killing almost 3,000 people. One flew into the Pentagon demolishing the walls. The final one was almost taken back over by the passengers aboard and crashed into an open grassland with 296 out of the 500 people dead. Thousands of New Yorkers volunteered their time to search the ruin for survivors and remains in the following weeks.
Following the attacks, plans were announced to rebuild the World Trade Center site. 7 World Trade Center became the first World Trade Center skyscraper to be rebuilt in five years after the attacks. One World Trade Center, four more office towers, and a memorial to the casualties of the September 11 attacks are under construction as of 2011. One World Trade Center opened on November 3, 2014.
On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction of the state's shorelines, ravaging portions of New York City, Long Island, and southern Westchester with record-high storm surge, with severe flooding and high winds causing power outages for hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers, and leading to gasoline shortages and disruption of mass transit systems. The storm and its profound effects have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of New York City and Long Island to minimize the risk from another such future event. Such risk is considered highly probable due to global warming and rising sea levels.
Information from:
Atlanta (pronounced /ətˈlæntə/ or /ætˈlæntə/) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia.
As of 2008, Atlanta is the thirty-third largest city in the United States, with an estimated population of 537,958. Its metropolitan area, officially named the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA (commonly referred to as Metropolitan Atlanta) is the ninth largest metropolitan area in the country, inhabited by approximately 5.5 million people. Like most areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth in the past decade, adding more than 1.13 million residents between 2000 and 2008. It is the fastest growing area of the United States behind the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.[3]
Considered a top business city and transportation hub,[4][5] Atlanta is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, AT&T Mobility, and Delta Air Lines. Atlanta has the country's fourth largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies inside city limits (although UPS, Home Depot, and Newell Rubbermaid are not in the city limits) and more than 75 percent of the Fortune 1000 companies have a presence in the metro area. Also the Atlanta metro area has the 11th largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies headquarters. [6] Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, which is located seven miles south of downtown Atlanta, is the world's busiest airport and the only major airport to serve the city.[7][8]
Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County and the fifth location for the seat of government of the state of Georgia. A small portion of the city of Atlanta corporate limits extends into DeKalb County. Residents of the city are known as Atlantans.[9]
History
Main articles: History of Atlanta and Atlanta in the Civil War
The land constituting the city of Atlanta was once a Native American village called Standing Peachtree. The land that became the Atlanta area was taken from the Cherokee and Creeks by white settlers in 1822, with the first area settlement being Decatur.
On December 21, 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a trade route to the Midwestern United States.[10] Following the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation between 1838 and 1839 the newly depopulated area was opened for the construction of a railroad. The area around the eastern terminus to the line began to develop first, and so the settlement was named "Terminus" in 1837. It was nicknamed Thrasherville after John Thrasher, who built homes and a general store there.[11] By 1842, the settlement had six buildings and 30 residents and the town was renamed "Marthasville".[12] The Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, J. Edgar Thomson, suggested that the area be renamed "Atlantica-Pacifica" after the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which was quickly shortened to "Atlanta".[12] The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29, 1847.[13] By 1854, another railroad connected Atlanta to LaGrange, and the town grew to 9,554 by 1860.[14][15]
During the American Civil War, Atlanta served as an important railroad and military supply hub. In 1864, the city became the target of a major Union invasion. The area now covered by Atlanta was the scene of several battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Ezra Church. On September 1, 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood evacuated Atlanta after a four-month siege mounted by Union General William T. Sherman and ordered all public buildings and possible Confederate assets destroyed. The next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered the city, and on September 7 Sherman ordered the civilian population to evacuate. He then ordered Atlanta burned to the ground on November 11 in preparation for his march south, though he spared the city's churches and hospitals.[16]
The rebuilding of the city was gradual. From 1867 until 1888, U.S. Army soldiers occupied McPherson Barracks in southwest Atlanta to ensure Reconstruction era reforms. To help the newly freed slaves, the Freedmen's Bureau worked in tandem with a number of freedmen's aid organizations, especially the American Missionary Association. In 1868, Atlanta became the fifth city to serve as the state capital.[17] The Confederate Soldiers' Home was built to house disabled and elderly Georgia veterans from 1901 to 1941.[18] Henry W. Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, promoted the city to investors as a city of the "New South", one built on a modern economy, less reliant on agriculture. However, as Atlanta grew, ethnic and racial tensions mounted. The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 left at least 27 dead[19] and over 70 injured.
On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind, the movie based on Atlanta-born Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel of the same name. Stars Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, Olivia de Havilland and legendary producer David O. Selznick attended the gala, which was held at Loew's Grand Theatre, now destroyed. Leslie Howard had returned to England for the war.[20] The reception was held at the Georgian Terrace Hotel, which is still standing.
During World War II, manufacturing such as the Bell Aircraft factory in the suburb of Marietta helped boost the city's population and economy. Shortly after the war, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was founded in Atlanta.[21]
In the wake of the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, which helped usher in the Civil Rights Movement, racial tensions in Atlanta began to express themselves in acts of violence. On October 12, 1958, a Reform Jewish temple on Peachtree Street was bombed; the synagogue's rabbi, Jacob Rothschild, was an outspoken advocate of integration.[22] A group of anti-Semitic white supremacists calling themselves the "Confederate Underground" claimed responsibility.
In the 1960s, Atlanta was a major organizing center of the Civil Rights Movement, as Dr. Martin Luther King and students from Atlanta's historically black colleges and universities played major roles in the movement's leadership. Two of the most important civil rights organizations, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, had their national headquarters in Atlanta. Despite some racial protests during the Civil Rights era, Atlanta's political and business leaders labored to foster Atlanta's image as "the city too busy to hate". In 1961, Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. became one of the few Southern white mayors to support desegregation of his city's public schools.[23]
African-American Atlantans demonstrated growing political influence with election of the first African-American mayor in 1973. They became a majority in the city during the late 20th century but suburbanization, rising prices, a booming economy and new migrants have decreased their percentage in the city from a high of 69 percent in 1980 to about 54 percent in 2004. The addition of new immigrants such as Latinos and Asians is also altering city demographics, along with an influx of white residents.[24]
In 1990, Atlanta was selected as the site for the 1996 Summer Olympics. Following the announcement, Atlanta undertook several major construction projects to improve the city's parks, sports facilities, and transportation. Atlanta became the third American city to host the Summer Olympics. The games themselves were marred by numerous organizational inefficiencies, as well as the Centennial Olympic Park bombing.[25]
Contemporary Atlanta is sometimes considered to be an archetype for cities experiencing rapid growth and urban sprawl.[26][27] Unlike most major cities, metropolitan Atlanta does not have any natural boundaries, such as an ocean, lakes, or mountains, that might constrain growth.
The city has recently been commended by bodies such as the Environmental Protection Agency for its eco-friendly policies.[28] In 2009, Atlanta's Virginia-Highland became the first carbon-neutral zone in the United States. Verus Carbon Neutral developed the partnership that links 17 merchants of the historic Corner Virginia-Highland shopping and dining neighborhood retail district, through the Chicago Climate Exchange, to directly fund the Valley Wood Carbon Sequestration Project (thousands of acres of forest in rural Georgia).
The turtleneck was purchased two falls ago at Kohl's; the skirt at a thrift store earlier this year, as I recall. It is very tight, even with the corset, and constrains my stride almost like a hobble skirt. Combined with the spike heels, it turns my walk into a lady-like mince.
Accessories are the red rose headband, black-and-white jewelry, black belt, light hose, and the aforementioned blue patent pumps with spike heels. Props are a book and a handbag.
The turtleneck was purchased two falls ago at Kohl's; the skirt at a thrift store earlier this year, as I recall. It is very tight, even with the corset, and constrains my stride almost like a hobble skirt. Combined with the spike heels, it turns my walk into a lady-like mince.
Accessories are the red rose headband, black-and-white jewelry, black belt, light hose, and the aforementioned blue patent pumps with spike heels. Props are a book and a handbag.
From Wikipedia:
False Creek is a short inlet in the heart of Vancouver. It separates downtown from the rest of the city. It was named by George Henry Richards during his Hydrographic survey of 1856-63. Science World is located at its eastern end and the Burrard Street Bridge crosses its western end. False Creek is also spanned by the Granville Street and Cambie bridges. The Canada Line tunnel crosses underneath False Creek just west of the Cambie Bridge. It is one of the four major bodies of water bordering Vancouver along with English Bay, Burrard Inlet and the Fraser River.
During World War I, the easternmost part of False Creek, which formerly ran to Clark Drive, was filled in by the Great Northern Railway and Canadian Northern Pacific Railway to create new land for their yards and terminals. Talk of draining and filling the inlet to Granville Street continued into the 1950s, but that never occurred.
The False Creek area was the industrial heartland of Vancouver through to the 1950s. It was home to many sawmills and small port operations, as well as the western terminus of the major Canadian railways. As industry shifted to other areas, the vicinity around False Creek started to deteriorate.
The future of False Creek south was subsequently shaped by debates on freeways, urban renewal, and the rise of citizen participation in urban planning. Through the 60s, the ruling NPA city government and senior city bureaucrats had hatched a plan - with little or no public consultation - to run freeways through the city. In the same period, the City razed large portions of Strathcona under the aegis of urban renewal. A group of influential citizens formed The Electors Action Movement (TEAM) to oppose the freeway and to radically change the way decisions were made on land use. A key figure amongst these people was Walter Hardwick, a Geography professor at UBC who envisioned the retrofit of this brownfield industrial site into a vibrant waterfront mixed-use community.
First elected to City Council in 1968, Dr. Hardwick led the City's redevelopment team and helped secure the participation of the Federal Government which owned Granville Island. A major public involvement and co-design process followed which established public priorities for an accessible waterfront seawall; mixed-tenure housing including market condominiums, co-op and low-income housing and live-aboard marinas; and a vibrant waterfront market. These plans were formalized in a 1972 Official Development Plan (vancouver.ca/commsvcs/BYLAWS/odp/fccdd.pdf). The form and mix of development were revolutionary for Vancouver at the time. A third of the site was set aside for housing at 40 units/acre with the balance converted to park, waterfront and community uses.
The North Shore of False Creek (NFC) was further transformed in the 1980s, as it took centre stage during Expo 86. Following Expo, the Province sold the NFC site to Li Ka-shing who brought ideas of a higher density waterfront community to the downtown peninsula. Vancouver's experience with South False Creek and the public participation that shaped it was key to developing NFC as a livable high-density community. For example, Ka-shing's company wanted to develop "islands" of market condos on the waterfront but was soundly rebuffed by the public and by planners who favoured the extension of a 100% publicly accessible waterfront and seawall. The 1991 Official Development Plan enabled significant new density commensurate with the provision of significant public amenities including streetfront shops and services, parks, school sites, community centres, daycares, co-op and low-income housing. Since then, most of the north shore has become a new neighbourhood of dense housing (about 100 units/acre), adding some 50,000 new residents to Vancouver's downtown peninsula.
On December 1, 1998, Vancouver City Council adopted a set of Blueways policies and guidelines stating the vision of a waterfront city where land and water combine to meet the environmental, cultural and economic needs of the City and its people in a sustainable, equitable, high quality manner.
Southeast False Creek (SEFC) is the designation given to the neighbourhood bordered by Cambie, Main, West 2nd Avenue, and False Creek. The 2010 Olympic Village, for athlete housing and logistics of the Winter Olympics, is found in Southeast False Creek. The City of Vancouver has plans to see this neighbourhood developed into a residential area with housing and services for 11,000-13,000 people.
False Creek is a very popular boating area for many different activities including dragon boating, canoeing, kayaking, public ferries, charter ships, and visiting pleasure boats. It has 10 marinas with berths for 1500 watercraft[4] and several paddling clubs or boat rental facilities. Since 1986, the creek has been the venue for the Canadian International Dragon Boat Festival and other paddling events.
Aquabus and False Creek Ferries are two ferry companies that operate daily scheduled service to and from points along False Creek. English Bay Launch provides daily scheduled service from Granville Island on False Creek to Bowen Island.
Several decades following the suspension of industrial activity in the area, a number of shore and seabirds such as cormorants, ducks, herons, kingfishers, owls, geese, crows, and gulls have returned, as well as harbour seals. In an unusual sighting, in May 2010 a grey whale entered False Creek and traversed its length before returning to the open waters of the Strait of Georgia.
Factors working against the further return of wildlife include residual industrial contaminants, spillage from the sewer overflow system into the creek, and the seawall that constrains much of the shoreline with little habitat value. To its credit, the city has attempted to recreate the natural shoreline in some areas and is working to phase out the antiquated sewer overflow system.
This High Dynamic Range panorama was stitched from 24 hand-held bracketed photographs with PTGUI Pro, tone-mapped with Photomatix, and touched up in Aperture.
Original size: 10309 × 4718 (48.6 MP; 64 MB).
Location: False Creek, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Gotha 146 was a fast reconnaissance aircraft that was used throughout WWII by the German Luftwaffe, and one of the results of a mutual technology exchange program with Japan.
The Go 146 was actually a license-built, modified variant of the excellent Mitsubishi Ki-46. The latter type's career started in late 1937: the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15.
The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo.
The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26 radials, were housed in close fitting cowlings to reduce drag and improve pilot view.
The first prototype aircraft, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu.Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h (336 mph) rather than the specified 600 km/h (373 mph). Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2,an initial production batch was ordered.
To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-stage supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight to give the Ki-46-II. This machine was also demonstrated to German officials, who became immediately aware of its potential.
Knowing that the German Luftwaffe lacked this fast type of aircraft (German reconnaissance aircraft of that time were either slow artillery observation types, or variants of bombers or heavy fighters), the RLM immediately asked for a batch of airframe kits in order to adapt it to the European theatre and test its capabilities.
The result was a delivery of seven engine-less airframe kits that arrived in Germany in early 1940. In the meantime, with the help of blueprints and other documentations, an alternative engine installation had been devised - the German aircraft was to be powered by liquid-cooled DB 601 engines, which delivered more power than the Ha-102 and offered improved aerodynamics, despite the necessity to add radiators under the outer wings.Effectively, many stock parts from the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter were incorporated, so that development time was very short.
In May 1940 the first batch of the Gotha 146 (which had officially been described as a further development of a four seat, twin-engine transport aircraft from the 1930s) was ready, and they were immediately transferred to the Western Front and based in France.
Allocated to the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the Go 146 A-0 machines carried out various reconnaissance tasks over the North Sea, Great Britain and France, and they were also used for camouflage trials: each of the five aircraft sported a different paint scheme, raging from uniform, all-over grey to disruptive geometrical patterns, reminiscent of Dazzle camouflage!
The Go 146 was popular among its crews, since it was fast, agile and easy to fly. During the test phase in summer 1940 the Go 146 proved to be slightly faster than its Japanese Ki-46 ancestor, and with a top speed of more than 375 mph (600 km/h) it was hard to intercept by any British or French fighter. The results were so convincing that serial production was ordered, and from October 1940 on the Go 146 A-1 was produced in limited numbers, and the type was steadily developed further, including the change of the nose section that came withe the Ki-46III and augmented engines.
Specifications:
Crew: two (pilot and observer)
Length: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2¾ in)
Height: 3.88 m (12 ft 8¾ in)
Wing area: 32.0 m² (344 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,263 kg (7,194 lb)
Loaded weight: 5,050 kg (11,133 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,100 hp) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 625 km/h (345 knots, 388 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 400 km/h (217 knots, 249 mph)
Range: 2,474 km (1,337 nmi, 1,537 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,720 m (35,200 ft)
Wing loading: 157.8 kg/m² (32.3 lb/ft²)
Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 17 min 58 sec
Armament:
1x 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the observer's cabin, facing rearwards
The kit and its assembly:
This sounds like a weird idea, but the Luftwaffe had seriously been interested in the Ki-46, even though no aircraft ever made it to Europe. On the other side, several German aircraft were delivered to Japan (including the Bf 109E, Ju 87 and Me 210) for trials, so reversing this procedure makes sense.
Anyway, a German version would certainly not have been powered by radials, since this type of engine was not very popular in Europe and rather seen as a "slow" option for bombers. So the idea was born to convert a stock Ki-46 II into a prototype with German liquid-cooled engines - and it was easier to realize than expected!
The basis is the Airfix Dinah, a vintage and very simple kit. Fit is basically good, but the clear parts were (in my case) somewhat damaged around the edges of both canopies. Engines and landing gear are also basic - so I used different wheels, and the radials were replaced, anyway.
I used DB 601 engines, taken from an Airfix Bf 110 C kit, which also donated the radiators.
The latter were easy to place outside or the engine nacelles, the engines took some effort. The DB 601's height is perfect for the nacelles, just the width had to be enlarged in order to fit the original, circular shape of the radials' attachment points.
The remedy was simple: two long cuts in the upper cowling made the new engines flexible and wide enough to press them onto the nacelles' front ends! Some putty was necessary to hide gaps and smooth out the intersection, but the result looks very natural!
Otherwise not much was changed. The cockpits and the pilots were taken OOB, I just added a typical ring antenna under the fuselage and an additional pitot under the nose.
Painting and markings:
The fun part, even though it took a while to find something... different. The typical RLM 70/71/65 splinter scheme with a low waterline for prototypes or bombers of the BoB era was a valid option, but soooo boring.
While looking for inspiration I stumbled across some experimental schemes that had been tested on Bf109E fighters from JG53 - and that's what I finally settled upon.
What the Go 146 now carries is effectively a mix of two schemes: the stylish, geometric pattern was taken from one Bf 109, the colors (RLM 61/02/71/65) from another. Everything was painted with brushes and without masks, some light panel shading, black ink and grinded graphite were used for weathering.
The markings are minimal, typical for German reconnaissance aircraft of the time and based upon Bf 110 of the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the decals come from various aftermarket sheets and the code was puzzled together from single letter decals (TL Modellbau). A coat of acrylic matt varnish finally sealed the kit.
An exotic whif, and despite the weird basic idea I made it even more spectacular through the strange paint scheme which reminds of similar experiments by the US Navy. Odd thing is that I had the idea for a German Ki-46 on the agenda for quite a while, but this was/is to become a beefed-up Ki-46III for the late WWII period.
Building this kit's ancestor now, even before the Ki-46III conversion even started, is a little odd - but confirms the feasibility of an engine change and adds another contribution to the 2015 "Battle of Britain" Group Build at whatifmodelers.com.
The turtleneck was purchased two falls ago at Kohl's; the skirt at a thrift store earlier this year, as I recall. It is very tight, even with the corset, and constrains my stride almost like a hobble skirt. Combined with the spike heels, it turns my walk into a lady-like mince.
Accessories are the red rose headband, black-and-white jewelry, black belt, light hose, and the aforementioned blue patent pumps with spike heels. Props are a book and a handbag.
Information from:
Atlanta (pronounced /ətˈlæntə/ or /ætˈlæntə/) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia.
As of 2008, Atlanta is the thirty-third largest city in the United States, with an estimated population of 537,958. Its metropolitan area, officially named the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA (commonly referred to as Metropolitan Atlanta) is the ninth largest metropolitan area in the country, inhabited by approximately 5.5 million people. Like most areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth in the past decade, adding more than 1.13 million residents between 2000 and 2008. It is the fastest growing area of the United States behind the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.[3]
Considered a top business city and transportation hub,[4][5] Atlanta is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, AT&T Mobility, and Delta Air Lines. Atlanta has the country's fourth largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies inside city limits (although UPS, Home Depot, and Newell Rubbermaid are not in the city limits) and more than 75 percent of the Fortune 1000 companies have a presence in the metro area. Also the Atlanta metro area has the 11th largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies headquarters. [6] Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, which is located seven miles south of downtown Atlanta, is the world's busiest airport and the only major airport to serve the city.[7][8]
Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County and the fifth location for the seat of government of the state of Georgia. A small portion of the city of Atlanta corporate limits extends into DeKalb County. Residents of the city are known as Atlantans.[9]
History
Main articles: History of Atlanta and Atlanta in the Civil War
The land constituting the city of Atlanta was once a Native American village called Standing Peachtree. The land that became the Atlanta area was taken from the Cherokee and Creeks by white settlers in 1822, with the first area settlement being Decatur.
On December 21, 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a trade route to the Midwestern United States.[10] Following the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation between 1838 and 1839 the newly depopulated area was opened for the construction of a railroad. The area around the eastern terminus to the line began to develop first, and so the settlement was named "Terminus" in 1837. It was nicknamed Thrasherville after John Thrasher, who built homes and a general store there.[11] By 1842, the settlement had six buildings and 30 residents and the town was renamed "Marthasville".[12] The Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, J. Edgar Thomson, suggested that the area be renamed "Atlantica-Pacifica" after the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which was quickly shortened to "Atlanta".[12] The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29, 1847.[13] By 1854, another railroad connected Atlanta to LaGrange, and the town grew to 9,554 by 1860.[14][15]
During the American Civil War, Atlanta served as an important railroad and military supply hub. In 1864, the city became the target of a major Union invasion. The area now covered by Atlanta was the scene of several battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Ezra Church. On September 1, 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood evacuated Atlanta after a four-month siege mounted by Union General William T. Sherman and ordered all public buildings and possible Confederate assets destroyed. The next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered the city, and on September 7 Sherman ordered the civilian population to evacuate. He then ordered Atlanta burned to the ground on November 11 in preparation for his march south, though he spared the city's churches and hospitals.[16]
The rebuilding of the city was gradual. From 1867 until 1888, U.S. Army soldiers occupied McPherson Barracks in southwest Atlanta to ensure Reconstruction era reforms. To help the newly freed slaves, the Freedmen's Bureau worked in tandem with a number of freedmen's aid organizations, especially the American Missionary Association. In 1868, Atlanta became the fifth city to serve as the state capital.[17] The Confederate Soldiers' Home was built to house disabled and elderly Georgia veterans from 1901 to 1941.[18] Henry W. Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, promoted the city to investors as a city of the "New South", one built on a modern economy, less reliant on agriculture. However, as Atlanta grew, ethnic and racial tensions mounted. The Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 left at least 27 dead[19] and over 70 injured.
On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind, the movie based on Atlanta-born Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel of the same name. Stars Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, Olivia de Havilland and legendary producer David O. Selznick attended the gala, which was held at Loew's Grand Theatre, now destroyed. Leslie Howard had returned to England for the war.[20] The reception was held at the Georgian Terrace Hotel, which is still standing.
During World War II, manufacturing such as the Bell Aircraft factory in the suburb of Marietta helped boost the city's population and economy. Shortly after the war, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was founded in Atlanta.[21]
In the wake of the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, which helped usher in the Civil Rights Movement, racial tensions in Atlanta began to express themselves in acts of violence. On October 12, 1958, a Reform Jewish temple on Peachtree Street was bombed; the synagogue's rabbi, Jacob Rothschild, was an outspoken advocate of integration.[22] A group of anti-Semitic white supremacists calling themselves the "Confederate Underground" claimed responsibility.
In the 1960s, Atlanta was a major organizing center of the Civil Rights Movement, as Dr. Martin Luther King and students from Atlanta's historically black colleges and universities played major roles in the movement's leadership. Two of the most important civil rights organizations, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, had their national headquarters in Atlanta. Despite some racial protests during the Civil Rights era, Atlanta's political and business leaders labored to foster Atlanta's image as "the city too busy to hate". In 1961, Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. became one of the few Southern white mayors to support desegregation of his city's public schools.[23]
African-American Atlantans demonstrated growing political influence with election of the first African-American mayor in 1973. They became a majority in the city during the late 20th century but suburbanization, rising prices, a booming economy and new migrants have decreased their percentage in the city from a high of 69 percent in 1980 to about 54 percent in 2004. The addition of new immigrants such as Latinos and Asians is also altering city demographics, along with an influx of white residents.[24]
In 1990, Atlanta was selected as the site for the 1996 Summer Olympics. Following the announcement, Atlanta undertook several major construction projects to improve the city's parks, sports facilities, and transportation. Atlanta became the third American city to host the Summer Olympics. The games themselves were marred by numerous organizational inefficiencies, as well as the Centennial Olympic Park bombing.[25]
Contemporary Atlanta is sometimes considered to be an archetype for cities experiencing rapid growth and urban sprawl.[26][27] Unlike most major cities, metropolitan Atlanta does not have any natural boundaries, such as an ocean, lakes, or mountains, that might constrain growth.
The city has recently been commended by bodies such as the Environmental Protection Agency for its eco-friendly policies.[28] In 2009, Atlanta's Virginia-Highland became the first carbon-neutral zone in the United States. Verus Carbon Neutral developed the partnership that links 17 merchants of the historic Corner Virginia-Highland shopping and dining neighborhood retail district, through the Chicago Climate Exchange, to directly fund the Valley Wood Carbon Sequestration Project (thousands of acres of forest in rural Georgia).
www.theregister.com/2022/09/09/bis_eases_tech_export_rest...
www.bbc.co.uk/news/62803224.amp
US bars 'advanced tech' firms from building China factories for 10 years
US tech companies that receive federal funding will be barred from building "advanced technology" facilities in China for 10 years, the Biden administration has said.
The guidelines were unveiled as part of a $50bn (£43bn) plan aimed at building up the local semiconductor industry.
It comes as business groups have pushed for more government support in an effort to reduce reliance on China.
They are faced with a global microchip shortage which has slowed production.
"We're going to be implementing the guardrails to ensure those who receive CHIPS funds cannot compromise national security... they're not allowed to use this money to invest in China, they can't develop leading-edge technologies in China.... for a period of ten years," according to US Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo., explaining the US Chips and Science Act.
"Companies who receive the money can only expand their mature node factories in China to serve the Chinese market."
The US and China are locked in a long-running dispute over trade and technology.
In August, US President Joe Biden had signed a law committing $280bn (£232bn) to high tech manufacturing and scientific research, amid fears that the US is losing its technological edge to China.
The investments include tax breaks for companies that build computer chip manufacturing plants in the US.
The US currently produces roughly 10% of the global supply of semiconductors, which are key to everything from cars to mobile phones, down from nearly 40% in 1990.
The Chinese Embassy in Washington had opposed the semiconductor bill, calling it reminiscent of a "Cold War mentality."
Some US chipmakers are already experiencing the impact of Washington's crackdown on selling US technology to China. Earlier this month, Nvidia and AMD were told by US officials to stop the sale of artificial intelligence chips to China.
Dan Ives of Wedbush Securities called the restrictions a "gut punch" for Nvidia.
"This is really a shot across the bow at China and it's really going to fan those flames in terms of geopolitical (tensions)," Mr Ives had told teh BBC.
asiatimes.com/2022/09/european-giants-buck-us-decoupling-...
European giants buck US decoupling from China
Germany’s BASF and Switzerland’s ABB launch big new China factories while France’s Airbus steals Chinese market share from Boeing
Blaring headlines such as “US bans ‘advanced tech’ firms from building facilities in China for a decade” and “China’s zero-Covid policies are crippling its economic outlook” distract from more mundane but arguably more important corporate news coming out of China.
Those new developments include the start of production at BASF’s new industrial complex in Zhanjiang and the final commissioning of ABB’s state-of-the-art robotics factory in Shanghai, big new European investments that buck the trend of US “decoupling” with China.
On September 6, BASF announced the inauguration of the first manufacturing plant at its Zhanjiang Verbund industrial complex in China’s southern Guangdong province. The plant is designed to produce 60,000 metric tons of engineering plastics per year, primarily for supply to the Chinese automotive and electronics industries.
It will raise BASF’s annual engineering plastics capacity in the Asia-Pacific region to 420,000 metric tons. Headquartered in Germany, BASF is the world’s largest producer of chemicals.
The Zhanjiang Verbund site is about nine square kilometers in size and the total investment is expected to reach about 10 billion euros (US$10.1 billion) by 2030. It will be BASF’s largest foreign investment to date and the first heavy chemical industry project in China to be wholly owned and operated by a foreign company.
“Verbund” is BASF’s approach to integrated manufacturing. As explained on the company’s website, “The driving principle of the Verbund concept is to add value through the efficient use of resources. At our Verbund sites, production plants, energy and material flows, logistics, and site infrastructure are all integrated.”
“The Verbund system creates efficient value chains that extend from basic chemicals all the way to consumer products. In this system, chemical processes make use of energy more efficiently, achieve higher product yields and conserve resources. By-products of one process are used as starting materials for another process. We thus save on raw materials and energy, minimize emissions, cut logistics costs and realize synergies.”
BASF currently operates six Verbund sites – in Germany, Belgium, Texas, Louisiana, Malaysia and Nanjing. The Zhanjiang Verbund will be the company’s seventh and third largest.
According to Dr. Markus Kamieth, BASF’s executive director responsible for the Asia-Pacific, “The Zhanjiang Verbund site will be built with the latest digital technologies and to the highest safety standards. It will provide high-quality, low-carbon-footprint products and build up stronger business connections with customers in South China, underlining our commitment to the Chinese market.”
A second plant dedicated to the production of thermoplastic polyurethanes is scheduled to come on stream in 2023. That will be followed by the construction of a steam cracker for the production of ethylene and other petrochemical products. BASF plans to power the entire Zhanjiang site with renewable energy by 2025. Expansion and diversification of production are expected to continue until the site is fully utilized at the end of the decade.
On September 2, China Daily reported that ABB’s new robotics factory in Shanghai is in the final stage of commissioning and should be operational within the next few months. Built at a cost of about 150 million euros, it will be “a center where robots make robots,” according to Sami Atiya, head of ABB’s Robotics & Discrete Automation business.
A multinational enterprise headquartered in Zurich, ABB is also a leader in process automation, motors power transmission products and electrification.
When ground was broken on the facility in 2019, ABB announced that it would be “the most advanced, automated and flexible factory in the robotics industry worldwide, utilizing the latest manufacturing processes and [having] the largest R&D, production and application base of robotics in China.”
The announcement continued:
Production in the highly automated facility will be based on automation cells, with robots moving from station to station, enabling greater customization and more flexibility than in traditional, linear production systems. Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) will deliver parts to the production robots just in time, while the latest collaborative technologies will ensure that humans and robots can work safely side by side, bringing greater flexibility and agility to production processes and combining the advantages of robots with the unique capabilities of people.
A digital twin will provide everyone from managers and engineers to operators and maintenance teams data insights and machine learning power to improve performance and maximize productivity. ABB will use a machine learning-based system to inspect robots as they are being assembled, to ensure the highest quality standards.
ABB’s new factory fits with China’s 14th Five-Year Plan, which aims to make the country “a global hub for robotics innovation by 2025, putting together a group of leading enterprises with international competitiveness and forming several industrial clusters with an international influence,” according to a Ministry of Industry and Information Technology document published in English by Beijing-based Pandaily technology media company.
In July, French aerospace giant Airbus announced that it had received orders for 292 A320 passenger aircraft from Air China, China Eastern, China Southern and Shenzhen Airlines, “demonstrating the positive recovery momentum and prosperous outlook for the Chinese aviation market.”
China Southern Airlines – which canceled orders for more than 100 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft in May – ordered 96 new units. The Boeing orders were reportedly canceled due to safety concerns and an uncertain delivery schedule, but in the eyes of many observers the main reason was politics
China’s nationalist Global Times gloated:
“It is natural for the US side to feel sour after losing the competition to Airbus… Who can feel rest assured engaging in large-scale trades with a country that talks about ‘decoupling’ frequently, wields the stick of sanctions, and often introduces bills to restrict trade with others out of thin air?”
Boeing lamented: “As a top US exporter with a 50-year relationship with China’s aviation industry, it is disappointing that geopolitical differences continue to constrain US aircraft exports.”
Could European politicians, worked up over Xinjiang and Taiwan, follow the American lead and sabotage the success of European companies in China? They already have, on one notable occasion.
In the third quarter of 2021, after the Swedish government banned the use of Huawei and ZTE’s 5G telecom equipment in Sweden, Ericsson’s sales in China fell 74% year-on-year. Its share of China Mobile 5G radio access network orders dropped from 11% to 2% and China’s contribution to its total revenues dropped by half to 4%.
Luckily for Ericsson, China did not account for a large share of its global business and strong demand for 5G equipment in other countries offset almost all of what it lost in China. It is, however, difficult to imagine a similar outcome with industrial chemicals, robots and aircraft for European producers.
In June, the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China released its latest Business Confidence Survey. It concluded that “while most European companies in China posted positive revenues and were profitable in 2021, doing business became more difficult for the majority.”
This was primarily due to Covid but regulatory barriers and uncertainty were also cited as reasons for dissatisfaction. Supply chains, staffing and IT are increasingly being localized. European executives feel caught between the desire to reassess their exposure to China and the fact that it is too important a market to abandon.
Contrary to this conclusion, BASF, ABB and Airbus seem to be going full speed ahead. Perhaps Europe’s alarming experience with sanctions on Russia will temper its policy toward China.
THIS SHORE LIGHTHOUSE GUARDS THE EAST SIDE OF THE ENTRANCE TO LOCH RYAN FROM A POINT JUST SOUTH EAST OF IT. IT STANDS ON CAIRN POINT WHICH PROJECTS INTO LOCH RYAN FROM A NARROW SHELF IN FRONT OF THE MAIN (A77) ROAD; A SOLID PORTION ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE LANTERN CONSTRAINS THE LIGHT TO SEAWARD. THE LIGHTHOUSE WAS BUILT BY ALAN STEVENSON AND FIRST LIT IN 1847. IT WAS CONVERTED TO OIL BURNING IN 1847, AND AUTOMATED (ELECTRIFIED AND MADE 'UNATTENDED') IN 1964.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Gotha 146 was a fast reconnaissance aircraft that was used throughout WWII by the German Luftwaffe, and one of the results of a mutual technology exchange program with Japan.
The Go 146 was actually a license-built, modified variant of the excellent Mitsubishi Ki-46. The latter type's career started in late 1937: the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15.
The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo.
The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26 radials, were housed in close fitting cowlings to reduce drag and improve pilot view.
The first prototype aircraft, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu.Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h (336 mph) rather than the specified 600 km/h (373 mph). Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2,an initial production batch was ordered.
To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-stage supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight to give the Ki-46-II. This machine was also demonstrated to German officials, who became immediately aware of its potential.
Knowing that the German Luftwaffe lacked this fast type of aircraft (German reconnaissance aircraft of that time were either slow artillery observation types, or variants of bombers or heavy fighters), the RLM immediately asked for a batch of airframe kits in order to adapt it to the European theatre and test its capabilities.
The result was a delivery of seven engine-less airframe kits that arrived in Germany in early 1940. In the meantime, with the help of blueprints and other documentations, an alternative engine installation had been devised - the German aircraft was to be powered by liquid-cooled DB 601 engines, which delivered more power than the Ha-102 and offered improved aerodynamics, despite the necessity to add radiators under the outer wings.Effectively, many stock parts from the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter were incorporated, so that development time was very short.
In May 1940 the first batch of the Gotha 146 (which had officially been described as a further development of a four seat, twin-engine transport aircraft from the 1930s) was ready, and they were immediately transferred to the Western Front and based in France.
Allocated to the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the Go 146 A-0 machines carried out various reconnaissance tasks over the North Sea, Great Britain and France, and they were also used for camouflage trials: each of the five aircraft sported a different paint scheme, raging from uniform, all-over grey to disruptive geometrical patterns, reminiscent of Dazzle camouflage!
The Go 146 was popular among its crews, since it was fast, agile and easy to fly. During the test phase in summer 1940 the Go 146 proved to be slightly faster than its Japanese Ki-46 ancestor, and with a top speed of more than 375 mph (600 km/h) it was hard to intercept by any British or French fighter. The results were so convincing that serial production was ordered, and from October 1940 on the Go 146 A-1 was produced in limited numbers, and the type was steadily developed further, including the change of the nose section that came withe the Ki-46III and augmented engines.
Specifications:
Crew: two (pilot and observer)
Length: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2¾ in)
Height: 3.88 m (12 ft 8¾ in)
Wing area: 32.0 m² (344 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,263 kg (7,194 lb)
Loaded weight: 5,050 kg (11,133 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,100 hp) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 625 km/h (345 knots, 388 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 400 km/h (217 knots, 249 mph)
Range: 2,474 km (1,337 nmi, 1,537 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,720 m (35,200 ft)
Wing loading: 157.8 kg/m² (32.3 lb/ft²)
Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 17 min 58 sec
Armament:
1x 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the observer's cabin, facing rearwards
The kit and its assembly:
This sounds like a weird idea, but the Luftwaffe had seriously been interested in the Ki-46, even though no aircraft ever made it to Europe. On the other side, several German aircraft were delivered to Japan (including the Bf 109E, Ju 87 and Me 210) for trials, so reversing this procedure makes sense.
Anyway, a German version would certainly not have been powered by radials, since this type of engine was not very popular in Europe and rather seen as a "slow" option for bombers. So the idea was born to convert a stock Ki-46 II into a prototype with German liquid-cooled engines - and it was easier to realize than expected!
The basis is the Airfix Dinah, a vintage and very simple kit. Fit is basically good, but the clear parts were (in my case) somewhat damaged around the edges of both canopies. Engines and landing gear are also basic - so I used different wheels, and the radials were replaced, anyway.
I used DB 601 engines, taken from an Airfix Bf 110 C kit, which also donated the radiators.
The latter were easy to place outside or the engine nacelles, the engines took some effort. The DB 601's height is perfect for the nacelles, just the width had to be enlarged in order to fit the original, circular shape of the radials' attachment points.
The remedy was simple: two long cuts in the upper cowling made the new engines flexible and wide enough to press them onto the nacelles' front ends! Some putty was necessary to hide gaps and smooth out the intersection, but the result looks very natural!
Otherwise not much was changed. The cockpits and the pilots were taken OOB, I just added a typical ring antenna under the fuselage and an additional pitot under the nose.
Painting and markings:
The fun part, even though it took a while to find something... different. The typical RLM 70/71/65 splinter scheme with a low waterline for prototypes or bombers of the BoB era was a valid option, but soooo boring.
While looking for inspiration I stumbled across some experimental schemes that had been tested on Bf109E fighters from JG53 - and that's what I finally settled upon.
What the Go 146 now carries is effectively a mix of two schemes: the stylish, geometric pattern was taken from one Bf 109, the colors (RLM 61/02/71/65) from another. Everything was painted with brushes and without masks, some light panel shading, black ink and grinded graphite were used for weathering.
The markings are minimal, typical for German reconnaissance aircraft of the time and based upon Bf 110 of the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the decals come from various aftermarket sheets and the code was puzzled together from single letter decals (TL Modellbau). A coat of acrylic matt varnish finally sealed the kit.
An exotic whif, and despite the weird basic idea I made it even more spectacular through the strange paint scheme which reminds of similar experiments by the US Navy. Odd thing is that I had the idea for a German Ki-46 on the agenda for quite a while, but this was/is to become a beefed-up Ki-46III for the late WWII period.
Building this kit's ancestor now, even before the Ki-46III conversion even started, is a little odd - but confirms the feasibility of an engine change and adds another contribution to the 2015 "Battle of Britain" Group Build at whatifmodelers.com.
ELEGY FOR DAFYDD AP GWILYM
Yesternight when Dafydd died
A yawning morn of dolour dawned;
A knot of minstrelsy untwined,
In waking Wales a gaping wound.
Praise-shaper, bard of wonder,
Girl-blesser, abbess-wooer,
Craftsman of the silken word,
Cuckold-maker of his weird,
Hawk of girls, baiting lasses:
Constricting codes, taut jesses,
Cannot constrain tiercel-flight
Gyring, stooping, swooping light,
And crooked-clawed for catching love:
Words to take the prey alive
And turn her, at a soaring height,
Into the falcon of his heart.
I am a dog! Poet damned!
A world bereft of him is doomed
To live at a slower rate:
Dafydd sang; I merely prate,
Respectable and refined.
He the core, I the rind,
He the seedling, I the husk,
He the dawning, I the dusk,
I the pilferer of praise,
He the thrush who with no pause
Pours out songs into the wind:
His pinions hope, bill a wand
Of changing, making girls gold,
Raising bowers out of mould.
Roebuck’s antler, sharp of tine,
Salmon-scale, borne of brine,
Jackdaw-jester, raven’s craw,
Fiend of love, delight of war –
A path of thorns lies ahead
Now that vision’s voice is dead.
Pale Morfudd of mourning brow
Only Mair can claim him now.
- I began by paraphrasing Iolo Goch’s elegy for the great bard, but could not penetrate the rather formal style of the surviving poet, who was about ten years younger than Dafydd. The thirteenth line of Iolo’s elegy invokes the image of the “hawk of girls”, but instantly drops it again; I have chosen to sustain it for the rest of the first verse paragraph. Iolo praises Dafydd’s learning, but accuses him of “presumption” at one point. It is clear that Iolo did not know Dafydd at all well on a personal level, even though the former was the inheritor of the cywydd verse form which Dafydd pioneered. I have replaced most of Iolo’s stately praises in the second verse paragraph with images of Dafydd’s own, and in view of my own exceedingly minor status as a poet, have, I hope, lent the poem a humility which the original seems to lack. This is not to suggest that Iolo was not a supreme wordsmith. His own ‘Description of a Girl’ must surely have brought a smile to Dafydd’s face, assuming that he lived to read it.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain Inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the President George Bush is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these United States. To prove this, let the Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved the integrity of the Representative House repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.
He has made Judges Alito and Roberts dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of Homeland Security Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Armies of Spies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military in the Iraq War independent of and superior to the Civic Discourse.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering a global warming among us:
For torturing them, at Abu Graib, by mock and punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Unions with all parts of the world:
For imposing our Taxes upon the wealthy without our Consent:
For depriving free people in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free System of Laws by Signing Statements that seek to avoid the Rule of Law, and establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring the Vice President invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Circle of Protection and waging war against others thrusting us into massive debt, disrespect and ruin.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our forests, and destroyed the lives of our salmon.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny in Iraq, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Savages whose known rule of war, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, human rights and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Plotted on this chart are the locations of the hypocenters of 7 of the aftershocks of the August 23, 2011 earthquake of Louisa County, Virginia. (Data obtained from the mainshock and the other early aftershocks lacked the precision required to add anything meaningful to this analysis).
Visual Representation of Data
The y-axis represents depth in kilometers. The x-axis (also in units of kilometers) represents horizontal distance of the epicenter of each shock from the closest point on the line where the Chopawamsic Fault plane meets the Earth's surface. Also plotted on the x-axis are points (0,0), representing where the Chopawamsic Fault meets the surface, and (3.1,0), representing where the Long Branch Fault meets the surface. The lines of best fit represent a cross section of the Chopawamsic and Long Branch Faults in a plane perpendicular to both the fault planes and the plane of sea level.
Analysis
One can see from the data that each of the faults begin their descent under the earth with dips of approximately 65 degrees, measured from the plane of sea level. As expected, as the Chopawamsic fault descends deeper into the earth, it flattens out somewhat. Its average dip is approximately 60 degrees.
Apparent Fork in the Chopawamsic Fault Data
Eyeing the data in the chart, it might appear as if the Chopawamsic Fault comes to a fork. This is not likely the case. The epicenters of the aftershocks represented by three points that fall above the trend line (N=15, 16 and 19), were located a bit southwest of those points that fall below the trend line (N=12, 17 and 23). What we're seeing is simply the fact that the fault plane has a slight warp. The dip appears to be shallower to the southwest and steeper to the northeast. To visualize the warp, imagine a 3D surface, where the points that fall above the line come out of the page in front of the cross-section and the points that fall below the line go into the page behind the cross section. The warp can be understood if one thinks of the fault plane as the face of an underground mountain ridge. On surface of the fault, there are local variations of slope, much like the face of a mountain ridge. Note that the apparent warp in the plane coincides with a slight bend in the surface fault line.
Aftershock N=22
The point at (4.7,-3.5) represents the 22nd aftershock after the mainquake. If plotted in the same series as the other aftershocks, it appears to be an anomaly, yielding a dip angle of only about 35 degrees, too shallow to be explained by any warp in the fault plane. Assuming the accuracy of the data collected regarding the aftershock's hypocenter position (including uncertainty estimates), this could only mean that the aftershock represents a rupture on a different fault plane. Based on the map of physiographic regions of the Piedmont, that plane would be the Long Branch Fault. Using the horizontal distance of the 22nd epicenter from nearest point where the Long Branch Fault meets the Earth's surface, the resulting dip angle is approximately 65 degrees, much closer to the calculated dip angle of the nearby parallel Chopawamsic fault (based on aftershocks N=12, N=15, N=16, N=17, N=19 and N=21). Parallel thrust faults should have similar dip angles, based on the way in which these layers of earth were compressed during the Appalachian oregeny.
Was the Mainquake a Multiple-Fault Rupture?
Unfortunately the data from the mainquake and the first 11 aftershocks is not sufficiently accurate to constrain the positions of the hypocenters to a degree appropriate for meaningful analysis in this context. It should be noted that the first quake to provide any evidence of a rupture of the Long Branch Fault was aftershock N=22. This quake had a magnitude of 3.4, which was significantly higher than all aftershocks for the prior preceding week, indicating perhaps that N=22 was the first quake to rupture the Long Branch Fault, i.e. that the Long Branch Fault still had considerable stress to release as it hadn't yet ruptured.
On the other hand, a plot of aftershock frequency over time since the mainquake reveals an unexpected spike in the 120-132 hour range in which there were five quakes measured (N=12 through N=16), after no quakes in the previous 24 hour span. See: Aftershock Frequency Distribution Diagram. One can argue that this spike represents the initial rupture on the Chopawamsic fault in the aftershock sequence, i.e. the spike doesn't fit the expected decay pattern of aftershocks based on the earlier quakes. This, however, would imply that all prior quakes were ruptures of the Long Branch Fault, an unlikely proposition considering language from the nearby North Anna Power Station's site permit application which states that the Long Branch fault is not a capable tectonic source.
Since the magnitude of the mainquake was 5.8 (moderate when compared to earthquakes worldwide, but unusually large compared to earthquakes locally), perhaps the initial quake began on the Chopawamsic fault, but due to its magnitude, also ruptured relatively inactive Long Branch fault. What we may be observing in the aftershock frequency diagram is a superposition the two faults' distinct aftershock decay patterns. There may also be some inter-fault triggering, as aftershocks on either fault necessarily affect stress levels in the bedrock of the Chopawamsic Formation that lies between them.)
Aftershocks N=24+
Data from aftershocks 24 through 30 has been added to this diagram since the text in the caption was written. The information learned from these quakes has not contradicted any of the above analysis.
Raw Data provided by the United States Geological Survey and the Center for Earthquake Research and Information. Diagram and Analysis by Kevin Borland.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Gotha 146 was a fast reconnaissance aircraft that was used throughout WWII by the German Luftwaffe, and one of the results of a mutual technology exchange program with Japan.
The Go 146 was actually a license-built, modified variant of the excellent Mitsubishi Ki-46. The latter type's career started in late 1937: the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15.
The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo.
The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26 radials, were housed in close fitting cowlings to reduce drag and improve pilot view.
The first prototype aircraft, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu.Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h (336 mph) rather than the specified 600 km/h (373 mph). Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2,an initial production batch was ordered.
To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-stage supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight to give the Ki-46-II. This machine was also demonstrated to German officials, who became immediately aware of its potential.
Knowing that the German Luftwaffe lacked this fast type of aircraft (German reconnaissance aircraft of that time were either slow artillery observation types, or variants of bombers or heavy fighters), the RLM immediately asked for a batch of airframe kits in order to adapt it to the European theatre and test its capabilities.
The result was a delivery of seven engine-less airframe kits that arrived in Germany in early 1940. In the meantime, with the help of blueprints and other documentations, an alternative engine installation had been devised - the German aircraft was to be powered by liquid-cooled DB 601 engines, which delivered more power than the Ha-102 and offered improved aerodynamics, despite the necessity to add radiators under the outer wings.Effectively, many stock parts from the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter were incorporated, so that development time was very short.
In May 1940 the first batch of the Gotha 146 (which had officially been described as a further development of a four seat, twin-engine transport aircraft from the 1930s) was ready, and they were immediately transferred to the Western Front and based in France.
Allocated to the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the Go 146 A-0 machines carried out various reconnaissance tasks over the North Sea, Great Britain and France, and they were also used for camouflage trials: each of the five aircraft sported a different paint scheme, raging from uniform, all-over grey to disruptive geometrical patterns, reminiscent of Dazzle camouflage!
The Go 146 was popular among its crews, since it was fast, agile and easy to fly. During the test phase in summer 1940 the Go 146 proved to be slightly faster than its Japanese Ki-46 ancestor, and with a top speed of more than 375 mph (600 km/h) it was hard to intercept by any British or French fighter. The results were so convincing that serial production was ordered, and from October 1940 on the Go 146 A-1 was produced in limited numbers, and the type was steadily developed further, including the change of the nose section that came withe the Ki-46III and augmented engines.
Specifications:
Crew: two (pilot and observer)
Length: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2¾ in)
Height: 3.88 m (12 ft 8¾ in)
Wing area: 32.0 m² (344 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,263 kg (7,194 lb)
Loaded weight: 5,050 kg (11,133 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,100 hp) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 625 km/h (345 knots, 388 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 400 km/h (217 knots, 249 mph)
Range: 2,474 km (1,337 nmi, 1,537 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,720 m (35,200 ft)
Wing loading: 157.8 kg/m² (32.3 lb/ft²)
Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 17 min 58 sec
Armament:
1x 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the observer's cabin, facing rearwards
The kit and its assembly:
This sounds like a weird idea, but the Luftwaffe had seriously been interested in the Ki-46, even though no aircraft ever made it to Europe. On the other side, several German aircraft were delivered to Japan (including the Bf 109E, Ju 87 and Me 210) for trials, so reversing this procedure makes sense.
Anyway, a German version would certainly not have been powered by radials, since this type of engine was not very popular in Europe and rather seen as a "slow" option for bombers. So the idea was born to convert a stock Ki-46 II into a prototype with German liquid-cooled engines - and it was easier to realize than expected!
The basis is the Airfix Dinah, a vintage and very simple kit. Fit is basically good, but the clear parts were (in my case) somewhat damaged around the edges of both canopies. Engines and landing gear are also basic - so I used different wheels, and the radials were replaced, anyway.
I used DB 601 engines, taken from an Airfix Bf 110 C kit, which also donated the radiators.
The latter were easy to place outside or the engine nacelles, the engines took some effort. The DB 601's height is perfect for the nacelles, just the width had to be enlarged in order to fit the original, circular shape of the radials' attachment points.
The remedy was simple: two long cuts in the upper cowling made the new engines flexible and wide enough to press them onto the nacelles' front ends! Some putty was necessary to hide gaps and smooth out the intersection, but the result looks very natural!
Otherwise not much was changed. The cockpits and the pilots were taken OOB, I just added a typical ring antenna under the fuselage and an additional pitot under the nose.
Painting and markings:
The fun part, even though it took a while to find something... different. The typical RLM 70/71/65 splinter scheme with a low waterline for prototypes or bombers of the BoB era was a valid option, but soooo boring.
While looking for inspiration I stumbled across some experimental schemes that had been tested on Bf109E fighters from JG53 - and that's what I finally settled upon.
What the Go 146 now carries is effectively a mix of two schemes: the stylish, geometric pattern was taken from one Bf 109, the colors (RLM 61/02/71/65) from another. Everything was painted with brushes and without masks, some light panel shading, black ink and grinded graphite were used for weathering.
The markings are minimal, typical for German reconnaissance aircraft of the time and based upon Bf 110 of the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the decals come from various aftermarket sheets and the code was puzzled together from single letter decals (TL Modellbau). A coat of acrylic matt varnish finally sealed the kit.
An exotic whif, and despite the weird basic idea I made it even more spectacular through the strange paint scheme which reminds of similar experiments by the US Navy. Odd thing is that I had the idea for a German Ki-46 on the agenda for quite a while, but this was/is to become a beefed-up Ki-46III for the late WWII period.
Building this kit's ancestor now, even before the Ki-46III conversion even started, is a little odd - but confirms the feasibility of an engine change and adds another contribution to the 2015 "Battle of Britain" Group Build at whatifmodelers.com.
What is Offshore Web Hosting Good for?
Here are the resources I use: www.sidewages.com/resources/
Why Offshore Web Hosting?
- have you even heard of it before?
- benefits vary by country
- freedom is a primary key
- privacy is also an important factor
Legalities Across the Globe
- certain countries restrict certain sites
- other countries are more enabling
- laws can protect but possibly constrain, too
Privacy is Always in Mind
- can choose anonymous hosting
- protect your identity from the masses
- don't have to worry about random stalkers
- DON'T do this for unlawful reasons!
- think long term and world-wide impact
Consider the Costs
- some offshore hosting can be extremely cheap
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- other countries may open advertising routes
Freedom from Nature?
- natural disasters are a real concern
- you may not be able to relocate
- no reason you can't keep your data safe
- ensure website protection by location
But Where are these Offshore Places?
- the United States and United Kingdom
- Panama, Netherlands, Singapore
- China can be good, but be aware of spam rules
Wrapping Up Your Hosting Needs
- looking for reliability in any situation
- potentially powerful price for performance
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- do what's right and get to doing already
Here are the resources I use: www.sidewages.com/resources/
The images on the right have grey at the edges — this is a result of correcting distortion and forgetting to crop out the edges of the image.
The images on the right have been cropped to remove the grey edging.
Quick Tip:
The easiest fix for this is to check Constrain Crop when correcting perspective in Lightroom — it will automatically crop to the new dimensions.
Post Processing Tutorials:
Constrain Crop is mentioned in this tutorial: adobe.ly/wH0Q2v
Deep Dream Generator(Digital DaVinci 2),Photoshop,
The Most Invaluable Aide to The Goblin Queen
Prompt:- Photographic Realistic,Steampunk Demon Woman Appearing Through the mist of The Catacombs,Multiple horns and Tendrils coming out of the figure,(Fluid :1),Preserve Face and Eyes,Clear distinct realistic Reptilian eyes,Constrain Proportions,Detailed,Intricate,Artists H.R Giger,Peter Mohrbacher,Seb McKinnon, 'Mdjrny v5 Style'
Edited image from the Hubble Space Telescope of the lenticular galaxy NGC 4526. For some reason, I really like this image...
Original caption: This neat little galaxy is known as NGC 4526. Its dark lanes of dust and bright diffuse glow make the galaxy appear to hang like a halo in the emptiness of space in this new image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Although this image paints a picture of serenity, the galaxy is anything but. It is one of the brightest lenticular galaxies known, a category that lies somewhere between spirals and ellipticals. It has hosted two known supernova explosions, one in 1969 and another in 1994, and is known to have a colossal supermassive black hole at its centre that has the mass of 450 million Suns. NGC 4526 is part of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. Ground-based observations of galaxies in this cluster have revealed that a quarter of these galaxies seem to have rapidly rotating discs of gas at their centres. The most spectacular of these is this galaxy, NGC 4526, whose spinning disc of gas, dust, and stars reaches out uniquely far from its heart, spanning some 7% of the galaxy's entire radius. This disc is moving incredibly fast, spinning at more than 250 kilometres per second. The dynamics of this quickly whirling region were actually used to infer the mass of NGC 4526’s central black hole — a technique that had not been used before to constrain a galaxy’s central black hole. This image was taken using Hubble’s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. A version of this image was entered into the Hubble’s Hidden Treasures image processing competition by contestant Judy Schmidt. Hidden Treasures was an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the Hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public.
Location: Southampton City Art Gallery - Southampton City Council
Work of:
Edward Burne-Jones
English Pre-Raphaelite Artist
1833 - 1898
Now hovering there, he seemed to hear a sound
Unlike the sea-bird's cry, and looking round,
He saw a figure standing motionless
Beneath the cliff, midway 'twixt ness and ness,
And as the wind lull'd heard that cry again,
That sounded like the wail of one in pain;
Wondering thereat, and seeking marvels new
He lighted down, and toward the place he drew,
And made invisible by Pallas' aid,
He came within the scarped cliff's purple shade,
And found a woman standing lonely there,
Naked, except for tresses of her hair
That o'er her white limbs by the breeze were wound,
And brazen chains her weary arms that bound
Unto the sea-beat overhanging rock,
As though her golden-crowned head to mock.
But nigh her feet upon the sand there lay
Rich raiment that had covered her that day,
Worthy to be the ransom of a king,
Unworthy round such loveliness to cling
Then unseen Perseus stole anigh the maid,
And love upon his heart a soft hand laid,
And tender pity rent it for her pain;
Not yet an eager cry could he refrain,
fks now, transformed by that piteous sight,
Grown like unto a God for pride and might,
Down on the sand the mystic cap he cast
And stood before her with flushed face at last,
(And grey eyes glittering with his great desire
Beneath his hair, that like a harmless fire
Blown by the wind shone in her hopeless eyes.
But she, all rigid with her first surprise,
Ceasing her wailing as she heard his cry,
Stared at him, dumb with fear and misery,
Shrunk closer yet unto the rocky place
And writhed her bound hands as to hide her face;
But sudden love his heart did so constrain,
With open mouth he strove to speak in vain
And his heart the hot tears 'gan to rise;
But she midst fear beheld his kind grey eyes,
and then, as hope came glimmering through her dread,
In a weak voice he scare could hearm she said,
"O Death! If though hast risen the sea,
Sent by the gods to end this misery,
I thank them that thou comest in this form,
Who rather thought to see a hideous worm
Come trailing up the sands out the deep.
- "The Doom of King Acrisius," I, 269-70]
Quoted From: The Rock of Doom - Burne-Jones, Edward - Gallery - Web Gallery of Art
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Gotha 146 was a fast reconnaissance aircraft that was used throughout WWII by the German Luftwaffe, and one of the results of a mutual technology exchange program with Japan.
The Go 146 was actually a license-built, modified variant of the excellent Mitsubishi Ki-46. The latter type's career started in late 1937: the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force issued a specification to Mitsubishi for a long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft to replace the Mitsubishi Ki-15.
The specification demanded an endurance of six hours and sufficient speed to evade interception by any fighter in existence or development, but otherwise did not constrain the design by a team led by Tomio Kubo.
The resulting design was a twin-engined, low-winged monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage. It had a small diameter oval fuselage with the pilot and observer situated in individual cockpits separated by a large fuel tank. The engines, two Mitsubishi Ha-26 radials, were housed in close fitting cowlings to reduce drag and improve pilot view.
The first prototype aircraft, flew in November 1939 from the Mitsubishi factory at Kakamigahara, Gifu.Tests showed that the Ki-46 was underpowered, and slower than required, only reaching 540 km/h (336 mph) rather than the specified 600 km/h (373 mph). Otherwise, the aircraft tests were successful. As the type was still faster than the Army's latest fighter, the Nakajima Ki-43, as well as the Navy's new A6M2,an initial production batch was ordered.
To solve the performance problems, Mitsubishi fitted Ha-102 engines, which were Ha-26s fitted with a two-stage supercharger, while increasing fuel capacity and reducing empty weight to give the Ki-46-II. This machine was also demonstrated to German officials, who became immediately aware of its potential.
Knowing that the German Luftwaffe lacked this fast type of aircraft (German reconnaissance aircraft of that time were either slow artillery observation types, or variants of bombers or heavy fighters), the RLM immediately asked for a batch of airframe kits in order to adapt it to the European theatre and test its capabilities.
The result was a delivery of seven engine-less airframe kits that arrived in Germany in early 1940. In the meantime, with the help of blueprints and other documentations, an alternative engine installation had been devised - the German aircraft was to be powered by liquid-cooled DB 601 engines, which delivered more power than the Ha-102 and offered improved aerodynamics, despite the necessity to add radiators under the outer wings.Effectively, many stock parts from the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter were incorporated, so that development time was very short.
In May 1940 the first batch of the Gotha 146 (which had officially been described as a further development of a four seat, twin-engine transport aircraft from the 1930s) was ready, and they were immediately transferred to the Western Front and based in France.
Allocated to the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the Go 146 A-0 machines carried out various reconnaissance tasks over the North Sea, Great Britain and France, and they were also used for camouflage trials: each of the five aircraft sported a different paint scheme, raging from uniform, all-over grey to disruptive geometrical patterns, reminiscent of Dazzle camouflage!
The Go 146 was popular among its crews, since it was fast, agile and easy to fly. During the test phase in summer 1940 the Go 146 proved to be slightly faster than its Japanese Ki-46 ancestor, and with a top speed of more than 375 mph (600 km/h) it was hard to intercept by any British or French fighter. The results were so convincing that serial production was ordered, and from October 1940 on the Go 146 A-1 was produced in limited numbers, and the type was steadily developed further, including the change of the nose section that came withe the Ki-46III and augmented engines.
Specifications:
Crew: two (pilot and observer)
Length: 11.00 m (36 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2¾ in)
Height: 3.88 m (12 ft 8¾ in)
Wing area: 32.0 m² (344 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,263 kg (7,194 lb)
Loaded weight: 5,050 kg (11,133 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb)
Powerplant:
2× Daimler-Benz DB 601B-1 liquid-cooled inverted V-12, 809 kW (1,100 hp) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 625 km/h (345 knots, 388 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Cruise speed: 400 km/h (217 knots, 249 mph)
Range: 2,474 km (1,337 nmi, 1,537 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,720 m (35,200 ft)
Wing loading: 157.8 kg/m² (32.3 lb/ft²)
Climb to 8,000 m (26,250 ft): 17 min 58 sec
Armament:
1x 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the observer's cabin, facing rearwards
The kit and its assembly:
This sounds like a weird idea, but the Luftwaffe had seriously been interested in the Ki-46, even though no aircraft ever made it to Europe. On the other side, several German aircraft were delivered to Japan (including the Bf 109E, Ju 87 and Me 210) for trials, so reversing this procedure makes sense.
Anyway, a German version would certainly not have been powered by radials, since this type of engine was not very popular in Europe and rather seen as a "slow" option for bombers. So the idea was born to convert a stock Ki-46 II into a prototype with German liquid-cooled engines - and it was easier to realize than expected!
The basis is the Airfix Dinah, a vintage and very simple kit. Fit is basically good, but the clear parts were (in my case) somewhat damaged around the edges of both canopies. Engines and landing gear are also basic - so I used different wheels, and the radials were replaced, anyway.
I used DB 601 engines, taken from an Airfix Bf 110 C kit, which also donated the radiators.
The latter were easy to place outside or the engine nacelles, the engines took some effort. The DB 601's height is perfect for the nacelles, just the width had to be enlarged in order to fit the original, circular shape of the radials' attachment points.
The remedy was simple: two long cuts in the upper cowling made the new engines flexible and wide enough to press them onto the nacelles' front ends! Some putty was necessary to hide gaps and smooth out the intersection, but the result looks very natural!
Otherwise not much was changed. The cockpits and the pilots were taken OOB, I just added a typical ring antenna under the fuselage and an additional pitot under the nose.
Painting and markings:
The fun part, even though it took a while to find something... different. The typical RLM 70/71/65 splinter scheme with a low waterline for prototypes or bombers of the BoB era was a valid option, but soooo boring.
While looking for inspiration I stumbled across some experimental schemes that had been tested on Bf109E fighters from JG53 - and that's what I finally settled upon.
What the Go 146 now carries is effectively a mix of two schemes: the stylish, geometric pattern was taken from one Bf 109, the colors (RLM 61/02/71/65) from another. Everything was painted with brushes and without masks, some light panel shading, black ink and grinded graphite were used for weathering.
The markings are minimal, typical for German reconnaissance aircraft of the time and based upon Bf 110 of the 14. Aufklärungsgruppe, the decals come from various aftermarket sheets and the code was puzzled together from single letter decals (TL Modellbau). A coat of acrylic matt varnish finally sealed the kit.
An exotic whif, and despite the weird basic idea I made it even more spectacular through the strange paint scheme which reminds of similar experiments by the US Navy. Odd thing is that I had the idea for a German Ki-46 on the agenda for quite a while, but this was/is to become a beefed-up Ki-46III for the late WWII period.
Building this kit's ancestor now, even before the Ki-46III conversion even started, is a little odd - but confirms the feasibility of an engine change and adds another contribution to the 2015 "Battle of Britain" Group Build at whatifmodelers.com.