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Platanus × acerifolia / London Plane Tree
The London plane tree is a very well known, common street tree, particularly in London, where it was massively planted in the 19th century, possibly because it appears to thrive in urban conditions and is resistant to pollution, and heavy pruning.
It has long been considered to be a hybrid between the American sycamore and the oriental plane first recorded in 1663. It's recognisable for its attractive, mottled patchwork, flaking bark and large palmate leaves. The fruit is produced in spring and hangs in burr-like clusters. They persist well into the winter and the following year, and look particularly interesting when the tree has lost its leaves, and the branches have a clear blue winter sky above.
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Platanus × acerifolia / London Plane Tree
Platanus × acerifolia, Platanus × hispanica, or hybrid plane, is a tree in the genus Platanus. It is often known by the synonym London plane,[2] or London planetree. It is usually thought to be a hybrid of Platanus orientalis (oriental plane) and Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore). Some authorities think that it may be a cultivar of P. orientalis.[citation needed]
Description
The London plane is a large deciduous tree growing 20–30 m (65–100 ft), exceptionally over 40 m (130 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) or more in circumference. The bark is usually pale grey-green, smooth and exfoliating, or buff-brown and not exfoliating. The leaves are thick and stiff-textured, broad, palmately lobed, superficially maple-like, the leaf blade 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long and 12–25 cm (5–10 in) broad, with a petiole 3–10 cm (1–4 in) long. The young leaves in spring are coated with minute, fine, stiff hairs at first, but these wear off and by late summer the leaves are hairless or nearly so. The flowers are borne in one to three (most often two) dense spherical inflorescences on a pendulous stem, with male and female flowers on separate stems. The fruit matures in about 6 months, to 2–3 centimetres (0.8–1.2 in) diameter, and comprises a dense spherical cluster of achenes with numerous stiff hairs which aid wind dispersal; the cluster breaks up slowly over the winter to release the numerous 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) seeds. The London Plane is one of the most efficient trees in removing small particulate pollutants in urban areas.[3]
It shares many visual similarities with Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore), from which it is derived; however, the two species are relatively easy to distinguish, considering the London plane is almost exclusively planted in urban habitats, while P. occidentalis is most commonly found growing in lowlands and alluvial soils along streams.[4]
Origin
The species was formed by hybridization in the 17th century after P. orientalis and P. occidentalis had been planted in proximity to one another. It is often said that the hybridization took place in Spain, but it could also have happened in Vauxhall Gardens in London where John Tradescant the Younger discovered the tree in the mid-17th century.[5][6] The leaf and flower characteristics are intermediate between the two parent species, the leaf being more deeply lobed than P. occidentalis but less so than P. orientalis, and the seed balls typically two per stem (one in P. occidentalis, 3–6 in P. orientalis). The hybrid is fertile, and seedlings are occasionally found near mature trees.
Controlled reciprocal pollinations between P. occidentalis and P. orientalis resulted in good yields of germinable seed and true hybrid seedlings. Crosses of both species, as females, with P. racemosa and P. wrightii produced extremely low yields of germinable seed, but true hybrids were obtained from all interspecific combinations. Apomixis (asexual reproduction from non-fertilized seeds) appeared common in P. orientalis.[7]
In 1968 and 1970, Frank S. Santamour Jr. recreated the P. orientalis by P. occidentalis cross using a P. orientalis of Turkish origin with American sycamores (P. occidentalis). The offspring were evaluated following several years of exposure to anthracnose infection. Two selections, 'Columbia' and 'Liberty', were released in August, 1984.[7][8]
Taxonomy
Platanus × acerifolia was first formally described in the botanical literature by the Scottish botanist William Aiton in his 1789 work Hortus Kewensis as a variety of P. orientalis.[9] Aiton described this variety with a two-word Latin diagnosis, "foliis transversis", and called it the Spanish plane tree.[10] In 1805, Carl Ludwig Willdenow chose to elevate Aiton's variety to species rank, publishing the new species P. acerifolia in the fourth edition of Species Plantarum.[11][12] The species name was then modified to include the multiplication symbol to indicate its suspected hybrid parentage. The other name commonly used for this taxon, Platanus × hispanica auct. non Mill. ex Münchh., is a nomen dubium based on an uncertain description.[13][14]
Cultivation
The London plane is one of 50 Great British Trees that the Tree Council selected in 2002 in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee.[15] The list specifically mentions Britain's first London plane being in the city of Ely, Cambridgeshire.
The London plane is very tolerant of atmospheric pollution and root compaction, and for this reason it is a popular urban roadside tree. It was planted extensively in Victorian times to weather the pollution of London. It is now extensively cultivated in most temperate latitudes as an ornamental and parkland tree, and is a commonly planted tree in cities throughout the temperate regions of the world, in London and many other cities.[5] It has a greater degree of winter cold tolerance than P. orientalis, and is less susceptible to anthracnose disease than P. occidentalis. Under the synonym Platanus × hispanica, the tree has gained the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain's Award of Garden Merit.[16][17]
The tree is fairly wind-resistant. However, it has a number of problems in urban use, most notably the short, stiff hairs shed by the young leaves and the dispersing seeds; these are an irritant if breathed in, and can exacerbate breathing difficulties for people with asthma. The large leaves can create a disposal problem in cities, as they are tough and sometimes can take more than one year to break down if they remain whole.
London planes are often pruned by a technique called pollarding. A pollarded tree has a drastically different appearance than an unpruned tree, being much shorter with stunted, club-like branches. Although pollarding requires frequent maintenance (the trees must usually be repruned every year), it creates a distinctive shape that is often sought after in plazas, main streets, and other urban areas.
Platanus × acerifolia / London Plane Tree
The London plane tree is a very well known, common street tree, particularly in London, where it was massively planted in the 19th century, possibly because it appears to thrive in urban conditions and is resistant to pollution, and heavy pruning.
It has long been considered to be a hybrid between the American sycamore and the oriental plane first recorded in 1663. It's recognisable for its attractive, mottled patchwork, flaking bark and large palmate leaves. The fruit is produced in spring and hangs in burr-like clusters. They persist well into the winter and the following year, and look particularly interesting when the tree has lost its leaves, and the branches have a clear blue winter sky above.
————————————————————————————————————
Platanus × acerifolia / London Plane Tree
Platanus × acerifolia, Platanus × hispanica, or hybrid plane, is a tree in the genus Platanus. It is often known by the synonym London plane,[2] or London planetree. It is usually thought to be a hybrid of Platanus orientalis (oriental plane) and Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore). Some authorities think that it may be a cultivar of P. orientalis.[citation needed]
Description
The London plane is a large deciduous tree growing 20–30 m (65–100 ft), exceptionally over 40 m (130 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) or more in circumference. The bark is usually pale grey-green, smooth and exfoliating, or buff-brown and not exfoliating. The leaves are thick and stiff-textured, broad, palmately lobed, superficially maple-like, the leaf blade 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long and 12–25 cm (5–10 in) broad, with a petiole 3–10 cm (1–4 in) long. The young leaves in spring are coated with minute, fine, stiff hairs at first, but these wear off and by late summer the leaves are hairless or nearly so. The flowers are borne in one to three (most often two) dense spherical inflorescences on a pendulous stem, with male and female flowers on separate stems. The fruit matures in about 6 months, to 2–3 centimetres (0.8–1.2 in) diameter, and comprises a dense spherical cluster of achenes with numerous stiff hairs which aid wind dispersal; the cluster breaks up slowly over the winter to release the numerous 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) seeds. The London Plane is one of the most efficient trees in removing small particulate pollutants in urban areas.[3]
It shares many visual similarities with Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore), from which it is derived; however, the two species are relatively easy to distinguish, considering the London plane is almost exclusively planted in urban habitats, while P. occidentalis is most commonly found growing in lowlands and alluvial soils along streams.[4]
Origin
The species was formed by hybridization in the 17th century after P. orientalis and P. occidentalis had been planted in proximity to one another. It is often said that the hybridization took place in Spain, but it could also have happened in Vauxhall Gardens in London where John Tradescant the Younger discovered the tree in the mid-17th century.[5][6] The leaf and flower characteristics are intermediate between the two parent species, the leaf being more deeply lobed than P. occidentalis but less so than P. orientalis, and the seed balls typically two per stem (one in P. occidentalis, 3–6 in P. orientalis). The hybrid is fertile, and seedlings are occasionally found near mature trees.
Controlled reciprocal pollinations between P. occidentalis and P. orientalis resulted in good yields of germinable seed and true hybrid seedlings. Crosses of both species, as females, with P. racemosa and P. wrightii produced extremely low yields of germinable seed, but true hybrids were obtained from all interspecific combinations. Apomixis (asexual reproduction from non-fertilized seeds) appeared common in P. orientalis.[7]
In 1968 and 1970, Frank S. Santamour Jr. recreated the P. orientalis by P. occidentalis cross using a P. orientalis of Turkish origin with American sycamores (P. occidentalis). The offspring were evaluated following several years of exposure to anthracnose infection. Two selections, 'Columbia' and 'Liberty', were released in August, 1984.[7][8]
Taxonomy
Platanus × acerifolia was first formally described in the botanical literature by the Scottish botanist William Aiton in his 1789 work Hortus Kewensis as a variety of P. orientalis.[9] Aiton described this variety with a two-word Latin diagnosis, "foliis transversis", and called it the Spanish plane tree.[10] In 1805, Carl Ludwig Willdenow chose to elevate Aiton's variety to species rank, publishing the new species P. acerifolia in the fourth edition of Species Plantarum.[11][12] The species name was then modified to include the multiplication symbol to indicate its suspected hybrid parentage. The other name commonly used for this taxon, Platanus × hispanica auct. non Mill. ex Münchh., is a nomen dubium based on an uncertain description.[13][14]
Cultivation
The London plane is one of 50 Great British Trees that the Tree Council selected in 2002 in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee.[15] The list specifically mentions Britain's first London plane being in the city of Ely, Cambridgeshire.
The London plane is very tolerant of atmospheric pollution and root compaction, and for this reason it is a popular urban roadside tree. It was planted extensively in Victorian times to weather the pollution of London. It is now extensively cultivated in most temperate latitudes as an ornamental and parkland tree, and is a commonly planted tree in cities throughout the temperate regions of the world, in London and many other cities.[5] It has a greater degree of winter cold tolerance than P. orientalis, and is less susceptible to anthracnose disease than P. occidentalis. Under the synonym Platanus × hispanica, the tree has gained the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain's Award of Garden Merit.[16][17]
The tree is fairly wind-resistant. However, it has a number of problems in urban use, most notably the short, stiff hairs shed by the young leaves and the dispersing seeds; these are an irritant if breathed in, and can exacerbate breathing difficulties for people with asthma. The large leaves can create a disposal problem in cities, as they are tough and sometimes can take more than one year to break down if they remain whole.
London planes are often pruned by a technique called pollarding. A pollarded tree has a drastically different appearance than an unpruned tree, being much shorter with stunted, club-like branches. Although pollarding requires frequent maintenance (the trees must usually be repruned every year), it creates a distinctive shape that is often sought after in plazas, main streets, and other urban areas.
While we were in Florida a few weeks ago, we took one morning to visit Naples Botanical Garden. It was so nice to see so much lush foliage and such beautiful color, especially since the garden back home was still covered in a blanket of snow. I'm always amazed by the brightness of the foliage and flowers of tropical plants, we don't often get such saturated color in our northern gardens. I'm sure they would look out of the place though, somehow these colors need heat to look at home!
A large Kausga-style lantern which was imported from Japan in 1914. You can see the Chinese zodiac animals around the upper and lower portions of the lantern.
Designed by Takeo Shiota (1881-1943) in the early 1900's, the Hill-and-Pond Garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is three acres of Japan hidden in New York City. The variety of plants, large pond, pavilion, lanterns, small shrine, and large torii fit wonderfully into the overall design.
The Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna is a botanical garden in Vienna, Austria. It covers 8 hectares and is immediately adjacent to the Belvedere gardens.
The gardens date back to 1754 when Empress Maria Theresa founded the Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis. The gardens currently contain more than 9,000 species of plants, including well-documented woody tropical plants, particularly of such families as Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Bromeliaceae or Orchidaceae.
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More information about Vienna: Holiday in Vienna blog
27 September 2007 - From 23 September to 7 October, the Spring Festival is being held at Wellington's Botanical Gardens. Includes a great display of tulips and other spring flowers.
Taken this summer in the botanical Gardens in Edinburgh, u'll probably notice a them of trees in a lot of my photos. Don't ask why cos I either don't know why or don't wanna say why.
While we were in Florida a few weeks ago, we took one morning to visit Naples Botanical Garden. It was so nice to see so much lush foliage and such beautiful color, especially since the garden back home was still covered in a blanket of snow. I'm always amazed by the brightness of the foliage and flowers of tropical plants, we don't often get such saturated color in our northern gardens. I'm sure they would look out of the place though, somehow these colors need heat to look at home!
While we were in Florida a few weeks ago, we took one morning to visit Naples Botanical Garden. It was so nice to see so much lush foliage and such beautiful color, especially since the garden back home was still covered in a blanket of snow. I'm always amazed by the brightness of the foliage and flowers of tropical plants, we don't often get such saturated color in our northern gardens. I'm sure they would look out of the place though, somehow these colors need heat to look at home!
Porto
Porto’s Botanical Garden is a space where three dimensions converge: recreation, history and botanics. It is not a very big garden – 4 ha to be precise – but it is full of old town charm.
The house the property are now runned by the Faculty of Sciences (Porto University) but were formerly owned by the Christ Order and after that by João Salabert. Finally, it belonged to the Andresen family, who sold it to the State of Portugal in 1949.
The botanic gardens are representative of the so loved recreational gardens of the 18th century in Porto. The historic relevance of the complex is also related to the Andresen family. The house was acquired by João Henrique Andresen, a Port wine merchant, who requalified the gardens to give its romantic aspect. His daughter – Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen – became one of the most prominent portuguese writers of the 20th century and her work is full of the memories of her childhood in this property.
read more : www.localporto.com/porto-botanical-garden/