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see this tutorial from the master. See tons of images he clicked and get inspired.
World’s 4th Biggest Defense Spender To Acquire “Israel Tech” As AD Systems Hog Spotlight Amid Russia-Ukraine, India-Pak Wars
By Sakshi Tiwari - May 12, 2025
After signing a historic deal with Israel in 2023 to purchase the Arrow-3, the world’s fourth-biggest defense spender is looking to purchase the Arrow-4, a next-generation air defense system currently under development.
According to SIPRI, Germany has emerged as the fourth biggest military spender after the United States, China, and Russia, and has surpassed India.
Lieutenant General Lutz Kohlhaus, the Vice Chief of Luftwaffe (the German Air Force), said on May 7 that the service wants to procure the Arrow-4 air defense system. The remarks were made during his opening speech at the Ground-Based Air Defense Summit in Berlin, as reported by Hartpunkt, a major German publication.
This appears to be a mere proposal right now, given that the German Ministry of Defense has not publicly acknowledged the Luftwaffe’s recommendation, and no official procurement timeline, budget, or contract details have been confirmed yet. However, the Luftwaffe Vice Chief said the decision to acquire the system has been communicated to Israel and the German Defense Ministry.
The Vice Chief said that the Luftwaffe will be able to cover the entire altitude spectrum of air defense in the future with the Arrow-4 and Arrow-3. Notably, the statement came shortly after the Inspector General of the Air Force received the first shipment of key equipment, including the communication element of the Arrow 3 system.
The German officials have repeatedly underlined the urgency of operationalising the Arrow-3 amid rising security threats in Europe. The Arrow-3 will be deployed at three locations across the country, with the first deployment planned for the military airfield at Holzdorf in eastern Germany, just south of Berlin. Construction is already underway at this site.
The alacrity in acquiring the Arrow-4 is noteworthy because the recent failure of the Israeli Arrow-3 in destroying a Houthi ballistic missile that struck the Ben Gurion Airport led to speculations that Germany may be alarmed and ask for assurances from the manufacturers of the anti-ballistic missile defense system that it has acquired for US$3.5 billion. However, the recent statement suggests that Berlin remains unfazed by the ‘rare’ miss and deeply committed to Israeli Arrow systems.
The plans to acquire the Arrow-4 align with Germany’s ongoing efforts to bolster air and missile defense, triggered by the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Germany’s role as a NATO logistical hub. The country is currently working on the European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI), which aims to create a multi-layered air defense network for itself and another European partner.
The German military has already procured the Patriot medium-range missile defense system, the IRIS-T short-range air defense system, and the Arrow-3. The next-generation Arrow-4 will add another layer to this network and fill a specific capability gap, potentially in endo-atmospheric interception, which is believed to be challenging due to atmospheric drag, heat, and missile maneuverability.
The German Air Force Vice Chief also noted that the Air Force will continue to buy the Patriot system and procure the F-35 fighter jet, adding that more European-based capability would be considered.
He stated that NATO countries operating American-origin equipment cannot conduct joint air warfare without Link 16, IFF Mode 5, or the standardized data flow, the standards for which would only be set by the US. Thus, diversification of military acquisition is required.
In addition to the Arrow-3 and Arrow-4, the Air Force is calling for the rapid procurement of six more IRIS-T-SLM systems to supplement the six previously ordered. It had also previously ordered eight 16 Patriot missile defense systems and three Arrow-3 systems. Kohlhaus noted that the country would have a total of 29 air defense systems (12 Patriot squadrons, 12 IRIS-T SLM/SLS, 1 Arrow 3 operational, 2 more by 2030).
File: Concept of Arrow-4 interceptor
What Is The Arrow-4?
Arrow 4 is an advanced missile defense system under development to counter ballistic and hypersonic threats. Unlike other systems in the German arsenal, Arrow-4 will have endo-exoatmospheric capabilities, which essentially means that it could intercept and destroy a target within and outside Earth’s atmosphere.
It is pertinent to note that Arrow 4’s primary focus will likely be endo-atmospheric interception, with low-exo-atmospheric capability as a secondary feature.
This is in stark contrast to the Arrow 3 system, which is known for its ability to destroy space-borne projectiles, including ballistic missiles and their warheads, during their mid-course phase, before they re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere.
Thus, the Arrow-4 would add another protective layer to Germany’s multi-layered air defense network. Germany’s acquisition of three Arrow 3 systems provides exo-atmospheric defense, while Arrow 4’s proposed acquisition would enhance terminal-phase coverage, complementing Patriot PAC-3 and IRIS-T SLM.
The Arrow 4 missile is being jointly developed by the Israel Missile Defense Organization (IMDO) and the US Missile Defense Agency. Israel started conceptual work on Arrow-4 in 2017, but formal development was announced in February 2021 amid the burgeoning threat posed by Iran’s long-range missiles.
The Arrow-4 interceptor would be employed against evolving threats, including advanced ballistic missiles, hypersonic weapons, and potentially nuclear-capable delivery systems.
One of the most significant features of the Arrow-4 interceptor is its ability to counter sophisticated threats, such as hypersonic missiles, which are very difficult to intercept due to their extremely high speed (five or more times the speed of sound) and unpredictable trajectory.
Since Germany’s missile defense aims to defeat potential threats from Russia, Arrow-4 would be a much-desired system, given that Moscow has various hypersonic missiles in its inventory.
Moreover, the European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI) and NATO’s Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) emphasize hypersonic defense, making Arrow 4 strategically relevant.
With better propulsion systems, advanced seekers, and increased mobility than its predecessors, Arrow 4 is expected to have “unprecedented flight and interception capabilities.”
Though there is a paucity of information at this point, it is believed that Arrow 3 and Arrow 4 will be designed to destroy targets using kinetic energy or direct collision (hit-to-kill) instead of exploding near the hostile targets.
Additionally, an advantage of the Arrow 4 swivel missile is that it can be used with existing Arrow radars and firing devices, making it a cost-effective solution.
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
These spur gears – seen here with a euro cent coin for scale – have been produced in stainless steel to a space standard of quality using nothing more than an off-the-shelf desktop 3D printer.
ESA-supported startup TIWARI Scientific Instruments in Germany has developed a technique allowing low cost 3D printing using a variety of metals and ceramics. Ordinarily producing precision parts in such high-performance materials would be costly in both time and money, but the company can instead shape them using standard 3D printing techniques.
TIWARI’s ‘Fused Filament Fabrication’ (FFF) print process uses thermoplastic filaments that are embedded with particles of the metal or ceramic the part is to be made from. Once the printing is finished, the part – known as a ‘green body’ – is put through a thermal treatment to eliminate the plastic, leaving behind a metal or ceramic item.
“Once this plastic-containing body goes through this treatment then what is left behind is pure metal or ceramic,” explains ESA non-metallic materials and processes engineer Ugo Lafont. “The result is high-quality parts with very good physical properties. So this cheap, simple technique can offer us additional part manufacturing capability for space applications with an expanded pallet of materials.”
Test parts made using the FFF process in stainless steel and titanium metals, as well as aluminia and silicon carbide ceramics underwent a full-scale campaign of non-destructive and destructive testing at the Materials and Electrical Components Laboratory of ESA’s ESTEC technical centre in the Netherlands, assessing their added value and suitability for space.
One surprise has been that the parts possess enhanced mechanical performance compared to their conventionally made equivalents – for instance, stainless steel can be elongated to a previously unachievable 100% without breaking.
TIWARI is a startup hosted at ESA’s Business Incubation Centre Hessen & Baden-Württemberg in Germany, specialising in instruments for thermal characterisation of materials as well as 3D printing of high-performance metals and ceramics.
“Desktop 3D printers have become cheaper and cheaper in recent years and there’s been a lot of interest in mixing in materials with traditional print stock,” explains company founder Siddharth Tiwari. “But our company’s particular focus has really been on understanding the process thoroughly and investigating the kind of thermal and mechanical properties we can achieve.
“So this test campaign with ESA was part of our strategic planning from the start, to help commercialise the technology. At a time when other companies are still speculating about the properties achievable with 3D printed parts we have tested and qualified not one but four separate materials.
“This means we’ve ended up with a database no other company possesses, thanks to being able to make use of ESA resources – which otherwise would have cost many tens of thousands of euros. And the fact that our parts make the grade for space helps us in terrestrial markets too.”
The collaboration between the ESA and TIWARI on the testing and evaluation of the 3D printed parts has been facilitated by ESA’s Technology Transfer and Patent Office.
“We hope to offer an affordable solution to a market often put off by the high prices associated with additive manufacturing,” adds Siddharth Tiwari. “Our company offers one of the best price-to-performance ratio in the market, and we have launched an online estimation tool allowing customers to check how much the customised parts they require will cost.”
Credits: TIWARI Scientific Instruments
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
Day 7
One of my fellow photog(Neelabh tiwari) suggested another photog(Kishore Nagarigari) to mask his pictures and i thought i would also do it as my DAY 7 picture and tried it... then Mayank Sharma another photog came to my rescue in editing this picture :)
Neha was the reason Vu and I planned a photo trip to San Francisco. She had contacted me a long time ago (after she saw Veronica Belmont’s previous shoots by us) and asked if we would ever be in the San Franciso area so we could do some photos for her. At the time we had no plans so we agreed to let each other know if/when we would be in each others’ town. Fast forward to about a month ago… Neha needed updated photos and let us know.
We got the word out that The Bui Brothers would be in San Francisco doing photoshoots and got to schedule some nice shoots.
You can watch the behind the scenes video and see a little bit of the day, we promise to make more technically satisfying videos in the future for all of you that want to know the details of how we light our photos. Then take a look at our favorite photos from the shoot.
Photos taken on the Canon 5D mark II, video shot on both the 5D mark II and the Nikon D90.
Here is the behind the scenes video with some info on lighting setup:
Designer & Stylist: Rima Melwani
Make up: Nitin Lotlikar
Hair Styling: Alpa Khimani
Asst: Swapnil Angre.
Neha was the reason Vu and I planned a photo trip to San Francisco. She had contacted me a long time ago (after she saw Veronica Belmont’s previous shoots by us) and asked if we would ever be in the San Franciso area so we could do some photos for her. At the time we had no plans so we agreed to let each other know if/when we would be in each others’ town. Fast forward to about a month ago… Neha needed updated photos and let us know.
We got the word out that The Bui Brothers would be in San Francisco doing photoshoots and got to schedule some nice shoots.
You can watch the behind the scenes video and see a little bit of the day, we promise to make more technically satisfying videos in the future for all of you that want to know the details of how we light our photos. Then take a look at our favorite photos from the shoot.
Photos taken on the Canon 5D mark II, video shot on both the 5D mark II and the Nikon D90.
Here is the video:
Mama Kwina didn't agree that her son Tiwari was eating the flowers in the little tree, and took him down and dragged him to the nest
for Pramod Kumar Tiwari who ply taxi (cab) in the city of Mumbai to etch his living. He is behind the wheel from past 10 years. His family consist of wife and kids who stay in their hometown Uttar Pradesh - Pratapgarh.
I bought Tokina Fish Eye lens 10 to 17mm f/3.5-4.5 yesterday and this is my first try with the lens.