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Scarborough Castle stands on a massive promontory of rock that rises above the North Sea. Its 12th-century great tower is the centrepiece of a royal castle begun by Henry II. It became one of the greatest royal fortresses in England and figured prominently in national events during the Middle Ages. Its buildings are mostly relatively recent additions to a site which, as a natural fortress, has been intermittently inhabited and fortified for nearly 3,000 years.
Before the Castle
Reconstructed Roman pottery from the site of the Roman signal station at Scarborough Castle (on loan from Scarborough Museums Trust)
With its own anchorage, Scarborough has long been an important gateway to north-east England. Fragments of pottery dating to between about 2100 and 1600 BC are the earliest evidence of human activity on the headland.
But it is only in the first millennium BC that there is clear evidence of a settlement there. Excavations suggest two distinct periods of habitation, the first about 800 BC and the second about 500 BC, but it is not clear how extensive either settlement was.In the late 4th century AD a fortified tower was erected on the headland. Finds of coins and pottery, and architectural similarity to other sites, suggest that it was one of a set of signal stations built along the north-eastern coast of Britain at this time. Exactly when and why these were built is much debated, but whatever their purpose, they seem to have been abandoned in the early 5th century. It has long been supposed that the name Scarborough derives from Old Norse. However, the whole idea of a Viking settlement at Scarborough has recently been questioned and an alternative Anglo-Saxon derivation for the name Scarborough as ‘the hill with the fort’ has been suggested.Nonetheless, it is clear from the discovery of a chapel within the foundations of the Roman signal station as well as a small cemetery that there was human activity on the headland by 1000.
The Early Castle
Scarborough is first clearly documented in the mid-12th century as a borough prospering beneath the walls of a great royal castle.The castle’s founder was William le Gros, Count of Aumâle. Created Earl of York by King Stephen in 1138, he proceeded to establish himself as the unrivalled political master of the region. His work at Scarborough probably began in the 1130s. Later in the 12th century the chronicler William of Newburgh recorded that Aumâle was responsible for enclosing the plateau of the promontory with a wall and erecting a tower at the entrance, on the site of the present great tower or keep. But within a few years of the castle’s foundation Henry II acceded to the throne and demanded the return of all royal castles. Scarborough, which was built on a royal manor, was one of these, and Scarborough Castle passed into the hands of the Crown.
A Royal Castle
In 1159 Henry II began to rebuild the castle, planting a new town beneath its walls at the same time. About £650 was spent on the castle over the next ten years, an enormous sum.[8] The principal object of expenditure was the great tower, built 1159–69, most probably as architectural confirmation that the castle had changed hands.King John is known to have visited Scarborough several times and seems to have developed it, along with Knaresborough, as a major royal castle to control Yorkshire. He spent £2,291 on Scarborough, more than on any other castle in the kingdom, in two phases: first, the creation of an outer wall to the inner bailey in 1202–6, and second, the extension of that wall down to the cliff in 1207–12. During the second stage he also constructed a hall in the inner bailey as well as a new royal chamber block and a separate aisled hall in the outer bailey.
The Castle in the Later Middle Ages
Henry III provisioned and maintained the castle throughout his reign, which became one of the greatest royal fortresses in England. Edward I continued to use it as a royal lodging, holding court and council at Scarborough in 1275. Prisoners from his Scottish wars were also held there. In 1312 it was briefly the scene of a siege when Edward II's favourite, Piers Gaveston, took refuge in the castle. In 1308 Lord Percy and his wife were granted licence to live in the castle and over the next 40 years the Percy family built a bakehouse, brewhouse and kitchen in the inner bailey. The buildings were generally only repaired in extreme need. Richard III was the last king to stay there, in 1484, while assembling a fleet to resist the expected invasion of Henry Tudor, later Henry VII.
The Castle under the Tudors
Though dilapidated, Scarborough Castle continued to play an important role in times of crisis. When the popular rebellion against Henry VIII known as the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in October 1536, the constable, Sir Ralph Eure, declared his support for the king and was besieged in the castle. Although damaged by gunfire, the castle was held successfully. Twenty years later the castle was involved in another doomed plot, when in 1557 Thomas Stafford seized the castle and held it for three days, believing he could incite a popular revolt against Queen Mary. The castle was easily captured, and Stafford and his accomplices were executed.
The Civil War
In September 1642 a local gentleman, Sir Hugh Cholmley, was commissioned to hold Scarborough for Parliament, but he was soon persuaded to change sides. Immediately afterwards, while Cholmley was visiting Charles I in York, 40 seamen under the command of Cholmley’s cousin Captain Browne Bushell surprised the guard at night and took the castle. Cholmley rushed back and persuaded Bushell to return the castle to him. For the next two years Scarborough served as an important Royalist base, its interception of shipping inflicting serious coal shortages on London.Early in 1645, however, Parliamentarian forces closed in on Scarborough. After three weeks Sir Hugh was forced to retreat from the town to the castle, where for five months he resisted one of the bloodiest sieges of the Civil War. The bombardment was so intense that the massive walls of the great tower sheared and half the building collapsed. Eventually Cholmley ran out of gunpowder, then money and finally food. He surrendered on 25 July 1645. The castle was again besieged when the Parliamentary garrison of 100 men under Colonel Boynton declared for the imprisoned king on 27 July 1648, after Parliament had failed to pay them. Boynton eventually surrendered in December. Instructions were given that the castle should be slighted, but opposition from the town preserved it from destruction
Prison and Barrack
The Master Gunner’s House at Scarborough Castle, which was probably converted from an existing building in the early 18th century From the 1650s the castle also served as a prison – among those held there was George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends (the Quakers). In response to the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745–6 a barracks block was constructed within the walls of King John’s chamber block, and this remained in use into the mid-19th century.
The 20th Century
On the morning of 16 December 1914, in the opening months of the First World War, two German warships fired more than 500 shells on the town and castle from the bay. Seventeen civilians were killed and more than 80 seriously wounded. In 1920 Scarborough Castle was taken into state guardianship by the Ministry of Works. Under its ownership the 18th century barracks block damaged in the German bombardment was demolished. The site of the Roman signal station and chapel was excavated in the 1920s, and the castle was placed in the care of English Heritage in 1984.
There is nothing like the bond between two girlfriends. We can trust each other with every part of our lives. Having girlfriends has helped me through many hard times.
Canal & River Trust sign - Birmingham & Fazeley Canal.
At Cambrian Wharf.
Sign - Be more tortoise and less hare
David Schwimmer and Liana Liberato answer audience questions at the March 22, 2011 screening of Trust held at the KCET Cinema Series hosted by Pete Hammond
For more on Trust and other film in this screening series, visit www.kcet.org/socal/cinema_series/
Belton House is a Grade I listed country house in the parish of Belton near Grantham in Lincolnshire, England, built between 1685 and 1688 by Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet. It is surrounded by formal gardens and a series of avenues leading to follies within a larger wooded park. The house was made famous in the 1988 children's TV drama "Moondial"
The charity trust canal cruising boat passing the Kirkintilloch Marina on the Forth and Clyde Canal. The passengers are inside enjoying the catering facilities on board the Marjorie Seagull.
Last spring, Emily Zuzik and I spent a few easy hours walking through Brooklyn to shoot street portraits. It was a super session; she got the shots she wanted for her new CD and her web site and her upcoming gig promos, and there was plenty of material left over for future reference.
Emily has moved to L.A. in the time between, and is now pregnant and busy and happy out there. I've been reading her updates on Facebook, and it made me want to dig back into the archives and make up a new shot.
She's already using a variant of this one on her web site, but I like the hint of smile here, and the way she is slightly between expressions.
A May Day Bank Holiday Monday visit to Canons Ashby, a National Trust run property in Northamptonshire.
Canons Ashby House is a Grade I listed Elizabethan manor house located in the village of Canons Ashby, about 11 miles (17.7 km) south of the town of Daventry in the county of Northamptonshire, England. It has been owned by the National Trust since 1981 when the house was close to collapse and the gardens had turned into a meadow. "The Tower" of the building is in the care of the Landmark Trust and available for holiday lets.
Grade I Listed Building
Listing Text
CANONS ASHBY
SP5750
19/29 Canons Ashby House
18/09/53 (Formerly listed as Canons
Ashby Hall)
GV I
Country house. Mid C16 with earlier origins, extended c.1590, embellished
c.1632, south front remodelled and other alterations made 1708-10. Coursed
ironstone rubble, ironstone ashlar, brick, limestone dressings, tile roofs,
stacks mostly brick, some stone. H-plan, extended to courtyard plan. 5-window
west range to Green Court, entrance front until c.1840, of brick rendered, has
early C18 central 8-panel double-leaf door in moulded stone frame with console
keyblock flanked by plain Doric pilasters, supporting plain frieze, inflected
cornice and broken pediment framing lead cartouche; original blocked C16 service
door to left with 4-centred arch head and carved spandrels. To right and left,
3-light leaded mullion and transom windows; 3-light mullion windows to first
floor. Gabled ends break forward and have 2 12-pane sashes to ground floor with
moulded stone sills and plain surrounds with keyblocks, blocked to left end,
4-light mullion and transom windows with hood moulds to first floor, 3-light
mullion windows in gables; mullions arched to right wing. Moulded plinth, quoins
to angles. First floor string, fine lead rainwater heads and pipes flanking
central bay. 2 brick lateral stacks left of centre, and central timber cupola
with clock rebuilt 1981 to original early C18 design. 9-window south range to
garden has rendered brick, 4-storey, tower left of centre with 8-panel door,
approached by flight of 5 steps with shaped angles, with moulded stone surround,
console keyblock, and broken segmental pediment. To right a 5-light mullion
window. 3-light arch-mullion windows to first and second floors, all with hood
moulds and similar window to fourth floor. Tower has a round stair turret with
ogee lead roof and weather vane to rear left angle beside brick stack. Rest of
range of 2 storeys, ashlar faced, 3 bays to left of tower, 5 to right, with
24-pane sashes, surrounds as above. 2-light mullion windows to basement, moulded
plinth and storey band. Right gable end has 2-light mullion window with hood
mould to gable and evidence of blocked and dismantled first floor oriel; long
timber lintel with blocked opening below. Irregular 6-window brick north range
has 2 and 3 storeys and mezzanine. 2-storey canted bays either end with mullion
and transom windows except to upper window of left bay - mullioned only, tall
2-light mullion and transom windows to right of centre lighting kitchen, two
24-pane sashes to left with stone surrounds as above. 2-and 3 light mullion
windows to ground, mezzanine and third floors and 2-light arch-mullion recess to
left of right end bay, just above moulded plinth. Stepped string broken by
mezzanine window. Brick and stone ridge stacks. Left gable end has second floor
oriel, originally matching blocked oriel already mentioned, with mullion and
transom window, and 1-light side pieces, a 3-light mullion window below and to
ground floor (2 blocked first floor sash windows). East entrance front of 2
storeys is lower than the other ranges and has irregular fenestration. Chamfered
carriage arch to right of arch. Various wood mullion and mullion and transom
windows and a 2-storey double-hipped projection to left with small brick arched
basement doorway. No plinth to left of arch. Rubble masonry and irregular
fenestration to Pebble Court. 4-centred arched door to hall to right of centre
is approached by flight of 7 steps. Re-used medieval stonework to this side of
north range. Plain stone caped parapets except to east range. Interior:
spectacular Jacobean plasterwork and overmantel in Drawing Room, former 'Great
Chamber'. C16 painted decoration in studio and Spencer Room, early C18 Painted
Parlour. Evidence of open roof to hall in rooms to side of Brown Gallery and
possible Long Gallery in top storey of north range. Seat of the Drydens since
mid C16; given to National Trust in 1981;
(National Trust Guide: 1984; Buildings of England; Northants, p.134-6)
Listing NGR: SP5773150655
This text is from the original listing, and may not necessarily reflect the current setting of the building.
The view from the Fruit and vegetable terrace looking up the Sundial terrace.
March 7, 2009 | The window of a closed shop in Old Town Alexandria served as a huge gentle softbox. My wife is getting used to the camera.
175 Federal St, Boston, MA
My favorite thing about this picture is how the sign on the right is upside-down, as if to match the building. :)
This used to be the headquarters of BayBank.
As you can see from the photo, me and my 3 dogs love the beach. I would go there of an evening and sit by the tide usually with a burger or pizza while they all just mooched. That’s the image I always have when I think of me and my dogs, just hanging out with each other, nothing complicated.
The only thing different about that picture is Berry the Spaniel passed away September 2012. I rehomed her from Dogs Trust Canterbury and she was a typical Spaniel in many ways, amazingly loyal, always carrying a baby of some sort and CRAZY at the beach.
Bagle the Beagle was next to arrive, a complete and utter sucker punch for me. She was an ex-puppy farm breeding bitch who was so nervous she would disappear in to thin air if she could. She is now completely out of her shell and although apparently 8 when I got her she goes down an age each year so she is about 5 now.
Argy Bargy the Griffon Basset I rehomed from Dogs Trust Salisbury. He was a boy used to his own company or of other dogs and was quite happy that way. After the near 2 years of having him he has become a massive baby. He is just over 10 now and although he has kept his grumpy demeanour he has new sparks of character and personality still coming out, he often slips up and comes in for a proper soft cuddle when no one is looking.
I feel extremely lucky that something as simple as Bagle stretching out on my back when I am sat on the sofa makes me laugh, and the way Argy hits me with his paw when he wants something makes me smile. The memories of Berry and Cooper (sadly no longer with me) make me feel like I have accomplished something. People get so wrapped up in the right and wrong way of being with dogs and forget to just enjoy it, or may be I am just lucky to have Bagle and Argy Bargy.