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Brief History of Norfolk as a Penal Settlement.
As noted previously Norfolk was settled to provide flax fibre rope, flax sails and tree masts from Norfolk Island pine trees and also because it was uninhabited. It was also an island paradise with rich volcanic soils. Its only major drawback was its isolation and its lack of a good harbour. Its history falls into several phases.
Phase One- 1788-1814. This phase was run along the same lines as the settlement of Sydney. Both men and women convicts were quartered here. The women were to work making flax rope and sails and the men were to do the building, road making, land clearing, agriculture and stone masonry work. Some free settlers came too. The settlement was centred on Kingston (then called Sydney) and nearby Arthur’s Vale (watermill valley.) By 1806 the population had reached over 1,000 people. Then for financial reasons- the cost of sending supply ships from Sydney to Norfolk was too great- the evacuation of the island was ordered. Convicts and other settlers were moved to Van Diemen’s Land- hence the settlements there of New Norfolk and Norfolk Plains (later Longford.)
Phase Two- 1825-1855. This time the island was run as a total penitentiary for the worse offenders. There would be no escape from Norfolk Island. Conditions were harsh, severe and degrading. It was a place of extreme punishment. The worst commandant was Captain Turton. During the period 1840-44 conditions were slightly better. Free settlers were not encouraged to settle during this second phase but a few of the best behaved convicts were allowed to work small farms across the island. Massive government expenditure on the penitentiary meant that fine sandstone Georgian buildings were erected and like Port Arthur in Tasmania many of them still remain. A large prison was built in the 1840s, and the prison required large military barracks, large stores and Commissariat stores, officer headquarters, a large hospital etc and good quality homes for the prison and military officers on the island. Kingston remained the administration and shipping centre of the island.
Phase Three – 1856-. In the third phase some of the original stone buildings were dismantled or left to go to ruins. Some were burnt down or the stone re-used for other structures. But the major feature of this period was the introduction of 194 Pitcairn Islanders in 1856. Norfolk remained isolated and largely forgotten. At one stage the Governor of NSW (the British Crown representative in charge of the island) ordered that the Pitcairn Islanders could no longer reside in the former penal settlement buildings in Kingston. This was in 1908 just before the Commonwealth government took charge. The resentment of this change led to fires and some beautiful buildings being destroyed. In 1893 Norfolk got a telegraph office and an underwater cable link to the world via Canada. Soon it had a cable link to New Zealand and a cable station opened at Anson Bay in 1902. Once it became a territory of the new Australian federal government conditions improved a little. Shipping came irregularly but during World War Two the Australian government built an airstrip for defence reasons. Flights continued after the War and now the main linkage between Norfolk and Australia is by air. The federal government has also put more money into other facilities on the island including the Botanic Gardens, and all the restoration work at Kingston etc.
Giza, Cairo, Egypt -- The three famous pyramids at Giza, surrounded by the "queen's pyramids" and with the remains of the funerary temple of Khafre (Khephren) (featuring the Great Sphinx) are spectacularly illuminated during the famous sound and light show at Giza. (C) Rick Collier / RickCollier.com
I wrote more about this image on my blog, the Photo Tourist. (Specific link to this post: http://www.thephototourist.com/2009/08/sound-and-light.html.)
This photo and more are available for display or reuse without watermarks at www.RickCollier.com. (This particular image is at http://www.rickcollier.com/Sights/The-Ancient-World/The-Ancient-World/4380514_3ZKUQ/1/#422573124_EjFwP-A-LB.)
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Imagine yourself in a very large room with colorful, changing images flowing around. The music? The Beatles!
© All Rights Reserved. Please do not use or reproduce this image on Websites, Blogs or any other media without my explicit permission.
Chartres Cathedral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Roman Catholic church of the Latin Church located in Chartres, France, about 80 km (50 miles) southwest of Paris. The current cathedral, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220, is the last of at least five which have occupied the site since the town became a bishopric in the 4th century. It is in the Gothic and Romanesque styles.
It is designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, which calls it "the high point of French Gothic art" and a "masterpiece".[2]
The cathedral has been well preserved. The majority of the original stained glass windows survived intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century. The building's exterior is dominated by heavy flying buttresses which allowed the architects to increase the window size significantly, while the west end is dominated by two contrasting spires – a 105-metre (349 ft) plain pyramid completed around 1160 and a 113-metre (377 ft) early 16th-century Flamboyant spire on top of an older tower. Equally notable are the three great façades, each adorned with hundreds of sculpted figures illustrating key theological themes and narratives.
Since at least the 12th century the cathedral has been an important destination for travelers. It remains so to the present, attracting large numbers of Christian pilgrims, many of whom come to venerate its famous relic, the Sancta Camisa, said to be the tunic worn by the Virgin Mary at Christ's birth, as well as large numbers of secular tourists who come to admire the cathedral's architecture and historical merit
Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres
La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres est le monument emblématique du chef-lieu du département d'Eure-et-Loir, située à 80 kilomètres au sud-ouest de Paris. Elle est traditionnellement considérée comme la cathédrale gothique la plus représentative, la plus complète ainsi que la mieux conservée de France par ses sculptures, vitraux et dallage pour la plupart d'origine, bien qu'elle soit construite avec les techniques de l'architecture romane montrant ainsi la continuité et non la rupture entre ces deux types d'architecture.
L'actuelle cathédrale, de style gothique dit « classique », a été construite au début du XIIIe siècle, pour la majeure partie en trente ans, sur les ruines d'une précédente cathédrale romane, détruite lors d'un incendie en 1194. Grand lieu de pèlerinage, elle domine la ville de Chartres et la plaine de la Beauce, se dévoilant au regard à plus de dix kilomètres de distance.
L’édifice fait l’objet d’un classement au titre des monuments historiques par son recensement sur la liste de 18621. Par ailleurs, il est parmi les premiers monuments inscrits sur la liste du patrimoine mondial par l'UNESCO en 1979.
La Catedral de la Asunción de Nuestra Señora (en francés: Cathédrale de l'Assomption de Notre-Dame), es una iglesia catedralicia de culto católico bajo la advocación de Nuestra Señora en la ciudad de Chartres, en el departamento de Eure y Loir, en Francia, a unos 80 km al suroeste de la capital, París. Asimismo es la sede de la Diócesis de Chartres, en la Archidiócesis de Tours.
Esta catedral marcó un hito en el desarrollo del gótico e inició una fase de plenitud en el dominio de la técnica y el estilo gótico, estableciendo un equilibrio entre ambos. Es sumamente influyente en muchas construcciones posteriores que se basaron en su estilo y sus numerosas innovaciones, como las catedrales de Reims y Amiens a las que sirvió de modelo directo.
La figura más importante en la historia de esta diócesis fue el obispo Fulberto de Chartres, teólogo escolástico reconocido en toda Europa.
En 1979 fue declarada Patrimonio cultural de la Humanidad por la Unesco.
Chartres Cathedral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Roman Catholic church of the Latin Church located in Chartres, France, about 80 km (50 miles) southwest of Paris. The current cathedral, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220, is the last of at least five which have occupied the site since the town became a bishopric in the 4th century. It is in the Gothic and Romanesque styles.
It is designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, which calls it "the high point of French Gothic art" and a "masterpiece".[2]
The cathedral has been well preserved. The majority of the original stained glass windows survived intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century. The building's exterior is dominated by heavy flying buttresses which allowed the architects to increase the window size significantly, while the west end is dominated by two contrasting spires – a 105-metre (349 ft) plain pyramid completed around 1160 and a 113-metre (377 ft) early 16th-century Flamboyant spire on top of an older tower. Equally notable are the three great façades, each adorned with hundreds of sculpted figures illustrating key theological themes and narratives.
Since at least the 12th century the cathedral has been an important destination for travelers. It remains so to the present, attracting large numbers of Christian pilgrims, many of whom come to venerate its famous relic, the Sancta Camisa, said to be the tunic worn by the Virgin Mary at Christ's birth, as well as large numbers of secular tourists who come to admire the cathedral's architecture and historical merit
Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres
La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres est le monument emblématique du chef-lieu du département d'Eure-et-Loir, située à 80 kilomètres au sud-ouest de Paris. Elle est traditionnellement considérée comme la cathédrale gothique la plus représentative, la plus complète ainsi que la mieux conservée de France par ses sculptures, vitraux et dallage pour la plupart d'origine, bien qu'elle soit construite avec les techniques de l'architecture romane montrant ainsi la continuité et non la rupture entre ces deux types d'architecture.
L'actuelle cathédrale, de style gothique dit « classique », a été construite au début du XIIIe siècle, pour la majeure partie en trente ans, sur les ruines d'une précédente cathédrale romane, détruite lors d'un incendie en 1194. Grand lieu de pèlerinage, elle domine la ville de Chartres et la plaine de la Beauce, se dévoilant au regard à plus de dix kilomètres de distance.
L’édifice fait l’objet d’un classement au titre des monuments historiques par son recensement sur la liste de 18621. Par ailleurs, il est parmi les premiers monuments inscrits sur la liste du patrimoine mondial par l'UNESCO en 1979.
La Catedral de la Asunción de Nuestra Señora (en francés: Cathédrale de l'Assomption de Notre-Dame), es una iglesia catedralicia de culto católico bajo la advocación de Nuestra Señora en la ciudad de Chartres, en el departamento de Eure y Loir, en Francia, a unos 80 km al suroeste de la capital, París. Asimismo es la sede de la Diócesis de Chartres, en la Archidiócesis de Tours.
Esta catedral marcó un hito en el desarrollo del gótico e inició una fase de plenitud en el dominio de la técnica y el estilo gótico, estableciendo un equilibrio entre ambos. Es sumamente influyente en muchas construcciones posteriores que se basaron en su estilo y sus numerosas innovaciones, como las catedrales de Reims y Amiens a las que sirvió de modelo directo.
La figura más importante en la historia de esta diócesis fue el obispo Fulberto de Chartres, teólogo escolástico reconocido en toda Europa.
En 1979 fue declarada Patrimonio cultural de la Humanidad por la Unesco.
Brief History of Norfolk as a Penal Settlement.
As noted previously Norfolk was settled to provide flax fibre rope, flax sails and tree masts from Norfolk Island pine trees and also because it was uninhabited. It was also an island paradise with rich volcanic soils. Its only major drawback was its isolation and its lack of a good harbour. Its history falls into several phases.
Phase One- 1788-1814. This phase was run along the same lines as the settlement of Sydney. Both men and women convicts were quartered here. The women were to work making flax rope and sails and the men were to do the building, road making, land clearing, agriculture and stone masonry work. Some free settlers came too. The settlement was centred on Kingston (then called Sydney) and nearby Arthur’s Vale (watermill valley.) By 1806 the population had reached over 1,000 people. Then for financial reasons- the cost of sending supply ships from Sydney to Norfolk was too great- the evacuation of the island was ordered. Convicts and other settlers were moved to Van Diemen’s Land- hence the settlements there of New Norfolk and Norfolk Plains (later Longford.)
Phase Two- 1825-1855. This time the island was run as a total penitentiary for the worse offenders. There would be no escape from Norfolk Island. Conditions were harsh, severe and degrading. It was a place of extreme punishment. The worst commandant was Captain Turton. During the period 1840-44 conditions were slightly better. Free settlers were not encouraged to settle during this second phase but a few of the best behaved convicts were allowed to work small farms across the island. Massive government expenditure on the penitentiary meant that fine sandstone Georgian buildings were erected and like Port Arthur in Tasmania many of them still remain. A large prison was built in the 1840s, and the prison required large military barracks, large stores and Commissariat stores, officer headquarters, a large hospital etc and good quality homes for the prison and military officers on the island. Kingston remained the administration and shipping centre of the island.
Phase Three – 1856-. In the third phase some of the original stone buildings were dismantled or left to go to ruins. Some were burnt down or the stone re-used for other structures. But the major feature of this period was the introduction of 194 Pitcairn Islanders in 1856. Norfolk remained isolated and largely forgotten. At one stage the Governor of NSW (the British Crown representative in charge of the island) ordered that the Pitcairn Islanders could no longer reside in the former penal settlement buildings in Kingston. This was in 1908 just before the Commonwealth government took charge. The resentment of this change led to fires and some beautiful buildings being destroyed. In 1893 Norfolk got a telegraph office and an underwater cable link to the world via Canada. Soon it had a cable link to New Zealand and a cable station opened at Anson Bay in 1902. Once it became a territory of the new Australian federal government conditions improved a little. Shipping came irregularly but during World War Two the Australian government built an airstrip for defence reasons. Flights continued after the War and now the main linkage between Norfolk and Australia is by air. The federal government has also put more money into other facilities on the island including the Botanic Gardens, and all the restoration work at Kingston etc.
Brief History of Norfolk as a Penal Settlement.
As noted previously Norfolk was settled to provide flax fibre rope, flax sails and tree masts from Norfolk Island pine trees and also because it was uninhabited. It was also an island paradise with rich volcanic soils. Its only major drawback was its isolation and its lack of a good harbour. Its history falls into several phases.
Phase One- 1788-1814. This phase was run along the same lines as the settlement of Sydney. Both men and women convicts were quartered here. The women were to work making flax rope and sails and the men were to do the building, road making, land clearing, agriculture and stone masonry work. Some free settlers came too. The settlement was centred on Kingston (then called Sydney) and nearby Arthur’s Vale (watermill valley.) By 1806 the population had reached over 1,000 people. Then for financial reasons- the cost of sending supply ships from Sydney to Norfolk was too great- the evacuation of the island was ordered. Convicts and other settlers were moved to Van Diemen’s Land- hence the settlements there of New Norfolk and Norfolk Plains (later Longford.)
Phase Two- 1825-1855. This time the island was run as a total penitentiary for the worse offenders. There would be no escape from Norfolk Island. Conditions were harsh, severe and degrading. It was a place of extreme punishment. The worst commandant was Captain Turton. During the period 1840-44 conditions were slightly better. Free settlers were not encouraged to settle during this second phase but a few of the best behaved convicts were allowed to work small farms across the island. Massive government expenditure on the penitentiary meant that fine sandstone Georgian buildings were erected and like Port Arthur in Tasmania many of them still remain. A large prison was built in the 1840s, and the prison required large military barracks, large stores and Commissariat stores, officer headquarters, a large hospital etc and good quality homes for the prison and military officers on the island. Kingston remained the administration and shipping centre of the island.
Phase Three – 1856-. In the third phase some of the original stone buildings were dismantled or left to go to ruins. Some were burnt down or the stone re-used for other structures. But the major feature of this period was the introduction of 194 Pitcairn Islanders in 1856. Norfolk remained isolated and largely forgotten. At one stage the Governor of NSW (the British Crown representative in charge of the island) ordered that the Pitcairn Islanders could no longer reside in the former penal settlement buildings in Kingston. This was in 1908 just before the Commonwealth government took charge. The resentment of this change led to fires and some beautiful buildings being destroyed. In 1893 Norfolk got a telegraph office and an underwater cable link to the world via Canada. Soon it had a cable link to New Zealand and a cable station opened at Anson Bay in 1902. Once it became a territory of the new Australian federal government conditions improved a little. Shipping came irregularly but during World War Two the Australian government built an airstrip for defence reasons. Flights continued after the War and now the main linkage between Norfolk and Australia is by air. The federal government has also put more money into other facilities on the island including the Botanic Gardens, and all the restoration work at Kingston etc.
Chartres Cathedral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Roman Catholic church of the Latin Church located in Chartres, France, about 80 km (50 miles) southwest of Paris. The current cathedral, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220, is the last of at least five which have occupied the site since the town became a bishopric in the 4th century. It is in the Gothic and Romanesque styles.
It is designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, which calls it "the high point of French Gothic art" and a "masterpiece".[2]
The cathedral has been well preserved. The majority of the original stained glass windows survived intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century. The building's exterior is dominated by heavy flying buttresses which allowed the architects to increase the window size significantly, while the west end is dominated by two contrasting spires – a 105-metre (349 ft) plain pyramid completed around 1160 and a 113-metre (377 ft) early 16th-century Flamboyant spire on top of an older tower. Equally notable are the three great façades, each adorned with hundreds of sculpted figures illustrating key theological themes and narratives.
Since at least the 12th century the cathedral has been an important destination for travelers. It remains so to the present, attracting large numbers of Christian pilgrims, many of whom come to venerate its famous relic, the Sancta Camisa, said to be the tunic worn by the Virgin Mary at Christ's birth, as well as large numbers of secular tourists who come to admire the cathedral's architecture and historical merit
Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres
La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres est le monument emblématique du chef-lieu du département d'Eure-et-Loir, située à 80 kilomètres au sud-ouest de Paris. Elle est traditionnellement considérée comme la cathédrale gothique la plus représentative, la plus complète ainsi que la mieux conservée de France par ses sculptures, vitraux et dallage pour la plupart d'origine, bien qu'elle soit construite avec les techniques de l'architecture romane montrant ainsi la continuité et non la rupture entre ces deux types d'architecture.
L'actuelle cathédrale, de style gothique dit « classique », a été construite au début du XIIIe siècle, pour la majeure partie en trente ans, sur les ruines d'une précédente cathédrale romane, détruite lors d'un incendie en 1194. Grand lieu de pèlerinage, elle domine la ville de Chartres et la plaine de la Beauce, se dévoilant au regard à plus de dix kilomètres de distance.
L’édifice fait l’objet d’un classement au titre des monuments historiques par son recensement sur la liste de 18621. Par ailleurs, il est parmi les premiers monuments inscrits sur la liste du patrimoine mondial par l'UNESCO en 1979.
La Catedral de la Asunción de Nuestra Señora (en francés: Cathédrale de l'Assomption de Notre-Dame), es una iglesia catedralicia de culto católico bajo la advocación de Nuestra Señora en la ciudad de Chartres, en el departamento de Eure y Loir, en Francia, a unos 80 km al suroeste de la capital, París. Asimismo es la sede de la Diócesis de Chartres, en la Archidiócesis de Tours.
Esta catedral marcó un hito en el desarrollo del gótico e inició una fase de plenitud en el dominio de la técnica y el estilo gótico, estableciendo un equilibrio entre ambos. Es sumamente influyente en muchas construcciones posteriores que se basaron en su estilo y sus numerosas innovaciones, como las catedrales de Reims y Amiens a las que sirvió de modelo directo.
La figura más importante en la historia de esta diócesis fue el obispo Fulberto de Chartres, teólogo escolástico reconocido en toda Europa.
En 1979 fue declarada Patrimonio cultural de la Humanidad por la Unesco.
The Lumen installation in the covered lane by the Assembly Rooms takes the form of three different projections onto the walls that you walk along and just chill out and watch, one flickering colours, one summertime scenes of meadows and flowers and the third one like an aquarium (for those of a certain age that one may remind you of the old After Dark screensaver for PCs and Macs back in the early 90s)