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A last look before the hunt resumed.
Barn Owl (Tyto alba)
Yorkshire Dales - Lower Barn/ Embankment Female
Many thanks to all those who take the time to comment
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Small, brightly-colored leaf warbler. Yellowish green above and pale below, with bright yellow brow stripes, a pale crown stripe, and a bicolored bill (dark above, orange below). Has two wingbars, of which upper can be quite pale or absent. Note white undertail and distinct behavior of flicking both wings at the same time (Blyth’s, Claudia’s, and Hartert’s leaf warblers flick their wings alternatingly). More extensively yellow and with a stronger, more contrasting head pattern than Blyth’s and Emei leaf warblers, and lacks the bright rump patch of “Pallas’s-type” leaf warblers. Closely related Kloss’s Leaf Warbler is extremely similar; look for Davison’s brighter and more extensively white undertail coverts. Breeds in deciduous broadleaved and mixed hill and montane forest; descends into forested foothills in the non-breeding season. Song is short and sweet: “wih-chew-chee wih-chew-chee-wih”. Calls are high and liquid-sounding: “chew-wee” or “wit-chew-wee”. (eBird)
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We saw these little warblers quite frequently, flitting rapidly through the trees. This one was chasing insects in the more inaccessible sections of the trees, but came out to give us a quick once-over before resuming the hunt.
Thanks to Daren who alerted me to the fact that I had mis-ID'd this warbler. I used Merlin Photo ID and compared my other photos with those from eBird to realize that this was not a Hume's Warbler, but a Davison's Leaf Warbler.
Here's a link to our Thailand bird trip list: ebird.org/tripreport/328567
Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai, Thailand. February 2025.
Rockjumper Birding Tours.
As with everyone, Covid has made people put there lives on hold. This is one of my son’s who has been locked down in London for months. To see him run down the beach and run into the sea was quite emotional. I have the feeling that the new normal has arrived. Childhood can be resumed under a new set of rules.
Take care out there.
All the best......
Even dead you remain the enemy and loser...................
The German militairy cemetry in Vladso (Belgium)
While the cemetries of the Allied troops have stark white colors, those of the German troops are gray- black and look dead and gloomy.
While the militairy cemetries are an example of discipline and structure, the German variants lack alignment and logic.
It was long be argued that this would be regulated in the Articles 225 and 226, from the Treaty of Versailles, but whoever reads these articles will find that this view is incorrect.
The real reason is that the French after the end of the insane war were ordered tot give the German dead their final resting place and collected the bodies in the sector of Ypres and burried them on free pieces of land, altough it was not obvious that they each received an individual tombstone.
So what we see here is in fact a mass grave, covered with granite slabs bearing their names.
Black evokes bad feelings and the Germans were in the eyes of the Allied the agressor, despite the fact that during investigations after the insane war it appeared that all warring parties had engaged in aggression and had committed atrocities. France, England and Italy had already secretly divided the territories of Germany and its colonies, the Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire, in the heat of the battle!
It was of paramount legal importance that, according to the President of the United States Wilson's conviction, Germany should be held responsible but not blamed for the insane war breaking out. However they were incomprehensible responsible for the reparations!
The fact that the Germans and English soldiers at the front still had peaceful feelings towards eachother is evident from the inconceivable Christmas truce in 1914 that took place in the sector of Ypres.
This incomprehensible event of peace and fraternity during the heat of the battle took also place on field sites in many other sections at the front.
The German front soldiers started on Christmas eve 1914 by singing "Silent Night" and shouting "Merry Christmas".
When the British soldiers realized that this was well-meant, they came out of their trenches and even went to exchange their Christmas presents from home.
On Christmas Day, they played football together in the no-man's-land, the piece of land between the trenches of the warring armies; ordinairy soldiers who were tired of the war could momentarily throw of the yoke of the insane war.
When the army commanders, or rather the butchers, got wind of this, these fraternizing actions were officially stricktly forbidden from above and held out very severe punishments if the fightings were not resumed immedialy. The ensuing battles would claim millions of lives on the whole front.
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Having been given permission back out onto the main, the engineer on the "Rosario Local" throttles up his two SD40s while the brakeman waits to re-line the derail once the short train is clear. They've just finished switching Nustar Asphalt, which can be seen in the far right of this shot. This track is part of the pre-1966 AT&SF alignment, which generally followed the Rio Galisteo from near its confluence with the Rio Grande towards Lamy.
This was the culmination of a one year long desire and about a four hour wait. I had seen this shot in my head ever since beginning my time qualifying out of Albuquerque, but it was either "they don't run up here anymore" or (once regular, predictable service resumed) I was always working when this job was working. Everything fell together today though, and it was worth waiting for!
C-GOIO : Airbus A321-271NX : Air Transat : fleet no.706
Air Transat resumed service to Glasgow for the second half of the 2020 Covid-affected summer, combining with Manchester on a twice-weekly triangle routing YYZ-GLA-MAN-YYZ.
Every year we have been
witness to it: how the
world descends
into a rich mash, in order that
it may resume....
Pukerangi, 1 december 2017 - Ooit met een frequentie van (in het hoogseizoen) zo eens per week op zondag reed Dunedin Railways, of eigenlijk toen nog opererend als Taieri Gorge Railway, voorbij het gebruikelijke eind- en keerpunt Pukerangi door naar Middlemarch. Dit kleine stadje, gelegen een krappe twintig kilometer verder richting het noordwesten, vormt het spoorse eindpunt van wat overbleef van de ooit ruim 235 kilometer lange Otago Central Railway, die de havenstad Dunedin dwars door het heuvelachtige binnenland van Centraal Otago, verbond met Cromwell. Nu is Middlemarch vooral nog bekend als het begin- en eindpunt van het populaire fietspad dat op de bedding van de voormalige spoorlijn werd gerealiseerd: het Otago Central Rail Trail, dat zo'n 150 kilometer lang is.
Voor de treinreizigers betekende de wekelijkse uitstap naar Middlemarch een leuke afwisseling met de reguliere dagtocht door de Taieri Gorge, die hen onder meer voerde over het tweede (!) gecombineerde spoor-wegviaduct op de toeristische spoorlijn en bracht langs uitgestrekt glooiend heuvelland. Aangekomen in Middlemarch was er een uur de tijd om het lokale museum te bezoeken of de benen te strekken in het dorp. Daarna keerde de trein weer terug naar Pukerangi en daalde vervolgengs door de Taieri Gorge weer af naar zeeniveau, om te eindigen in Dunedin waar de dagtrip in de ochtend begon. Helaas zorgde de Covid-pandemie voor sterk teruglopende reizigersaantallen, waardoor de treindienst vanaf Dunedin in eerste instantie geheel werd gestaakt en later, toen het toerisme weer wat op gang kwam, alleen werd hervat tot Hindon en nog wat later Pukerangi. Een heropening van het laatste stukje van de lijn tot Middlemarch staat wel op het programma, maar is er tot op heden helaas nog niet van gekomen.
In 2017 was de wekelijkse pendel nog wel gewoon operationeel en op een zonnige 1 december waren het DJ's 1209 en 1210 die hier bij Sutton trein 1909 sleepten van Pukerangi naar Middlemarch.
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Pukerangi, December 1, 2017 — Once with a frequency of (in peak season) about once a week on Sundays, Dunedin Railways—or actually operating back then as Taieri Gorge Railway—would run past the usual terminal and turnaround point of Pukerangi all the way to Middlemarch. This small town, located just under twenty kilometers further northwest, forms the rail terminus of what remained of the once over 235-kilometer-long Otago Central Railway, which connected the port city of Dunedin straight through the hilly interior of Central Otago to Cromwell. Today, Middlemarch is primarily known as the starting and ending point of the popular cycle path built on the former railway bed: the Otago Central Rail Trail, which spans some 150 kilometers.
For train travelers, the weekly excursion to Middlemarch offered a nice change of pace from the regular day trip through the Taieri Gorge, which took them across the second (!) combined rail-road viaduct on the tourist railway and past vast, rolling hills. Upon arriving in Middlemarch, there was an hour to visit the local museum or stretch one's legs in the village. Afterward, the train returned to Pukerangi and then descended through the Taieri Gorge back to sea level, ending in Dunedin where the day trip had begun in the morning. Unfortunately, the Covid pandemic caused a sharp drop in passenger numbers, leading train services from Dunedin to be completely suspended at first, and later—when tourism slowly picked up again—only resumed as far as Hindon and somewhat later Pukerangi. A reopening of the final stretch of the line to Middlemarch is on the agenda, but unfortunately, it has not yet materialized to this day.
In 2017, the weekly shuttle was still fully operational, and on a sunny December 1st, DJs 1209 and 1210 were hauling train 1909 from Pukerangi to Middlemarch near Sutton.
Le canal Saint-Félix est un canal, dans lequel coulent les eaux de l'Erdre, avant que celle-ci ne se jette dans la Loire. Situé à Nantes, à l'est du château des Ducs, il a pris la place d'un des anciens bras de la Loire, le bras de la Bourse, lors des Comblements de Nantes. Il constitue aujourd'hui un port de plaisance non loin du centre-ville, avec un parking côté quai Malakoff.
En 1926, les travaux de comblement de nombreux bras de la Loire et de dérivation de l'Erdre commencent. Ainsi, de 1929 à 1933, on creuse le tunnel Saint-Félix, canal souterrain passant sous les cours Saint-Pierre et Saint-André, entre la préfecture et le canal Saint-Félix, destiné à dévier l'affluent, l'Erdre, de son cours naturel.
La construction d'un barrage et d'une écluse à sa sortie, pour maintenir son niveau, protège le canal contre le refoulement des eaux de la Loire avec la cote de + 10 m, soit 1 m au-dessus des inondations de 1910. Ces installations comprenant un sas d'écluse de 50 mètres de long pour 7 mètres de large, fermé par deux portes métalliques de 17 tonnes chacune, fut inaugurée le 5 avril 1934 après 3 ans de travaux
À partir de 1933, des travaux d'élargissement du quai Malakoff commencent. Ils incluent le comblement du canal de la Gare, et ont pour effet de diminuer la largeur du canal Saint-Félix. Ils sont stoppés en 1942 et repris après la guerre.
The Saint-Félix canal is a canal in which the waters of the Erdre flow, before it flows into the Loire. Located in Nantes, east of the castle of the Dukes, he took the place of one of the old arms of the Loire, the arm of the Exchange, during the Fillings of Nantes. It is now a marina not far from the city center, with parking side quay Malakoff.
In 1926, the work of filling many arms of the Loire and derivation of the Erdre began. Thus, from 1929 to 1933, the Saint-Félix tunnel was dug, an underground canal passing under the Saint-Pierre and Saint-André courtyards, between the prefecture and the Saint-Félix canal, intended to divert the tributary, the Erdre, of its natural course.
The construction of a dam and a lock at its exit, to maintain its level, protects the canal against the backflow of the Loire with the rating of + 10 m, 1 m above the floods of 1910. These facilities including a lock chamber 50 meters long and 7 meters wide, closed by two metal doors of 17 tons each, was inaugurated on April 5, 1934 after 3 years of work
From 1933, works to widen the Malakoff wharf begin. They include the filling of the Canal de la Gare, and have the effect of reducing the width of the Saint-Félix Canal. They were stopped in 1942 and resumed after the war.
Veuillez ne pas utiliser mes images sur des sites Web, des blogs ou d'autres médias sans ma permission écrite. Si vous souhaitez utiliser mes images sur des sites Web, des blogs ou d'autres médias contacter moi par message ou sur mon site web !
Please do not use my images on websites, blogs or other media without my written permission. If you want to use my images on websites, blogs or other media contact me by message or on my website!
66CLT emerges from Drasvosvurg Tunnel with coke loads for ET. The “waterfall” to the right is built for drainage.
246/365: 2015
# 84 in my 100 x challenge - using my nifty fifty.
I bought some candles in little glass holders but I seem incapable of leaving things as they are, I always have to 'pretty them up'.
I am going to be without internet again this weekend, I will try to get tomorrow's photo taken and uploaded but not sure I will manage until after the weekend.
I am sorry I am being a very bad Flickrite at the moment but stuff just gets in the way. I can't promise when 'normal service' will be resumed but in the mean time, thank you all so much for your continued support, comments and faves!
Union Pacific 8444 pulls a National Railway Historical Society excursion past United States Steel's Geneva Works in Orem, Utah the afternoon of May 25, 1980. On the left, throngs of fans attempt to keep pace with the high stepping 4-8-4. The excursion was traveling between Provo and Salt Lake City, resuming the second of two round trips between the two cities that weekend.
R&B vocalist Dutch Robinson in a live concert soon after Montreal resumed live performances. Food for the soul...!!!
A certain cat has been using the paving slabs to cool down. She was a bit under the weather last week but has now recovered and full service has resumed. I liked this shot because it looks like she has her arms folded in defiance, but she's actually just relaxing in the shade.
Enjoyed seeing and photographing 3 Harlequin Ducks on the Tieton River, Yakima County, Washington the first day of May. I was fortunate to have them swim across the river to the highway side where I was located and hop up on a rock and sleep before resuming feeding. Backing up a little, I spotted 2 of them on the far side of the river sitting on the bank in the shade. Not a good place for photos. Shortly after I sat down to watch them they started feeding. After about 15 minutes they swam across the river towards me and continued to feed. I was positioned downriver thinking they would work their way down but after about 15 minutes I decided to check on them and found them on a rock. Shortly before that a lone male floated by me about 30 feed away and disappeared downriver. I had to get at highway level where they could see me in order to photograph them because of the stream side vegetation. I was surprised how close they allowed me to get to them. I sat down and shortly after the male that floated downriver landed in the river and got on the rock just below the pair. Although the new arrival didn't sleep, the pair that arrived on the rock first spent some time sleeping, then preening and than after about 20 minutes went back into the river to feed.. The lone male took off downriver again shortly after he arrived. IMG_7633
Als sich das sächsische Herrschergeschlecht der Wettiner 1485 bei der Leipziger Teilung in zwei Linien aufspaltete, fiel die bisherige Hauptresidenz, die Albrechtsburg in Meißen, in den Besitz der albertinischen Linie der Wettiner. Kurfürst Friedrich III. und seine Nachfolger ließen später in Torgau das Schloss Hartenfels zur neuen Hauptresidenz der ernestinischen Linie ausbauen. Es handelt sich um das größte vollständig erhaltene Schloss der Frührenaissance Deutschlands und eines der Hauptwerke der Sächsischen Renaissance. Nach dem Schmalkaldischen Krieg kam 1547 das Schloss in den Besitz der Albertiner, als die bei dem Konflikt am Ende unterlegenen Ernestiner zusammen mit der Kurwürde auch wichtige Besitzungen abtreten mussten. Als die Albertiner im 16. Jahrhundert ihren Hofhaltungssitz dauerhaft nach Dresden verlegten, wurde das Schloss hauptsächlich als Verwaltungsgebäude genutzt. Eine alte Tradition hat das Halten von Bären im Burggraben. Schon 1425 wurde dafür ein Bär gefangen. Der feudale Brauch wurde nach der Schlacht bei Torgau 1760 unterbrochen und in den 1950er Jahren wieder aufgenommen.
Quelle: Wikipedia
When the Saxon ruling dynasty of the Wettins split into two lines at the partition of Leipzig in 1485, the previous main residence, Albrechtsburg Castle in Meissen, became the property of the Albertine line of the Wettins. Elector Friedrich III and his successors later had Hartenfels Castle in Torgau extended to become the new main residence of the Ernestine line. It is the largest completely preserved palace of the early Renaissance in Germany and one of the major works of the Saxon Renaissance. After the Schmalkaldic War, the castle came into the possession of the Albertines in 1547, when the Ernestines, who were ultimately defeated in the conflict, had to cede important possessions along with the electoral dignity. When the Albertines moved their court residence permanently to Dresden in the 16th century, the castle was mainly used as an administrative building. There is an old tradition of keeping bears in the moat. As early as 1425, a bear was caught for this purpose. The feudal custom was interrupted after the Battle of Torgau in 1760 and resumed in the 1950s.
Source: Wikipedia
The Corn Moon rising over the Pineda Causeway in Melbourne, Florida.
(Alternate title: "Resume normal safe operation")
La Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba (Patrimonio de la Humanidad desde 1984) es el monumento más importante de todo el Occidente islámico y uno de los más asombrosos del mundo. En su historia se resume la evolución completa del estilo omeya en España, además de los estilos gótico, renacentista y barroco de la construcción cristiana.
El lugar que hoy ocupa nuestra Mezquita, Catedral parece haber estado, desde antiguo, dedicado al culto de diferentes divinidades. Bajo dominación visigoda se construyó en este mismo solar la basílica de San Vicente, sobre la que se edificó, tras el pago de parte del solar, la primitiva mezquita. Esta basílica, de planta rectangular fue compartida por los cristianos y musulmanes durante un tiempo. Cuando la población musulmana fue creciendo, la basílica fue adquirida totalmente por Abderraman I y destruida para la definitiva construcción de la primera Mezquita Alhama o principal de la ciudad. En la actualidad algunos elementos constructivos del edificio visigodo se encuentran integrados en el primer tramo de Abderraman I.
La gran Mezquita consta de dos zonas diferenciadas, el patio o sahn porticado, donde se levanta el alminar (bajo la torre renacentista), única intervención de Abd al- Rahman III, y la sala de oración o haram. El espacio interior se dispone sobre un concierto de columnas y arcadas bicolores de gran efecto cromático. Cinco son las zonas en las que se divide el recinto, correspondiendo cada una de ellas a las distintas ampliaciones llevadas a cabo.
Esta toma está emplazada donde se realizó la primera ampliación (821-852).
Abderraman II (822) amplió la sala de oración en ocho tramos hacia el sur, con una clara influencia abbasí en la decoración, fruto de los contactos políticos con el califato oriental y de la llegada de personajes de Oriente a la Península. Mohamed I da forma definitiva a la Puerta de San Esteban, de la que se desconoce su verdadero origen, si bien parece clara su posición estética entre el arte visigodo y el califal cordobés. Al anterior emir le sucede Al-Mundir y Abd-Allah. El primero levanta la sala del tesoro, de la que no se conoce el emplazamiento definitivo. El segundo construirá un pasadizo secreto o sabat que uniría el Alcázar califal con el mihrab.
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The Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba (World Heritage since 1984) is the most important monument in the whole of the Islamic West and one of the most amazing in the world. In its history is summarized the complete evolution of the Umayyad style in Spain, as well as the Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque styles of Christian construction.
The place that today occupies our Mosque, Cathedral seems to have been, from old, dedicated to the cult of different divinities. Under Visigoth domination the basilica of San Vicente was built on this very site, on which the primitive mosque was built, after the payment of part of the lot. This rectangular basilica was shared by Christians and Muslims for a time. When the Muslim population was growing, the basilica was acquired entirely by Abderraman I and destroyed for the definitive construction of the first Alhama Mosque or main city. At present, some elements of the Visigothic building are integrated in the first section of Abderraman I.
The great Mosque consists of two distinct areas, the porticoed courtyard or sahn, where the minaret (under the Renaissance tower) rises. Abd al-Rahman III, and the prayer hall or haram. The interior space is arranged on a concert of columns and arcades bicolores of great chromatic effect. Five are the zones in which the enclosure is divided, each corresponding to the different enlargements carried out.
This socket is located where the first extension was made (821-852). Abderraman II (822) extended the prayer hall in eight sections to the south, with a clear Abbasid influence on the decoration, fruit of political contacts with the Eastern Caliphate and the arrival of characters from the East to the Peninsula. Mohamed I gives definitive form to the Gate of San Esteban, of which its true origin is unknown, although its aesthetic position between the visigodo art and the caliph of Cordoba seems clear. The former emir is succeeded by Al-Mundir and Abd-Allah. The first one raises the treasure room, of which the definitive location is not known. The second will build a secret passageway or sabbath that would link the Caliphate with the mihrab.
Config: _DSC0727
NIKON D5000
NIKKOR 18-55 VRI (f/3.5-5.6)
@26mm · 1.5s · f/8 · ISO 1000
Sin flash.
Sin trípode (no permiten trípode dentro de la mezquita).
Stagecoach Oxfordshire / 50443 YX70 LVJ / Oxford Tube Oxford - London Victoria / Hillingdon Western Avenue
Easter is now well behind us and I've been back in NYC for a couple weeks at this point...
I've managed to unpack my suitcases and get more-or-less caught up with the stuff that accumulated in my absence ... but it was only about a week ago that I was able to get back outside with my camera, to resume the "streets of New York" and "peeps in the 'hood" street-photography projects that I carried out during much of 2013 and 2014.
Because I have a strong desire to let the photos sit untouched for a month before I start editing them (which involves far less discipline than the late Gary Winogrand, who apparently waited a full year before he got any of his film processed!), I won't be able to inspect any of these street-photography shots until early May.
(For another perspective on waiting a long time before uploading photos, see Eric Kim's March 23, 2015 blog titled, "What I Learned Processing 164 Rolls of Film After Waiting a Year," which you can find on the Internet at erickimphotography.com/blog/2015/03/23/what-i-learned-pro... )
And that means I'll have to spread out my remaining Florida sunrise shots, and probably upload only one or two new ones each day ... unless some other photo project comes along in the next couple of weeks...
Meanwhile, I will continue uploading the old photos from my early childhood in separate batches. I'll be finishing off a batch from the late 1940s tomorrow, and will then have another large bunch from various places I lived as an infant in the mid-1940s... before uploading some photos taken by my grandparents in the 1920s and 1930s, out in the American West.
If you have any alternative suggestions, please let me know.
Note: I chose this as my "photo of the day" for Apr 15, 2015.
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I spent the winter months of 2014-2015 in a warm spot on the beach in Indialantic, FL in order to escape what turned out to be a really brutal winter in the Center of the Universe, as well as most of New England. I'm now back in NYC, but I still have a backlog of Florida shots to edit and upload.
On most of the mornings I was there, I manage to get up about an hour before sunrise every morning, and be out on the beach for a morning walk just as the sun peeked up above the horizon.
On the very first morning, and every morning thereafter, I noticed that I was not the only person on the beach. There werejoggers and walkers out getting their exercise, and *lots* of fishermen casting their lines out into the surf. But down by the 5th Avenue boardwalk -- where you can park your car and get a cup of coffee/latte/whatever from the local Starbucks -- there were lots and lots of people who clearly came down here just to watch the sunrise. This was particularly true after the beginning of Daylight Savings Time, for we then "sprang forward" and celebrated the arrival of dawn about 7:30 AM, instead of 6:30-ish.
These are some of the morning scenes that I saw -- the birds, the people, the long empty beaches, and the glorious sunrise...
Após cruzamento com graneleiro vazio da VLI no iniciozinho da manhã, minério carregado reinicia sua viagem já próximo de concluir sua viagem com destino ao TFPM em São Luís.
After meeting with an empty VLI grain train early in the morning, this loaded iron ore train resume its trip, close to finish its journey bound to the TFPM in São Luís.
После встречи с пустым зерновым поездом VLI рано утром этот поезд с железной рудой возобновляет свой путь, приближаясь к финишу до TFPM в Сан-Луисе.
The infamous shacks along the lake foreshore were built around 1948. The Milang Progress Association controlled the area until the local Council resumed control in 1967. Despite government threats to their existence the shack owners have had several reprieves and they are still there.
☢ Chernobyl trip: Temporary takeover! Normal Cornwall / Wales landscapes will resume soon! ☢
Having temporarily lost my camera, our tour guide very generously lent me his. But without a compatible tripod or filters, I was forced into taking all shots handheld (striking a balance with ISO and aperture size to allow a fast enough shutter speed for handheld) and working harder for compositions (without bright skies requiring grad filters). Sometimes though, restrictions such as these can help creativity.
I further restricted myself by seeking out compositions that tell the story of nature reclaiming the land and avoiding the obvious shots (although sometimes I couldn't resist! - I may edit and post later)
This was the first such image that I was happy with - depicting trees growing out of a sports hall floor in Pripyat.
Fuji X-T2 (borrowed) | Lens at 83mm | ƒ/4 | 1/220 sec | ISO 640 | Handheld
**Photos available to buy**
Copyright Andrew Hocking 2019
"Every time I see an adult on a bicycle, I no longer despair for the future of the human race.”
(H.G. Wells)
The Jerónimos Monastery or Hieronymites Monastery is a former monastery of the Order of Saint Jerome near the Tagus river in the parish of Belém, in the Lisbon Municipality, Portugal; it was secularised on 28 December 1833 by state decree and its ownership transferred to the charitable institution, Real Casa Pia de Lisboa.
The monastery is one of the most prominent examples of the Portuguese Late Gothic Manueline style of architecture in Lisbon. It was classified a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with the nearby Tower of Belém, in 1983.
The Jerónimos Monastery replaced the church formerly existing in the same place, which was dedicated to Santa Maria de Belém and where the monks of the military-religious Order of Christ provided assistance to seafarers in transit. The harbour of Praia do Restelo was an advantageous spot for mariners, with a safe anchorage and protection from the winds, sought after by ships entering the mouth of the Tagus. The existing structure was inaugurated on the orders of Manuel I (1469–1521) at the courts of Montemor o Velho in 1495, as a final resting-place for members of the House of Aviz, in his belief that an Iberian dynastic kingdom would rule after his death. In 1496, King Manuel petitioned the Holy See for permission to construct a monastery at the site. The Hermitage of Restelo (Ermida do Restelo), as the church was known, was already in disrepair when Vasco da Gama and his men spent the night in prayer there before departing on their expedition to India in 1497.
The construction of the monastery and church began on 6 January 1501, and was completed 100 years later. King Manuel originally funded the project with money obtained from the Vintena da Pimenta, a 5 percent tax on commerce from Africa and the Orient, equivalent to 70 kilograms of gold per year, with the exception of those taxes collected on the importation of pepper, cinnamon and cloves, which went directly to the Crown. With the influx of such riches, the architects were not limited to small-scale plans, and resources already prescribed for the Monastery of Batalha, including the Aviz pantheon, were redirected to the project in Belém.
Manuel I selected the religious order of Hieronymite monks to occupy the monastery, whose role it was to pray for the King's eternal soul and to provide spiritual assistance to navigators and sailors who departed from the port of Restelo to discover lands around the world. This the monks did for over four centuries until 1833, when the religious orders were dissolved and the monastery was abandoned.
The monastery was designed in a manner that later became known as Manueline: a richly ornate architectural style with complex sculptural themes incorporating maritime elements and objects discovered during naval expeditions, carved in limestone. Diogo de Boitaca, the architect, pioneered this style in the Monastery of Jesus in Setúbal. Boitaca was responsible for drawing the plans and contracting work on the monastery, the sacristy, and the refectory. For its construction he used calcário de lioz, a gold-coloured limestone quarried from Ajuda, the valley of Alcántara, Laveiras, Rio Seco and Tercena. Boitaca was succeeded by the Spaniard Juan de Castilho, who took charge of construction around 1517. Castilho gradually moved from the Manueline to the Spanish Plateresque style, an ornamentation that included lavish decorations suggesting the decorative features of silverware (plata). The construction came to a halt when King Manuel I died in 1521.
Several sculptors left their mark on this building: Nicolau Chanterene added depth with his Renaissance themes, while the architect Diogo de Torralva resumed construction of the monastery in 1550, adding the main chapel, the choir, and completing the two stories of the monastery, using only Renaissance motifs. Diogo de Torralva's work was continued in 1571 by Jérôme de Rouen (also called Jerónimo de Ruão) who added some classical elements. The construction stopped in 1580 with the union of Spain and Portugal, as the building of the Escorial in Spain was now draining away all the allocated funds.
On 16 July 1604, Philip of Spain (who ruled after the Iberian Union) made the monastery a royal funerary monument, prohibiting anyone but the royal family and the Hieronymite monks from entering the building. A new portal was constructed in 1625, as well as the cloister door, the house of the doorkeepers, a staircase and a hall that was the entrance to the upper choir designed by the royal architect Teodósio Frias and executed by the mason Diogo Vaz. In 1640, the prior Bento de Siqueira ordered construction of the monastery's library, where books owned by the Infante Luís (son of King Manuel I) and others linked to the religious order were deposited.
With the restoration of Portuguese Independence in 1640, the monastery regained much of its former importance, becoming the burial place for the royal pantheon; within its walls four of the eight children of John IV of Portugal were entombed: the Infante Teodósio (1634–1653), the Infanta Joana (1636–1653), King Afonso VI (1643–1683) and Catarina de Bragança (1638–1705). In 1682 the body of Cardinal Henrique was buried in the transept chapels. On 29 September 1855, the body of King Afonso VI was transported to the royal pantheon of the House of Braganza in the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora, along with his three brothers and sister.
In 1663, the Brotherhood of the Senhor dos Passos occupied the old Chapel of Santo António, which was redecorated with a gold tiled ceiling in 1669, while the staircase frescos with the heraldry of Saint Jerome were completed in 1770. The retables were completed in 1709 and 1711, valuable alfaias were presented to the religious order, and the sacristy was redecorated in 1713. The painter Henrique Ferreira was commissioned in 1720 to paint the Kings of Portugal: the regal series was placed in the Sala dos Reis (Hall of the Kings). Henrique Ferreira was also commissioned to complete a series of nativity paintings.
The monastery withstood the 1755 Lisbon earthquake without much damage: only the balustrade and part of the high choir were ruined, but they were quickly repaired. On 28 December 1833, the Jerónimos Monastery was secularised by state decree and its title transferred to the Real Casa Pia de Lisboa to serve as a parochial church for the new civil parish of Santa Maria de Belém. Many of the artworks and treasures were either transferred to the crown or lost during this period. It was vacant most of the time and its condition began to deteriorate.
Restoration work began on the monastery after 1860, starting with the southern façade under supervision of the architect Rafael Silva e Castro, and in 1898 under Domingos Parente da Silva. Although the cloister cistern, internal clerical cells and the kitchen were demolished at this time, three reconstruction projects proposed by architect J. Colson, including the introduction of revivalist neo-Manueline elements, failed to gain the required approval. In 1863, architect Valentim José Correia was hired by the ombudsman of the Casa Pia, Eugénio de Almeida, to reorganise the second storey of the old dormitory and design the windows (1863–1865). He was subsequently replaced by Samuel Barret, who constructed the towers in the extreme western end of the dormitories. Similarly and inexplicably, Barret was replaced by the Italian scenery designers Rambois and Cinatti, who had worked on the design of the São Carlos Theatre, to continue the remodelling within the monastery in 1867. Between 1867 and 1868, they profoundly altered the annex and façade of the Church, which then appeared as it does today. They demolished the gallery and Hall of the Kings, constructed the towers of the eastern dormitory, the rose window of the upper choir and substituted the pyramid-shaped roof of the bell tower with the mitre-shaped design. The remodelling was delayed by the 1878 collapse of the central dormitory. After 1884, Raymundo Valladas began to contribute, initiating in 1886 the restoration of the cloister and the Sala do Capítulo, including construction of the vaulted ceiling. The tomb of Alexandre Herculano, designed by Eduardo Augusto da Silva, was placed in the Sala do Capítulo in 1888.
To celebrate the 1898 fourth centenary of the arrival of Vasco da Gama in India, it was decided to restore the tomb of the explorer in 1894. The tombs of Vasco da Gama and Luís de Camões, carved by the sculptor Costa Mota, were placed in the southern lateral chapel. A year later the monastery received the remains of the poet João de Deus, later joined by the tombs of Almeida Garret (1902), Sidónio Pais (1918), Guerra Junqueiro (1923) and Teófilo Braga (1924).
The Minister of Public Works opened a competition to finish the annex, which would serve as the National Museum of Industry and Commerce (Museu Nacional da Indústria e Comércio), but the project was canceled in 1899, and the Ethnological Museum of Portugal was installed.
Further remodelling of the monastery was begun in 1898 subsequent to the work done by Parente da Silva in 1895 on the central annex, now simplified, as well as restoration of the cadeirals (the chairs used by the clergy in religious services), which were completed in 1924 by sculptor Costa Mota. In 1938 the organ in the high choir was dismantled at the same time that a series of stained-glass windows, designed by Abel Manta and executed by Ricardo Leone, were replaced in the southern façade.
As part of the celebrations marking the centenary of modern Portugal in 1939, yet more remodelling was completed in the monastery and tower. During these projects, the baldachin and tomb of Alexandre Herculano were dismantled and the cloister patio was paved. In 1940 the space in front of the monastery was redesigned for the Portuguese Exposition. The Casa Pia vacated the interior spaces of the cloister and the tombs of Camões and Vasco da Gama were transferred to the lower choir. A series of windows designed by Rebocho and executed by Alves Mendes were completed in 1950.
In 1951 the remains of president Óscar Carmona were entombed in the Sala do Capítulo. They would later be transported to the National Pantheon in 1966 to join the bodies of other former presidents and literary heroes of the country.
The Maritime Museum was inaugurated in the western wing of the monastery in 1963.
The church and the monastery, like the nearby Torre de Belém and Padrão dos Descobrimentos, symbolise the Portuguese Age of Discovery and are among the main tourist attractions of Lisbon. In 1983, UNESCO formally designated the Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém as a World Heritage Site.
When Portugal joined the European Economic Community, the formal ceremonies were held in the cloister of the monument (1985).
Two major exhibitions took place at the monastery during the 1990s: 4 séculos de pintura, in 1992; and the exposition "Leonardo da Vinci – um homem à escala do mundo, um Mundo à escala do homem", in 1998 (which included the Leicester Codex, on temporary loan from Bill Gates).
At the end of the 20th century, remodelling continued with conservation, cleaning and restoration, including the main chapel in 1999 and the cloister in 1998–2002.
On 13 December 2007, the Treaty of Lisbon was signed at the monastery, laying down the basis for the reform of the European Union.
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